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national+interests

  • 101 community

    community [kəˈmju:nɪtɪ]
    • the community ( = the public) la communauté
    ► community care noun (British Social work) ( = home care) soins mpl à domicile ; also community care programme programme visant à déléguer la responsabilité de l'État aux collectivités locales en matière d'aide sociale
    ► community policing noun ≈ îlotage m
    * * *
    [kə'mjuːnətɪ] 1.
    1) (social, cultural grouping) communauté f

    the student/Italian community — la communauté estudiantine/italienne

    research community — communauté f des chercheurs

    relations between the police and the community — ( at local level) les relations entre la police et les habitants; ( at national level) les relations entre la police et le public

    sense of community — esprit m communautaire

    2) Religion communauté f
    3) Jur communauté f
    4) ( on the Internet) communauté f
    2.
    Community proper noun

    the (European) Community — History la Communauté (Européenne)

    3.
    Community noun modifier History communautaire, de la Communauté

    English-French dictionary > community

  • 102 community

    noun
    1) община
    2) группа лиц, объединенных какими-л. признаками; объединение, сообщество; national communities национальные образования; world community мировое сообщество; children's community детский дом, школа-интернат; детский городок; business community деловые круги
    3) (the community) общество; the interests of the community интересы общества
    4) общность; community of goods общность владения имуществом
    5) местность, населенный пункт, округа; микрорайон; жители микрорайона
    6) (attr.) общественный; community centre здание или помещение для проведения культурных и общественных мероприятий; community theatre amer. непрофессиональный (любительский) театр
    * * *
    (n) населенное место; общество; общность; объединение; содружество; сообщество
    * * *
    * * *
    [com·mu·ni·ty || kə'mjuːnətɪ] n. община, общество; округ, населенный пункт, микрорайон; сообщество, объединение, общность
    * * *
    гражданство
    громада
    масса
    местность
    микрорайон
    общество
    община
    общность
    объединение
    округа
    поселок
    совместность
    содружество
    сообщество
    товарищество
    школа-интернат
    * * *
    1. сущ. 1) общность 2) а) государство б) в) община, землячество г) д) (the community) общество е) объединение 3) коммуна 2. прил. 1) общественный 2) неспециальный

    Новый англо-русский словарь > community

  • 103 identity

    1) идентичность, тождественность; подлинность
    2) мат. тождество

    Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > identity

  • 104 solidarity

    n
    1. солідарність, згуртованість
    2. спільність, єдність
    - national solidarity національне єднання, національна єдність
    - solidarity of an alliance міцність союзу
    - solidarity of/ in interests спільність інтересів
    - solidarity of/ in purpose спільність мети/ завдань

    English-Ukrainian diplomatic dictionary > solidarity

  • 105 grow

    1. I
    1) stop growing перестать расти; let one's hair (one's beard, one's moustache, etc.) grow отпускать /отращивать/ волосы и т. д.; my finger-nails are not growing у меня не растут или плохо растут ногти
    2) the crowd grew толпа росла /увеличивалась/; his influence (smb.'s pain, smb.'s surprise, smb.'s wonder, etc.) grows его влияние и т. д. усиливается /возрастает/; his fame grew его слава росла; the rumours were growing слухи все больше распространялись; my difficulties ( my troubles, my worries, etc.) grow у меня все больше трудностей и т. д.; taxes (prices, the national debts, etc.) grow растут налоги и т. д.
    2. II
    1) grow in some manner nails (vegetables, berries, etc.) grow quickly (slowly, etc.) ногти и т. д. быстро и т. д. растут; the little boy grew very fast маленький мальчик рос очень быстро; grow somewhere grow upwards (skywards, underground, etc.) расти вверх и т. д., grow in врастать
    2) grow in some manner the crowd grew rapidly толпа быстро увеличивалась / росла/; new towns grew quickly быстро поднимались новые города; cities grow culturally растет культура городов
    3. III
    1) grow smth. grow a beard (a moustache, etc.) отращивать /отпускать/ бороду и т.д.; grow wheat (corn, oats, barley, etc.) сеять /выращивать/ пшеницу и т. д.; grow cucumbers (cabbage, tomatoes, vegetables, etc.) сажать или выращивать огурцы и т. д.; grow strawberries ( roses, tulips, etc.) разводить клубнику и т. д.; plants grow oats растения пускают корни; snakes can grow a new skin у змей появляется новая кожа
    2) grow smb. grow quite a handsome man (a beautiful girl, a famous writer, a powerful speaker, etc.) [с возрастом] стать красивым мужчиной /превратиться в красивого мужчину/ и т. д.
    4. X
    grow to some state grow alarmed встревожиться; grow accustomed to smb., smth. привыкнуть к кому-л., чему-л.; he grew accustomed to it он постепенно привык к этому; grow aged before one's time преждевременно состариться; grow excited разволноваться; grow tired устать
    5. XI
    be grown from smth. were these roses grown from seeds or from cuttings? эти розы выращены из семян или из отростков?
    6. XIII
    grow to do smth. I grew to like it мне это начало нравиться; I grew to hate him я его возненавидел; the factory has grown to be a big business фабрика выросла в большое предприятие
    7. XV
    grow to some state grow light (broad, strong, easy, rare, etc.) становиться легким и т. д.; grow fat (растолстеть; grow thin (по)худеть; how tall you have grown! как ты сильно вырос!; grow fashionable входить в моду; grow old стареть, стариться; grow pale (побледнеть; grow rich (разбогатеть; grow ripe созревать; grow better а) улучшаться; б) поправляться; grow worse ухудшаться; grow angry (рассердиться; grow irritable а) раздражаться; б) становиться раздражительным; grow small (less and less) уменьшаться (все уменьшаться); grow silly (поглупеть; grow sour скисать, свертываться; grow too big for this coat (for the dress, for this jacket, etc.) вырасти из этого пальто и т. д.; grow eloquent over the theme стать необыкновенно красноречивым при обсуждении этой темы; grow familiar with smth. освоиться с чем-л.; his hair has grown grey он поседел; it is growing cold холодает, становится холоднее; it is growing light светает; it is growing dark темнеет, смеркается; it is growing warm теплеет
    8. XVI
    1) grow along (beside, in, on, etc.) smth. grow along the river-bank (along the path, beside our house, in water, in very wet ground, in orchards, in the south, on rocks, on hills, on an oak-tree, etc.) расти вдоль берега /по берегу/ реки и т. д., rice grows in warm climate рис растет /произрастает/ в теплом климате; few trees grow in desert лишь немногие виды деревьев растут в пустыне; vine won't grow in the north на севере виноград не растет; ivy has grown all over the wall плющ увил всю стену; skin has grown over the wound рана затянулась; mould had grown all over the food while they were away пока их не было, все продукты заплесневели /покрылись плесенью/; grow in smth. grow in clusters (in bunches, in clumps, in tufts, etc.) растя гроздьями и т. д.; grow from smth. grow from seeds (from bulbs, from the stem, from nodes, etc.) вырастать из семян и т. д.
    2) grow out of /from/ smth. grow out of few small towns (from a little provincial college, out of several institutions, etc.) вырасти /развиться/ из нескольких маленьких городков и т. д., the book has growп out of lectures to the students (out of travelling notes, etc.) книга родилась из лекций, прочитанных студентам и т. д., several interesting ideas grew out of the discussion дискуссия породила /вызвала к жизни/ несколько интересных идей; his troubles grew out of his bad temper причина всех его неприятностей grow скверный характер; his interest in ships grew from conversations with his father интерес к пароходам у него появился /проснулся/ из разговоров с отцом; their friendship grew from their common interests их сблизили общие интересы
    3) grow by smth. grow by five inches вырасти на пять дюймов; grow out of smth. grow out of one's shoes (out of one's coat, out of one's jacket, etc.) вырасти из ботинок и т. д.; there is no sense in buying expensive clothes for children, as they soon grow out of them нет смысла покупать детям дорогие вещи, они быстро становятся им малы; grow in smth. grow in number (in size, in price, etc.) возрастать /увеличиваться/ в числе и т. д.; grow in experience (in knowledge) приобретать больше опыта, обогащаться опытом и т. д.; grow in importance ( in popularity, in beauty, etc.) становиться более значительным, приобретать большее значение и т. д., he grew in strength but not unfortunately in wisdom он стал сильнее, но, к сожалению, ума у него не прибавилось; grow with some time his sense of duty grew with age с годами у него чувство долга становилось все сильней /росло/
    4) grow (in)to smb., smth. grow into a fine girl (into a tall youth, to a handsome man, into a fine musician, into a tall oak, etc.) [вырасти и] превратиться в хорошенькую девушку, стать хорошенькой девушкой и т. д.; grow into a man стать мужчиной; this firm has grown into a company of international importance эта фирма разрослась и приобрела международное значение; buds grew to blossoms почки превратились в цветы; the wind grew to a tempest ветер перешел в ураган; the boy will soon grow into these trousers мальчику эти брюки скоро будут впору; minutes grew into hours (into weeks, into months, etc.) минуты превращались в часы и т. д., из минут складывались часы и т. д., а neglected cold may grow into a serious illness запущенный насморк может перейти в серьезное заболевание; boasting with him has grown into a habit хвастовстве у него стало привычкой /перешло в привычку/; grow from smth. to smth. grow from boyhood to manhood (from girlhood to womanhood, etc.) превратиться из мальчика во взрослого мужчину и т. д.
    5) grow out of smth. grow out of bad (childish, foolish, etc.) habits отвыкать от дурных и т. д. привычек; grow out of dependence on his mother перестать зависеть от матери; he is mischievous but he will grow out of it он шаловлив, но у неге это пройдет; don't worry about his shyness, he'll grow out of it in time пусть вас не волнует его застенчивость, со временем он избавится от нее; grow out of use выходить из употребления; grow out of fashion выходить из моды
    6) grow on smb. this music (this place, this painting, her beauty, etc.) grows on me эта музыка и т. д. нравится мне все больше и больше; the feeling (this desire, this thought, the longing for home, etc.) grows on him его постепенно охватывает /им постепенно овладевает/ это чувство и т. д., the habit has grown on him от этой привычки ему все трудней отделаться; the book seems dull at first but it grows on you книга сначала кажется скучной, но потом она захватывает
    9. XXI1
    grow smth. for smth. grow beans for forage (strawberries for market, etc.) выращивать бобы для корма и т. д., grow smth. from smth. grow flowers from bulbs (tobacco from seeds, etc.) выращивать цветы из луковиц и т. д., grow smth. in (on, under, etc.) smth. grow flowers in pots (roses in the garden, corn in the field, etc.) выращивать цветы в горшках и т. д.; grow tomatoes (melons, cucumbers, etc.) under glass выращивать помидоры и т. д. в парниках; he had grown his hair over the scar on his forehead он отрастил волосы так, чтобы они закрыли шрам на лбу
    10. XXV
    grow since... (after..., etc.) you have grown since (after) I saw you last ты вырос с тех пор, как я видел тебя [в] последний раз

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > grow

  • 106 footprint

    •• * Актуальное слово footprint не совсем удачно отражено в большинстве переводных словарей: след, отпечаток – вот и все. Упущено значение, описываемое в American Heritage Dictionary как the surface space occupied by a structure or device: the footprint of a building; a microcomputer with a space-saving footprint... Видимо, для словарных целей это можно перевести как площадь/очертания в основании (в градостроении принят термин пятно застройки). В переводе второго примера вполне можно сказать микрокомпьютер, занимающий минимум места (компьютерный словарь ABBYY Lingvo дает вариант перевода опорная поверхность; площадь основания [ устройства]). Также из области компьютерной техники: memory footprint – занимаемый, требуемый объем памяти.

    •• AHD дает еще два технических значения: 3. An area within which a spacecraft is supposed to land. 4. A designated area affected or covered by a device or phenomenon: the footprint of a communications satellite. В первом случае – ( расчетный) район посадки, а во втором можно, наверное, сказать зона охвата. В автомобильном контексте footprint – пятно контакта ( шины).
    •• Очень часто это слово встречается в словосочетаниях ecological footprint и military footprint. В этих случаях оно довольно капризно в переводе.
    •• Что касается ecological footprint, то, казалось бы, все просто – воздействие человека на природу или экологическое воздействие.
    •• В переводе следующего примера такой вариант вполне приемлем:
    •• Humanity’s use of natural resources, or Ecological Footprint, has exceeded the regenerative capacity of the Earth since the 1980s. The finding is outlined in a paper to be published this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
    •• Но оказывается, ecological footprint – это и количественный показатель. Две цитаты с экологических сайтов:
    •• The ecological footprint is an accounting tool for ecological resources. Categories of human consumption are translated into areas of productive land required to provide resources and assimilate waste products. The ecological footprint is a measure of how sustainable our life-styles are.
    •• Вторая цитата содержит конкретную величину:
    •• The ecological footprint of the average Canadian adds up to 4.8 hectares. This is the total amount of land required for food, housing, transport, consumer goods and services.
    •• Вариант коэффициент экологического воздействия не подходит, поскольку коэффициент, насколько я знаю, не измеряется в таких абсолютных мерах площади, как гектар. Возможно, стоит калькировать этот термин – экологический след, и на российских экологических сайтах это словосочетание встречается уже довольно часто.
    •• В военной терминологии значение этого слова, по мнению специалистов, еще не устоялось – оно может означать район выпадения радиоактивных осадков, а также зона поражения, например, при разрыве снаряда. В ином употреблении это слово встречалось в высказываниях министра обороны США Рамсфелда, и, по-моему, можно говорить о появлении нового значения. Во всяком случае, для переводных словарей это интересно (в толковых словарях невключение этого значения может быть оправдано аргументом, что это просто метафорическое употребление слова). Несколько примеров.
    •• Статья в International Herald Tribune называется A shrinking global footprint for US forces. Далее в тексте это слово не встречается, но первое предложение раскрывает смысл заголовка:
    •• In the wake of war, the Pentagon is positioned to rethink where troops are based abroad as well as military priorities.
    •• Две цитаты из газеты Сhristian Science Monitor:
    •• 1. The Pentagon’s goal: shrink its footprint in foreign lands, but retain enough power and flexibility to defend American interests.
    •• 2. With a bigger footprint in Iraq, the US would also gain greater access to a region where it has been relatively limited since the days of Iran’s pro-US Shah.
    •• Как мне кажется, самым лучшим вариантом для перевода этого значения footprint было бы развертывание или присутствие.
    •• Встречается и контекстуальное употребление, близкое к значению влияние:
    •• Even while traveling in Europe and the Middle East ( nine countries in eight days), Rice’s footprint could be felt on decisionmaking back in Washington. (Chrisrtian Science Monitor) - Даже находясь в поездке по Европе и Ближнему Востоку, Райс оказывала сильное влияние на решения, принимаемые в Вашингтоне.
    •• Но и здесь, пожалуй, может подойти присутствие: Присутствие Райс в процессе принятия решений ощущалось даже тогда, когда она разъезжала по Европе и Ближнему Востоку.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > footprint

  • 107 lite

    •• * Неудачный перевод на одном из Интернет-сайтов интересного выражения, встретившегося в статье об итогах парламентских выборов в России, напомнил о небольшой лакуне в наших словарях – отсутствии слова lite. Впервые я увидел его в такой орфографии лет двадцать назад в рекламе пива Miller Lite, но не думал, что это войдет в язык.

    •• New Oxford Dictionary, относящий происхождение этого слова ( a deliberate respelling of light) к 50-м годам прошлого века, предлагает следующие толкования: lite – adjective denoting a low-fat or lowsugar version of a manufactured food or drink product: lite beer. N. Amer. informal denoting a simpler or less challenging version of a particular thing or person: I am the happy feminist who likes men, the feminist lite.
    •• Цитата из статьи (журнал In the National Interest):
    •• While the opposition Communists took nearly 13 percent of the vote, 9 percent of the electorate defected to the newly formed Rodina, or Motherland bloc, a “ communist-lite” faction that made it clear it would be prepared to work constructively with the Kremlin.
    •• Приведу опубликованный на сайте перевод:
    •• В то время как оппозиционная КПРФ получила почти 13% голосов, 9% ее электората дезертировали в недавно созданную партию «Родина», которая формально стоит на коммунистической платформе, но ясно дала понять, что готова конструктивно взаимодействовать с Кремлем.
    •• Ну, во-первых, почему 9% ее электората, когда речь идет о 9% всех проголосовавших избирателей, что переводчику должно быть известно? И, конечно, совершенно неправильно формально стоящая на коммунистической платформе – что это не так, переводчику тоже должно быть известно.
    •• Вот еще одно определение lite (American Heritage Dictionary): Slang: Having less substance or weight or fewer calories than something else: “lite music, shimmering on the surface and squishy soft at the core” (Mother Jones). Пример интересный – он свидетельствует о том, что lite может быть и обычным прилагательным.
    •• Возвращаясь к примеру, вот вариант правильного перевода: партия, стоящая на «облегченно-коммунистической»/«мягко-коммунистической» платформе. Как видим, здесь пришлось прибегнуть к кавычкам, что, вообще говоря, в переводе нежелательно.
    •• Поиск в гугле дал еще несколько communist lite. Из статьи о мексиканском художнике Диего Ривере:
    •• Though they openly embraced Leninism, Rivera biographer Bertram Wolfe noted that their communist-lite leanings were likely the result of naïve café conversations during Rivera’s stint in France with Picasso and other shapers of the Parisian Cubist movement.
    •• Здесь communist-lite leanings, пожалуй, просто прокоммунистические симпатии.
    •• Как правило, lite содержит элемент негативной оценки, а нередко употребляется даже с резко отрицательным оттенком:
    •• The Citizens for Tax Justice as her reference is a tip off they are a “ Progressive” ( read communist lite) group.
    •• Lite может означать также с минимальными затратами и даже малой кровью, как в следующем примере из статьи Ф. Фукуямы:
    •• Donald Rumsfeld has articulated a strategy of nation-building “ lite,” involving a rapid transition to local control and a tough-love policy that leaves locals to find their own way toward good government and democracy. <...> Nation-building “ lite” risks being used as an intellectual justification for getting out, regardless of the mess we leave behind.
    •• Интересно, что lite здесь дается в кавычках, т.е. это как бы еще не устоявшееся словоупотребление, но оно, как мне кажется, уже является фактом языка. (В этом примере интересно также не зафиксированное в известных мне словарях выражение tough love. В данном случае оно означает просто требовательный подход (в данном случае – к местным элитам), но в контекстах возможны и другие варианты – что-нибудь вроде строгая любовь или суров, но справедлив.)
    •• В следующем примере commitment lite можно перевести как участие по минимуму:
    •• [The Philippines’] participation in the Bush administration’s coalition of the willing would have to be described as “commitment lite.” (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette)
    •• Слово lite сочетается с чем угодно, даже с фамилиями. Цитата из статьи Дж. Ф. Уилла в Washington Post:
    •• Ralph Nader must be smiling, in his dour way, now that Dean is saying Kerry is a “ Republican,” “ Bush Lite,” “ no different” than Bush in being “ a handmaiden to special interests,” is making “ crazy” promises of tax cuts and spending increases, and is “ a Washington insider who shifts back and forth with every poll,” exemplifying “exactly what’s wrong with American politics.”
    •• Так сказать, Буш в умеренном варианте или Буш, только помягче.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > lite

  • 108 lie

    [laɪ] I 1. сущ.
    ложь, неправда, обман

    pack / tissue / web of lies — паутина лжи

    to tell a lie — говорить неправду, врать, обманывать

    bald-faced lie, barefaced lie, blatant lie — наглая ложь

    downright lie — явная, наглая ложь

    monstrous lie, whopping lie — чудовищная ложь

    white lie — невинная ложь, ложь во спасение

    Syn:
    Ant:
    ••

    to give the lie to smb. — уличать, изобличать кого-л. во лжи

    to give the lie to smth. — опровергать что-л.

    2. гл.
    1) лгать, обманывать

    I know he is lying. — Я знаю, что он врёт.

    She lied to her husband. — Она солгала мужу.

    The camera sometimes lies. — Камера иногда лжёт.

    3) добиваться чего-л. с помощью лжи
    ••

    to lie in one's throat, to lie in one's teeth, to lie through one's teeth — бесстыдно лгать

    II 1. гл.; прош. вр. lay, прич. прош. вр. lain
    1)

    The injured man was lying motionless on his back. — Раненый лежал на спине без движения.

    He lay awake watching her for a long time. — Он долго лежал и наблюдал за ней.

    The newspaper lay on the table. — Газета лежала на столе.

    I found this book lying about upstairs; is it yours? — Я тут нашёл валявшуюся наверху книжку, это не твоя?

    It's so nice to have the time to lie about in the sun. — Так замечательно, когда есть время понежиться на солнышке.

    Lie back, dear, you'll be more comfortable. — Откинься назад, дорогая, тебе будет удобнее.

    Mother isn't feeling too well and has gone to lie down. — Мама неважно себя чувствует, она пошла прилечь.

    You'll find her in the garden, lying out in the sun. — Ты найдешь её в саду, растянувшейся на солнышке.

    I had pillows lying by of no use. — У меня были подушки, которыми никто не пользовался.

    б) покоиться, быть погребённым
    2)
    а) быть расположенным; простираться

    The islands lie at the southern end of the Kurile chain. — Острова расположены на юге Курильской гряды.

    The route lay to the west. — Дорога простиралась на запад.

    Syn:
    Syn:
    3)
    а) оставаться в каком-л. положении или состоянии

    to lie in wait for smb. — поджидать, подстерегать кого-л.

    The picture lay hidden in the archives for over 40 years. — Картина пролежала, спрятанная в архивах, более 40 лет.

    They were growing impatient at lying idle so long. — Чем дольше они находились в бездействии, тем сильнее росло их нетерпение.

    Our country's economy lies in ruins. — Экономика нашей страны полностью разрушена.

    б) ( lie beyond) быть не по силам (кому-л.)
    4) брит. занимать место ( во время соревнования)

    I was going well and was lying fourth. — Я неплохо шёл и был на четвертом месте.

    5)
    а) находиться, заключаться (в чём-л.)

    I cannot bear to see the suffering that lies in her face. — Я не могу видеть выражения страдания на её лице.

    The problem lay in the large amounts spent on defence. — Проблема заключалась в тех огромных суммах, которые шли на оборону.

    They will only assume that, as a woman, the fault lies with me. — Они только решат, что раз я женщина, значит, вина лежит на мне.

    He realised his future lay elsewhere. — Он понимал, что здесь у него нет будущего.

    His worst mistake lay in thinking that all his workers were trustworthy. — Его самая грубая ошибка заключалась в том, что он доверял всем своим работникам.

    б) ( lie behind) быть (истинной) причиной (чего-л.)

    I wonder what lies behind his offer? — Интересно, что скрывается за его предложением?

    в) ( lie within) быть в (чьих-л.) силах

    If it lies within my power to do it, I will. — Если это будет в моих силах, я сделаю это.

    6) ( lie with)
    а) входить в (чьи-л.) обязанности

    The job of ensuring an equal sharing of national wealth lies with the government. — Ответственность за равное распределение национального богатства лежит на правительстве.

    б) уст. переспать с (кем-л.)
    б) быть более важным, чем (что-л.)

    My duty to my family lies before my own interests. — Мой долг перед семьёй значит для меня больше моих собственных интересов.

    8) уст. ненадолго остановиться; переночевать
    9) юр. признаваться законным

    The claim does not lie. — Это незаконное требование.

    •
    - lie behind
    - lie beyond
    - lie by
    - lie down under
    - lie in
    - lie off
    - lie out
    - lie over
    - lie to
    - lie under
    - lie up
    ••

    to lie on the bed one has made — пожинать плоды собственных усилий, действий

    As you make your bed, so you must/will lie on it. посл. — Как постель постелишь, так на ней и поспишь.; Сам кашу заварил, сам и расхлёбывай.

    to take smth. lying down — принимать безропотно, покорно; сносить молча (унижения, оскорбления)

    The unions are not going to take the government's threats lying down. — Профсоюзы не собираются покорно сносить угрозы правительства.

    - lie low
    - lie out of one's money 2. сущ.
    1) положение, расположение; направление

    The actual site of a city is determined by the natural lie of the land. — Фактическое расположение города определяется естественным характером местности.

    2) нора, берлога, логово
    ••

    Англо-русский современный словарь > lie

  • 109 equal

    a
    1) одинаковый, равный; равноценный
    2) равноправный; равный (по положению, правам и т.п.)
    •

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > equal

  • 110 identity

    n
    1) тождественность, идентичность
    - prove smb.'s identity
    - recognize smb.'s identity
    3) подлинность, сущность
    •

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > identity

  • 111 prejudicial

    a
    наносящий ущерб, пагубный, вредный

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > prejudicial

  • 112 zone

    1. n
    зона, район; пояс, полоса
    2. v
    разделять на зоны, устанавливать зоны; отводить районы

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > zone

  • 113 home

    I [həʊm] n
    1) дом, жилище, домашний очаг, семья

    The population was forced out of their homes. — Людей безжалостно выгоняли из их жилищ.

    Only three saw their homes again. — Только трое остались в живых и увидели родной дом.

    Make yourself at home. — Располагайтесь, как дома/чувствуйте себя как дома.

    I'd be glad to see the old home once more. — Я с удовольствием побывал бы в нашем старом доме

    - pleasant home
    - noisy home
    - good home
    - broken home
    - clean home
    - humble home
    - perfect home
    - hereditory home
    - convenient home
    - modest home
    - well-ordered home
    - one's paternal home
    - exclusive home
    - frugal home
    - devout home
    - simple peasant home
    - bachelor home
    - one's a city home
    - Boston home
    - Ideal Home Exhibition
    - one's last home
    - one's home town
    - home address
    - home interests
    - home cooking
    - home economics
    - home craft
    - home help
    - home lessons
    - home folks
    - home life
    - home truth
    - home treatment
    - home medical attendence
    - home of elephants
    - love of home
    - pleasures of home     - on home ground
    - be away from home
    - be at home
    - be not at home to anyone
    - be without home or friends
    - break away from home
    - come home from sea
    - direct one's steps towards home
    - establish a home
    - feel at home
    - find no one at home
    - fit up a home
    - forsake one's home
    - flee from home
    - banish smb from home
    - furnish one's home
    - have no home
    - get smb back to one's home
    - guard one's home from smth
    - hang around smb's home
    - have a longing for one's home
    - have a home
    - give smb a home
    - leave home for a year
    - leave smth at home
    - live away from home
    - make a home for smb
    - live at home
    - make one's home abroad
    - make one's home attractive
    - manage one's home
    - marry for a home
    - return to one's own home
    - see smb home
    - set up one's own home
    - stay at home
    - think of home
    - use smb's home as headquarters
    - want a home
    - welcome smb to one's home
    - wreck smb's home
    2) приют, пристанище, убежище, учреждение

    The island provides a home for thousands of birds. — Осторов служит пристанищем множеству птиц.

    The picture has found a safe home in the National Gallery. — Национальная картинная галерея безопасное, постоянное место для этой картины.

    - rest home
    - maternity home
    - children's home
    - infants' home
    - orphan's home
    - sailors' home
    - detention home
    - funeral home
    - remand home
    - mental home
    - convalescent home
    - nursing home
    - old people's home
    - home for the aged
    - cherished home of all the artists
    - home for the blind
    - home for lost dogs and cats
    - end up in a mental home
    - provide a suitable home for collection of pictures
    - run a rest home
    3) родина, родной дом, место распространения, метрополия

    France is the home of cosmetics. — Косметика идет из Франции.

    England is the home of constitutional. — Конституционная форма правления впервые зародилась в Англии.

    Plastic containers make very good homes for geranium. — Герань хорошо держать в пластиковых контейнерах.

    Newspapers both at home and abroad ignored the incident. — Как свои, так и зарубежные газеты обошли это событие молчанием.

    to bring smth (closer to) home — ◊ сделать что-либо (более) понятным;

    it was a home thrust in his argument — ◊ его аргумент попал прямо в цель/его аргумент не в бровь, а в глаз;

    East or West, home is best. — ◊ В гостях хорошо, а дома лучше

    - home market
    - home goods
    - home industry
    - home manufacture     - home news
    - home guard
    - home rule
    - home countries
    - home service
    - home defence
    - Home Office
    - Home secretary
    - Home Fleet
    - Home Guard
    - home base
    - home station
    - home team
    - home match
    - home stretch
    - home position
    - home thrust
    - home of free enterprize
    - events at home
    - our policy at home
    - service at home
    - play two games at home and one away     II [həʊm] adv
    - bring smb home
    - bring smth home

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > home

  • 114 on a good wicket

    в хорошем положении; см. тж. on a bad wicket

    The organized interests are on a fairly good wicket as regards their share in the national income. (WD) — Доля крупных предприятий в национальном доходе весьма значительна.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > on a good wicket

  • 115 Angola

    (and Enclave of Cabinda)
       From 1575 to 1975, Angola was a colony of Portugal. Located in west-central Africa, this colony has been one of the largest, most strategically located, and richest in mineral and agricultural resources in the continent. At first, Portugal's colonial impact was largely coastal, but after 1700 it became more active in the interior. By international treaties signed between 1885 and 1906, Angola's frontiers with what are now Zaire and Zambia were established. The colony's area was 1,246,700 square kilometers (481,000 square miles), Portugal's largest colonial territory after the independence of Brazil. In Portugal's third empire, Angola was the colony with the greatest potential.
       The Atlantic slave trade had a massive impact on the history, society, economy, and demography of Angola. For centuries, Angola's population played a subordinate role in the economy of Portugal's Brazil-centered empire. Angola's population losses to the slave trade were among the highest in Africa, and its economy became, to a large extent, hostage to the Brazilian plantation-based economic system. Even after Brazil's independence in 1822, Brazilian economic interests and capitalists were influential in Angola; it was only after Brazil banned the slave trade in 1850 that the heavy slave traffic to former Portuguese America began to wind down. Although slavery in Angola was abolished, in theory, in the 1870s, it continued in various forms, and it was not until the early 1960s that its offspring, forced labor, was finally ended.
       Portugal's economic exploitation of Angola went through different stages. During the era of the Atlantic slave trade (ca. 1575-1850), when many of Angola's slaves were shipped to Brazil, Angola's economy was subordinated to Brazil's and to Portugal's. Ambitious Lisbon-inspired projects followed when Portugal attempted to replace the illegal slave trade, long the principal income source for the government of Angola, with legitimate trade, mining, and agriculture. The main exports were dyes, copper, rubber, coffee, cotton, and sisal. In the 1940s and 1950s, petroleum emerged as an export with real potential. Due to the demand of the World War II belligerents for Angola's raw materials, the economy experienced an impetus, and soon other articles such as diamonds, iron ore, and manganese found new customers. Angola's economy, on an unprecedented scale, showed significant development, which was encouraged by Lisbon. Portugal's colonization schemes, sending white settlers to farm in Angola, began in earnest after 1945, although such plans had been nearly a century in the making. Angola's white population grew from about 40,000 in 1940 to nearly 330,000 settlers in 1974, when the military coup occurred in Portugal.
       In the early months of 1961, a war of African insurgency broke out in northern Angola. Portugal dispatched armed forces to suppress resistance, and the African insurgents were confined to areas on the borders of northern and eastern Angola at least until the 1966-67 period. The 13-year colonial war had a telling impact on both Angola and Portugal. When the Armed Forces Movement overthrew the Estado Novo on 25 April 1974, the war in Angola had reached a stalemate and the major African nationalist parties (MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA) had made only modest inroads in the northern fringes and in central and eastern Angola, while there was no armed activity in the main cities and towns.
       After a truce was called between Portugal and the three African parties, negotiations began to organize the decolonizat ion process. Despite difficult maneuvering among the parties, Portugal, the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA signed the Alvor Agreement of January 1975, whereby Portugal would oversee a transition government, create an all-Angola army, and supervise national elections to be held in November 1975. With the outbreak of a bloody civil war among the three African parties and their armies, the Alvor Agreement could not be put into effect. Fighting raged between March and November 1975. Unable to prevent the civil war or to insist that free elections be held, Portugal's officials and armed forces withdrew on 11 November 1975. Rather than handing over power to one party, they transmitted sovereignty to the people of Angola. Angola's civil war continued into the 21st century.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Angola

  • 116 Portuguese Communist Party

    (PCP)
       The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) has evolved from its early anarcho-syndicalist roots at its formation in 1921. This evolution included the undisciplined years of the 1920s, during which bolshevization began and continued into the 1930s, then through the years of clandestine existence during the Estado Novo, the Stalinization of the 1940s, the "anarcho-liberal shift" of the 1950s, the emergence of Maoist and Trotskyist splinter groups of the 1960s, to legalization after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 as the strongest and oldest political party in Portugal. Documents from the Russian archives have shown that the PCP's history is not a purely "domestic" one. While the PCP was born on its own without Soviet assistance, once it joined the Communist International (CI), it lost a significant amount of autonomy as CI officials increasingly meddled in PCP internal politics by dictating policy, manipulating leadership elections, and often financing party activities.
       Early Portuguese communism was a mix of communist ideological strands accustomed to a spirited internal debate, a lively external debate with its rivals, and a loose organizational structure. The PCP, during its early years, was weak in grassroots membership and was basically a party of "notables." It was predominantly a male organization, with minuscule female participation. It was also primarily an urban party concentrated in Lisbon. The PCP membership declined from 3,000 in 1923 to only 40 in 1928.
       In 1929, the party was reorganized so that it could survive clandestinely. As its activity progressed in the 1930s, a long period of instability dominated its leadership organs as a result of repression, imprisonments, and disorganization. The CI continued to intervene in party affairs through the 1930s, until the PCP was expelled from the CI in 1938-39, apparently because of its conduct during police arrests.
       The years of 1939-41 were difficult ones for the party, not only because of increased domestic repression but also because of internal party splits provoked by the Nazi-Soviet pact and other foreign actions. From 1940 to 1941, two Communist parties struggled to attract the support of the CI and accused each other of "revisionism." The CI was disbanded in 1943, and the PCP was not accepted back into the international communist family until its recognition by the Cominform in 1947.
       The reorganization of 1940-41 finally put the PCP under the firm control of orthodox communists who viewed socialism from a Soviet perspective. Although Soviet support was denied the newly reorganized party at first, the new leaders continued its Stalinization. The enforcement of "democratic centralism" and insistence upon the "dictatorship of the proletariat" became entrenched. The 1940s brought increased growth, as the party reached its membership apex of the clandestine era with 1,200 members in 1943, approximately 4,800 in 1946, and 7,000 in 1947.
       The party fell on hard times in the 1950s. It developed a bad case of paranoia, which led to a witch hunt for infiltrators, informers, and spies in all ranks of the party. The lower membership figures who followed the united antifascist period were reduced further through expulsions of the "traitors." By 1951, the party had been reduced to only 1,000 members. It became a closed, sectarian, suspicious, and paranoiac organization, with diminished strength in almost every region, except in the Alentejo, where the party, through propaganda and ideology more than organizational strength, was able to mobilize strikes of landless peasants in the early 1950s.
       On 3 January 1960, Álvaro Cunhal and nine other political prisoners made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison and fled the country. Soon after this escape, Cunhal was elected secretary-general and, with other top leaders, directed the PCP from exile. Trotskyite and Maoist fractions emerged within the party in the 1960s, strengthened by the ideological developments in the international communist movement, such as in China and Cuba. The PCP would not tolerate dissent or leftism and began purging the extreme left fractions.
       The PCP intensified its control of the labor movement after the more liberal syndical election regulations under Prime Minister Mar- cello Caetano allowed communists to run for leadership positions in the corporative unions. By 1973, there was general unrest in the labor movement due to deteriorating economic conditions brought on by the colonial wars, as well as by world economic pressures including the Arab oil boycott.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the PCP enjoyed a unique position: it was the only party to have survived the Estado Novo. It emerged from clandestinity as the best organized political party in Portugal with a leadership hardened by years in jail. Since then, despite the party's stubborn orthodoxy, it has consistently played an important role as a moderating force. As even the Socialist Party (PS) was swept up by the neoliberal tidal wave, albeit a more compassionate variant, increasingly the PCP has played a crucial role in ensuring that interests and perspectives of the traditional Left are aired.
       One of the most consistent planks of the PCP electoral platform has been opposition to every stage of European integration. The party has regularly resisted Portuguese membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and, following membership beginning in 1986, the party has regularly resisted further integration through the European Union (EU). A major argument has been that EU membership would not resolve Portugal's chronic economic problems but would only increase its dependence on the world. Ever since, the PCP has argued that its opposition to membership was correct and that further involvement with the EU would only result in further economic dependence and a consequent loss of Portuguese national sovereignty. Further, the party maintained that as Portugal's ties with the EU increased, the vulnerable agrarian sector in Portugal would risk further losses.
       Changes in PCP leadership may or may not alter the party's electoral position and role in the political system. As younger generations forget the uniqueness of the party's resistance to the Estado Novo, public images of PCP leadership will change. As the image of Álvaro Cunhal and other historical communist leaders slowly recedes, and the stature of Carlos Carvalhas (general secretary since 1992) and other moderate leaders is enhanced, the party's survival and legitimacy have strengthened. On 6 March 2001, the PCP celebrated its 80th anniversary.
        See also Left Bloc.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Portuguese Communist Party

  • 117 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 118 community

    A n
    1 (social, cultural grouping) communauté f ; the student/Italian community la communauté estudiantine/italienne ; the business community le monde des affaires ; research community communauté f des chercheurs ; relations between the police and the community ( at local level) les relations entre la police et les habitants ; ( at national level) les relations entre la police et le public ; in the community interest dans l'intérêt de la communauté ; sense of community esprit m communautaire ;
    2 Relig (religious) community communauté f (religieuse) ;
    3 Jur communauté f ; community of goods/interests communauté de biens/d'intérêts ;
    4 ( on the Internet) communauté f.
    B Community pr n the (European) Community la Communauté (Européenne).
    C Community modif [budget, body, regulation] communautaire, de la Communauté.

    Big English-French dictionary > community

  • 119 international management

    Gen Mgt
    1. the maintenance and development of an organization’s production or market interests across national borders with either local or expatriate staff
    2. the process of running a multinational business, made up of formerly independent organizations
    3. the body of skills, knowledge, and understanding required to manage cross-cultural operations

    The ultimate business dictionary > international management

  • 120 Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian

    [br]
    b. 15 February 1816 Newcastle upon Tyne, England
    d. 20 December 1904 Rounton Grange, Northallerton, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    English ironworks proprietor, chemical manufacturer and railway director, widely renowned for his scientific pronouncements.
    [br]
    Following an extensive education, in 1835 Bell entered the Tyneside chemical and iron business where his father was a partner; for about five years from 1845 he controlled the ironworks. In 1844, he and his two brothers leased an iron blast-furnace at Wylam on Tyne. In 1850, with partners, he started chemical works at Washington, near Gateshead. A few years later, with his two brothers, he set up the Clarence Ironworks on Teesside. In the 1880s, salt extraction and soda-making were added there; at that time the Bell Brothers' enterprises, including collieries, employed 6,000 people.
    Lowthian Bell was a pioneer in applying thermochemistry to blast-furnace working. Besides his commercial interests, scientific experimentation and international travel, he found time to take a leading part in the promotion of British technical organizations; upon his death he left evidence of a prodigious level of personal activity.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created baronet 1885. FRS 1875. Légion d'honneur 1878. MP, Hartlepool, 1875–80. President: British Iron Trade Association; Iron and Steel Institute; Institution of Mechanical Engineers; North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Mining Engineers; Society of the Chemical Industry. Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1874 (the first recipient). Society of Arts Albert Medal 1895.
    Bibliography
    The first of several books, Bell's Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting… (1872), was soon translated into German, French and Swedish. He was the author of more than forty technical articles.
    Further Reading
    1900–1910, Dictionary of National Biography.
    C.Wilson, 1984, article in Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. I, ed. J.Jeremy, Butterworth (a more discursive account).
    D.Burn, 1940, The Economic History of Steelmaking, 1867–1939: A Study in Competition, Cambridge (2nd edn 1961).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian

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