nĕmus

nĕmus, ŏris, n. [root nem-, distribute; Gr. nemô, nomos; cf. nemos, pasturage, and Lat. Numa, numerus], = nemos, a wood with open glades and meadows for cattle, a wood with much pasture-land, a grove; poet., a wood in gen. (cf.: saltus, silva, lucus).

Lit.:

cras foliis nemus Multis tempestas Sternet,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 9:

multos nemora silvaeque commovent,

Cic. Div. 1, 50, 114: in nemore Pelio, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 22, 34 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.):

montium custos nemorumque (Diana),

Hor. C. 3, 22, 1:

gelidum,

id. ib. 1, 1, 30:

nemorum saltus,

Verg. E. 6, 56:

nemus arboribus densum,

Ov. F. 6, 9:

nemorum avia,

id. M. 1, 479:

nemora in domibus sacros imitantia lucos,

Tib. 3, 3, 15:

sacri fontis nemus,

Juv. 3, 17.—

In partic., a heath or grove consecrated to a divinity:

Angitiae nemus,

Verg. A. 7, 759.—Also alone: Nĕmus, the sacred grove of Diana at Aricia, where Cæsar had a villa, Cic. Att. 15, 4, 5; cf.:

tabulam pictam in nemore Dianae posuit,

Plin. 35, 7, 33, § 52; v. nemorensis, II. B.—

Poet. transf., a tree:

nemora alta,

Luc. 1, 453; Mart. 9, 62, 9; cf. Verg. G. 2, 401.—Also, wood:

strictum acervans nemore congesto aggerem,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 1216.

nĕmus, ŏris, n. [root nem-, distribute; Gr. nemô, nomos; cf. nemos, pasturage, and Lat. Numa, numerus], = nemos, a wood with open glades and meadows for cattle, a wood with much pasture-land, a grove; poet., a wood in gen. (cf.: saltus, silva, lucus).

Lit.:

cras foliis nemus Multis tempestas Sternet,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 9:

multos nemora silvaeque commovent,

Cic. Div. 1, 50, 114: in nemore Pelio, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 22, 34 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.):

montium custos nemorumque (Diana),

Hor. C. 3, 22, 1:

gelidum,

id. ib. 1, 1, 30:

nemorum saltus,

Verg. E. 6, 56:

nemus arboribus densum,

Ov. F. 6, 9:

nemorum avia,

id. M. 1, 479:

nemora in domibus sacros imitantia lucos,

Tib. 3, 3, 15:

sacri fontis nemus,

Juv. 3, 17.—

In partic., a heath or grove consecrated to a divinity:

Angitiae nemus,

Verg. A. 7, 759.—Also alone: Nĕmus, the sacred grove of Diana at Aricia, where Cæsar had a villa, Cic. Att. 15, 4, 5; cf.:

tabulam pictam in nemore Dianae posuit,

Plin. 35, 7, 33, § 52; v. nemorensis, II. B.—

Poet. transf., a tree:

nemora alta,

Luc. 1, 453; Mart. 9, 62, 9; cf. Verg. G. 2, 401.—Also, wood:

strictum acervans nemore congesto aggerem,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 1216.

* * *

Ărīcĭa, ae, f., an ancient town of Latium, in the neighborhood of Alba Longa, upon the Appian Way, now La Riccia; acc. to Verg. A. 7, 762 (v. II. infra), named from the wife of its founder, Hippolytus. Near it was a grove consecrated to Diana, in which at a very early age human victims were sacrificed;

hence, immitis,

Sil. 4, 369 (cf. Nemus and Nemorensis), Plin. 19, 6, 33, § 110; Mart. 13, 19; Hor. S. 1, 5, 1; Sol. 2, p. 13; cf. Mann. Ital. I. 633; Müll. Roms Camp. 2, 147-189.—Hence,

Ărīcīnus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Aricia, Arician:

regio,

Mart. 10, 68:

vallis,

Ov. M. 15, 488:

nemus,

Flor. 1, 11, 8.— Subst.: Ărīcīni, ōrum, m., the inhabitanls of Aricia, Liv. 2, 14.—

Personified, a nymph, the wife of Hippolytus and mother of Virbius, Verg. A. 7, 762.

Ărīcĭa, ae, f., an ancient town of Latium, in the neighborhood of Alba Longa, upon the Appian Way, now La Riccia; acc. to Verg. A. 7, 762 (v. II. infra), named from the wife of its founder, Hippolytus. Near it was a grove consecrated to Diana, in which at a very early age human victims were sacrificed;

hence, immitis,

Sil. 4, 369 (cf. Nemus and Nemorensis), Plin. 19, 6, 33, § 110; Mart. 13, 19; Hor. S. 1, 5, 1; Sol. 2, p. 13; cf. Mann. Ital. I. 633; Müll. Roms Camp. 2, 147-189.—Hence,

Ărīcīnus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Aricia, Arician:

regio,

Mart. 10, 68:

vallis,

Ov. M. 15, 488:

nemus,

Flor. 1, 11, 8.— Subst.: Ărīcīni, ōrum, m., the inhabitanls of Aricia, Liv. 2, 14.—

Personified, a nymph, the wife of Hippolytus and mother of Virbius, Verg. A. 7, 762.

Ărīcĭa, ae, f., an ancient town of Latium, in the neighborhood of Alba Longa, upon the Appian Way, now La Riccia; acc. to Verg. A. 7, 762 (v. II. infra), named from the wife of its founder, Hippolytus. Near it was a grove consecrated to Diana, in which at a very early age human victims were sacrificed;

hence, immitis,

Sil. 4, 369 (cf. Nemus and Nemorensis), Plin. 19, 6, 33, § 110; Mart. 13, 19; Hor. S. 1, 5, 1; Sol. 2, p. 13; cf. Mann. Ital. I. 633; Müll. Roms Camp. 2, 147-189.—Hence,

Ărīcīnus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Aricia, Arician:

regio,

Mart. 10, 68:

vallis,

Ov. M. 15, 488:

nemus,

Flor. 1, 11, 8.— Subst.: Ărīcīni, ōrum, m., the inhabitanls of Aricia, Liv. 2, 14.—

Personified, a nymph, the wife of Hippolytus and mother of Virbius, Verg. A. 7, 762.

com-plĕo ( conp-), ēvi, ētum, 2 (contr. forms: complerunt, complerint, complerat, complesse, etc., for compleverunt, etc., very often), v. a. [pleo, whence suppleo, plenus], to fill up, fill full, fill out (class. in prose and poetry).

Lit., of material objects.

In gen., with acc. of place, vessel, etc., filled.

Alone:

hostes fossam complent,

Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Auct. B. Hisp. 16; Tac. H. 2, 25:

tune aut inane quicquam putes esse, cum ita conpleta et conferta sint omnia, ut, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

metu, ne compleantur navigia,

Liv. 41, 3, 2:

deducunt socii navis et litora conplent,

Verg. A. 3, 71:

conplebant Laidos aedes (amatores),

Prop. 2, 6, 1:

corpora quae loca complerent,

occupy space, Lucr. 1, 522:

legiones cum loca Camporum complent,

id. 2, 324:

milites complent murum,

Caes. B. G. 7, 27:

vigiles domum Flavii complevere,

Tac. H. 3, 69; id. A. 15, 33:

scrobem ad medium,

Col. Arb. 4, 5:

non bene urnam,

Ov. M. 12, 616:

vascula,

Quint. 1, 2, 28:

paginam,

to fill out, write full, Cic. Att. 13, 34 fin.:

speluncas, of the winds,

Lucr. 6, 197.—

With abl. of material, etc.:

fossas sarmentis et virgultis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 18:

totum prope caelum... humano genere conpletum est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 28:

mundum animorum multitudine,

id. Div. 2, 58, 119:

bestiis omnium gentium circum conplere,

Liv. 44, 9, 4:

naufragorum trepidatione passim natantium flumen conpleverunt,

id. 42, 62, 6:

Hispanias Gallias Italiam monumentis ingentium rerum,

id. 30, 28, 4:

quos (gradus) ubi accusator concitatis hominibus complerat,

Cic. Clu. 34, 93:

munus Apolline dignum libris,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 217:

late loca milite,

Verg. A. 2, 495:

naves serpentibus,

Nep. Hann. 11, 6:

amphoras plumbo,

id. ib. 9, 3:

statuas aëneas pecuniā,

id. ib. 9, 3:

horrea messibus,

Luc. 3, 66:

complentur moenia et tecta maerentium turbā,

Tac. A. 3, 1:

Palatium multitudine et clamoribus complebant,

id. ib. 14, 61:

virgultibus et cratibus et corporibus exanimis complere lossas,

id. ib. 4, 51; cf.

also: et terrae... stirpium renovatione complentur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51, 128.—

With gen.:

conviviumque vicinorum cottidie conpleo,

Cic. Sen. 14, 46:

cum completus jam mercatorum carcer esset,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 57, § 147:

quae causa... ararum conpleverit urbis,

Lucr. 5, 1162.—

Esp.

In milit. lang.

To make the army, a legion, etc., of a full number, to complete, fill up:

legiones in itinere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 25:

cohortes pro numero militum complet,

Sall. C. 56, 1; Nep. Milt. 5, 1:

legione completā per maniplos,

Sil. 8, 119.—

To man, fill with men:

classem Romanam sociis navalibus,

Liv. 24, 11, 9:

naves colonis pastoribusque,

Caes. B. C. 1, 56; cf.:

has (naves) sagittariis tormentisque compleverunt,

id. ib. 2, 4:

naves bis denas aut plures,

Verg. A. 11, 327 Serv.—

To fill, impregnate:

alias (mulieres),

Lucr. 4, 1249; 4, 1275.—

Transf., of light, sound, etc. (freq.).

To fill with light, maké full:

ut cuncta suā luce conpleat (sol),

Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17:

mundum suā luce,

id. N. D. 2, 46, 119:

terras largā luce,

id. ib. 2, 19, 43:

orbem (luna),

Tib. 2, 4, 18:

lunae se cornua lumine complent,

Verg. A. 3, 645:

quod maria ac terras omnis caelumque rigando Conpleat (sol),

Lucr. 5, 595.—

To fill with sound, cause to resound, etc., to fill, make full:

omnia clamoribus,

Lucr. 4, 1014:

omnia vocibus,

id. 5, 1065:

nemus querellis,

id. 2, 358; cf.:

nemus timendā voce,

Hor. Epod. 6, 9:

aëra tinnitibus et murmure,

Ov. M. 14, 537:

atria ululatu,

id. ib. 5, 153:

atria fremitu,

id. ib. 5, 3 et saep.:

fremitu aequora,

Prop. 2, 16 (3, 8), 37:

aures (sonus),

Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 18; cf. id. Agr. 3, 1, 3:

caelum clamore,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 798: aures sermonibus, Claud. Cons. Prob. et Olyb. 31: clamor omnia variis terrentium ac paventium vocibus complet, Liv. 5, 21, 11.—

Of odors, etc.:

omnia primo motu ac spiritu suo, vini, unguenti, corporis odore complesset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 31; cf. Veg. Vet. 1, 17, 3. —

Transf., to cover, overwhelm:

Dianam (i. e. simulacrum) coronis et floribus,

i. e. to deck, adorn, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77:

vortentibus Telebois telis conplebantur corpora,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 95.—

To fill, sate with food or drink:

multo cibo et potione,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 35, 100:

se flore Liberi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8:

haec avis scribitur conchis se solere conplere,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 124.—

Trop.

To supply fully, furnish abundantly:

exercitum omni copiā,

Caes. B. C. 2, 25 fin. —

To fill with any notion, story, desire, humor, passion:

completi sunt animi auresque vestrae, me... obsistere, etc.,

Cic. Agr. 3, 1, 3:

reliquos (milites) bonā spe,

Caes. B. C. 2, 21:

aliquem gaudio,

Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 69:

taedio,

Quint. 8, 6, 14:

animos robore,

Luc. 5, 412:

omnia luctu,

Sall. C. 51, 9:

omnia terrore,

Liv. 34, 9, 13:

cuncta pavore,

Curt. 3, 13, 10 al. —With gen.:

aliquem erroris et dementiae,

Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 9:

aliquem flagitii et formidinis,

id. Men. 5, 5, 3.—

To make complete or perfect, to finish; of a promise, to fulfil it:

lustrationem (annuam) menstruo spatio (luna),

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87; cf. Verg. A. 5, 46:

his rebus completis legiones reduci jussit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 46 (Dinter, ex conj., comparatis):

nocturnum erat sacrum, ita ut ante mediam noctem conpleretur,

Liv. 23, 35, 15:

studia,

Gell. 13, 5:

conplent ea beatissimam vitam,

Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 71; cf. id. ib. 3, 13, 43; id. Tusc. 5, 16, 47:

summam promissi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 49, § 116:

rerum humanarum sorte completā,

Curt. 10, 6, 6 al. —

Of time, to finish, complete:

Gorgias centum et septem conplevit annos,

Cic. Sen. 5, 13:

cum VII. et LXX. annos complesset,

Nep. Att. 21, 1:

Corvinus centesimum annum complevit,

Val. Max. 8, 13, 1; Lact. Op. Dei, 4, 3; cf.:

sua fata,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 77:

sua tempora,

id. M. 15, 816:

quinque saecula vitae suae,

id. ib. 15, 395:

materna tempora,

i. e. the time of pregnancy, id. ib. 3, 312; cf. id. ib. 11, 311:

semel quadrigis, semel desultore misso, vix unius horae tempus utrumque curriculum conplebat,

Liv. 44, 9, 4.—Hence, complētus, a, um, P. a.

Prop., filled full, full: alveus Tiberis ruderibus, * Suet. Aug. 30.—

Trop., complete, perfect:

completus et perfectus verborum ambitus,

Cic. Or. 50, 168.—

* Comp., Gell. 1, 7, 20.

com-plĕo ( conp-), ēvi, ētum, 2 (contr. forms: complerunt, complerint, complerat, complesse, etc., for compleverunt, etc., very often), v. a. [pleo, whence suppleo, plenus], to fill up, fill full, fill out (class. in prose and poetry).

Lit., of material objects.

In gen., with acc. of place, vessel, etc., filled.

Alone:

hostes fossam complent,

Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Auct. B. Hisp. 16; Tac. H. 2, 25:

tune aut inane quicquam putes esse, cum ita conpleta et conferta sint omnia, ut, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

metu, ne compleantur navigia,

Liv. 41, 3, 2:

deducunt socii navis et litora conplent,

Verg. A. 3, 71:

conplebant Laidos aedes (amatores),

Prop. 2, 6, 1:

corpora quae loca complerent,

occupy space, Lucr. 1, 522:

legiones cum loca Camporum complent,

id. 2, 324:

milites complent murum,

Caes. B. G. 7, 27:

vigiles domum Flavii complevere,

Tac. H. 3, 69; id. A. 15, 33:

scrobem ad medium,

Col. Arb. 4, 5:

non bene urnam,

Ov. M. 12, 616:

vascula,

Quint. 1, 2, 28:

paginam,

to fill out, write full, Cic. Att. 13, 34 fin.:

speluncas, of the winds,

Lucr. 6, 197.—

With abl. of material, etc.:

fossas sarmentis et virgultis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 18:

totum prope caelum... humano genere conpletum est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 28:

mundum animorum multitudine,

id. Div. 2, 58, 119:

bestiis omnium gentium circum conplere,

Liv. 44, 9, 4:

naufragorum trepidatione passim natantium flumen conpleverunt,

id. 42, 62, 6:

Hispanias Gallias Italiam monumentis ingentium rerum,

id. 30, 28, 4:

quos (gradus) ubi accusator concitatis hominibus complerat,

Cic. Clu. 34, 93:

munus Apolline dignum libris,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 217:

late loca milite,

Verg. A. 2, 495:

naves serpentibus,

Nep. Hann. 11, 6:

amphoras plumbo,

id. ib. 9, 3:

statuas aëneas pecuniā,

id. ib. 9, 3:

horrea messibus,

Luc. 3, 66:

complentur moenia et tecta maerentium turbā,

Tac. A. 3, 1:

Palatium multitudine et clamoribus complebant,

id. ib. 14, 61:

virgultibus et cratibus et corporibus exanimis complere lossas,

id. ib. 4, 51; cf.

also: et terrae... stirpium renovatione complentur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51, 128.—

With gen.:

conviviumque vicinorum cottidie conpleo,

Cic. Sen. 14, 46:

cum completus jam mercatorum carcer esset,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 57, § 147:

quae causa... ararum conpleverit urbis,

Lucr. 5, 1162.—

Esp.

In milit. lang.

To make the army, a legion, etc., of a full number, to complete, fill up:

legiones in itinere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 25:

cohortes pro numero militum complet,

Sall. C. 56, 1; Nep. Milt. 5, 1:

legione completā per maniplos,

Sil. 8, 119.—

To man, fill with men:

classem Romanam sociis navalibus,

Liv. 24, 11, 9:

naves colonis pastoribusque,

Caes. B. C. 1, 56; cf.:

has (naves) sagittariis tormentisque compleverunt,

id. ib. 2, 4:

naves bis denas aut plures,

Verg. A. 11, 327 Serv.—

To fill, impregnate:

alias (mulieres),

Lucr. 4, 1249; 4, 1275.—

Transf., of light, sound, etc. (freq.).

To fill with light, maké full:

ut cuncta suā luce conpleat (sol),

Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17:

mundum suā luce,

id. N. D. 2, 46, 119:

terras largā luce,

id. ib. 2, 19, 43:

orbem (luna),

Tib. 2, 4, 18:

lunae se cornua lumine complent,

Verg. A. 3, 645:

quod maria ac terras omnis caelumque rigando Conpleat (sol),

Lucr. 5, 595.—

To fill with sound, cause to resound, etc., to fill, make full:

omnia clamoribus,

Lucr. 4, 1014:

omnia vocibus,

id. 5, 1065:

nemus querellis,

id. 2, 358; cf.:

nemus timendā voce,

Hor. Epod. 6, 9:

aëra tinnitibus et murmure,

Ov. M. 14, 537:

atria ululatu,

id. ib. 5, 153:

atria fremitu,

id. ib. 5, 3 et saep.:

fremitu aequora,

Prop. 2, 16 (3, 8), 37:

aures (sonus),

Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 18; cf. id. Agr. 3, 1, 3:

caelum clamore,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 798: aures sermonibus, Claud. Cons. Prob. et Olyb. 31: clamor omnia variis terrentium ac paventium vocibus complet, Liv. 5, 21, 11.—

Of odors, etc.:

omnia primo motu ac spiritu suo, vini, unguenti, corporis odore complesset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 31; cf. Veg. Vet. 1, 17, 3. —

Transf., to cover, overwhelm:

Dianam (i. e. simulacrum) coronis et floribus,

i. e. to deck, adorn, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77:

vortentibus Telebois telis conplebantur corpora,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 95.—

To fill, sate with food or drink:

multo cibo et potione,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 35, 100:

se flore Liberi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8:

haec avis scribitur conchis se solere conplere,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 124.—

Trop.

To supply fully, furnish abundantly:

exercitum omni copiā,

Caes. B. C. 2, 25 fin. —

To fill with any notion, story, desire, humor, passion:

completi sunt animi auresque vestrae, me... obsistere, etc.,

Cic. Agr. 3, 1, 3:

reliquos (milites) bonā spe,

Caes. B. C. 2, 21:

aliquem gaudio,

Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 69:

taedio,

Quint. 8, 6, 14:

animos robore,

Luc. 5, 412:

omnia luctu,

Sall. C. 51, 9:

omnia terrore,

Liv. 34, 9, 13:

cuncta pavore,

Curt. 3, 13, 10 al. —With gen.:

aliquem erroris et dementiae,

Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 9:

aliquem flagitii et formidinis,

id. Men. 5, 5, 3.—

To make complete or perfect, to finish; of a promise, to fulfil it:

lustrationem (annuam) menstruo spatio (luna),

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87; cf. Verg. A. 5, 46:

his rebus completis legiones reduci jussit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 46 (Dinter, ex conj., comparatis):

nocturnum erat sacrum, ita ut ante mediam noctem conpleretur,

Liv. 23, 35, 15:

studia,

Gell. 13, 5:

conplent ea beatissimam vitam,

Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 71; cf. id. ib. 3, 13, 43; id. Tusc. 5, 16, 47:

summam promissi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 49, § 116:

rerum humanarum sorte completā,

Curt. 10, 6, 6 al. —

Of time, to finish, complete:

Gorgias centum et septem conplevit annos,

Cic. Sen. 5, 13:

cum VII. et LXX. annos complesset,

Nep. Att. 21, 1:

Corvinus centesimum annum complevit,

Val. Max. 8, 13, 1; Lact. Op. Dei, 4, 3; cf.:

sua fata,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 77:

sua tempora,

id. M. 15, 816:

quinque saecula vitae suae,

id. ib. 15, 395:

materna tempora,

i. e. the time of pregnancy, id. ib. 3, 312; cf. id. ib. 11, 311:

semel quadrigis, semel desultore misso, vix unius horae tempus utrumque curriculum conplebat,

Liv. 44, 9, 4.—Hence, complētus, a, um, P. a.

Prop., filled full, full: alveus Tiberis ruderibus, * Suet. Aug. 30.—

Trop., complete, perfect:

completus et perfectus verborum ambitus,

Cic. Or. 50, 168.—

* Comp., Gell. 1, 7, 20.

nĕmŏrensis, e, adj. [nemus], of or belonging to a grove or wood.

In gen. mel, Col. 9, 4, 7.—

In partic.

Of or belonging to the grove of Diana, near Aricia, Prop. 3 (4), 22, 25; cf. Ov. F. 3, 261, Vitr 4, 7—Hence:

rex Nemorensis,

the presider over the sacrifices to Diana of Aricia, Suet. Calig 35 —

Subst.: Nĕmŏrense, is, n., a villa of Cæsar, near the Arician grove, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 25, in Nemorensi, Suet. Caes. 46; cf. nemus I. B.

possĭdĕo (archaic orthogr. POSIDET, Epitaphs of the Scipios; Sentent. de Limit. Genuat. Rudorff; in the latter also POSIDENT, POSIDEBVNT, POSIDETO, POSIDERE, as well as POSEDEIT and POSEDET, for possedit), sēdi, sessum, 2, v. a. [old prep. port; Gr. proti, pros (v. pono), and sedeo], to have and hold, to be master of, to own, possess (syn.: teneo, habeo).

Lit.:

uti nunc possidetis eum fundum q. d. a. (i. e. quo de agitur), quod nec vi nec clam nec precario alter ab altero possidetis, ita possidentis: adversus ea vim fieri veto, an ancient formula of the prætor,

Fest. p. 233 Müll.:

qui in alienā potestate sunt, rem peculiarem tenere possunt, habere et possidere non possunt: quia possessio non tantum corporis, sed etiam juris est,

Dig. 41, 2, 49:

ex edicto bona possidere,

Cic. Quint. 6, 25:

partem agri,

Caes. B. G. 6, 11:

solum bello captum,

Liv. 26, 11:

Galli Italiam maximis plurimisque urbibus possident,

Just. 38, 4, 9:

uniones,

Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 119.—

Absol., to have possessions, to possess lands, be settled:

juxta litora maris possidere,

Dig. 47, 9, 7:

possidere trans flumen,

ib. 43, 14, 1.—

Transf., for possido, to take possession of, to occupy (very rare except in eccl. and late Lat.):

ego possideo plus Pallante,

Juv. 1, 108:

quot agri jugera?

id. 3, 141: ferro septus possidet sedes sacras, Att. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 26, 102; Auct. Her. 1, 11, 19:

forum armatis catervis perditorum hominum,

Cic. Dom. 42, 110 (dub.):

magister, quid faciendo vitam aeternam possidebo,

Vulg. Luc. 10, 25:

iniqui regnum Dei non possidebunt,

id. 1 Cor. 6, 9 et saep. —

To occupy, abide in a place ( poet.):

victrix possidet umbra nemus,

Mart. 6, 76, 6:

Zephyri possidet aura nemus,

Prop. 1, 19, 2; Luc. 2, 454.—

Trop., to possess, to have a thing (class.):

possidere nomen,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 27:

palmam,

id. Most. 1, 1, 31:

secli mores in se,

id. Truc. prol. 13: inverecundum animi ingenium, Poët. ap. Cic. Inv. 1, 45, 83:

plus fidei quam artis, plus veritatis quam disciplinae possidet in se,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 17; id. Rosc. Am. 24, 66; Ov. F. 1, 586:

possedit favorem plebis Clodius,

Val. Max. 3, 5, 3.

silva (less correctly sylva), ae (old gen. silvaï;

silua as trisyl.,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 4; id. Epod. 13, 2; cf. Prisc. p. 546 P.), f. [cf. Gr. hulê],, a wood, forest, woodland (syn.: saltus, nemus, lucus).

Lit.: (lupus) Conicit in silvam sese, Enn. ap. Non. 378, 19 (Ann. v. 75 Vahl.): omne sonabat Arbustum fremitu silvaï frondosaï, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 197 ib.):

(ignes) Conficerent silvas,

Lucr. 1, 906:

per silvas profundas,

id. 5, 41; so id. 5, 992:

densa et aspera,

Cic. Att. 12, 15; id. Div. 1, 50, 114:

(Ancus Marcius) silvas maritimas omnes publicavit,

id. Rep. 2, 18, 33:

rursus ex silvā in nostros impetum facerent,

Caes. B. G. 2, 19:

Caesar silvas caedere instituit,

id. ib. 3, 29:

juga coepta movere Silvarum,

Verg. A. 6, 257:

dea silvarum,

i. e. Diana, Ov. M. 3, 163; cf.:

silvarum numina, Fauni Et Satyri fratres,

id. ib. 6, 392:

nemorosis abdita silvis,

id. ib. 10, 687:

stabula silvis obscura vetustis,

id. ib. 6, 521:

gloria silvarum pinus,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 151:

formidolosae,

Hor. Epod. 5, 55:

salubres,

id. Ep. 1, 4, 4:

virentes,

Cat. 34, 10:

Silvius, casu quodam in silvis natus,

Liv. 1, 3, 6.—

Transf.

A plantation of trees, an orchard, a grove; a growth or crop of other plants, bush, foliage, etc. (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

signa in silvā disposita,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 51:

domūs amoenitas silvā constabat,

Nep. Att. 13, 2; Sen. Ep. 86, 3; cf.:

inter silvas Academi quaerere verum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 45:

tristis lupini Sustuleris fragiles calamos silvamque sonantem,

Verg. G. 1, 76; 1, 152; 2, 310; 4, 273; Ov. M. 1, 346; 3, 80; 12, 352; Grat. Cyneg. 47; Col. 7, 9, 7 al.:

i. q. frondes,

foliage, Ov. M. 7, 242:

congeries silvae,

of wood, id. ib. 9, 235.—

In plur., trees ( poet.):

nemus omne intendat vertice silvas,

Prop. 1, 14, 5:

silvarum aliae pressos propaginis arcus Exspectant,

Verg. G. 2, 26:

fractis obtendunt limina silvis,

Stat. Th. 2, 248; cf. Luc. 2, 409; 4, 525:

bracchia silvarum,

Stat. Th. 1, 362; id. S. 4, 3, 79; 3, 3, 98; Sen. Oedip. 542.—

Trop., a crowded mass, abundance or quantity (class.;

in Cic. sometimes with quasi): omnis ubertas et quasi silva dicendi ducta ab illis (Academicis) est,

Cic. Or. 3, 12; cf. id. ib. 41, 139:

silvae satis ad rem,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 18:

silva rerum, sententiarumque,

Cic. de Or. 3, 26, 103:

silva virtutum et vitiorum,

id. ib. 3, 30, 118:

silva observationum sermonis antiqui,

Suet. Gram. 24 fin. — Poet.: immanis, an immense forest (of darts), Verg. A. 10, 887; cf.: densam ferens in pectore silvam, a forest (of darts), Luc. 6, 205 Cort.:

horrida siccae Silva comae,

a bristling forest, Juv. 9, 13: Silva, as the title of a book; cf. Gell. Noct. Att. praef. § 6; Quint. 10, 3, 17.—So the Silvae of Statius.

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `wooded glade, forest' (since Λ 480).

Derivatives: Prob. here Νεμέα, ep. - είη f. valley and place in Argolis with a forest dedicated to Ζεὺς Νέμειος (since Hes.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [763] * nem- attribute' and\/but [764] * nem- ` bend'

Etymology: Identical with Lat. nemus n. `forest, (holy) wood'. Here also a Celtic word for `(holy) wood, sanctuary' in Gaul. nemeton, OIr. nemed (extensive on this K.H.Schmidt Münch. Stud. 12, 49 ff.); IE *némos n. resp. * nemetom n., cf. e.g. τέλος: τελετή. -- Further combinations are hypothetic: to Skt. námati `bend' with námas- n. `bow, adoration' (formally = νέμος: `curving' \> `(wooded) vale' \> `wood, forest'?; rejected by Benveniste BSL 32, 79ff.); to νέμω, - ομαι as `pasture, Waldtrift' ? (against this a. o. Porzig Satzinhalte 291). Thorough treatment w. lit. in W.-Hofmann s. nemus; also WP. 2, 331 f., Pok. 763, Mayrhofer s. námati and námaḥ. Cf. on νέμω.

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तपस् n. [तप्-असुन्]

1 Warmth, heat, fire, light; एकः सूर्यस्तपसो योनिरेका Mb.12.351.1.

-2 Pain, suffering; न तपः कुतश्चन Rv.7.82.7.

-3 Penance, religious austerity, mortification; तपः किलेदं तदवाप्तिसाधनम् Ku.5.64.

-4 Meditation connected with the practice of personal self-denial or bodily mortification; गीरा वा$$शंसामि तपसा ह्यनन्तौ Mb.1.3.57.; Bhāg.12.11.24.

-5 Moral virtue, merit.

-6 Special duty or observance (of any particular caste); यत्सप्तान्नानि मेधया तपसाजनयत्पिता Bṛi. Up. 1.5.1.

-7 One of the seven worlds; i. e. the region above the world called जनस्.

-8 The month of religi- ous austerities.

-9 A long period of time, Kalpa.

-1 (In astrol.) The ninth lunar mansion.

-11 Chastise- ment (दण्ड); आयुः शक्तिं च कालं च निर्दिश्य तप आदिशेत् Mb. 12.267.35. -m.

1 The month of Māgha; तपसि मन्द- गभस्तिरभीषुमान् Śi.6.63.

-2 An epithet of Agni. -m., -n.

1 The cold season (शिशिर).

-2 The winter (हेमन्त).

-3 The hot season (ग्रीष्म).

-Comp. -अनुभावः the influence of religious penance.

-अर्थीय a. destined for austerities; तपोर्थीयं ब्राह्मणी धत्त गर्भम् Mb.11.26.5.

-अवटः the Brahmāvarta country.

-कर a. undergoing penance; also तपस्कर>

-करः the mango-fish (Poly- nemus Risua).

-कृश a. emaciated by austerities.

-क्लेशः the pain of religious austerity.

-गच्छः (also तपागच्छः) the 6th गच्छ of the Śvetāmbara Jainas.

-चरणम्, -चर्या the practice of penance.

-तक्षः, -तङ्कः an epithet of Indra.

-धन a.

1 rich in religious penance.

-2 pious, ascetic.

-3 consisting in penance, (

-नः) 'rich in penance', an ascetic, devotee; रम्यास्तपोधनानां क्रियाः Ś.1.13; शमप्रधानेषु तपोधनेषु 2.7;4.1; Śi.1.23; R.14.19; Ms.11.242.

-निधिः an eminently pious man, an ascetic; R.1.56.

-निष्ठ a. performing penance; Ms.3.134; Y.1.221.

-पतिः N. of Viṣṇu; Bhāg.4.24.14.

-प्रभावः, -बलम् the power acquired by religious austerities; efficacy or potency of devotion.

-भृत् a. ascetic, pious.

-मूर्तिः 1 an ascetic.

-2 the Supreme spirit.

-मूल a. founded on religious austerity; तपोमूलमिदं सर्वं दैवमानुषकं सुखम् Ms.11.234.

-यज्ञः sacrificing by austerites; Bg.4.28.

-राजः the moon.

-राशिः 1 an ascetic.

-2 N. of Viṣṇu (पुरुषोत्तम).

-लोकः the region above the world called जनस्; Bhāg.2.5.4.

-वनम् a penance-grove, a sacred grove in which ascetics practise penance; कृतं त्वयोपवनं तपोवनमिति प्रेक्षे Ś1; R.1.9;2.18.

-वासः a place of penance or religious austerities.

-विशेषः excellence of devotion, pre-eminent religious austerities.

-वृद्ध a. very ascetic or devout.

-शील a. inclined to practise penance.

-समाधिः the practice of penance or religious austerities; तपःसमाधेः प्रतिकूलवर्ती Ku.3.24;5.6,18.

-सुतः N. of Yudhi- ṣṭhira; Mb.3.313.19.

-स्थली 1 a seat of religious austerity.

-2 N. of Benares.

* * *

(blœt; blét, blétum; blótinn), v.

1) to worship, to worship with sacrifice, with acc. of that which is worshipped; blóta hof, lund, fors, heiðit goð, álfa, heiðnar vættir, lifandi menn, to worship temple, grove, waterfall, &c.; very rare with dat. (blóta goðum);

2) to sacrifice, with dat. of the object sacrificed (blóta mönnum ok fé); absol., blóta til friðar, sigrs, langlífis, árs, byrjar, to make a sacrifice for peace, victory, long life, good season, fair wind.

(að), v.

1) = blóta (blœt, etc.);

2) to curse, with dat. = banna( bið þú fyr þeim, er þér blóta); absol., to swear;

refl., blótast, to go about swearing.

* * *

in old use a strong (and originally a redupl.) verb, blóta—blét—blétu—blótinn; pres. blœt, and with the suffixed negative blœtka ( I worship not), Stor. 22 (the Ed. wrongly blotka, without change of vowel); this form also occurs K. Þ. K. (Kb.) ch. 7, the Ed. 1853 has wrongly blœt(a)r, but a few lines below blótar (weak), probably altered from blœtr; pret. sing. blét, Hkr. (Yngl.) 56, 269; pl. blétu, 56; subj. blétim, 623. 61; imperat. blótt, Am. 75; part. blótinn, and sup. blótið are freq., Hkr. i. 34, 35, 239, Landn. 47, Fas. i. 255: more freq. weak, blóta, að; pres. blótar, blótast, Fas. i. 87, Fbr. 78; pret. blótaði, Landn. 224, 291, 322, Bs. i. 6 (Kr. S.), Nj. 272, Gísl. 140, Fær. 272, Fas. i. 463, 531, Bret., Fms. ii. 263, Hkr. i. 34, 35, Ísl. ii. 109, Fs. 50; only the weak sup. and part. are rare in old writers; blótuð, Hom. 153 (Norse); blótað (sup.), Bs. i. 5 (paper transcript); in Yngl. S. Hkr. i. 34, 35, Unger’s Edition has the old form blét, blótið, but Cod. Fris. l. c. the later mod. form.: [Ulf. blotan (redupl. verb) = λατρεύειν, σέβεσθαι, cp. guþbloteins = παράκλησις, guþblostreis = θεοσεβής; A. S. blôtan = immolare; O. H. G. blozan; the root is probably akin to bletsian, Engl. to bless]:—gener. to worship, to worship with sacrifice; with acc. of the being worshipped, but dat. of the object sacrificed; thus b. hof, lund, fors, goð, álfa, vættir, to worship temple, grove, force, gods, elves, beings; but b. mönnum, þrælum, kvikendum, to sacrifice with men, thralls, beasts, i. e. to sacrifice, slay them: also used absol.:

I. with acc. or absol. to worship; skal Þórólfr b. ok leita heilla þeim bræðrum, Eg. 257, 623. 61, Landn. 40, Hkr. i. 34 sqq., Fs. 41; heiðnar vættir, Nj. 272, Fær. 139, cp. Bret. 84, 94, Landn. 36, Ib. ch. 7, Bs. i. 25; b. til friðar, sigrs, langlífis, árs, byrjar, to make a sacrifice for peace, victory, long life, good season, fair wind, Hkr. i. 239, 34, 56, 11. 97, Fs. 173: of the worship of natural objects, at Giljá stóð steinn ( a stone), er (acc.) þeir frændr höfðu blótað, Bs. i. 5, Harð. S. Ísl. ii. 109; hann blótaði lundinn, he worshipped the grove (cp. Tacitus, sacrum nemus), Landn. 224; hann blótaði forsinn, 291: worship of men (rare), Gríms sonar þess er blótinn var dauðr fyrir þokkasæld ok kallaðr Kamban, 47, Fb. ii. 7; þau vóru bæði blótuð, Edda 83: b. hof, in the phrase, heiðnir menn hof b., Grág., Ísl. ii. 381; blót er oss ok kviðjat, at vér skulum eigi b. heiðit goð, né hauga né hörga, N. G. L. i. 18: worship of animals, Ögvaldr konungr blét kú eina, Hkr. i. 269, Fas. i. 255.

β. with dat. (extremely rare); blótar hann einum gölt (sic!), prob. corrupt = einn (acc.) gölt, Fas. i. 187 a paper transcript.

II. with dat. to sacrifice; sacrifices of men are recorded, Hkr. i. 34, 35, 56, 239, Gísl. 140, Eb. l. c., Fas. i. 452 (Hervar. S.): slaves and criminals were esp. sacrificed, thus representing the executions of modern times; heiðingjar blóta enum verstum mönnum, ok hrinda þeim fyrir björg ok hamra …; enir heiðnu menn höfðu þá stefnu, ok tóku þat ráð at b. tveim mönnum ór hverjum fjórðungi, Bs. i. (Kr. S.) 23: captives, Ó. H. ch. 131; kom þat ásamt með þeim at hafa Hallfreð til blóta, Fs. 102; b. þrælum, Fms. x. 323; b. mönnum ok fé, Fs. (Vd.) 50, Am. 75, Fms. i. 174: a sort of self-immolation is recorded Fb. ii. 72.

III. to curse, swear, vide blót II; with dat. or absol., hann blótar hestunum, Fbr. 78; eigi kvíði ek því þótt biskup blóti mér eðr banni, Bs. i. 708; blótuð verð þú, Hom. 153: reflex, blótask, to go about swearing, Fms. viii. 294: vide Maurer, Bekehr. ii. 195 sqq.

1) a hedged plot, enclosure, court-yard, homestead; gullu gæss í túni, the geese screamed in the yard;

2) home field, home meadow (bleikir akrar, en slegin tún);

3) town.

* * *

n. [a word widely applied and common to all Teut. languages; the Goth. is not on record; A. S. tûn; Engl. town; O. H. G. zûn; Germ. zaun; Norse tûn]:—prop. a hedge; this sense is still used in the Germ. zaun; but in Scandin. the only remnant seems to be the compd tun-riða (see B).

II. a hedged or fenced plot, enclosure, within which a house is built; then the farm-house with its buildings, the homestead; and lastly, a single house or dwelling: in Norway tun is = Dan. gaards-plads, the quadrangle or premises annexed to the buildings; whereas ‘bö’ answers to the mod. Icel. ‘tún:’ in Norse deeds each single farm is called tún, í efsta túni í Ulfalda-stöðum, D. N. ii. 534: the same usage of the word town remains in Scotland, see Scott’s Waverley, ch. ix, sub fin.: many of the following examples run from one of these senses into the other; tefldu í túni teitir vóru, Vsp.; allir Einherjar Oðins-túnum í, Gm.; ok gullu við gæss í túni, Skv. 3. 29, Gkv. 1. 15; hér í túni, 2. 39; ok er þeir koma heim þá er Úlfr fóstri þeirra heima í túni fyrir, Fb. i. 133; jarls menn tóku skeið ór túninu, galloped out of the tún, Orkn. 416: this sense still remains in phrases as, ríða í tún, to arrive at a house, Nj. 23; cp. skal hann ei bráðum bruna í tún, bóndann dreymdi mig segir hún, Bb.; fara um tún, to pass by a house; þeir fóru um tún í Saurbæ, Bs. i. 647; þá fara þeir Ingi hér í tún, 648; í túni fyrir karldyrum, K. Þ. K.; tún frá túni, from house to house, Karl. 129, 138; þeir fá brotið skjaldþilit, ok komask út fram í túnit, ok þar út á riðit, Grett. 99 (Cod. Ub.); ok er þeir kómu á Ré, gengu þeir ór túni á veginn, fylktu þeir fyrir útan skíð-garðinn, Fms. vii. 324; borgir eða héruð eða tún, x. 237; borgir ok kastala, héruð ok tún, Karl. 444; fór ek um þorp ok um tún ok um héraðs-bygðir, Sks. 631.

2. in Icel. a special sense has prevailed, viz. the ‘enclosed’ in-field, a green manured spot of some score of acres lying around the dwellings; bleikir akrar, slegin tún, Nj. 112; skal hann ganga út í tún at sín, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 209; var þá fluttr farmr af skipinu upp í tún at Borg, Eg. 163; um einn völl svá til at jafna sem eitt tún vítt vel ok kringlótt, Fms. vii. 97; látið hesta vára vera nærri túni, Lv. 44; í túninu í Mávahlíð, Eb. 58; í túninu í Odda mun finnask hóll nokkurr, Bs. i. 228, and so passim in old and mod. Icel. usage; thus tún and engiar are opposed.

III. metaph. in poets; snáka tún, ‘snake-town,’ i. e. gold; reikar-tún, ‘hair-town’ i. e. the head, Lex. Poët.; bragar tún, the ‘town of song,’ i. e. the mind, the memory of men, Ad. (fine); mun-tún, the ‘mind’s town,’ i. e. the breast, Fas. i. (in a verse); mælsku tún, hyggju tún, the ‘speech town,’ ‘mind’s town,’ i. e. the breast. Lex. Poët.: in local names, but rare, Túnir: Túns-berg, in Norway; Sig-túnir, a place of victory, in Sweden; Tún-garðr, in Icel., Landn.

B. COMPDS: túnannir, túnbarð, túnbrekka, túnfótr, túngarðr, túngöltr, túnhlið, túnkrepja, túnriða, túnasláttr, túnsvið, túnsvín, túnsækinn, túnvöllr.

☞ The ancient Scandinavians, like other old Teutonic people, had no towns; Tacitus says, ‘nullas Germanorum populis urbes habitari satis notum est… colunt discreti ac diversi, ut fons, ut campus, ut nemus placuit,’ Germ. ch. 16. In Norway the first town, Níðarós, was founded by the two Olaves (Olave Tryggvason and Saint Olave, 994–1030), and this town was hence par excellence called Kaupang, q. v. But the real founder of towns in Norway was king Olave the Quiet (1067–1093); as to Iceland, the words of Tacitus, ‘colunt diversi ut fons, etc., placuit,’ still apply; 120 years ago (in 1752), the only town or village of the country (Reykjavík) was a single isolated farm. In the old Norse law, the ‘Town-law’ is the new law attached as an appendix to the old ‘Land-law.’

* * *

* * *