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41 knowledge management
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42 knowledge worker
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43 knowledge-based system
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44 knowledge-based system
Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > knowledge-based system
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45 knowledge-based
knowledge-based вчт. интеллектуальный -
46 knowledge
1) (familiarity) Kenntnisse (of in + Dat.)knowledge of human nature — Menschenkenntnis, die
2) (awareness) Wissen, dashave no knowledge of something — nichts von etwas wissen; keine Kenntnis von etwas haben (geh.)
she had no knowledge of it — sie wusste nichts davon; sie war völlig ahnungslos
[not] to my etc. knowledge — meines usw. Wissens [nicht]
3) (understanding)[a] knowledge of languages/French — Sprach-/Französischkenntnisse Pl.
somebody with [a] knowledge of computers — jemand, der sich mit Computern auskennt
* * *['noli‹]1) (the fact of knowing: She was greatly encouraged by the knowledge that she had won first prize in the competition.) das Wissen2) (information or what is known: He had a vast amount of knowledge about boats.) die Kenntnis3) (the whole of what can be learned or found out: Science is a branch of knowledge about which I am rather ignorant.) die Wissenschaft•- academic.ru/41141/knowledgeable">knowledgeable- general knowledge* * *knowl·edge[ˈnɒlɪʤ, AM ˈnɑ:l-]n no plshe has a good working \knowledge of Apple software sie besitzt nützliche, praktische Fähigkeiten im Umgang mit Apple Software\knowledge of French Französischkenntnisse pllimited \knowledge begrenztes Wissento have [no/some] \knowledge of sth [keine/gewisse] Kenntnisse über etw akk besitzento have a thorough \knowledge of sth ein fundiertes Wissen in etw dat besitzenI have absolutely no \knowledge about his private life ich weiß nicht das Geringste über sein Privatlebento my \knowledge soweit ich weiß, meines Wissens gehto be common \knowledge allgemein bekannt seinto deny all \knowledge [of sth] jegliche Kenntnis [über etw akk] abstreitento be safe in the \knowledge that... mit Bestimmtheit wissen, dass...it has been brought to our \knowledge that... wir haben davon Kenntnis erhalten, dass...carnal \knowledge Geschlechtsverkehr mto have carnal \knowledge of sb mit jdm Geschlechtsverkehr haben form* * *['nɒlɪdZ]n1) (= understanding, awareness) Wissen nt, Kenntnis fto have knowledge of — Kenntnis haben or besitzen von, wissen von
to have no knowledge of — keine Kenntnis haben von, nichts wissen von
not to my knowledge — nicht, dass ich wüsste
without the knowledge of her mother — ohne Wissen ihrer Mutter, ohne dass ihre Mutter es weiß
it has come to my knowledge that... — ich habe erfahren, dass...
safe in the knowledge that... — in der Gewissheit, dass...
2) (= learning, facts learned) Kenntnisse pl, Wissen ntmy knowledge of D.H. Lawrence — was ich von D. H. Lawrence kenne
I have a thorough knowledge of this subject — auf diesem Gebiet weiß ich gründlich Bescheid or besitze ich umfassende Kenntnisse
the police have no knowledge of him/his activities — die Polizei weiß nichts über ihn/seine Aktivitäten
* * *1. Kenntnis f:the knowledge of the victory die Kunde vom Sieg;bring sth to sb’s knowledge jemandem etwas zur Kenntnis bringen, jemanden von etwas in Kenntnis setzen;it has come to my knowledge es ist mir zur Kenntnis gelangt, ich habe erfahren ( beide:that dass);have knowledge of Kenntnis haben von;(not) to my knowledge meines Wissens (nicht);to the best of one’s knowledge and belief JUR nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen;my knowledge of Mr X meine Bekanntschaft mit Mr. X;with the full knowledge of mit vollem Wissen von (od gen);without my knowledge ohne mein Wissen;of, in in dat):basic knowledge Grundwissen, -kenntnisse;knowledge of the law Rechtskenntnisse;have a good knowledge of viel verstehen von, sich gut auskennen in (dat), gute Kenntnisse haben in (dat);* * *noun, no pl.1) (familiarity) Kenntnisse (of in + Dat.)knowledge of human nature — Menschenkenntnis, die
2) (awareness) Wissen, dashave no knowledge of something — nichts von etwas wissen; keine Kenntnis von etwas haben (geh.)
she had no knowledge of it — sie wusste nichts davon; sie war völlig ahnungslos
[not] to my etc. knowledge — meines usw. Wissens [nicht]
[a] knowledge of languages/French — Sprach-/Französischkenntnisse Pl.
somebody with [a] knowledge of computers — jemand, der sich mit Computern auskennt
* * *n.Erkenntnis f.Kenntnis -se f.Wissen n. -
47 knowledge
[ˈnɔlɪdʒ]actual knowledge фактическое знание обстоятельств дела knowledge знание; познания; эрудиция; to have a good knowledge of English (medicine, etc.) хорошо знать английский язык (медицину и т. п.); branches of knowledge отрасли науки compiled knowledge вчт. скомпилированные знания constructive knowledge конструктивная осведомленность constructive knowledge предполагаемая осведомленность declarative knowledge вчт. декларативные знания descriptive knowledge вчт. дескриптивные знания domain knowledge вчт. предметные знания expert knowledge знания эксперта expert knowledge компетентность expert knowledge вчт. экспертные знания explicit knowledge вчт. явно заданные знания factual knowledge вчт. факты knowledge знание; познания; эрудиция; to have a good knowledge of English (medicine, etc.) хорошо знать английский язык (медицину и т. п.); branches of knowledge отрасли науки having local knowledge обладание местной известностью he did it without my knowledge он сделал это без моего ведома heuristic knowledge вчт. эвристические знания human knowledge вчт. человеческие знания immediate knowledge сведения из первоисточника implicit knowledge вчт. неявные знания intimate knowledge глубокое знание knowledge осведомленность; it came to my knowledge мне стало известно; to (the best of) my knowledge насколько мне известно; not to my knowledge насколько мне известно - нет knowledge знакомство; my knowledge of Mr B is slight я мало знаком с В. knowledge знание knowledge знание; познания; эрудиция; to have a good knowledge of English (medicine, etc.) хорошо знать английский язык (медицину и т. п.); branches of knowledge отрасли науки knowledge вчт. знания knowledge известие; knowledge of the victory soon spread вскоре распространилось известие о победе knowledge осведомленность knowledge осведомленность; it came to my knowledge мне стало известно; to (the best of) my knowledge насколько мне известно; not to my knowledge насколько мне известно - нет knowledge познания knowledge закон.наказ. признание судом фактов, доказанных свидетелями knowledge эрудиция knowledge of case знание дела knowledge of case знание ситуации knowledge of commodities информация о товарах knowledge of law юр. знание закона knowledge of the facts знание фактов knowledge of the first degree знания из первоисточника knowledge of the first degree закон.наказ. сведения из первых рук knowledge of the second degree закон.наказ. опосредованные знания knowledge of the second degree закон.наказ. показания с чужих слов knowledge of the third degree закон.наказ. вероятные знания knowledge of the third degree закон.наказ. предположительные знания knowledge of the third degree закон.наказ. сомнительные знания knowledge известие; knowledge of the victory soon spread вскоре распространилось известие о победе legal knowledge правовые знания knowledge осведомленность; it came to my knowledge мне стало известно; to (the best of) my knowledge насколько мне известно; not to my knowledge насколько мне известно - нет knowledge знакомство; my knowledge of Mr B is slight я мало знаком с В. knowledge осведомленность; it came to my knowledge мне стало известно; to (the best of) my knowledge насколько мне известно; not to my knowledge насколько мне известно - нет open knowledge base вчт. открытая база знаний pragmatic knowledge вчт. прагматические знания preformed knowledge вчт. заранее сформированные знания problem area knowledge знания о предметной области procedure knowledge вчт. процедурные знания product knowledge данные о продукции professional knowledge профессиональные знания semantic knowledge вчт. семантические знания thorough knowledge основательные знания trade knowledge отраслевые знания -
48 knowledge
'noli‹1) (the fact of knowing: She was greatly encouraged by the knowledge that she had won first prize in the competition.) conocimiento2) (information or what is known: He had a vast amount of knowledge about boats.) conocimiento3) (the whole of what can be learned or found out: Science is a branch of knowledge about which I am rather ignorant.) conocimiento, saber•- general knowledge
knowledge n conocimientostr['nɒlɪʤ]1 (learning, information) conocimientos nombre masculino plural2 (awareness) conocimiento■ at that time I had no knowledge of what was happening entonces no tenía conocimiento de lo que estaba pasando\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto my knowledge que yo sepanot to my knowledge que yo sepa, noto the best of my knowledge según mi leal entender y saberto be common knowledge that... ser notorio que..., todo el mundo sabe que...it has come to my knowledge that... he llegado a saber que...to have a good knowledge of something conocer algo biento have a working knowledge of something dominar los fundamentos de algoknowledge ['nɑlɪʤ] n1) awareness: conocimiento m2) learning: conocimientos mpl, saber mn.• ciencia s.f.• conocimiento s.m.• conocimientos s.m.pl.• facultad s.m.• instrucción s.f.• noticia s.f.• saber s.m.• sabiduría s.f.'nɑːlɪdʒ, 'nɒlɪdʒmass noun1) ( awareness) conocimiento mI had no knowledge of their activities — no estaba enterado or (frml) no tenía conocimiento de sus actividades
has he changed his mind? - not to my knowledge — ¿ha cambiado de opinión? - que yo sepa, no
she did it in the knowledge that... — lo hizo sabiendo que or a sabiendas de que...
it is common knowledge that... — todo el mundo sabe que...
2) ( facts known) saber m; ( by particular person) conocimientos mplmy knowledge of Spanish/the law is very limited — mis conocimientos de español/de la ley son muy limitados
['nɒlɪdʒ]N1) (=information, awareness, understanding) conocimiento m•
to deny all knowledge of sth — negar tener conocimiento de algo•
to bring sth to sb's knowledge — poner a algn al tanto de algo•
it has come to my knowledge that... — me he enterado de que...•
it is common knowledge that... — todo el mundo sabe que..., es del dominio público que...•
to have no knowledge of sth — no tener conocimiento de algo•
to (the best of) my knowledge — a mi entender, que yo sepanot to my knowledge — que yo sepa, no
•
without my knowledge — sin saberlo yo2) (=person's range of information) conocimientos mpl3) (=learning) saber m* * *['nɑːlɪdʒ, 'nɒlɪdʒ]mass noun1) ( awareness) conocimiento mI had no knowledge of their activities — no estaba enterado or (frml) no tenía conocimiento de sus actividades
has he changed his mind? - not to my knowledge — ¿ha cambiado de opinión? - que yo sepa, no
she did it in the knowledge that... — lo hizo sabiendo que or a sabiendas de que...
it is common knowledge that... — todo el mundo sabe que...
2) ( facts known) saber m; ( by particular person) conocimientos mplmy knowledge of Spanish/the law is very limited — mis conocimientos de español/de la ley son muy limitados
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49 knowledge
['nɔlɪdʒ]nзнание, знания, сведения, познание, эрудиция, наукаHe has a profound knowledge of the subject. — Он глубоко знает/понимает этот предмет.
All knowledge comes to us through our senses. — Все наши знания поставляются нам органами чувств. /Мы познаем все через органы чувств.
Knowledge is power. — ◊ Знание - сила.
- superfictal knowledgeA little knowledge is a dangerous thing. — ◊ Полузнание - опасно.
- theoretical knowledge
- necessary knowledge
- direct knowledge
- human knowledge
- first-hand knowledge
- stored knowledge
- knowledge base
- knowledge engeneer
- knowledge engineering
- knowledge box
- knowledge on the subject
- knowledge of the laws
- inside knowledge of the situation
- knowledge gained through long research
- lack of knowledge
- thirst for knowledge
- scraps of knowledge
- all branches of knowledge
- matter of common knowledge
- without the knowledge of her parents
- get knowledge of the subject
- rub up brush up one's knowledge of history
- have good knowledge
- have a working knowledge of computer
- have a good knowledge of smth
- have a reading knowledge of German
- have a working knowledge a German
- gain knowledge
- spread the knowledge of smth
- test smb's knowledge
- employ one's knowledge
- speak from one's own knowledge
- act from one's own knowledge
- speak with full knowledge of the facts
- be armed with knowledge
- acquire knowledge
- follow knowledge
- accumulate knowledge
- communicate knowledge
- possess the knowledge
- reach after knowledge
- show off one's knowledge
- base one's conclusions on knowledge
- best of my knowledge
- my certain knowledge...
- memory is a form of knowledgeUSAGE: -
50 knowledge
n1) знания; познание; эрудиция2) осведомленность, знание•to bring up to date one's knowledge — совершенствовать свои знания
to get knowledge — приобретать / получать знания
to impart knowledge to smb — передавать знания (кому-л.)
- branches of knowledgeto pool knowledge — объединять достижения науки (ресурсы и т.п.)
- direct knowledge - encyclopedic knowledge
- exchange of knowledge
- extensive knowledge
- fundamental knowledge
- human knowledge
- intimate knowledge
- lack of knowledge
- perfect knowledge
- political knowledge
- poor knowledge
- practical knowledge
- rudiments of knowledge
- superficial knowledge
- technical knowledge
- volume of knowledge
- with the knowledge of smb
- without the knowledge of smb -
51 knowledge
{'nɔlidʒ}
1. знание (of), common/general KNOWLEDGE (все) общо достояние
it is common KNOWLEDGE that общоизвестно е, всички знаят, че
my KNOWLEDGE of him това, което зная за него
to the best of my KNOWLEDGE, as far as my KNOWLEDGE goes доколкото ми е известно
to my (certain) KNOWLEDGE знам (положително)
not to my KNOWLEDGE доколкото знам, не
with a full KNOWLEDGE of с пълно съзнание за
it has come to my KNOWLEDGE that научих се, че
to keep from the KNOWLEDGE of крия от
I had no KNOWLEDGE of it не знаех това
2. знание, знания, познания, ерудиция (of)
to have a KNOWLEDGE of зная, владея (език и пр.), general KNOWLEDGE обща култура
3. новина, съобщение, известие, вест (of)
4. наука, познание* * *{'nъlij} n 1. знание (of), common/general knowledge (все)общо до* * *съзнание; осведоменост; ерудиция; знание; наука; новина;* * *1. i had no knowledge of it не знаех това 2. it has come to my knowledge that научих се, че 3. it is common knowledge that общоизвестно е, всички знаят, че 4. my knowledge of him това, което зная за него 5. not to my knowledge доколкото знам, не 6. to have a knowledge of зная, владея (език и пр.), general knowledge обща култура 7. to keep from the knowledge of крия от 8. to my (certain) knowledge знам (положително) 9. to the best of my knowledge, as far as my knowledge goes доколкото ми е известно 10. with a full knowledge of с пълно съзнание за 11. знание (of), common/general knowledge (все) общо достояние 12. знание, знания, познания, ерудиция (of) 13. наука, познание 14. новина, съобщение, известие, вест (of)* * *knowledge[´nɔlidʒ] n 1. знание (of); borrowed \knowledge заимствани знания (в кибернетиката); common ( general) \knowledge общо достояние; to the best of my \knowledge, as far as my \knowledge goes доколкото ми е известно; to my ( certain) \knowledge това го зная (положително); without my \knowledge без аз да зная; with a full \knowledge of пълно съзнание за; to get \knowledge of научавам (се за); it has come to my \knowledge that научих се, че; to bring to the \knowledge of довеждам до знанието на; to grow out of (s.o.'s) \knowledge позабравен съм от; to keep from the \knowledge of крия от; 2. знание, знания, познания, ерудиция (of); \knowledge of human nature познаване на хората; to have a \knowledge of владея (език и под.); to have a working \knowledge of имам известни познания по, разбирам нещо от, справям се с; general \knowledge обща култура; 3. новина, съобщение, известие, вест (of); 4. наука; • carnal \knowledge юрид. полови сношения. -
52 knowledge
знания; сведения- borrowed knowledgereasoning about knowledge — СИИ суждения о системе знаний
- causal knowledge
- compiled knowledge
- deep knowledge
- descriptive knowledge
- dispersed knowledge
- domain-dependent knowledge
- domain-specific knowledge
- empirical knowledge
- experiential expert knowledge
- expert knowledge
- explicit knowledge
- factual knowledge
- hardwired knowledge
- human knowledge
- image-oriented knowledge
- imperative knowledge
- implicit knowledge
- indexical knowledge
- intruder knowledge
- knowledge about knowledge
- knowledge of an agent
- metalevel knowledge
- objective knowledge
- preformed knowledge
- prescriptive knowledge
- prior knowledge
- problem-solving knowledge
- procedure knowledge
- public knowledge
- schema-like knowledge
- temporal knowledge
- uncertain knowledgeEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > knowledge
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53 knowledge
знание, знания- assertional knowledge
- borrowed knowledge
- casual knowledge
- commonsense knowledge
- compiled knowledge
- conceptual knowledge
- declarative knowledge
- default knowledge
- derived knowledge
- descriptive knowledge
- domain knowledge
- engineered knowledge
- erroneous knowledge
- expert knowledge
- factual knowledge
- framed knowledge
- fundamental knowledge
- fuzzy knowledge
- hardwired knowledge
- heuristic knowledge
- meta-knowledge
- personal knowledge
- piecewise knowledge
- prior knowledge
- prescriptive knowledge
- procedural knowledge
- propositional knowledge
- semantic knowledge
- structured knowledge -
54 knowledge
знание, знания- assertional knowledge
- borrowed knowledge
- casual knowledge
- commonsense knowledge
- compiled knowledge
- conceptual knowledge
- declarative knowledge
- default knowledge
- derived knowledge
- descriptive knowledge
- domain knowledge
- engineered knowledge
- erroneous knowledge
- expert knowledge
- factual knowledge
- framed knowledge
- fundamental knowledge
- fuzzy knowledge
- hardwired knowledge
- heuristic knowledge
- meta-knowledge
- personal knowledge
- piecewise knowledge
- prescriptive knowledge
- prior knowledge
- procedural knowledge
- propositional knowledge
- semantic knowledge
- structured knowledgeThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > knowledge
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55 knowledge
['nɔlɪʤ]сущ.1) знание; познания; эрудицияto absorb / assimilate / soak up knowledge — набираться знаний
to acquire / accumulate / gain knowledge — приобретать, накапливать, получать знания
to bring smth. to smb.'s knowledge — информировать кого-л. о чём-л., доводить до сведения
to communicate / disseminate / impart knowledge — передавать знания
to demonstrate / display / show knowledge — обнаруживать знания
- direct knowledgeto flaunt / parade one's knowledge (of a subject) — хвастать своим знанием (предмета)
- extensive knowledge
- intimate knowledge of smth.
- intimate knowledge
- thorough knowledge of smth.
- thorough knowledge
- profound knowledge
- reading knowledge
- rudimentary knowledge
- superficial knowledge
- speaking knowledge
- working knowledgeSyn:He did it without my knowledge. — Он сделал это без моего ведома.
To my knowledge, she has never been here. — Насколько я знаю, она здесь никогда не была.
3) знакомство4) известие, сообщение•Gram:[ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]knowledge[/ref] -
56 knowledge
[ʹnɒlıdʒ] n1. 1) знание; познания, эрудицияknowledge of life [music, chemistry, French] - знание жизни [музыки, химии, французского языка]
knowledge on the subject - знания /познания/ по данному предмету
lack of knowledge - недостаток знаний /эрудиции/
to accumulate [to acquire, to get] knowledge - накапливать [приобретать, получать] знания
to have a reading knowledge of a language - уметь читать на каком-л. языке
to have a working knowledge of a language - практически владеть каким-л. языком
to speak with full knowledge of the facts - говорить со знанием всех обстоятельств (дела)
to speak from one's own knowledge - говорить, основываясь на собственных знаниях /-ом опыте/
2) наука; сумма знанийbranches of human knowledge - отрасли знаний, накопленных человечеством, отрасли науки
2. 1) осведомлённость, сведенияthe knowledge of the victory soon spread - известие /весть/ о победе вскоре облетела всех
to have no knowledge of anything, anybody - не иметь ни малейшего представления ни о чём, ни о ком
to come to smb.'s knowledge - стать известным кому-л.
it has come to my knowledge that you... - до меня дошли сведения, что вы...
not to my knowledge - мне это неизвестно; насколько мне известно - нет
without smb.'s knowledge - без чьего-л. ведома
it has happened twice within my knowledge - на моей памяти так было два раза
2) понимание3. знакомствоmy knowledge of Mr. X is very slight - я очень мало знаю г-на X
people of whom I had no knowledge - люди, о которых я понятия не имел
4. арх. половая близость -
57 knowledge
совокупность фактов и отношений между ними, используемая для решения проблемы. Средством объективного выражения и фиксирования знания является язык, образующий особую знаковую системусм. тж. AI, common knowledge, declarative knowledge, epistemology, expertise, expert knowledge, expert system, fact, factual knowledge, heuristic knowledge, imperative knowledge, imperfect knowledge, implicit knowledge, knowledge acquisition, knowledge base, knowledge deployment, knowledge discovery, knowledge domain, knowledge elicitation, knowledge engineering, knowledge management, knowledge processing, knowledge representation, knowledge slice, knowledge worker, metaknowledge, representation language, subconscious knowledge, symbolic knowledge, technical knowledge, theoretical knowledge, working knowledgeАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > knowledge
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58 knowledge
1. n знание; познания, эрудиция2. n наука; сумма знанийbranches of human knowledge — отрасли знаний, накопленных человечеством, отрасли науки
anxiety for knowledge — жажда знаний, стремление к знаниям
knowledge engineering — когнитология, инженерия знаний
3. n осведомлённость, сведенияto have no knowledge of anything, anybody — не иметь ни малейшего представления ни о чём, ни о ком
it has come to my knowledge that you … — до меня дошли сведения, что вы …
4. n понимание5. n знакомство6. n арх. половая близостьСинонимический ряд:1. awareness (noun) awareness; cognizance; consciousness; realization2. data (noun) data; facts; news3. information (noun) education; enlightenment; erudition; experience; information; instruction; intelligence; learning; lore; scholarship; science4. understanding (noun) apprehension; comprehension; discernment; insight; judgement; perception; understanding; wisdomАнтонимический ряд:darkness; deception; enigma; ignorance; illiteracy; incapacity; incognizance; inexperience; misapprehension; misconception; misunderstanding; obscurity; stupidity -
59 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
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60 knowledge
знания, сведения, представление знаний
– knowledge accumulation
– knowledge acquisition
– knowledge base
– knowledge compilation
– knowledge domain
– knowledge elicitation
– knowledge engineer
– knowledge engineering
– knowledge frame
– knowledge information
– knowledge language
– knowledge management
– knowledge refinement
– knowledge representation/reasoning system
– knowledge schema
– knowledge synthesis
– knowledge system
– knowledge-based
– knowledge-based processing
– knowledge-based robot
– knowledge-based system
– knowledge-bearing construct
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