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41 approach
1) приближение2) подход3) принцип; метод•- algorithm-specific approach
- all-or-nothing approach
- axiomatic approach
- Bayesian approach
- bilingual approach
- botton-up approach
- brute-force approach
- building-block approach
- comprehensive approach
- context-based approach
- contingency approach
- cross-impact approach
- cut-and-try approach
- database approach
- disaggregated approach
- divide-and-conquer approach
- engineering approach
- entity-relationship approach
- entropy forward approach
- fault-intolerance approach
- fault-tolerance approach
- formal approach
- fulcrum approach
- function-specific approach
- game-model approach
- game-theory approach
- graphic approach
- hardware-intensive approach
- heuristic approach
- hierarchical approach
- holistic approach
- integrated approach
- interactive approach
- interdisciplinary approach
- knowledge-based approach
- line-oriented approach
- modular approach
- module-by-module approach
- multilingual approach
- multiple incarnations approach
- novel approach
- omnibus approach
- performance sampling approach
- pitch-synchronous approach
- probabilistic approach
- Reiter's approach
- scan path approach
- servomechanism approach
- set-theoretical approach
- set-theoretic approach
- simulation approach
- single-task-machine approach
- software-intensive approach
- standards approach
- state-machine approach
- step-by-step approach
- systems approach
- systolic approach
- technically sound approach
- top-down approach
- transition function-based approach
- trial-and-error approach
- turnkey approachEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > approach
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42 diagram
диаграмма; схема; график, графическое представление || вычерчивать диаграмму; составлять схему; изображать схематически- algorithmic diagrama diagram worths many words — одна схема заменяет тысячу слов; лучше один раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать
- ANSI block diagram
- baseline diagram
- binary decision diagram
- block diagram
- butterfly diagram
- calculating diagram
- child diagram
- circuit diagram
- column diagram
- conceptual diagram
- connection diagram
- control diagram
- cording diagram
- data flow diagram
- data organization diagram
- data structure diagram
- decision diagram
- distribution diagram
- edge-valued binary decision diagram
- elementary diagram
- engineering logic diagram
- entity-relationship diagram
- entity-relation diagram
- expert-aided diagram
- eye diagram
- flow diagram
- flow-process diagram
- forward butterfly diagram - functional diagram
- Gantt diagram
- Hamilton-Zeldin diagram
- hierarchical structure diagram
- HIPO diagram
- input-process-output diagram
- instrument diagram
- internal diagram
- key diagram
- ladder diagram
- Layton diagram
- line diagram
- linear decision diagram
- logical diagram
- logic diagram
- logical sequence diagram
- mnemonic diagram
- multiple-sheet diagram
- Nassi-Shneiderman diagram
- network diagram
- pictorial diagram
- program flow diagram
- run diagram
- SADT diagram
- scanning diagram
- schematic diagram
- setup diagram
- skeleton diagram
- stability diagram
- state diagram
- state transition diagram
- stick diagram
- syntactic diagram
- syntax diagram
- timing diagram
- transition diagram
- tree diagram
- truth diagram
- Veitch diagram
- Venn diagram
- Warnier diagram
- waveform diagram
- wiring diagram
- word-level decision diagramEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > diagram
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43 model
1) модель; модификация2) модель (образец; уменьшенная, упрощенная копия)3) модель (абстрактная схема; концепция)•- access control model
- adaptive model
- aggregated model
- algoristic-type model
- allocation model
- analytical model
- ANOVA model
- behavioral model
- birth-death model
- block-diagram model - capability maturity model
- cascade-based model
- causal model
- client/server model
- client-component model
- client-server model
- cognitive model
- computer model
- conceptual model
- controllable model
- correlative model
- cost estimation model
- crude model
- cybernetic model
- data model
- decision-theoretic model
- decision-tree model
- descriptive model
- design model
- desk model
- deterministic model - domain semantic model
- dynamic programming model
- E/R model
- econometric model
- elaborate model
- elemental-equivalent model
- entity set model
- entity-relationship model
- equilibrium model
- estimation model
- exhaustive fault model
- exogenous priority model
- external model
- fault model
- fault-effect model
- finite element model
- fixed cascade delay model
- fixed gate delay model
- flow-oriented model
- forecasting model
- formal model
- frame-based model
- functional model
- gaming model
- gate-based model
- gate-level model
- generalized model
- generic model
- geometrical model
- graph model
- hardware model
- hazard function model
- hazard model
- heuristic model
- hierarchical model
- iconographic model
- internal model
- layout model
- level-based model
- linear programming model
- linear word-level model
- many-server model
- mental model
- MILP model
- model of calculation
- model of knowledge
- Monte-Carlo model
- multiple model
- multivariate model
- network model
- object model
- object-centric model
- OSI reference model
- pandemonium model
- performance-based model
- phenomenological model
- pictorial model
- pilot model
- pin fault model
- predictive model
- preemptive model
- preliminary model
- preproduction model
- priority model
- probabilistic model
- problem model - quantitative model
- queueing model
- real world model
- relational model
- relative model
- reliability model
- role-playing model
- scaling model
- scheduling model
- security model
- semi-Markov model
- seven-layer model
- shaded model
- simplified model
- simulation model
- single-stuck fault model
- singular model
- software model
- solid model
- sophisticated model
- state-space model
- statistical model
- stochastic model
- stream of characters model
- structural model
- stuck-at model
- suspect/monitor model
- symbolic model
- table model
- task-network model
- timing model
- transformational model
- typewriter model
- vocal-tract model
- waiting line model
- waterfall model
- wire-frame model
- word-level model
- world modelEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > model
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44 test
1) испытание; испытания; проверка; контроль (см. тж testing) || испытывать; проверять; контролировать2) тест || тестировать3) стат. критерий•- actual value test
- ageing test
- alpha test
- basic test
- bench test
- benchmark test
- best unbiased test
- beta test
- bias test
- bit-stuck test
- boundary test
- busy test
- checkerboard test
- chi-square test
- class test
- compatibility test
- conditional test
- conditional-branching test
- content test
- count test
- crippled leapfrog test
- data measuring test
- delay test
- design acceptance test
- destructive test
- deterministic test
- diagnostic test
- dynamic test
- echo test
- engineering test
- environmental test
- evaluation test
- exchange test
- exhaustive test
- fault detection test
- formal test
- functional test
- function-independent test
- galloping 0's and 1's test
- galloping column test
- galwrec test
- high-low bias test
- impulse test
- in-house test
- in-process test
- inspection test
- integration test
- jerry-rigged test
- large-scale integration test
- leapfrog test
- leg test
- life test
- limit test
- link test
- logical relationship test
- longevity test
- long-term life test
- loop test
- loopback test
- LSI test
- march test
- marching ones and zeroes test
- marching ones and zeros test
- marginal test
- masest test
- maximum test
- model test
- multiple station test
- multithread test
- nondestructive test
- off-line test
- off-nominal tests
- one-shot tests
- one-sided test
- one-tailed test
- on-line test
- open test
- parameterized test
- path test
- pattern-sensitivity test
- penetration test
- perceptual test
- perimeter desturb test
- personality test
- ping-pong test
- preoperational test
- primary purpose test
- production acceptance test
- product-proof test
- program test
- qualification test
- read-margin test
- reasonableness test
- regression tests
- related transaction test
- reliability test
- remote test
- row disturb test
- sampling test
- screening test
- shifted diagonal test
- sign test
- significance test
- simulation test
- sliding-ONE test
- static test
- statistical test
- status test
- stress test
- suppression test
- system test
- temperature test
- test of grammaticality
- test of normality
- timing tests
- torture test
- total test
- trouble-shooting test
- truth-table test
- two-sample test
- two-tailed test
- volume test
- wafer test
- walking 1 test
- walking column testEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > test
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45 test
[test] 1. сущ.1) проверка, испытание; тестdifficult / demanding test — трудное испытание
exhaustive / extensive / thorough tests — всесторонние, тщательные исследования
to administer / conduct / give a test — проводить испытание
He was put to test. — Его подвергли испытанию.
- service testOur product will stand the test of time. — Наша разработка выдержит испытание временем.
- test run2)а) проверочная, контрольная работа; тестto draw up / make up / set a test — брит. составлять контрольную, тест
to bear / pass the test — выдержать испытание
Out of a total of 2,600 pupils only 920 passed the test. — Из общего числа в 2600 учеников испытание выдержали только 920.
- multiple-choice testShe had sold her bike, taken a driving test and bought a car. — Она продала свой велосипед, сдала экзамен на права и купила себе машину.
- proficiency testб) психол. тест- aptitude test
- free-association test
- intelligence test
- lie-detector test
- personality test
- psychological test3) мерило; критерийIt is a commonplace fact that holidays are a major test of any relationship. — Общеизвестно, что отпуска являются серьёзным испытанием отношений на прочность.
The test of any civilized society is how it treats its minorities. — Мерилом цивилизованности любого общества является то, как в нём относятся к меньшинствам.
Syn:4) мед.; хим. исследование, анализ; проверкаblood test — анализ крови, исследование крови
to carry out / conduct / do / run a test — проводить, делать анализ
They conducted a series of tests on me at the health center. — В медицинском центре у меня взяли анализы.
- diagnostic test - litmus testThe family doctor ordered numerous, expensive medical tests, which revealed no physical problem. — Семейный врач велел сделать массу дорогостоящих медицинских анализов, которые ничего не дали.
- Papanicolaou test
- Pap test
- patch test
- paternity test
- saliva test
- skin test
- tuberculin test
- visual test5) хим. реактив2. гл.Put one half of this lead into a test. — Положите половину имеющегося здесь свинца в пробирную чашку.
1)а) подвергать испытанию, проверкеto test smb.'s eyesight — проверять чьё-л. зрение
to test the apparatus — спорт. опробовать снаряд
б) подвергаться испытанию, проходить теств) амер. показать в результате испытания, дать результат; обнаруживать определённые свойства в результате испытанийThe eyesight of different peoples may test the same, yet some primitive peoples seem to white explorers to see as if they were using binoculars. — Хотя зрение у разных народов может на поверку оказаться одинаковым, белым исследователям кажется, что одни примитивные народы видят во сто крат лучше, чем другие.
2)а) = test out тестировать; проверять с помощью тестовI have tested the water in all the wells. — Я проверил воду во всех колодцах.
The model must be tested out before we put the product on sale. — Образец должен быть протестирован до того, как мы запустим продукт в производство.
Working in the new school gave him a chance to test out some of the latest ideas in education. — Работа в новой школе предоставила ему возможность проверить на практике некоторые новейшие идеи в сфере образования.
б) экзаменовать3) проверять, убеждатьсяSyn:try 2., put to the proof4)а) хим. подвергать действию реактива; брать пробу•Syn:assay 2.3. прил.испытательный, пробный, контрольный, проверочный -
46 regression analysis
Statsa forecasting technique used to establish the relationship between quantifiable variables. In regression analysis, data on dependent and independent variables is plotted on a scatter graph or diagram and trends are indicated through a line of best fit. The use of a single independent variable is known as simple regression analysis, while the use of two or more independent variables is called multiple regression analysis. -
47 model
[ˈmɔdl]abstract model абстрактная модель abstract model building вчт. абстрактное моделирование allocation model модель распределения analytical model аналитическая модель associative model ассоциативная модель autonomous model автономная модель autoregressive model авторегрессионная модель backlogging model модель с задалживанием роста заказов battle model модель боя behavioral model модель поведения binomial model биномиальная модель binomial model биномиальное распределение clay-clay model жесткая модель closed model замкнутая модель coalition model модель коалиции cobweb model паутинообразная модель cognitive model когнитивная модель communication model модель общения computational model вычислительная модель computer model машинная модель conceptual model концептуальная модель cyclic queueing model вчт. циклическая модель массового обслуживания data model вчт. модель данных decision model модель принятия решений decision-theory model модель выбора решений decision-theory model модель принятия решений double-risk model модель с двойным риском dynamic model динамическая модель dynamic programming model вчт. модель динамического программирования econometric model эконометрическая модель entity-relationship model модель типа объект-отношение equilibrium model модель равновесия estimation model модель оценивания explaining model поясняющая модель finite-horizon model модель с конечным интервалом fixed-horizon model модель с постоянным интервалом fixed-service-level model модель с фиксированным уровнем обслуживания formal model формальная модель game model игровая модель game-theory model теоретико-игровая модель general duel model общая модель дуэли generalized model обобщенная модель generic model типовая модель global model глобальная модель imaging model модель изображений interindustry programming model вчт. межотраслевая модель программирования interruption model модель с возможностью прерывания обслуживания knowledge model вчт. модель знаний labyrinth model лабиринтная модель language model модель языка learning model модель обучения linear model линейная модель linear programming model модель линейного программирования linear regressive model линейный регрессионная модель linguistic model лингвистическая модель logical model логическая модель logical-linguistic model логико-лингвистическая модель macrosectoral model макроотраслевая модель many-server model вчт. многоканальная модель master-workers model модель хозяин-работники matrix model матричная модель model быть натурщиком, натурщицей, живой моделью, манекенщицей model живая модель (в магазине одежды) model макет model манекен model моделировать; лепить model модель, макет; шаблон model модель model натурщик; натурщица model образец, эталон model образец model attr. образцовый, примерный model оформлять model примерный, типовой (о конвенции, уставе и т.д.) model создавать по образцу (чего-л.; after, on); to model oneself ((up)on smb.) брать (кого-л.) за образец model тип model разг. точная копия model тех. формировать model шаблон model создавать по образцу (чего-л.; after, on); to model oneself ((up)on smb.) брать (кого-л.) за образец moving-average model модель скользящего среднего multichannel priority model вчт. многоканальная модель с приоритетами multifactor model многофакторная модель multiple model многоуровневая модель multistation queueing model вчт. многоканальная модель обслуживания network model сетевая модель no-backlog model модель без задалживания заказов no-queue model модель без образования очереди non-poisson model непуассоновская модель one-factor model однофакторная модель one-period model однопериодная модель open model открытая модель open model разомкнутая модель operations research model модель исследования операций phenomenological model феноменологическая модель pictorial model графическая модель pilot model опытный образец pilot: model plant опытный завод, опытная установка; pilot model опытная модель poisson model пуассоновская модель predicitive model прогнозирующая модель preference model модель предпочтений priority model модель с приоритетами probability model вероятностная модель probability model стохастическая модель production model производственная модель prognostic model прогностическая модель queueing model модель массового обслуживания queueing model модель очереди random model вероятностная модель random model стохастическая модель reduced model упрощенная модель regression model регрессионная модель relational model реляционная модель scaling model шкальная модель security model модель механизма защиты semi-poisson model полупуассоновская модель shortest-route model модель выбора кратчайшего пути sign model знаковая модель simplex model симплексная модель simulation model имитационная модель single-channel model одноканальная модель single-period model однопериодная модель single-phase model однофазовая модель single-server model одноканальная модель singular model одноуровневая модель software model вчт. программная модель solid model объемная модель sophisticated model усложненная модель standard model типовая модель static equilibrium model модель статического равновесия static inventory model статическая модель управления запасами static model статическая модель station-to-station model многошаговая модель stochastic model вероятностная модель teaching model учебная модель (машины, оборудования) three-dimensional model трехмерная модель transportation model транспортная задача transshipment model модель перевозок с промежуточными пунктами trend-free model модель с отсутствием тренда trial model испытательный образец trial model пробный образец two-echelon model двухступенчатая модель two-state model модель с двумя состояниями user model модель пользователя waiting line model модель очереди wire-frame model каркасная модель world decision model всеобщая модель решений world model модель мира -
48 complex transition
"In a statechart or activity diagram, a relationship between multiple source and/or target states or action states." -
49 Philosophy
And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive ScienceIn the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)10) The Distinction between Dionysian Man and Apollonian Man, between Art and Creativity and Reason and Self- ControlIn his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy
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