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much-respected

  • 61 as

    adv. som, liksom
    --------
    conj. i motsats till; angående
    * * *
    [æz] 1. conjunction
    1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) när, medan
    2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) eftersom, då
    3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) som, på samma sätt som
    4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) som
    5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) fastän, hur... än
    6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) liksom
    2. adverb
    (used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) lika
    3. preposition
    1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) som
    2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) som
    3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) som
    4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) som, i egenskap av
    - as if / as though
    - as to

    English-Swedish dictionary > as

  • 62 degenerate

    adj. degenererad, urartad
    --------
    n. urartad
    --------
    v. degenerera, urarta
    * * *
    1. [di'‹enərət] adjective
    (having become immoral or inferior: the degenerate son of well-respected parents.) degenererad, vansläktad
    2. noun
    (a person, plant etc that is degenerate.) degenererad individ
    3. [-reit] verb
    (to become much less good or admirable: The discussion degenerated into insults.) degenerera, urarta

    English-Swedish dictionary > degenerate

  • 63 as

    [æz] 1. conjunction
    1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) když; zatímco
    2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) jelikož
    3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) jako
    4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) jak
    5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) jakkoli, třebaže
    6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) stejně jako
    2. adverb
    (used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) tak
    3. preposition
    1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) jako
    2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) jako
    3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) jako
    4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) jako
    - as if / as though
    - as to
    * * *
    • za
    • zatímco
    • protože
    • jak
    • jako
    • když

    English-Czech dictionary > as

  • 64 degenerate

    1. [di'‹enərət] adjective
    (having become immoral or inferior: the degenerate son of well-respected parents.) zkažený, degenerovaný
    2. noun
    (a person, plant etc that is degenerate.) degenerovaný člověk, rostlina
    3. [-reit] verb
    (to become much less good or admirable: The discussion degenerated into insults.) zvrhnout se
    * * *
    • zdegenerovaný
    • zvrhlý
    • degenerovaný
    • degenerovat

    English-Czech dictionary > degenerate

  • 65 as

    [æz] 1. conjunction
    1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) keď, kým
    2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) pretože
    3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) ako
    4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) ako
    5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) aj keď
    6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) tak ako, rovnako ako
    2. adverb
    (used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) tak
    3. preposition
    1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) ako
    2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) ako
    3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) ako
    4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) ako... aj ako
    - as if / as though
    - as to
    * * *
    • zatial co
    • tak
    • trebárs
    • pretože
    • hoci aj
    • ked
    • aj ked
    • ako

    English-Slovak dictionary > as

  • 66 degenerate

    1. [di'‹enərət] adjective
    (having become immoral or inferior: the degenerate son of well-respected parents.) degenerovaný
    2. noun
    (a person, plant etc that is degenerate.) degenerovaný človek (rastlina ap.)
    3. [-reit] verb
    (to become much less good or admirable: The discussion degenerated into insults.) zvrhnúť sa
    * * *
    • zvrhnút sa
    • degenerovaný
    • degenerovat

    English-Slovak dictionary > degenerate

  • 67 as

    [æz] 1. conjunction
    1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) când, în timp ce
    2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) deoarece
    3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) cum
    4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) cum
    5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) deşi, chiar dacă
    6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) la fel
    2. adverb
    (used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) la fel de
    3. preposition
    1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) ca
    2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) ca
    3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) ca (pe)
    4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) ca
    - as if / as though
    - as to

    English-Romanian dictionary > as

  • 68 degenerate

    1. [di'‹enərət] adjective
    (having become immoral or inferior: the degenerate son of well-respected parents.) a degenera
    2. noun
    (a person, plant etc that is degenerate.) de­generat
    3. [-reit] verb
    (to become much less good or admirable: The discussion degenerated into insults.) a degenera

    English-Romanian dictionary > degenerate

  • 69 as

    [æz] 1. conjunction
    1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) καθώς
    2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) επειδή, καθώς
    3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) όπως
    4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) όπως
    5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) παρόλο
    6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) όπως επίσης
    2. adverb
    (used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) σαν
    3. preposition
    1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) σαν
    2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) σαν
    3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) σαν
    4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) ως
    - as if / as though
    - as to

    English-Greek dictionary > as

  • 70 degenerate

    1. [di'‹enərət] adjective
    (having become immoral or inferior: the degenerate son of well-respected parents.) εκφυλισμένος,έκφυλος
    2. noun
    (a person, plant etc that is degenerate.) έκφυλος
    3. [-reit] verb
    (to become much less good or admirable: The discussion degenerated into insults.) εκφυλίζομαι,ξεπέφτω

    English-Greek dictionary > degenerate

  • 71 dear

    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > dear

  • 72 opinion

    [ə'pɪnjən]
    n
    мнение, точка зрения, заключение

    We should get another opinion on the matter. — Следует выслушать и другое мнение по этому вопросу.

    There can be no two opinions as to it. — Не может и быть двух мнений по этому вопросу.

    I haven't much of an opinion of him. — Я о нем невысокого мнения.

    This opinion meets with violent opposition. — Это мнение встречает яростное сопротивление.

    - well-grounded opinion
    - dominant opinion
    - public opinion
    - smb's political opinions
    - critical opinion
    - contrary opinions
    - dangerous opinions
    - unified opinion
    - hastily formed opinion
    - scientific opinions
    - medical opinion
    - influential opinion
    - religious opinions
    - liberal opinions
    - prevailing opinion
    - one's personal opinion
    - expert opinion
    - opinion poll
    - opinions differ o
    - press opinion
    - different opinions on this subject
    - matter of opinion
    - matter of personal opinions
    - man of moderate opinions
    - unanimity of opinion
    - variety of opinion
    - men of various all shades of opinion
    - in my opinion
    - in the opinion of most of them
    - have a high opinion of smb
    - give one's opinion
    - form an unbiased opinion
    - share smb's opinion
    - be of the same opinion
    - be of the opinion that...
    - form a wrong opinion
    - expect an unbiased opinion from smb
    - weigh every opinions
    - have a good opinion of oneself
    - be of a poor opinion of smth, smb
    - have no decided opinion
    - get another opinion
    - form public opinion
    - control public opinion
    - dominate public opinion
    - arouse public opinion
    - study postwar public opinion
    - hesitate between two opinions
    - rally world opinion
    - reflect the opinion of a large section of the population
    - envite the opinions of scientists
    - voice the opinion of others
    - exchange opinions with smb
    - discredit an opinion
    - quote an opinion
    - approve an opinion
    - spread an opinion
    - entertain an opinion
    - give an opinion
    - disprove an opinion
    - accept an opinion
    - advance forth an opinion
    - reconcile conflicting opinions
    - arouse opposing opinions
    - treat smb's opinion lightly
    - shake smb's opinion
    - obtain smb's opinions
    - alter smb's opinion
    - bear out smb's opinion
    - sound smb's opinion
    - ask smb's opinion about smth
    - hold an opinion of one's own
    - hase one's opinion on facts
    - state one's frank and full opinion
    - express smb one's frank and full opinion
    - change one's opinion
    - get one's opinion from books
    - make one's opinion respected
    - act according to one's own opinion
    - air one's opinions
    - impose one's opinion on smb
    - respect smb's opinion
    - regard smb's opinion
    - reject smb's opinion
    - expert opinions is variable
    - public opinion was indignant
    - public opinion objects to such measures
    - there exists an opinion that...
    - opinion prevails
    ASSOCIATIONS AND IMAGERY:
    Мнение о чем-либо ассоциируется с описанием того, что видится с определенной точки зрения. Это отражается, например, в следующих примерах: We want to get a range of different views. Нам нужно получить разные мнения/точки зрения по этому поводу. In my view, women should be paid the same as men. С моей точки зрения женщины должны получать зарплату равную с мужчинами. /Я считаю, что женщины должны получать зарплату равную с мужчинами. It is important to look at this from the child's point of view. Важно посмотреть на это с детской точки зрения. From a personal viewpoint, I'd say the whole thing was a disaster. Я лично считаю, что все это сплошной ужас. /Мне все это видится как абсолютный провал. The book is written from the vantage point of the losers. Книга написана с точки зрения/с позиции потерпевшего/проигравшего. I see things from a slightly different perspective. Я смотрю на это несколько иначе. /Мне это видится в другом свете. From where we stand, there is only one answer to that question. С нашей точки зрения на этот вопрос есть только один ответ. He spelled out his vision of the future. Он описал свое видение будущего. Try to see it from somebody else's standpoint. Постарайтесь посмотреть на ситуацию с другой точки зрения/с другой позиции. Let's look at this from a slightly different angle. Давайте посмотрим на это несколько под иным углом зрения. There's more to it than meets the eye. Думаю, здесь гораздо больше, чем лежит на поверхности. He accused his opponents of suffering from tunnel vision. Он обвинял своих оппонентов в предвзятом/ограниченном/однообразном/прямолинейном видении (ситуации). She's always had a blind spot where her children are concerned. Когда дело касается ее детей, она теряет ясность суждения/всякую объективность
    WAYS OF DOING THINGS:
    Кроме модальных глаголов, глаголов суждения и говорения типа to agree, to believe, to guess, to think, to suppose, to imagine, to realise, to admit, to demand, to deny, to suggest, to tell, to promise, мнение о высказанном событии может быть выражено рядом наречий и наречных оборотов. Такие наречия и наречные обороты часто относятся ко всему утверждению и стоят в начале предложения. К ним относятся: (1.) наречия оценки говорящим того, что утверждается: fortunately/luckily - к счастью, unfortunately - к несчастью, strangely (though) - довольно странно, unexpectedly - неожиданно/против ожиданий и др.; (2.) наречия субъективной оценки главного действия утверждения: kindly - любезно, foolishly - глупо, wisely - умно/мудро и др.; (3.) наречия и наречные обороты, смягчающие определенность или уменьшающие степень всеобщности утверждения: as a rule - как правило, broadly speaking/generally speaking - вообще говоря, essentially/fundamentally - в основном, on the whole - в общем, и др.; (4.) наречия, выражающие степень уверенности говорящего в том, что утверждается: almost certainly - почти наверняка, possibly - возможно, perhaps - может быть, probably - вероятно/возможно, partly - от части, no doubt - без сомнения, definitely - определённо/безусловно и др.; (5.) наречия, выражающие степень очевидности/неочевидности того, что утверждается: hardly - едва ли, naturally - естественно, obviously - очевидно/с очевидностью, of course - конечно же; (6.) наречия оценки степени соответствия того, что утверждается, действительности: actually - в действительности, indeed - и в правду, really/truly - действительно и др.; (7.) наречия и наречные обороты оценки говорящим самого факта утверждения: frankly speaking/honestly - откровенно говоря, I need hardly say - и говорить об этом не надо и др., а также некоторые другие типы наречий и наречных оборотов.

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > opinion

  • 73 as

    [æz] 1. conjunction
    1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) tandis que; comme; en
    2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) comme
    3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) comme
    4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) comme
    5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) malgré (que)
    6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) ainsi que
    2. adverb
    (used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) aussi (que)
    3. preposition
    1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) que
    2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) en
    3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) comme
    4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) en tant que
    - as if / as though - as to

    English-French dictionary > as

  • 74 degenerate

    1. [di'‹enərət] adjective
    (having become immoral or inferior: the degenerate son of well-respected parents.) dégénéré
    2. noun
    (a person, plant etc that is degenerate.) dégénéré/-ée
    3. [-reit] verb
    (to become much less good or admirable: The discussion degenerated into insults.) dégénérer

    English-French dictionary > degenerate

  • 75 as

    [æz] 1. conjunction
    1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) enquanto, quando
    2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) porque
    3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) como
    4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) como
    5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) embora
    6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) assim como
    2. adverb
    (used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) tão, tanto
    3. preposition
    1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) quanto
    2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) como
    3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) como
    4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) como
    - as if / as though - as to

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > as

  • 76 degenerate

    1. [di'‹enərət] adjective
    (having become immoral or inferior: the degenerate son of well-respected parents.) degenerado
    2. noun
    (a person, plant etc that is degenerate.) degenerado
    3. [-reit] verb
    (to become much less good or admirable: The discussion degenerated into insults.) degenerar

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > degenerate

  • 77 Brunschwig, Hieronymus

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. c.1440 Strasbourg, Alsace
    d. 1512/13 Strasbourg, Alsace
    [br]
    German surgeon and chemist.
    [br]
    Brunschwig was a widely read and highly respected surgeon of the city of Strasbourg. He was a writer of two works, one on surgery and the other, of greater importance, on chemical distillation. In this he was the inheritor of a tradition of the practice of distillation going back to the first centuries AD. The most familiar chemical tradition in the Middle Ages was that of alchemy, devoted to the attempt to make gold. The appearance of a number of printed books of a severely practical nature after 1500, however, testifies to the existence of a practical tradition that had flourished alongside alchemy. Brunsch-wig's first essay in this field was printed in 1500 and dealt with the preparation of "simples", or remedies with a single active constituent. In 1507 he brought out a work on the distilling of "composites", remedies with two or more active constituents. In these works Brunschwig sought to present a comprehensive account of the various kinds of apparatus available and the methods of preparing medicines, together with an account of the diseases it was hoped to cure with them. It was one of the earliest printed books on a chemical subject and the earliest to include illustrations of chemical apparatus. The works were widely used and did much to turn chemistry away from its preoccupation with gold-making, towards the making of substances useful in medicine.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    The best account of Brunschwig's life and work is the introduction to Book of Distillation by Hieronymus Bruunschwig, 1971, introd. Harold J.Abrahams, New York, Johnson Reprint (the best account of Brunschwig's life and work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Brunschwig, Hieronymus

  • 78 Graham, George

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. c.1674 Cumberland, England
    d. 16 November 1751 London, England
    [br]
    English watch-and clockmaker who invented the cylinder escapement for watches, the first successful dead-beat escapement for clocks and the mercury compensation pendulum.
    [br]
    Graham's father died soon after his birth, so he was raised by his brother. In 1688 he was apprenticed to the London clockmaker Henry Aske, and in 1695 he gained his freedom. He was employed as a journeyman by Tompion in 1696 and later married his niece. In 1711 he formed a partnership with Tompion and effectively ran the business in Tompion's declining years; he took over the business after Tompion died in 1713. In addition to his horological interests he also made scientific instruments, specializing in those for astronomical use. As a person, he was well respected and appears to have lived up to the epithet "Honest George Graham". He befriended John Harrison when he first went to London and lent him money to further his researches at a time when they might have conflicted with his own interests.
    The two common forms of escapement in use in Graham's time, the anchor escapement for clocks and the verge escapement for watches, shared the same weakness: they interfered severely with the free oscillation of the pendulum and the balance, and thus adversely affected the timekeeping. Tompion's two frictional rest escapements, the dead-beat for clocks and the horizontal for watches, had provided a partial solution by eliminating recoil (the momentary reversal of the motion of the timepiece), but they had not been successful in practice. Around 1720 Graham produced his own much improved version of the dead-beat escapement which became a standard feature of regulator clocks, at least in Britain, until its supremacy was challenged at the end of the nineteenth century by the superior accuracy of the Riefler clock. Another feature of the regulator clock owed to Graham was the mercury compensation pendulum, which he invented in 1722 and published four years later. The bob of this pendulum contained mercury, the surface of which rose or fell with changes in temperature, compensating for the concomitant variation in the length of the pendulum rod. Graham devised his mercury pendulum after he had failed to achieve compensation by means of the difference in expansion between various metals. He then turned his attention to improving Tompion's horizontal escapement, and by 1725 the cylinder escapement existed in what was virtually its final form. From the following year he fitted this escapement to all his watches, and it was also used extensively by London makers for their precision watches. It proved to be somewhat lacking in durability, but this problem was overcome later in the century by using a ruby cylinder, notably by Abraham Louis Breguet. It was revived, in a cheaper form, by the Swiss and the French in the nineteenth century and was produced in vast quantities.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1720. Master of the Clockmakers' Company 1722.
    Bibliography
    Graham contributed many papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, in particular "A contrivance to avoid the irregularities in a clock's motion occasion'd by the action of heat and cold upon the rod of the pendulum" (1726) 34:40–4.
    Further Reading
    Britten's Watch \& Clock Maker's Handbook Dictionary and Guide, 1978, rev. Richard Good, 16th edn, London, pp. 81, 84, 232 (for a technical description of the dead-beat and cylinder escapements and the mercury compensation pendulum).
    A.J.Turner, 1972, "The introduction of the dead-beat escapement: a new document", Antiquarian Horology 8:71.
    E.A.Battison, 1972, biography, Biographical Dictionary of Science, ed. C.C.Gillespie, Vol. V, New York, 490–2 (contains a résumé of Graham's non-horological activities).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Graham, George

  • 79 Poulsen, Valdemar

    [br]
    b. 23 November 1869 Copenhagen, Denmark
    d. 23 July 1942 Gentofte, Denmark
    [br]
    Danish engineer who developed practical magnetic recording and the arc generator for continuous radio waves.
    [br]
    From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.
    The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.
    In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.
    In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.
    The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.
    The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.
    From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1899, British patent no. 8,961 (the first British telegraphone patent). 1903, British patent no. 15,599 (the first British arc-genera tor patent).
    His scientific publications are few, but fundamental accounts of his contribution are: 1900, "Das Telegraphon", Ann. d. Physik 3:754–60; 1904, "System for producing continuous oscillations", Trans. Int. El. Congr. St. Louis, Vol. II, pp. 963–71.
    Further Reading
    A.Larsen, 1950, Telegrafonen og den Traadløse, Ingeniørvidenskabelige Skrifter no. 2, Copenhagen (provides a very complete, although somewhat confusing, account of Poulsen's contributions; a list of his patents is given on pp. 285–93).
    F.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Re cor ding in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (it is here that doubt is expressed about whether Poulsen's ideas were developed independently).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Poulsen, Valdemar

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