mostly

(gen. ragna), n. pl. the ruling powers, the gods, = rögn.

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n. pl., only in nom. and acc., for ragna, rögnum are formed from rögn (q. v.), analogously to magn and megin; [Ulf. ragin = γνώμη, δόγμα, and raginon = ἡγεμονεύειν, ragineis = σύμβουλος, βουλευτής; Hel. reginu-gescapu = mighty weird]:— the gods as the makers and rulers of the universe, the word being peculiar to the ancient poems; regin heita goð heiðin, bönd ok rögn, Edda ii. 430: freq. in the Vsp., þá gengu r. öll á rökstóla, ginnheilög goð, 6, 9, 27, 29; nýt regin, Vþm. 25; fróð regin, 26; vís regin, 39; fjöld ek fór fjöld ek reynda regin, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54; blíð regin, Gm. 6, 37, 41, Ls, 32; holl regin, 4; þá er regin deyja, Vþm. 47; urðu heldr hamljó: regin, Haustl. 10; ráð öll ok regin, Hkm. 18; Hrímfaxi heitir er hverja dregr nótt of nýt regin, Vþm. 13, 14:—regin is a pantheistic word, including the world, in such phrases as, unz rjúfask regin, 40; þá er rjúfask regin, 52, Gm. 4, Ls. 41; þá er í ráði at regn (i. e. regin, acc.) um þrjóti, then is the end of the world nigh, Hdl. 41; cp. ragna rök, the world-doom, answering to Saxon muspilli; as also ragna-rökr, for the explanation of which word see rök and rökr: ginn-regin, q. v.; upp-reginn, the heavenly powers, Haustl.; þrym-regin, q. v.; ragna sjöt, the seat of the gods = the heavens, Vsp. 33: in prose only in the phrase, enda mælir rán ok regin (acc.) við oss á sogurt ofan, he speaks to us rán and regin, i. e. he scolds and curses, Ölk. 36; hann var Baldr með Ásum, er öll regin grétu, Fas. i. 473, in a paraphrase from a lost poem.

II. in pr. names, Reginn, a mythical name, Edda, Völs. S: esp. in compds, Regin-leif, a fem. name, Landn., but mostly contr. Ragn- or Rögn-: of women, Ragna, Ragn-heiðr, Ragn-hildr; of men, Ragnarr, Rögn-valdr, Landn.; cp. old Germ. and Saxon names beginning with Ragin-, mod. Rain-, Rayn-, Ran-, as Reginald, Reynolds. In COMPDS, [cp. Hel. regini-blind, regin-scatho, regin-thiof], mighty, great: regin-djúp, n. the deep sea. regin-djúpr, adj. mighty deep, Vísna bók 1612. regin-dómr, m. pl. the mighty doom, the last judgment, Vsp. 64; rúnar ok regindóma, mighty spells, Hm. 112 (but not in Cod. Reg.) regin-fjall, n. a wild fell, mountain wilderness, Gsp., and in mod. usage. regin-gaddi, a, m. = reginnagli, Edda ii. 494. regin-grjót, n. the holy stones, altars (hörgr), Gs. 19 regin-haf, n. the main, freq. in mod. usage. regin-hylr, m. = regindjúp, Stef. Ól. regin-kungr, adj. = Gr. διογενής, epithet of a king, Hðm. 26. regin-kunnr, adj. world-known, Hm. 112. regin-nagli, a, m. a sacred peg in the ancient high-seats was called so, Eb. 10 new Ed. regin-spönn, f. a kind of axe, Edda (Gl.) regin-þing, n. the great council, Hkv. 1. 50.

1) straight (r. sem laukr);

2) erect, upright (Óttar stóð r. ok brá sér ekki við);

3) right, just (telja þat rangt, er rétt er); hafa rétt at mæla, to be right, in the right; at réttu, með réttu, rightly.

(-ar, -ir), m.

1) right, law; lands r., the law of the land; kristinn r., guðs r., ecclesiastical law;

2) right, due, claim; konungs r., the king’s due (at konungr minnki nökkut af sínum rétti);

3) condition; hann gørði harðan rétt landsmanna, he tyrannized over them;

4) dish (hinn fyrsta rétt báru inn þessir lendir menn);

5) drifting before the wind; liggja í rétt, to lie drifting; leggja í rétt, to set a ship’s course for drifting;

6) storm, heavy sea (fengu þeir rétt mikinn; skipit var lekt ok þoldi illa réttinn).

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adj., réttari, réttastr; [Ulf. raihts = εὐδύς, i. e. straight, mostly in the proper sense, but ga-raihts = δίκαιος; A. S. riht; Engl. right; O. H. G. reht; Germ. recht: Dan.-Swed. ret, contr.; Lat. rectus; Gr. ὀ-ρέγω; to the same root belong Icel. rak-, rakna, rekja, in all of which the fundamental notion is to stretch, extend]:—straight; skapti réttara, Gsp., Fas. i. 470 (in a verse); rétt rœði, straight oars, Fms. vi. 309 (in a verse); réttar brautir, Rm. 14: réttr vindr, Edda (Ht.): upright, erect, Óttarr stóð réttr ok brá sér ekki við, Fms. vii. 257: á réttum krossi, 656 C. 37; svá mikil at maðr mátti standa réttr í henni. Fas. iii. 223; réttr sem laukr, Sks. 131; réttr líkams vöxtr, Stj. 20; mannsins líkamr er r. skapaðr ok upp-reistr, 22; upp-r. (cp. Engl. upright), standing upright; upp frá þeim degi mátti hann eigi réttum augum sjá Davíð, Stj. 466; þá öfundaði hann Óláf, ok mátti eigi réttum augum til hans líta, Fms. iv. 48.

2. neut. rétt, straight; þeir stefndu rétt á þá, Fms. ix. 301; fara rétt at e-u. to proceed in due form, Grág. i. 80; telja rétt, 12; ok er rétt, rétt er honum at …, the law is, it is lawful to …, Grág., passim.

II. metaph. right, just; verðr honum rétt sú kvöð, Grág. 1. 36; þann er réttari er at bera kvið fram, 58; jamréttir at tengdum, id.; þeir eru réttir at reifa mál manna, 76; réttir í kviðum, at heyrum, ii. 93, 146 (see heyrum); réttr Noregs konungr, Fms. i. 223; betri ok réttari, 129: of a person, vera friðsamr ok réttr, just, viii. 230.

2. neut., rétt skal at draga við vaðmál kvarða, Grág. i. 497; má vera at konungr unni oss hér af rétts, Eg. 520; hafa réttara at mæla, Fb. ii. 345; næst réttu, Sks. 58; sem ek veit réttast ok sannast ok helzt at lögum, Grág. i. 76; virða svá sem þeim þótti réttast, 195; mun þat réttara, more due, meet, Fms. vi. 299; at réttu, rightly, i. 223, x. 371, Hkr. i. 5, Grág. i. 403; með réttu, id, 83.

III. rétt, adverbially, just, exactly; sitja rétt þar undir niðri, Th. 76; rétt undir niðri, Stj. 393, Skíða R. 82; þar rétt í hofinu, Stj.; rétt hjá, 600, Skíða R. 81; rétt við, Stj. 395; þat rétt, exactly that, Mar.; nú rétt, just now, Lv. 34, Stj. 534; hér rétt, 442; rétt sem, 491, Skíða R. 133, Fms. iv. 211; rétt á þessari nótt, xi. 424; rétt ok slétt, downright, Stj. 276.

(að), v. to write, = ríta.

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pres. rít, rítr, rítr; pret. reit, the 2nd pers. does not occur; pl. ritu; subj. riti; imperat. rít; part, ritinn; the earliest writers use the strong conjugation; thus in the treatise of Thorodd, ek rít, 165, l. 26, 166, ll. 22–24, 168, l. 10; rít’k = rít ek, 166, 1. 36; þú rítr, 161, l. 2 from the bottom, 168, l. 19; ek reit, 168, l. 4: part, ritnir, ritin, ritnum,161, 168–168: in the other instances the weak form seems merely due to the transcriber of the Cod. Worm, of the 14th century, and the old forms ought to be restored; thus, pres. ritar, 160, l. 3 from the bottom,165, l. 1; pret. ritaða, ritaðir, 164, l. 31; part, ritað, ll. 3, 32, etc.; intin. rita for ríta, l. 3: Ari also uses the strong form, Íb. 4, Hkr. i. 48: in the pref. to Landn. for ritað read ritið (?); reit, Hkr. iii. 347. In writers of later times, as also in later transcripts of old writers, the weak form (ek rita, ritar, ritar, ritaða, ritað) prevails; thus in the pref. to Ó. H., pres. rita (once), pret. ritaða (five times), ritaði, 248; ritaðar and rituðu, Sturl. i. 107, Fms. x. 371; ritað, Knytl. S. ch. 1, 21, 95, Hungrv, ch. 1; and so on: the part, ritinn remained longest, thus, eptir sögu Þjóðólfs var fyrst ritin æli Ynglinga, Hkr. Frissb. (pref.), Fms. vii. 156, Grág. i. 76, Symb. (fine). The Norse vellums seem to know the weak form only, e. g. ritaði, Sks. 563 B. The root to this word is well known in the Scandin. languages in derived words, as reitr, reita, rít (q. v.), yet the verb itself, at least in the sense ‘to write,’ seems to have been adopted from the A. S., as it nowhere occurs on the Runic stones or in old poets, and always means writing on parchment, rísta being used of writing on stone; the original form is vríta: [A. S. wrítan; Engl. to write; Germ. reissen; O. H. G. rízan = to scratch; Scot. rit or ret; cp. also Ulf. writs = κεραία, Luke xvi. 17.]

B. Prop. to scratch, cut, sketch, draw an outline; hér eru ritaðir þrír hringar, Rb. 476.

2. to write, of penmanship, spelling (thus mostly used in Thorodd), as also composition, for illustrations see the references above (A).

f., pl. rúnar: [rún, raun, reyna are all kindred words, and a lost strong verb, rúna, raun, meaning to enquire, may be presumed; the original notion is scrutiny, mystery, secret conversation; Gotb. runa, by which Ulf. several times renders the Gr. μυστήριον and συμβούλιον (once, Matth. xxvii. 1), βουλή (twice, Luke vii. 30, 1 Cor. iv. 5); A. S. rún = a ‘rowning’ mystery, but also = writing, charter; Hel. rûna = colloquium, and geruni = loquela (Schmeller); cp. Old Engl. to rown, Germ. raunen; Gr. ἐ-ρευνάω is also supposed to be a kindred word (Bugge). In Scandin. writers and poets rún is chiefly used of magical characters, then of writing, whereas the derivative word raun means trial, enquiry, and rúni and rúna = a friend or counsellor.]

B. A secret, hidden lore, mystery; frá jötna rúnum ok allra goða segðú it sannasta, Vþm. 42, 43; kenna rúnar, to teach wisdom, Rm. 33; dæma um rúnar ok regin-dóma, Hm. 112; minnask á fornar rúnar, Vsp. 59: saws, segja sannar rúnir, to tell true saws, Fas. ii. 302 (in a verse): a ‘rowning’ speech, vifs rúnir, a woman’s whispering, Bm.; heita e-n at rúnum, to consult one, Gh. 12, Skv. 3. 14, 43; hniga at rúnum, Gkv. 3. 4.

II. a Rune or written character; the earliest Runes were not writing in proper sense, but fanciful signs possessing a magical power; such Runes have, through vulgar superstition, been handed down even to the present time, for a specimen of them see Ísl. Þjóðs. i.435, 436, and Arna-Magn. Nos. 687. 4 to, and 434. 12 mo (Ísl. Þjóðs.pref. ix); the classical passages for these spell-Runes are, Hm. 133 sqq., Sdm. 5 sqq., Skm. 29, 36, Eg. ch. 44, 61, 75, Yngl. S. ch. 7, Grett. ch. 85, N. G. L. iii. 286, 300, Vsp. 59; cp. also the phrase, rísta trénið, Grág., Fs. 56. The phrase in the old Danish Ballads, kaste runer, to throw Rúnes, i. e. chips (see hlaut, hlautviðr), may be compared to the Lat. sortes, Mommsen’s Hist, of Rome, vol. i. p. 187, foot-note (Engl. Ed.), or the Sibylline leaves in the Aeneid.

2. Runes as writing;the word was first applied to the original Northern alphabet, which at an early time was derived from the common Phœnician, probably through Greek or Roman coins in the first centuries of our era. From these Runes were subsequently formed two alphabets, the old Scandinavian (whence again the Anglo-Saxon), as found on the Golden horn and the stone in Tune, and the later Scandinavian, in which the inscriptions in the greater number of the Swedish and Danish stone monuments are written, most being of the 10th (9th?) and following centuries.—A curious instance of the employment of Runes is their being written on a kefli (a round piece of wood) as messages (cp. the Gr. σκυτάλη), as is freq. recorded in the Sagas, e. g. Gísl. 45, 67, Fms. ix. 390, 490, Grett. 154 new Ed., Fb. i. 251 (of the deaf and dumb Oddny). It is doubtful whether poems were ever written in this way, for almost the only authority for such a statement is Eg. 605, where we read that the Sonatorrek was taken down on a Runic stick, the other instances being mostly from romances or fabulous Sagas, Grett. 144, Örvar Odds S.(fine). This writing on a kefli is mentioned in the Latin line, Barbara ‘fraxineis’ sculpatur runa ‘tabellis,’ Capella (5th century). In later times (from the 13th century) Runic writing was practised as a sort of curiosity; thus calendars used to be written on sticks, of which there is a specimen in the Bodl. Library in Oxford; they were also used for inscriptions on tombstones, spoons, chairs, and the like: there even exists in the Arna-Magn. Library a Runic MS. of an old Danish law, and there is a Runic letter in Sturl. (of the year 1241); Runes carved on an oar occur in Fs. 177: a hidden treasure in a chest is labelled with Runes, Fms. vi. 271, Sd. 146, cp. also the interesting record in Bs. i. 435 (sex manna bein vóru þar hjá honum ok vax ok rúnar þær er sögðu atburð lifláts þeirra).

3. the word rún is also, though rarely, applied to the Latin alphabet; ef hann er á þingi þá skal hann rísta nafn hans ef hann kann rúnar, N. G. L. i. 171; or generally, ræki ek eigi hvárt þú rítr ø þitt eðr o,  eða a, ę eða e, y eða u, en ek svara svá, eigi er þat rúnanna kostr þó at þú lesir vel eða ráðir vel at líkindum, þar sem rúnar visa óskírt, heldr er þat þinn kostr, Thorodd 162; þessi er upphaf allra hátta svá sem málrúnar eru fyrir öðrum minum, Edda (Ht.) 121.

III. in pr. names, Rún-ólfr: as the latter part in pr. names of women, Guð-rún, Sig-rún, Öl-rún, Landn., Nj., Bs., Sturl., Sæm.

COMPDS: rúnakefli, rúnamál, Rúnameistari, rúnastafr.

m. [Germ. selig; A. S. sælig = blessed; whence Old Engl. seely; mod. Engl. silly]:—poor, mostly in a good sense, but also in a bad = wretched, but only in a religious or eccl. style, Stj. 152, 428, Bs. ii. 18, Fb. i. 514.

2. in mod. usage [like Germ. selig] deceased, the late so and so, very freq., but usually written shortly, sál.; hún móðir mín sál., systir mín sál., hann Jón sál.: the usual ancient word is heitinn, see heita.

m. poet. follower, companion.

1) journey, walk; vera á sinnum, to be on the way; heill þú á sinnum sér, be happy on thy way; dagr var á sinnum, the day was passing by;

2) fellowship, company; ríða í sinni e-m, to ride in one’s company;

3) help, support (V. þakkar honum sitt s.); vera e-m í s., to side with one, help one (þú vildir, at allir væri þér í s.);

4) time, = sinn; annat s., a second time, = annat sinn; þat s., that time.

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and sinn, n., Vtkv. 5, Fas. i. 73, ii. 542; sinni is the truer form, but the word is mostly used in dat.; [A. S. síð; Ulf. sinþ]:—prop. a walk; er mér hefir aukið ervitt sinni, a heavy walk, Vtkv. 5.

II. fellowship, company; nú skal brúðr snúask heim í sinni með mér, in my company, Alm. 1; ríða í sinni e-m, Skv. 3. 3; látum son fara feðr í sinni, 12; hrafn flýgr austan … ok eptir honum örn í sinni, Fas. i. 428 (in a verse); manngi er mér í sinni, i. e. I am alone, no one in my company, 247 (in a verse); vilja e-n sér í sinni, iii. 483 (in a verse): langt er at leita lýða sinnis, Akv. 17; þjóða sinni erumka þokkt, the fellowship of men is not to my liking, i. e. men shun me, Stor.

2. concrete, a company; Vinda sinni, the company of the Wends, Lex. Poët.

3. in plur., á sinnuin, on the way; heill þú á sinnum sér, be hale on the journey! Vþm. 4; dagr var á sinnum, the day was far on its way, was passing, Rm. 29; guðr var á sinnum, the battle drew to a close, Hkr. i. 95, Hornklofi (in a verse).

III. metaph. help, support, backing; in prose it remains in the phrases, vera e-m í sinni, to ‘follow,’ side with one, help one; ifanarlaust er Guð í sinni með þeim manni, Barl. 93; mun ek heldr vera þér í sinni, Fb. i. 529; vóru þar margir menn með jarli um þetta mál ok honum í sinni, Fms. iv. 290; þú vildir at allir væri þér í sinni, Sturl. i. 36; þeir dýrka fjallaguðin, ok því hafa þau verit þeim í sinni, Stj. 598; leiðir Víðförull Jólf út ok þakkar honum sitt sinni, Fas. ii. 542; leggja í sinni við e-n, to back one, Bs. i. 882; hann þekkir sinni þeirra, at þeir vinna konunginum mikinn sigr, he knows (appreciates) their help, Fas. i. 73: in compds, fá-sinni (q. v.), solitude; sam-s., society; víl-s., q. v.

B. sinn and sinni, as an adverb of time, in adverbial phrases, the latter form being rare and less correct, but occurring in a few instances in the accusative, as fyrsta sinni, N. G. L. i. 74; annat sinni, 340, Fms. vii. 325, Sks. 205; hvert sinni, Sks. 16, K. Þ. K. 10; í þat sinni, Sturl. iii. 217: [Ulf. sinþ, e. g. ainamma sinþa, = ἄπαχ, twaim sinþam = δίς, þrim sinþam = τρίς; Dan. sinde]:—a time, with numerals = Germ. mal; in acc, and dat. sing., eitt sinn, einu sinni, and dat. pl. tveim sinnum, etc.:

α. acc. sing.; þat var eitt hvert sinn, one time it happened, Nj. 26, Fær. 242; annat sinn, the second time; í annat sinn, K. Þ. K. 14; hit þriðja sinn, the third time, 10; í hvárt sinnit, each time, id.; í hvárt sinn, 12; þat sinn, that time, then, Fms. i. 264; í þat sinn, Hkr. ii. 15, Grág. ii. 167; ekki sinn, at no time, not once, never, Skálda 167; aldri sinn síðan, never a time since, never more, Nj. 261; sitt sinn við hvert orð, K. Þ. K. 11: um sinn, once; eigi optarr enn um sinn, Grág. i. 57, 133; hann skal drepa barninu í vatn um sinn, K. Þ. K. 10, 12; eigi meirr enn um sinn, Nj. 85; ganga til skripta it minnsta um sinn á tólf mánuðum, K. Á. 192: for this one time, ek mun leysa þik ór vandræði þessu um sinn, Ísl. ii. 133; fyrst um sinn, for the present, Þórð. 69 (paper MS.), and so in mod. usage; um sinn-sakir, for this once, Ld. 184, 196, 310.

β. dat. sing. upon a time; enu þriðja sinni, the third time, Blas. 40: eiuhverju sinni, a time, a certain time, Nj. 2, 216; einu sinni, once, in an indefinite sense, Hðm. 14 (Bugge, see the foot-note); er þá kostr at kveða einu sinni (= mod. einhvern tíma) skáldskap þann, Grág. ii. 151; in mod. usage einu sinni means once, for the old ‘um sinn’ is now obsolete: því sinni, for that time, for that occasion, Fms. vii. 129; at því sinni, Sks. 258; þessu sinni, this time, Fms. i. 126: at sinni, for this time, at present, Nj. 216, Ld. 202, Fms. i. 3, 159: sinni sjaldnar, once less, Rb. 450.

γ. dat. plur.; sjau sinnum, seven times, Alg. 262; hundrað sinnum, Flóv. 33; þeim sinnum, er …, when, Sks. 211 B; endr ok sinnum, now and then, from time to time, Sks. 208 B.

δ. gen. p!ur.; fimmtán tigum sinna, a hundred and fifty times, Dipl. ii. 14; sétta tigi sinna, Rb. 90; þúsundum sinna, a thousand times, Greg. 37.

1) skew, wry;

2) unequal, unjust (skökk gørð).

m. wry position; skjóta augunum í skakk, to look awry.

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adj. skew, wry, distorted (rangr, q. v., is mostly used in a metaph. sense); hvárki vindt né skakkt. Krók. 42; ekki skakkt né hallt, 656 A. i. 33; skakkr eða lami, 656 B. 7; bar hanu jafnan hallt höfuðit síðan, því var hann skakkr kallaðr. Orkn. 364; skakkar tenn, Skíða R.; skakkr á banni, with a sprained leg, Hým. 37: allit., skældr ok skakkr: neut., skjóta augum í skakk, to look awry, Fbr. 71.

II. metaph. unequal; skökk mála-efni, Fms. iv. 332; þótt várir fundir hafi jafnan skakkir verit sakir fjölmennis, viii. 214; at görð sjá sé heldr skökk, unequal, unjust. Eg. 738.

III. as a nickname, Skakki = Lat. Claudus: Skakka-skáld, a nickname.

COMPDS: skakkborinn, skakkhorn, skakkifótr, skakktenntr.

m. (-leiki, a, m.), purity; at slá slíkt silfr at skírleika sem várr vili verðr til, N. G. L. i. 446; sakir orða gnóttar eða skírleiks, MS. 15. 1: mostly in a moral sense, s. andarinnar, Stj. 34, 142, Mar.

n. grotesque monster, phantom.

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n., mostly only in plur. a grotesque monster, a goblin, phantom (with notion of absurdity, unreality, scurrility); stundum dreki, stundum ormr eðr önnur skaðsamlig skrípi, Fas. iii. 342; verði s. ok undr mikit, Nj. 20; skí ok s., Gsp.; þegar myrkva tók, sýndisk honum hverskyns skrípi, Grett. 115: þeir þoldu mikla skömm ok s., Stj. 436; hann var fjölkunnigr ok görði mörg s. ok undr, Bret. 14; þessu kvikendi … er þetta s. berr, glæpafull s., Gd. 3, Fas. iii. 620; ek hefi eigi séð meira s. en þú ert, 654; sel-s., a monster seal; orða-s., scurrilous language, buffoonery.

COMPDS: skrípahöfuð, skrípalát, skrípatal.

(pl. -jar), f. sense, knowledge, understanding; vita, kunna, hafa s. (or skynjar) á e-u, to have knowledge of, understand (Flosi kvazt eigi vita s. á, hverir lögmenn væri mestir); hann kunni allra s. í borginni, he knew all the people in the town; bera s. yfir e-t, to have knowledge of a thing, understand it; gjalda s. fyrir e-t, to give account of, account for; Loki sagði s. á öllum gripum, explained all the objects.

n. = skyn, f. (kunna gott s.).

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n. and f., skynjar, f. pl.; in sing. this word is mostly neut., but in old writers also fem.

α. fem., nökkura skyn, O. H. L. 5; mesta skyn, Edda i. 174; með náttúrligri skyn, Thom. 383; slíka skyn, K. Á. 194; fulla skyn, Clar.

β. neut., gott skyn, Lv. 43; lítið skyn, Nj. 69 (in a verse), Róm. 145; skyns ok skilningar, Cod. Arna-Magn. 234 (vellum); at skyni sjálfs sín, Eb. 248; fullt skyn, Clar. (vellum 657); nokkut skyn, Skáld 11. 63; lítið grasbíta skyn, Nj. (in a verse), and so throughout in mod. usage; the Dan. skjön is also neut.: in other instances when the word stands single in acc. and without an adjective the gender cannot be ascertained.

2. plur., neut., lítil skyn, Fms. vi. 276: fem. skynjar, Sighvat, Fms. v. 209, Fb. i. 207, ii. 332, Sturl. ii. 22 (in a verse), but it is obsolete.

B. Sense, perception, understanding; þessar stjörnur sagði Plato hafa lif ok skyn, Skálda 174; vita, kunna, hafa skyn á e-u. to have a sense of, understand, know; en þessir hafa svá út komit at menn hafi helzt skyn á vitað, Bs. i. 64; Flosi kvaðsk eigi vita skyn á hverir lögmenn væri mestir, Nj. 223; meðal N.N. ok N.N. sonar, sem ér vituð skyn á, Grág. ii. 167; þeir vissu litið skyn a Rómverjum, Róm. 145: líkligt at konungr myndi lítil skyn á mér kunna. Fms. vi. 276; mönnum er vér vitum eigi skyn á, xi. 323; hann kunni allra skyn í borginni, knew all the people in the town, vi. 410; vissi hón skynjar (skyn, i. 186, l. c.) á honum ok ætt hans, Fb. i. 207; gékk hann út um nætr ok sá himintungl, ok hugði at vandiiga, ok kunni þar á. gott skyn, Lv. 43; en Oðinn bar þeim mun vest þenna skaða, sem hann kunni mesta skyn ( he knew best) hversu mikil aftaka ok missa Ásunum var í fráfalli Baldrs, Edda 37, O. H. L. 5; öngar skynjar höfðu þau á heilagri trú, Fb. ii. 332; kunna mestar skynjar e-s, to understand best, Sighvat; veit ek á þvi skynjar, Sturl. ii. 22 (in a verse); bera skyn yfir e-t. to have perception of a thing, understand, perceive it, Fms. xi. 438; sagði skyn á öllum gripum, explained all the objects, Edda i. 342; gjalda skyn fyrir. to give reason for, account for, Bs. i. 198; skal þá hverr gjalda skyn fyrir sín verk ok vilja, Barl. 124; áðr Geirr góði fann þat af skyni sjálfs; síns at honum fakkuðusk skotvápnin, Eb. 248.

II. in the phrase, í e-a skyni, with that meaning, intention; í góðu skyni, with good intent; eg; gaf þér bókina í því skyni, at þú skyldir læra hana.

* * *

1) blow, stroke (slag undir kinnnina); eigast slög við, to come to blows;

2) fig. blow, defeat; veita, gefa e-m slag, to defeat;

3) skirmish, opp. to a pitched battle (jarl átti tvær fólk-orrustur, en mörg slög ok manndráp);

4) nick of time (í þessu slagi koma þeir af sér akkerinu).

* * *

n. [slá; A. S. slæge; Germ. schlag; Dan. slag], a blow, stroke; slag undir kinnina, Fms. viii. 414, Skíða R. 136: blows, a fight, eigask slög við, to come to blows, Ó. H. 321.

II. metaph. a blow, defeat; veita, gefa e-m slag, to defeat, Fms. viii. 82, ix. 238: mostly plur., slaughter, loss; þeir gáfu þeim mörg slög, Fms. ix. 313; fá stór slög ok koma á flótta, vii. 325, Ó. H. 84.

2. a skirmish, opp. to a pitched battle (orrosta); jarl átti tvær fólk-orrostur, en mörg slög ok manndráp, Orkn. 94, Fms. ix. 288.

3. slaughter; slaga-sauðr = slátr-sauðr, Ó. H. 208.

4. medic. a stroke, apoplexy.

5. of time, the nick of time; í þessu slagi koma þeir af sér akkerinu, Sturl. iii. 67; annat slagið, the one moment.

B. slag, n., a different word (?), [Swed. slagg], wet, water penetrating walls or houses, = slagi; hlífa svá, at eigi komi slag á veggi, protect the walls from damp, N. G. L. ii. 106 (skott eða slag, vegg-slag, v. l.)

1) rough to the touch (snarpt hárklæði);

2) keen, sharp, of a weapon (snörp øx, snarpt sverð);

3) vehement, hard (snörp atganga, orrosta); inn snarpasti kuldi, the bitterest cold;

4) smart, dashing, of persons (manna snarpastr í orrostum);

5) barren, rugged, = skarpr( land illt ok snarpt).

* * *

snörp, snarpt, adj. rough to the touch, opp. to linr; snarpr átöku, hárklæði ok snarpa yfirhöfn, Barl. 97; mostly used metaph.

II. keen, of a weapon; snörp öx, Sturl. ii. 230; með snarpri ör, Mar.; snarpt sverð, Sturl. iii. 63; snörp egg, Skv. 3. 58; s. tindr, Bs. ii. 87; snarpir ok hvassir, Hom. (St.); snarpt auga, Þiðr. 179, opp. to linr; lina eða snarpa, Skálda 175; linan anda eða snarpan, 179.

2. dashing, smart, of a person; inn blauði sem inn snarpi, Róm. 273; snarpir sveinar, Orkn. (in a verse); manna snarpastr í orrostum, Fms. vi. 60; inn snarpasta hund Víga, Fb. i. 387: of an action, snarpari bardagi, Fms. x. 314; snarpa atgöngu, Gullþ. 12, Karl. 247; snörp vörn, Fms. vi. 156; snarpasta orrosta, Eg. 297, Fb. ii. 44; inn snarpasti kuldi, smartest cold, Fms. ii. 228; snarpr dauði, Magn. 486; snarpr vetr, Róm. 259; land svá íllt ok snarpt, Sks. 21 new Ed.

* * *

(snert; snart, snurtum; snortinn), v.

1) to touch (snart oddr sverðsins kvið Hrómundar); s. við e-t, to touch (s. við klæði e-s);

2) fig. to touch, concern (sókn ok vörn mála þeirra, er okkr snerta).

(-rta), v. to quaff off quickly (snerti Hrungnir ór hverri skál).

1) short distance (B. var í skóginum ok snertu eina frá þeim);

2) = snerra.

* * *

pres. snertr, Pr. 427; pret. snart, plur. snurtu, Helr. 9; subj. snyrti, Mar. 528; part. snortinn: a medial form, snertumk, Landn. (in a verse), Korm. 246 (in a verse): in mod. usage mostly weak, pres. pret. snerti, part. snertr; the strong form is, however, freq. in the Bible, snortið, Luke viii. 46, 47; hver snart mig, 45; hún snart fald hans klæða, 44:—to touch; snart oddr sverðsins kvið Hrómundar, Fas. ii. 375; sveiflandi einu saxi sem fyrst var ván at snyrti, Mar. l. c.; snertumk harmr í hjarta hrót, grief touches the heart’s core, Landn. (in a verse); snertumk hjörr við hjarta, Kormak; hafa snortið hjarta e-s, Bs. i. 769; þótt hann sé nokkuð snortinn, ii. 88; snart hann þó með engu móti borðit, Stj. 210; ú-telgðum steinum þeim sem ekki járn hafði snortið, 366; sem hann snart bein hins helga manns, 634; ó-snortin móðir = the Virgin-mother, Mar.

2. s. við, to touch on; hann hefir sigr hvar sem hann snertir við, Al. 136; ef vér snertum eigi við þá hluti, H. E. i. 461; síkr snart við sæþráð, the fish snapped at the hook, Skálda (in a verse); ok snart við klæði þau, er …, Bs. i. 311.

II. metaph. to touch, concern; mála þeirra er okkr snerta, Lv. 74; þetta sama snertr marga of mjök, Pr. 427.

(gen. snæfar or snævar), m. snow, = snjár, snjór.

* * *

m., this word has three different forms, snær, snjár, snjór; (analogous to sær, sjár, sjór; slær, sljár, sljór; mær, mjár, mjór); of these snær is the oldest, snjár rare, snjór prevalent in mod. usage: gen. snæs; acc. snæ, snjá, snjó: before a vowel the v (also written f) appears, snjófar, Bs. i. 198; dat. snævi, 656 A. ii. 8; snjávi, 623. 3; snjófi, Vtkv. 5, Dipl. ii. 14; nom. pl. snjóvar, Hdl. 41, Bs. i. 198, etc.; acc. gen. pl. snjófa, Lv. 25, Dipl. ii. 14; snjáva, Fms. ii. 97; dat. pl. snævum (snjávum, Fms. ix. 233), snjávum, snjóvum: in mod. usage the v has been dropped, dat. snjó, pl. snjóar, snjóa; this shortened form also occurs in old writers, esp. before the suffixed article, snænum, K. Þ. K. 6 (Kb.); snæ (dat.), Grág. ii. 88; snjánum, K. Þ. K. 12 B; snjónum, Bs. i. 198: [Ulf. snaiws; common to all Teut. languages, as also to Gr. and Lat., though without the initial s.]

A. Snow; snævi hvítara, 656 A. ii. 8; snjávi hvítari, Niðrst. l. c.; hvítar sem snjár, Hkr. i. 71; hafði snjá lagt á fjöllin, 46; en er váraði ok nokkut leysti snjó ór hlíðum, Fs. 25; sem sólskin snæ lægir, Anal. 283; snjór var á jörðu, Gísl. 32; er snjó lagði á heiðar, Orkn. 4; snjó ef snjór er, sjó et sjór er, N. G. L. i. 339; snjór var fallinn, Fms. viii. 171; lagði á þá snjáva ok úfærðir, ii. 97; nú náir eigi vatni, getr snjó, K. Þ. K. 6 (Kb.); með snjófi ok frosti, Dipl. ii. 14; þá vóru snjófar miklir, Eg. 543; sakir frosts ok snjóva, Dipl. ii. 14, and passim.

II. in pr. names, mostly the older form Snæ-, Snæ-björn, Snæ-kollr, Snæ-laug (spelt Snjó-laug, Bs. i. 285, note 4): contr., Snjólfr, qs. Snæ-úlfr. snjóvar-fullr, adj. full of snow, Bs. i. 198.

B. COMPDS: snæblandinn, snæfall, Snæfjöll, snæfugl, Snæfuglsstaðir, snæfölva, snæhús, snæhvítr, snækollr, snækváma, snækökkr, Snæland, snælauss, snæliga, snælítill, snæljós, snæmikit, snænám, snæskafa, snæskriða, snævetr, snæþryma.

1) steerer, ruler (gumna s.);

2) stone anchor.

* * *

a, m. a steerer, ruler, Lex. Poët., mostly in compds.

a, m. a kind of stone anchor (Gr. εὐνή); hleypa niðr stjóra, Eg. 142; draga stjóra, to weigh the s., Hallgr.: metaph. phrase, taka stjórann, to ‘cut and run.’

(pl. -ir), f.

1) a certain length of time, a while;

var s. til dags, it was a while before daybreak;

er á leið stundina, in the course of time, after a while;

þat var s. ein, it was but a short time;

er stundir líða (fram), as time goes on;

dvelja af stundir, to kill the time;

lítil er líðandi stund, brief is the fleeting hour;

2) adverbial phrases;

af stundu, ere long, soon;

af annarri stundu, ‘the next while’, ere long;

á lítilli stundu, in a little while;

fyrir stundu, a while ago;

langri stundu fyrr, a long while before;

um s., for a while;

litla (skamma) s., for a short while;

allar stundir, always;

alla s., all the time;

s. af s., s. frá s., little by little, by degrees;

stundum (dat.), at times, sometimes

3) little distance, a little way, a bit (hann stóð s. frá dyrunum);

4) hour;

tvær stundir dags, two hours;

5) pains, exertion;

leggja s. á e-t, to take pains about a thing.

n. dust (gneri hann of andlit honum moldar stundinu).

* * *

f., dat. stundu, pl. stundir, with neg. suff. stund-gi, q. v.; [A. S. stund; Old Engl. stound; Dan. stund; Germ. stunde]:—a certain length of time, a while, hour, of a longer or shorter time according to the context, mostly of a short time; en er at þeirri stundu kom at hón mundi barn ala, Fms. i. 14; var stund til dags, it was a while before daybreak, Ld. 44; stund var í milli ( a good while) er þeir sá framstafninn ok inn eptri kom fram, Fms. ii. 304; langa stund eðr skamma, for a long while or a short, Grág. i. 155; langri stundu fyrr, long ere, Fms. ix. 450; litla stund, a little while, for a short time, MS. 623. 32, Bs. i. 42, Eg. 160; jafnlanga stund sem áðr var tínt, Grág. i. 406; er á stundina líðr, er á leið stundina, in the course of time, after a while, Fms. x. 392, 404; jarl mælti er stund leið, after a while, Fær. 93; þat var allt á einni stundu, er … ok, that was all at the same moment, Bs. i. 339; var ok stundin eigi löng, it was but a short time, Fms. iv. 361; þat var stund ein, but a short time, 623. 32; allar stundir, always, Fms, i. 219, xi. 76; nú líða stundir, the the time passes on, Fær. 23; er stundir líða, as time goes on, in course of time, Nj. 54; vera þar þeim stundum sem hann vildi, whenever he liked, Ísl. ii. 205; stundu eptir Jól, a while after Yule, Fms. ix. 33; stundu síðarr enn Skalla-Grímr hafði út komit, Eg. 137;. alla stund, the whole time, all the time, Fær. 123; á þeirri stundu, er …, during the time, that…, in the meantime. Fms. xi. 360, K. Þ. K. 33 new Ed.; á þessi stundu, Eg. 424; fyrir stundar sakir, in respect of time, Gþl. 31; but um stundar sakir, but for a while; dvelja af stundir, to kill the time, Band. 23 new Ed.; hann gáði eigi stundanna, Fms. v. 195: savings, opt verðr lítil stand at seinum, Líkn.; lítil er líðandi stund, brief is the fleeting hour, Hkr. i. 154; hvat bíðr sinnar stundar, Grett. 168 new Ed.: allit., staðr ok stund, place and time.

2. adverbial phrases; af stundu, ere long, soon, Íb. 12; fundusk þeir af stundu, Sighvat; munu þeir margir hans úvinir af stundu, er …, Ld. 146, Fms. vii. 159, xi. 357; af annarri stundu, ‘the next while,’ ere long, Band. 27 new Ed.; fyrir stundu, a while ago, Ölk.; um stund, for a while, Fb. i. 170, Ísl. ii. 260; nú um stund, now for a while, Grág. i. 317: stundum (dat.), [cp. A. S. stundum], at times, sometimes, Ld. 256, Fms. i. 14; optliga allar saman en stundum ( but now and then) sér hverir, 52; stundum … stundum, sometimes … sometimes, Sks. 96; gaus upp eldrinn stundum en stundum sloknaði, alternately, Nj. 204.

3. in a local sense, a certain little distance, a little way, a bit; hann stóð stund frá dyrunum, Bs. i. 660; hann hafði tjaldat upp frá stund þá; stund þá, a bit, Fms. xi. 85; jarðhús-munna er stund þá var brott frá bænum, Fær. 169; þar í brekkunni stund frá þeim, Rd. 316; stund er til stokksins önnur til steinsins, Hbl., cp. Germ. stunde.

4. gen. stundar, stundar hríð, a good while, Hkr. i. 150: very, quite, with an adjective, stundar fast, Grett. 84 new Ed.; stundar-hart, Fms. iv. 153; stundar hátt, vi. 303, Eg. 408; stundar mikill, Þorf. Karl. 426; öx stundar mikil, Fbr. 12; stundar heilráðr, Eb. 54.

II. an hour, adding ‘dags’ (cp. Lat. hora diei); í dægri era stundir tólf, Rb. 6; önnur, þriðja stund dags, Mar., Fms. iii. 57; eina stund dags, 623. 29; tvær stundir dags, two hours, Fms. x. 218; of þrjár stundir dags, 623. 14.

III. metaph. care, pains, exertion; leggja stund á e-t, to take pains, Ísl. ii. 341; leggja hér mikla stund á, to make great exertion, Boll. 354; leggja mesta stund á, Nj. 31; leggja minni (litla, önga) stund á, Ísl. ii. 347.

COMPDS: stundarél, stundarhríð, stundaklukka, stundarstefna, stundatal, stundarvegr, stundarþögn.

adj. (-liga, adv.), temporal, worldly, opp. to eilífr (mostly eccl.), Sks. 794, Blas. 44, Fms. i. 274, x. 371.

a. some; þá féll áin sum í landsuðr, a branch of the stream ran away to the south-east; á sumu landinu, in some part of the land; þó gekk sumt eptir, still some things came to pass; sums kostar, partly; sums staðar, in some places.

* * *

adj. [Ulf. sums = τίς; common to all Teut. languages, but mostly with o; Dan. somme; Engl. some]:—some; þá fell áin sum ( some part of the river) í landsuðr, Nj. 263; hann rænti fólk, en drap sumt, sumt hertók hann, Fms. i. 28; Anakol ok sum sveitin var eptir, Orkn.; yðr þykkir sumt ofjarl en sumt ekki at manna, Fms. vi. 53.

2. plur., sumra presta, H. E. i. 513; sumir … guldu fé, sumir …, Hkr. i. 89; Hvat görðu húskarlar Njáls? Eigi veit ek hvat sumir görðu, einn ók skarni á hóla, Nj. 66.

COMPDS: sumskostar, sumstaðar.

1) tame, = tamiðr, of a colt;

2) familiar, ready (þat varð tamast, sem í œskunni hafði numit).

* * *

töm, tamt, adj.; [A. S. tam; Engl. tame; O. H. G. zam, etc.; see temja]:—used in Icel. mostly in the sense of ready; þat varð tamast sem í æskunni hafði numit, Grett. 150; allskonar leikar er tíðir ok tamir vóru, Karl. 482; emk-at ek tamr at samna skrökvi, Ó. H. (in a verse); víg-tamr, val-tamr, Veg-tamr, gang-tamr, ready for, used to…, Lex. Poët.

2. = tamiðr, tame, of a colt; ílla tamr, Hm. 89; ú-tamr, untamed, wild. tams-vöndr, m. a taming-wand, Skm. 26.

(gen. -ar; pl. -ir, acc. -u), m. a ten, decade, = tegr, tøgr, togr, tugr; tíu tigir manna, one hundred men; hálfan fjórða tøg skipa, thirty-five ships; sex ins fimta tigar, forty-six; vetri fátt í fjóra tigu, thirty-nine years.

* * *

tegr, also tögr, togr, tugr, m., gen. tigar, pl. tigir, acc. tigu (tögo, tugu), later tigi, Band. 36, Fb. iii. 578; [a Goth. tigus is suggested by the adj. -tigjus; A. S. tig, teg; O. H. G. zic, zuc; Germ. zebn; Dan. ty; Engl. ten.]

A. A ten, decade. The ancient Scandinavians and Teutons had no indeclinable numeral adjectives from twenty to a hundred; the word tigr (like hundrað and þúsund) being a regular substantive. The ancient way of counting is therefore complex and curious; e. g. forty-one was called ‘four tens and one’ or ‘one of the fifth decade;’ forty-eight was called ‘four tens and eight,’ or by counting back, ‘five tens short of two,’ cp. the Lat. un-de-viginti, duo-de-triginta: forty-five was called ‘half the fifth ten,’ and so on, as will best be seen from the references below; and so it goes on to ‘one hundred and twenty,’ for in Icel. a hundred means the duodecimal hundred. In the 14th century (in deeds) ‘tigr’ began to lose its character of a substantive, eg. þrjátigir, fimtigir …, or þrjátigi, fimtigi (used inclecl.), whence at last came the mod. þrjátíu, fjörutíu, fimtíu …, the tíu being a contracted form from the acc. pl. tigu. At the same time hundrað and þúsund became indecl. adjectives, e. g. þrjátiu, brjúhundruð, þrjuþúsund skipum, for the old þrem tiguin hundruðum, þúsundum skipa.

B. REFERENCES: þessi vetr fylidi annan tög aldrs Magnúss konungs, this winter completed the second ten, i. e. the twentieth year, of king Magnus’ life, Fms. vi. 90; þat skipti tögum, it amounted to tens, several tens, ii. 32; þrjá tigu manna, three tens of men, Eg. 41; á þrem tigum daga, on three tens of days, 656 A. ii. 14; þrír tigir hundraða, Dipl. v. 2; níu tigu manna, Eg. 62; þrettán tigi aura, Band. 36; nær fjórum tigum faðma töðu, well-nigh four tens of fathoms, i. e. forty, Dipl. v. 18; fjóra togo dægra, 655 iii. 3; sex togo hundraða, D.I. i. 350; sex tigir manna, Grág. ii. 194; sex tigir þúsunda manna, Post.; sex tigu hundraða, six tens of hundreds, i. e. sixty hundred, i. e. six thousand, Orkn. 416 old Ed.; tíu tigir manna, ten tens of men, i. e. one hundred, Nj. 191; tíu tigo fjár, K. Þ. K. 140; tíu tigum ásauðar, a hundred sheep, Dipl. v. 19; tíu tegu bæja, Fms. viii. 203: ellifu tigir vætta skreiðar, eleven tens, i. e. one hundred and ten, 655 iii. 4; even, þrettán tigi aura, thirteen tens, i. e. one hundred and thirty, Band. 36; fimtán tigum sinna, fifteen tens, i. e. one hundred and fifty, Dipl. ii. 14: repeating, fjóra tigi vetra ok fjóra vetr, four tens of winters and four winters, i. e. forty-four years, ÓH. (pref.); með tveim skipum ok átta togum skipa, Fms. x. 394; sex tigi vetra ok fjóra vetr, Ó. H. (pref.); þrjá tigi ára ok sex ár, three tens of years and six years, Bs. i. 30; eitt skip ok sjau tigu skipa, i. e. seventy-one, Fms. x. 344; hálfan fjórða tög vetra, half the fourth decade, i. e. thirty-five, vi. 430; hálfan fjórða tög skipa, i. 76; hálfr fimti tugr kúgilda, half the fifth decade, i. e. forty-five, Dipl. v. 18; hálfr þriði tögr manna, Ísl. ii. 387, Ld. 292; hálfr átti tögr kirkna, seventy-five, Clem.; á einu ári ins fimmta tigar konungdóms Hákonar, on the first year of the fifth ten, i. e. forty-first, Sturl. iii. 308; hann hafði vetr ens sétta tigar, one winter of the sixth ten, i. e. fifty-one, Fms. ix. 534; á öðru ári ens fjórða tigar, i. 67; annann vetr ens fjórða tigar konungdóms hans, Fms. x. 33, Bs. i. 74; fjóra vetr ens tíunda tegar, Ó. H. (pref.); sex ens fjórða tigar, i. e. thirty-six, Thorodd; vikur tvær ens sétta tegar, i. e. fifty-two, Íb. 7; hann hafði sjau vetr ens sjaunda tigar, i. e. sixty-seven, Ld. 330; á enum sjaunda vetri ens sjaunda tugar aldrs síns, Eb. 125 new Ed.; á enum sétta vetri ens átta tugar aldrs síns, Sturl. ii. 187; Þorkell hafði átta vetr ens fimta tigar þá er hann druknaði, i. e. forty-eight, Ld. 326; átta dagar ens níunda tegar, i. e. eighty-two, 1812. 49; átta aurar ens fimta tigar, Grág. ii. 144; á níunda ári ens sjaunda tigar ens tíunda hundraðs, in the ninth year of the seventh ten of the tenth hundred (i. e. 969 A. D.), Fms. i. 67; þá var Egill á níunda tigi, then was Egil in the ninth ten ( between eighty and ninety years of age), Eg. 764; vetri fátt í fjóra tigu, one year short of four tens, i. e. thirty-nine, Fms. x. 2, v. l.; lítið fátt í fimm tigi vetra, iii. 60; einu ári fátt í fimm tigi, i. e. forty-nine, … vetri einum fátt í níu tigi ára gamall, i. e. aged eighty-nine, Fb. iii. 578: curious is the phrase, af-tig gamall, = Lat. unde-viginti, aged ‘lacking twenty,’ i. e. nineteen years old, Fms. vii. 84 (in a verse); the context and chronology shew that this is the sense, and not as explained in Lex. Poët. s. v. afstigr: níu tigir ok tvau ár (elliptically dropping gen. ára), Dipl. v. 3; whence lastly as adj., þrítigir álnir (sic) lérepts, id.; fjöre-tiger manns, Bs. i. 867. As this method was somewhat unwieldy, the counting by twenty was also resorted to, cp. Gramm. xxi, sex merkr ok tuttugu; spænir þrír ok tuttugu, … sjautján merkr ok tuttugu, Bs. i. 874 (Laur. S.), or the word tigr was altogether discarded, and replaced by skor or sneis (Engl. score, Dan. snees). ☞ As in vellums the numbers are mostly represented by Roman figures, and abbreviations used, the editions cannot in these cases be implicitly relied on; the same is the case with old texts preserved in mod. paper transcripts.