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mid-century

  • 101 signatura

    f.
    1 catalog number.
    2 signature (firma).
    3 identifying tag.
    4 pressmark.
    5 identification.
    * * *
    1 (en biblioteca) catalogue (US catalog) number
    2 (firma) signature
    3 (en impresión) signature
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Mús, Tip) signature
    2) [de biblioteca] catalogue number, catalog number (EEUU), press mark
    * * *
    femenino ( en bibliotecas) catalog* o call number; (Impr) signature
    * * *
    = direction line, signature.
    Nota: Señal que antiguamente se colocaba al pie de los pliegos para indicarle al encuadernador el orden que éstos debían seguir.
    Ex. It became usual in the mid sixteenth century to complete each page with the first word of the following page set as a catchword at the end of the direction line.
    Ex. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries printers got over the resulting difficulties by adding (usually adjacent to the colophon) a summary of the signatures called the register.
    ----
    * área de signatura topográfica = shelf list area.
    * explicación de las signaturas = statement of signing.
    * letra de signatura = signature-letter.
    * mención de las signaturas = statement of signing.
    * signatura topográfica = call mark, call number, shelf list number, shelf mark, shelf notation, shelf number.
    * signatura topográfica de Cutter = Cutter mark, Cutter numbers.
    * signatura topográfica local = local call number.
    * * *
    femenino ( en bibliotecas) catalog* o call number; (Impr) signature
    * * *
    = direction line, signature.
    Nota: Señal que antiguamente se colocaba al pie de los pliegos para indicarle al encuadernador el orden que éstos debían seguir.

    Ex: It became usual in the mid sixteenth century to complete each page with the first word of the following page set as a catchword at the end of the direction line.

    Ex: During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries printers got over the resulting difficulties by adding (usually adjacent to the colophon) a summary of the signatures called the register.
    * área de signatura topográfica = shelf list area.
    * explicación de las signaturas = statement of signing.
    * letra de signatura = signature-letter.
    * mención de las signaturas = statement of signing.
    * signatura topográfica = call mark, call number, shelf list number, shelf mark, shelf notation, shelf number.
    * signatura topográfica de Cutter = Cutter mark, Cutter numbers.
    * signatura topográfica local = local call number.

    * * *
    1 (en bibliotecas) catalog* o call number
    2 ( Impr) signature
    3 ( frml) (firma) signature
    * * *

    signatura sustantivo femenino
    1 signature
    2 (en ediciones) press mark, library number
    * * *
    1. [en biblioteca] catalogue number
    2. [firma] signature
    3. Imprenta signature

    Spanish-English dictionary > signatura

  • 102 sociedad de beneficiencia

    (n.) = friendly society, provident society, mutual benefit society
    Ex. The origins of this institution -- part trade union, part friendly society, and part social club -- are obscure, but chapels were well established by the mid sixteenth century in the larger continental shops.
    Ex. Wilson thought that most of these objectives were unattainable by provident societies, since they were governed by people of various religious denominations.
    Ex. Most mutual benefit societies formed to provide financial assistance for members who were unable to work because of illness, funeral and burial expenses, pensions for widows and orphans, and low-interest loans.
    * * *
    (n.) = friendly society, provident society, mutual benefit society

    Ex: The origins of this institution -- part trade union, part friendly society, and part social club -- are obscure, but chapels were well established by the mid sixteenth century in the larger continental shops.

    Ex: Wilson thought that most of these objectives were unattainable by provident societies, since they were governed by people of various religious denominations.
    Ex: Most mutual benefit societies formed to provide financial assistance for members who were unable to work because of illness, funeral and burial expenses, pensions for widows and orphans, and low-interest loans.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sociedad de beneficiencia

  • 103 sociedad de socorros mutuos

    (n.) = friendly society, provident society, mutual benefit society
    Ex. The origins of this institution -- part trade union, part friendly society, and part social club -- are obscure, but chapels were well established by the mid sixteenth century in the larger continental shops.
    Ex. Wilson thought that most of these objectives were unattainable by provident societies, since they were governed by people of various religious denominations.
    Ex. Most mutual benefit societies formed to provide financial assistance for members who were unable to work because of illness, funeral and burial expenses, pensions for widows and orphans, and low-interest loans.
    * * *
    (n.) = friendly society, provident society, mutual benefit society

    Ex: The origins of this institution -- part trade union, part friendly society, and part social club -- are obscure, but chapels were well established by the mid sixteenth century in the larger continental shops.

    Ex: Wilson thought that most of these objectives were unattainable by provident societies, since they were governed by people of various religious denominations.
    Ex: Most mutual benefit societies formed to provide financial assistance for members who were unable to work because of illness, funeral and burial expenses, pensions for widows and orphans, and low-interest loans.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sociedad de socorros mutuos

  • 104 sucursal

    adj.
    filial, branch.
    f.
    1 branch.
    2 subsidiary, branch office, branch, chapter.
    * * *
    1 (oficina) branch, branch office
    2 (delegación) subsidiary
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF (=oficina local) branch, branch office; (=filial) subsidiary
    * * *
    femenino (de banco, comercio) branch; ( de empresa) office
    * * *
    = off-shoot [offshoot], site, branch, chapel, off-site outlet, satellite.
    Nota: Adjetivo.
    Ex. These can be either off-shoots of a main bureau or a necklace of sub-bureaux run from a purely administrative centre.
    Ex. These sites have been operating CARTO-NET in close collaboration with one another.
    Ex. The most significant response has been the growth in every town of a widening range of citizen action groups -- consumer groups, parent-teacher associations and branches of CASE, Shelter groups, Civic Trust groups, tenants' and residents' associations and many other kinds of 'grass roots' organisation.
    Ex. The origins of this institution -- part trade union, part friendly society, and part social club -- are obscure, but chapels were well established by the mid sixteenth century in the larger continental shops.
    Ex. The library may circulate materials at off-site outlets such as shopping malls, community facilities, nursing homes, jails, and so forth.
    Ex. Nevertheless a small satellite library and reference service operates in the European Parliament building in the rue Belliard, Brussels = No obstante, existe un pequeño servicio sucursal bibliotecario y de referencia en el edificio del Parlamento Europeo de la calle Belliard en Bruselas.
    ----
    * biblioteca sucursal = library branch.
    * sucursal de biblioteca situada en un centro comercial = storefront library.
    * * *
    femenino (de banco, comercio) branch; ( de empresa) office
    * * *
    = off-shoot [offshoot], site, branch, chapel, off-site outlet, satellite.
    Nota: Adjetivo.

    Ex: These can be either off-shoots of a main bureau or a necklace of sub-bureaux run from a purely administrative centre.

    Ex: These sites have been operating CARTO-NET in close collaboration with one another.
    Ex: The most significant response has been the growth in every town of a widening range of citizen action groups -- consumer groups, parent-teacher associations and branches of CASE, Shelter groups, Civic Trust groups, tenants' and residents' associations and many other kinds of 'grass roots' organisation.
    Ex: The origins of this institution -- part trade union, part friendly society, and part social club -- are obscure, but chapels were well established by the mid sixteenth century in the larger continental shops.
    Ex: The library may circulate materials at off-site outlets such as shopping malls, community facilities, nursing homes, jails, and so forth.
    Ex: Nevertheless a small satellite library and reference service operates in the European Parliament building in the rue Belliard, Brussels = No obstante, existe un pequeño servicio sucursal bibliotecario y de referencia en el edificio del Parlamento Europeo de la calle Belliard en Bruselas.
    * biblioteca sucursal = library branch.
    * sucursal de biblioteca situada en un centro comercial = storefront library.

    * * *
    (de un banco, comercio) branch; (de una empresa) office
    * * *

     

    sucursal sustantivo femenino (de banco, comercio) branch;
    ( de empresa) office
    sucursal f Com branch
    ' sucursal' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agencia
    English:
    branch
    - subsidiary
    - agency
    * * *
    [de banco] branch; [de empresa] office
    * * *
    f COM branch
    * * *
    : branch (of a business)
    * * *
    sucursal n branch [pl. branches]

    Spanish-English dictionary > sucursal

  • 105 tallar

    m.
    coppice, small wood, thicket, copse.
    v.
    1 to carve (esculpir) (madera, piedra).
    El joyero grabó el anillo The jeweller engraved the ring.
    2 to measure (the height of).
    3 to scrub (limpiar). (Mexican Spanish)
    * * *
    1 (madera, piedra) to carve, shape; (piedras preciosas) to cut; (metales) to engrave
    2 (medir) to measure the height of
    3 (valorar) to value, appraise
    4 (en naipes) to deal
    * * *
    verb
    2) cut
    * * *
    I
    1. VT
    1) [+ madera] to carve, work; [+ piedra] to sculpt; [+ diamante] to cut; [+ metal] to engrave
    2) [+ persona] to measure (the height of)
    3) (Naipes) to deal
    2.
    VI (Naipes) to deal, be banker
    3.
    See:
    II *
    1. VT
    1) And (=fastidiar) to bother, annoy
    2) And (=azotar) to beat
    2.
    VI Cono Sur (=chismear) to gossip; [amantes] to whisper sweet nothings
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) < madera> to carve; <escultura/mármol> to sculpt; < piedras preciosas> to cut
    2) (Esp) < reclutas> to measure ( and kit out)
    3) (Méx)
    a) ( para limpiar) to scrub
    b) ( para aliviar) to rub
    2.
    tallar vi (Col) zapatos (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    3.
    tallarse v pron
    1) (Méx) ( para limpiarse) to scrub oneself; ( para aliviar) to rub oneself
    2) (Méx fam) ( batallar mucho) to work one's butt off (AmE colloq), to slog one's guts out (BrE colloq)
    * * *
    = carve, cut, carve out, hew, chisel.
    Ex. What the presidency needs is a job description; not one carved in a tablet of stone and certainly not one which would form all future presidents in the same sanitised mould.
    Ex. Fraktur, cut with a contrived formality that belied its cursive origins, became the most successful of all the gothic types, surviving as a book face in Germany until the mid twentieth century.
    Ex. In consequence, deafened people have to carve out a sense of identity by developing associations & communicative strategies.
    Ex. Oak was shaped by splitting with wooden wedges, and by hewing with axes or adzes.
    Ex. It was a huge space with hundreds of workers, some digging ditches, some mixing cement, some laying bricks and one chiseling a piece of marble into a statue.
    ----
    * tallar con una navaja = whittle.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) < madera> to carve; <escultura/mármol> to sculpt; < piedras preciosas> to cut
    2) (Esp) < reclutas> to measure ( and kit out)
    3) (Méx)
    a) ( para limpiar) to scrub
    b) ( para aliviar) to rub
    2.
    tallar vi (Col) zapatos (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    3.
    tallarse v pron
    1) (Méx) ( para limpiarse) to scrub oneself; ( para aliviar) to rub oneself
    2) (Méx fam) ( batallar mucho) to work one's butt off (AmE colloq), to slog one's guts out (BrE colloq)
    * * *
    = carve, cut, carve out, hew, chisel.

    Ex: What the presidency needs is a job description; not one carved in a tablet of stone and certainly not one which would form all future presidents in the same sanitised mould.

    Ex: Fraktur, cut with a contrived formality that belied its cursive origins, became the most successful of all the gothic types, surviving as a book face in Germany until the mid twentieth century.
    Ex: In consequence, deafened people have to carve out a sense of identity by developing associations & communicative strategies.
    Ex: Oak was shaped by splitting with wooden wedges, and by hewing with axes or adzes.
    Ex: It was a huge space with hundreds of workers, some digging ditches, some mixing cement, some laying bricks and one chiseling a piece of marble into a statue.
    * tallar con una navaja = whittle.

    * * *
    tallar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹madera› to carve
    una cruz tallada en madera a cross carved in wood
    2 ‹escultura/figura/mármol› to sculpt
    3 ‹piedras preciosas› to cut
    B ‹reclutas› to measure ( and kit out)
    C ( Méx)
    1 (para limpiar) to scrub
    ■ tallar
    vi
    ( Col) «zapatos» (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    estas botas me tallan these boots are too tight for me, these boots are pinching me
    A ( Méx) (para limpiarse) to scrub oneself; (para aliviar) to rub oneself
    no te talles los ojos don't rub your eyes
    B ( Méx fam) (batallar mucho) to work one's butt off ( AmE colloq), to slog one's guts out ( BrE colloq)
    * * *

    tallar ( conjugate tallar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹ madera› to carve;
    ‹escultura/mármol› to sculpt;
    ‹ piedras preciosas› to cut
    2 (Méx)


    verbo intransitivo (Col) [ zapatos] to be too tight
    tallarse verbo pronominal (Méx)


    ‹ ojos› to rub
    tallar verbo transitivo
    1 (dar forma, esculpir) to sculpt
    (piedras preciosas) to cut
    (la madera) to carve
    (el metal) to engrave
    2 (medir a una persona) to measure the height of
    ' tallar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    talla
    English:
    carve
    - chisel
    - cut
    - shape
    - scrub
    - uncut
    - whittle
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [esculpir] [madera] to carve;
    [piedra] to sculpt, to carve; [metal] to sculpt; [piedra preciosa] to cut;
    talló un corazón en el árbol he carved a heart in the tree trunk
    2. [medir] to measure (the height of)
    3. Méx [limpiar] to scrub
    4. Méx [masajear] to rub
    * * *
    v/t
    1 madera carve; piedra sculpt; piedra preciosa cut
    rub; al lavarse scrub
    * * *
    tallar vt
    1) : to sculpt, to carve
    2) : to measure (someone's height)
    3) : to deal (cards)
    * * *
    tallar vb (esculpir) to carve

    Spanish-English dictionary > tallar

  • 106 tener fijación por

    (v.) = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to)
    Ex. But the mid-20th century -- being hipped on the whole nuclear family ideal -- went into a state of denial about incest and molestation within families.
    Ex. So a man today can get very hipped on Peace as an abstract concept, but if he were ever to be asked to go out and fight a future Hitler his stance would certainly change.
    * * *
    (v.) = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to)

    Ex: But the mid-20th century -- being hipped on the whole nuclear family ideal -- went into a state of denial about incest and molestation within families.

    Ex: So a man today can get very hipped on Peace as an abstract concept, but if he were ever to be asked to go out and fight a future Hitler his stance would certainly change.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tener fijación por

  • 107 tener obsesión con

    (v.) = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to)
    Ex. But the mid-20th century -- being hipped on the whole nuclear family ideal -- went into a state of denial about incest and molestation within families.
    Ex. So a man today can get very hipped on Peace as an abstract concept, but if he were ever to be asked to go out and fight a future Hitler his stance would certainly change.
    * * *
    (v.) = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to)

    Ex: But the mid-20th century -- being hipped on the whole nuclear family ideal -- went into a state of denial about incest and molestation within families.

    Ex: So a man today can get very hipped on Peace as an abstract concept, but if he were ever to be asked to go out and fight a future Hitler his stance would certainly change.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tener obsesión con

  • 108 tipo de imprenta

    (n.) = book face, printing type, type
    Ex. Fraktur, cut with a contrived formality that belied its cursive origins, became the most successful of all the gothic types, surviving as a book face in Germany until the mid twentieth century.
    Ex. Printing types were cast in an alloy of lead, antimony, and tin called type-metal.
    Ex. Plaster was mixed with water and poured over the type, and allowed to set; when it had hardened it was lifted off the page (the oil preventing it from sticking to the type), and baked hard in an oven.
    * * *
    (n.) = book face, printing type, type

    Ex: Fraktur, cut with a contrived formality that belied its cursive origins, became the most successful of all the gothic types, surviving as a book face in Germany until the mid twentieth century.

    Ex: Printing types were cast in an alloy of lead, antimony, and tin called type-metal.
    Ex: Plaster was mixed with water and poured over the type, and allowed to set; when it had hardened it was lifted off the page (the oil preventing it from sticking to the type), and baked hard in an oven.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tipo de imprenta

  • 109 tosco

    1 (basto) rough, rustic
    2 (persona) uncouth
    * * *
    ADJ coarse, rough, crude
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo
    a) <utensilio/mueble/construcción> crude, basic; < tela> coarse, rough
    b) <persona/manos> rough; < lenguaje> unrefined; < modales> coarse
    * * *
    = crude [cruder -comp., crudest -sup.], benighted, rugged, rough [rougher -comp., roughest -sup.], clunky [clunkier -comp., clunkiest -sup.], coarsened, coarse [coarser -comp.; coarsest -sup.], rough and rugged, unpolished, crass [crasser -comp., crassest -sup.].
    Ex. Keywords or indexing terms may serve as a crude indicator of subject scope of a document.
    Ex. Are we not making a rather benighted assumption that tools should be extensions of our human faculties?.
    Ex. This article describes a prototype kiosk which, despite being rugged, would be better suited to location within a public building = Este artículo describe un prototipo de kiosco que, a pesar de su apariencia tosca, sería más adecuado para ubicarlo dentro de un edificio público.
    Ex. In addition they are able to sustain the library services in this rough terrain.
    Ex. The simplest tack would be to include the metadata in the notes field but sorting by metadata attributes is problematic and clunky.
    Ex. Van Dijck's widely-used italics of the mid seventeenth century were slightly coarsened versions of Granjon's types.
    Ex. The sections of a book were stapled to a coarse cloth backing, but unfortunately the staples soon rusted and became brittle.
    Ex. The western shoreline of Lake Superior has rough and rugged beauty.
    Ex. It seems too rush, too unpolished to be a final product.
    Ex. In these new book, he is still at bay, pursued by the hounds of desire and anxiety in a literary world ever more crass.
    ----
    * de aspecto tosco = rough-looking.
    * de un modo tosco = crudely.
    * hacer tosco = coarsen.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo
    a) <utensilio/mueble/construcción> crude, basic; < tela> coarse, rough
    b) <persona/manos> rough; < lenguaje> unrefined; < modales> coarse
    * * *
    = crude [cruder -comp., crudest -sup.], benighted, rugged, rough [rougher -comp., roughest -sup.], clunky [clunkier -comp., clunkiest -sup.], coarsened, coarse [coarser -comp.; coarsest -sup.], rough and rugged, unpolished, crass [crasser -comp., crassest -sup.].

    Ex: Keywords or indexing terms may serve as a crude indicator of subject scope of a document.

    Ex: Are we not making a rather benighted assumption that tools should be extensions of our human faculties?.
    Ex: This article describes a prototype kiosk which, despite being rugged, would be better suited to location within a public building = Este artículo describe un prototipo de kiosco que, a pesar de su apariencia tosca, sería más adecuado para ubicarlo dentro de un edificio público.
    Ex: In addition they are able to sustain the library services in this rough terrain.
    Ex: The simplest tack would be to include the metadata in the notes field but sorting by metadata attributes is problematic and clunky.
    Ex: Van Dijck's widely-used italics of the mid seventeenth century were slightly coarsened versions of Granjon's types.
    Ex: The sections of a book were stapled to a coarse cloth backing, but unfortunately the staples soon rusted and became brittle.
    Ex: The western shoreline of Lake Superior has rough and rugged beauty.
    Ex: It seems too rush, too unpolished to be a final product.
    Ex: In these new book, he is still at bay, pursued by the hounds of desire and anxiety in a literary world ever more crass.
    * de aspecto tosco = rough-looking.
    * de un modo tosco = crudely.
    * hacer tosco = coarsen.

    * * *
    tosco -ca
    1 ‹utensilio/mueble/construcción› crude, basic; ‹tela› coarse, rough; ‹cerámica› rough, coarse
    2 ‹persona› rough; ‹lenguaje› unrefined, earthy; ‹modales› rough, unpolished
    3 ‹manos› rough
    * * *

    tosco
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    a) ‹utensilio/mueble/construcción› crude, basic;

    ‹ tela› coarse, rough
    b) ‹persona/manos› rough;

    ‹ lenguaje› unrefined;
    ‹ modales› coarse;
    ‹ facciones› coarse
    tosco,-a adjetivo
    1 (aplicado a cosas) crude, rough
    2 (comportamiento, modales) uncouth, coarse
    ' tosco' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    grosera
    - grosero
    - rústica
    - rústico
    - tosca
    - rudo
    English:
    clumsy
    - rough
    - coarse
    - heavy
    * * *
    tosco, -a adj
    1. [acabado, herramienta] crude
    2. [persona, modales] rough, coarse
    * * *
    adj fig
    rough, coarse
    * * *
    tosco, -ca adj
    : rough, coarse

    Spanish-English dictionary > tosco

  • 110 trovador

    m.
    troubadour.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 troubadour, minstrel
    * * *
    * * *
    masculino troubadour, minstrel
    * * *
    = minstrel, troubadour, bard.
    Ex. The banjo is in its origins a black folk instrument although it was adopted by the white minstrels in the mid 19th century.
    Ex. The article 'Thespians, troubadours, hams and bad actors' discusses methods by which school and public libraries can come to terms with the behaviour of young adults.
    Ex. Both particularly fancied the idea of Hughes as gamekeeper and bard of the primitive urges, whose animal magnetism drives women mad.
    * * *
    masculino troubadour, minstrel
    * * *
    = minstrel, troubadour, bard.

    Ex: The banjo is in its origins a black folk instrument although it was adopted by the white minstrels in the mid 19th century.

    Ex: The article 'Thespians, troubadours, hams and bad actors' discusses methods by which school and public libraries can come to terms with the behaviour of young adults.
    Ex: Both particularly fancied the idea of Hughes as gamekeeper and bard of the primitive urges, whose animal magnetism drives women mad.

    * * *
    troubadour, minstrel
    * * *

    trovador sustantivo masculino
    troubadour, minstrel
    trovador,-ora m, f troubadour
    ' trovador' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    trovadora
    English:
    minstrel
    * * *
    troubadour
    * * *
    m troubadour, minstrel
    * * *
    : troubadour

    Spanish-English dictionary > trovador

  • 111 variaciones ortográficas

    Ex. Until the mid seventeenth century variant spelling within limits was a permissible and usual feature of compositors' orthography.
    * * *

    Ex: Until the mid seventeenth century variant spelling within limits was a permissible and usual feature of compositors' orthography.

    Spanish-English dictionary > variaciones ortográficas

  • 112 vidrioso

    adj.
    glassy.
    * * *
    1 (gen) glassy; (quebradizo) brittle, glass-like
    2 (resbaladizo) slippery
    3 (ojos) glazed, glassy
    4 figurado (asunto etc) touchy, delicate
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (gen) glassy; (=frágil) brittle, fragile; (=como vidrio) glass-like
    2) [ojo] glassy; [expresión] glazed; [superficie] slippery
    3) [persona] touchy, sensitive
    4) [asunto] delicate
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) < material> glassy
    b) < ojos> glassy; < mirada> glassy, glazed
    c) < asunto> delicate
    * * *
    = glazed.
    Ex. The typical yellow-back of the mid nineteenth century was a cheap edition of fiction in small crown octavo, retailing a 2 shillings, and its case was made of glazed coloured paper on strawboard.
    ----
    * ojos vidriosos = glazed eyes.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) < material> glassy
    b) < ojos> glassy; < mirada> glassy, glazed
    c) < asunto> delicate
    * * *

    Ex: The typical yellow-back of the mid nineteenth century was a cheap edition of fiction in small crown octavo, retailing a 2 shillings, and its case was made of glazed coloured paper on strawboard.

    * ojos vidriosos = glazed eyes.

    * * *
    1 ‹material› glassy
    2 ‹ojos› glassy; ‹mirada› glassy, glazed
    3 ‹asunto› delicate
    * * *

    vidrioso,-a adjetivo
    1 (un cristal) brittle
    2 (ojos) glassy
    ' vidrioso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    vidriosa
    English:
    glassy
    - glazed
    * * *
    vidrioso, -a adj
    1. [material] brittle
    2. [tema, asunto] thorny, delicate
    3. [ojos] glazed
    * * *
    adj
    1 material glass-like
    2 ojos, mirada glassy
    3 cuestión delicate, sensitive
    * * *
    vidrioso, -sa adj
    1) : brittle, fragile
    2) : slippery
    3) : glassy, glazed (of eyes)
    4) : touchy, delicate

    Spanish-English dictionary > vidrioso

  • 113 volverse obsoleto

    v.
    to fall into disuse.
    La garantía caducó The warranty expired.
    * * *
    (v.) = go out of + date, become + obsolete, go out of + fashion, obsolesce
    Ex. Information in the humanities does not readily go out of date.
    Ex. Academic libraries may become obsolete as the commercial market takes over control of information.
    Ex. Sawn-in cords, giving flat spines, were common in the mid seventeenth century, but then went out of fashion until they were reintroduced in about 1760.
    Ex. The entire hardware of Western industrialism has been obsolesced and 'etherealized' by the new surround of electronic information services.
    * * *
    (v.) = go out of + date, become + obsolete, go out of + fashion, obsolesce

    Ex: Information in the humanities does not readily go out of date.

    Ex: Academic libraries may become obsolete as the commercial market takes over control of information.
    Ex: Sawn-in cords, giving flat spines, were common in the mid seventeenth century, but then went out of fashion until they were reintroduced in about 1760.
    Ex: The entire hardware of Western industrialism has been obsolesced and 'etherealized' by the new surround of electronic information services.

    Spanish-English dictionary > volverse obsoleto

  • 114 drótt-seti

    a, m. a steward at the king’s table; this word occurs in various forms throughout the Saxon parts of Germany, Holland, Belgium, Friesland, Brabant, etc. Du Cange records a ‘drossardus Brabantiae;’ it is in mid. Lat. spelt drossatus, Germ. and Saxon drost, land-drost, reichs-drost (drozerus regni), Fris. drusta, vide Grimm; the Dutch prefer the form drossardus: in the court of the king of Norway the office of dróttseti is not heard of before the beginning of the 12th century (the passage Bs. i. 37 is monkish and of late composition), and is there a kind of head-cook or steward at the king’s table, who was to be elected from the king’s skutilsveinar; d. spurði hvat til matar skyldi búa, the d. asked the king what meat they should dress, Fms. vii. 159 (about A. D. 1125), ix. 249, x. 147; d. ok skenkjari, N. G. L. ii. 413, 415; cp. also Hirðskrá (N. G. L. l. c.) ch. 26, Fms. x. 100 refers to the drost of the German emperor. In the 14th century the dróttseti became a high officer in Sweden and Denmark. The derivation from drótt and seti (seti can only mean a sitter, not one who makes to sit, cp. land-seti, a land-sitter, a tenant) is dubious; the Norse word may be an etymologising imitation of the mid. Lat. drossatus.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > drótt-seti

  • 115 Johnston, William J.

    [br]
    fl. mid-nineteenth century Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
    [br]
    American architect who was one of the pioneers during the mid-nineteenth century of metal framing for commercial building structures.
    [br]
    The Jayne Building, erected in Philadelphia in 1849–50, was begun by Johnston and completed by Thomas U. Walter, architect of the iron dome of the Washington Capitol. The seven-storey Philadelphia Building was iron-framed and clad in granite, and Johnston introduced a vertical type of architectural design reflecting the metal structural form beneath—a format later taken up for taller, skyscraper buildings by Louis Sullivan —but here the upper storey was eclectic, using Gothic tracery. The building was later demolished.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.Russell-Hitchcock, 1958, Architecture: 19th and 20th Centuries, London: Penguin, Pelican History of Art series, 333.
    N.Pevsner, 1975, Pioneers of Modern Design, London: Penguin, 24–25.
    Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain: Vol. 9, Ante-Bellum Skyscraper, and Vol. 10, The Jayne Building Again.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Johnston, William J.

  • 116 groß

    big; tall; great; large; grand; heavyset
    * * *
    [groːs]
    1. ADJEKTIV
    comp ordm;er ['grøːsɐ] superl ordm;te(r, s) ['grøːstə]
    1) big; Fläche, Raum, Haus, Hände big, large; Höhe, Breite great; Größe, Tube, Dose, Packung etc large; (TYP ) Buchstabe capital

    ein ganz großes Haus/Buch — a great big house/book

    der große ( Uhr)zeiger — the big or minute hand

    ein Loch größer machen — to make a hole bigger

    ein großes Bier, ein Großes (inf) — ≈ a pint (of beer) (Brit), a large beer

    großes Geld — notes pl (Brit), bills pl (US)

    im Großen und Ganzen (gesehen) — by and large

    im Großen einkaufen — to buy in bulk or quantity

    2) = hoch, hochgewachsen tall

    wie groß bist du? — how tall are you?

    er ist 1,80 Meter groß — he's one metre (Brit) or meter (US) eighty (tall)

    3) = älter Bruder, Schwester big

    unsere Große — our eldest or oldest (daughter); (von zweien) our elder daughter

    Groß und Klein — young and old (alike)

    zu groß für etw sein — to be too big for sth

    4) zeitlich Verzögerung, Rede big, long

    die großen Ferien — the summer holidays (Brit) or holiday (US)

    5) = beträchtlich, wichtig, bedeutend great; Erfolg, Enttäuschung, Hoffnung, Eile great, big; Gewinn, Ereignis big; Katastrophe, Schreck terrible; Summe large; Geschwindigkeit high

    er hat Großes geleistet — he has achieved great things

    die größten Erfindungen unseres Jahrhunderts — the greatest inventions of our century

    ein großer Dichter wie Goethe — a great poet like Goethe

    eine große Dummheit machen — to do something very or really stupid

    großen Durst haben — to be very thirsty

    er ist kein großer Esser (inf) — he's not a big eater

    die großen Fragen unserer Zeit — the great or big questions of our time

    vor meinem Haus war or herrschte ein großer Lärm — there was a lot of noise outside my house

    großen Hunger haben — to be very hungry

    ich habe große Lust zu verreisen — I'd really like to go away (on holiday (Brit) or vacation (US))

    sie hatte große Lust, sich zu verkleiden — she really wanted to get dressed up

    große Mode sein — to be all the rage (inf)

    einen großen Namen haben — to be a big name

    die große Nummer (im Zirkus) — the big number, the star turn (esp Brit)

    ich bin kein großer Redner (inf) — I'm no great speaker

    im größten Regen/Schneesturm — in the middle of a downpour/snowstorm

    6) = großartig, bewundernswert iro great
    7) in Eigennamen Great

    Alfred/Friedrich der Große — Alfred/Frederick the Great

    8) MUS
    2. ADVERB
    comp ordm; er, superl am ordm;ten
    1)

    = nicht klein groß gewachsen — tall

    groß gemustert — large-print, with a large print

    groß machen (baby-talk) — to do number two (baby-talk), to do a poo (Brit baby-talk)

    groß daherreden (inf) — to talk big (inf)

    See:
    2)

    = in großem Ausmaß groß einkaufen gehen — to go on a spending spree, to splash out (Brit inf)

    groß ausgehen — to go out somewhere expensive

    groß und breit (fig inf) — at great length

    3)

    = besonders jdn groß anblicken — to give sb a hard stare

    groß in Mode sein — to be all the rage (inf)

    was ist das schon groß? (inf) — big deal! (inf), so what? (inf)

    was soll man da schon groß machen/sagen? (inf) — what can you do/say?

    er hat sich nicht gerade groß für unsere Belange eingesetzt (inf) — he didn't exactly put up a big fight for us

    * * *
    1) (large in size: a big car.) big
    2) (very large, larger etc than average: a great crowd of people at the football match.) great
    3) (great in size, amount etc; not small: a large number of people; a large house; a large family; This house is too large for two people.) large
    4) (fairly large: His income is quite sizeable, now that he has been promoted.) sizeable
    5) ((of people and thin or narrow objects such as buildings or trees) higher than normal: a tall man/tree.) tall
    6) ((of people) having a particular height: John is only four feet tall.) tall
    7) (great or large: He won by a wide margin.) wide
    * * *
    <größer, größte>
    [ˈgro:s]
    I. adj
    1. (räumlich ausgedehnt) Gegenstand large, big; Buchstabe big, capital
    in \großen/größeren Formaten/Größen in large/larger formats/sizes
    2. (hoch aufragend) long
    ein \großer Kirchturm/Mast/Turm a high church steeple/pylon/tower
    3. (hoch gewachsen) Mensch tall
    du bist \groß geworden you've grown
    wie \groß bist du? how tall are you?
    er ist 1,78 m \groß he is 5 foot 10 [or 1.78m] [tall]
    ein \großer Baum/eine \große Vase a tall tree/vase
    4. (zeitlich ausgedehnt) Pause, Zeitraum long; Rede a. lengthy
    auf \große[r] Fahrt on a long journey
    die \großen Ferien the summer holidays BRIT, the summer vacation AM
    die \große Pause SCH mid-morning break
    5. (älter) big, elder, older
    ▪ die G\großen pl (die Erwachsenen) the grown-ups; (ältere Kinder) the older children; (fam)
    das ist Anita, unsere G\große this is Anita, our eldest
    wenn ich \groß bin... when I'm grown up...
    mein \großer Bruder/meine \große Schwester my elder brother/my elder sister
    mit etw dat \groß geworden sein to have grown up with sth
    G\groß und Klein young and old [alike]
    im G\großen einkaufen to buy in bulk
    die \große Masse most [or the majority] of the people
    ein \großer Teil der Bevölkerung a large part of the population
    was für eine \große Freude! how delightful!
    du redest ganz \großen Unsinn you're talking complete rubbish
    was ist denn das für ein \großer Lärm auf der Straße? what's all that noise in the street?
    macht doch nicht so einen \großen Lärm! don't make so much noise!
    \große Angst haben to be terribly afraid [or frightened]
    ein \großer Aufstieg a meteoric rise
    eine \große Beeinträchtigung a major impairment
    ein \großer Betrag a large amount
    eine \große Dummheit sheer stupidity
    ein \großer Durchbruch/Reinfall a major breakthrough/disaster
    eine \große Enttäuschung a great [or deep] [or profound] disappointment
    mit \großer Geschwindigkeit at high [or great] speed
    \großen Hunger haben to be terribly hungry
    \großes Leid great [or deep] [or profound] sorrow
    ein \großer Misserfolg an abject [or a dismal] failure
    \große Nachfrage a big demand
    eine \große Preissteigerung a massive price rise [or increase]
    ein \großer Schrecken a nasty fright
    \große Schwierigkeiten serious [or real] trouble
    \große Wut unbridled fury
    \großer Zorn deep [or profound] anger
    8. (bedeutend) great
    etwas/nichts G\großes something/nothing great
    sie hat in ihrem Leben nichts G\großes geleistet she never achieved anything great [or major] in her life, she did not achieve great things in her life
    mit diesem Gemälde hat sie etwas G\großes geschaffen she has created something great [or profound] with this painting
    ein \großer Konzern/ein \großes Unternehmen a leading [or major] group/company
    9. (besonders gut) big
    im Meckern ist sie ganz \groß she's quite good at moaning
    ich bin kein \großer Esser/Trinker I'm not a big eater/drinker
    ich bin kein \großer Redner I'm no [or not a] great speaker
    ▪ ... der G\große... the Great
    Friedrich der G\große Frederick the Great
    11. (großes Glas) large, big
    ein G\großes [o ein \großes Bier] ≈ a pint [of beer] BRIT, rare a large beer
    nach den drei \großen Bier war ich ziemlich angeheitert I felt quite merry fam [or fam tipsy] after three pints [of beer]
    12.
    ▶ im G\großen und Ganzen [gesehen] on the whole, by and large
    ▶ \großes Geld notes BRIT, bills AM
    ich habe nur \großes Geld I haven't any change on me; s.a. klein
    II. adv
    1. (fam: besonders)
    was ist da jetzt schon \groß dabei! big deal! fam
    er hat sich aber nicht gerade \groß für uns eingesetzt! he didn't exactly do very much [or put himself out much] for us!
    was soll man da schon \groß sagen? you can't really say very much
    ich habe mich nie \groß für Politik interessiert I've never been particularly interested in politics
    \groß einsteigen to go in for sth in a big way
    sie ist ganz \groß in die Politik eingestiegen she's gone into politics in a big way
    [mit etw dat] [ganz] \groß rauskommen to have a real success [or big hit] with sth
    2. (von weitem Ausmaß)
    \groß angelegt large-scale
    eine \groß angelegte Offensive a full-scale offensive [or attack
    3. MODE
    etw größer machen Hosen etc. to let out sth sep
    4. (nicht klein)
    \groß kariert MODE large-checked attr
    5.
    ▶ \groß und breit (fam) at great length
    ▶ \groß machen (kindersprache fam) to do number two [or BRIT a pooh] childspeak fam
    * * *
    1.
    größer, größt... Adjektiv
    1) big; big, large <house, window, area, room, etc.>; large < pack, size, can, etc.>; great <length, width, height>; tall < person>

    große Eier/Kartoffeln — large eggs/potatoes

    eine große Terz/Sekunde — (Musik) a major third/second

    ein großes Bier, bitte — a pint, please

    2) (eine bestimmte Größe aufweisend)

    1 m2/2 ha groß — 1 m2/2 ha in area

    sie ist 1,75 m groß — she is 1.75 m tall

    doppelt/dreimal so groß wie... — twice/three times the size of...

    3) (älter) big <brother, sister>

    seine größere Schwester — his elder sister

    unsere Große/unser Großer — our eldest or oldest daughter/son

    4) (erwachsen) grown-up <children, son, daughter>

    [mit etwas] groß werden — grow up [with something]

    die Großen — (Erwachsene) the grown-ups; (ältere Kinder) the older children

    Groß und Klein — old and young [alike]

    5) (lange dauernd) long, lengthy <delay, talk, explanation, pause>

    die großen Ferien — (Schulw.) the summer holidays or (Amer.) long vacation sing.

    die große Pause — (Schulw.) [mid-morning] break

    große Summen/Kosten — large sums/heavy costs

    7) (außerordentlich) great <pleasure, pain, hunger, anxiety, hurry, progress, difficulty, mistake, importance>; intense <heat, cold>; high < speed>

    ihre/seine große Liebe — her/his great love

    8) (gewichtig) great; major < producer, exporter>; great, major < event>

    ein großer Augenblick/Tag — a great moment/day

    große Worte — grand or fine words

    [k]eine große Rolle spielen — [not] play a great or an important part

    die Großen [der Welt] — the great figures [of our world]

    9) nicht präd. (glanzvoll) grand <celebration, ball, etc.>

    die große Dame/den großen Herrn spielen — (iron.) play the fine lady/gentleman

    10) (bedeutend) great, major < artist, painter, work>

    Katharina die Große — Catherine the Great; s. auch Karl

    die große Linie/der große Zusammenhang — the basic line/the overall context

    in großen Zügen od. Umrissen — in broad outline

    im Großen [und] Ganzen — by and large; on the whole

    12) (geh.): (selbstlos) noble <deed etc.>

    ein großes Herz haben — be great-hearted

    13) (ugs.): (großspurig)

    große Reden schwingen od. (salopp) Töne spucken — talk big (coll.)

    2.
    1)

    groß geschrieben werden — (fig. ugs.) be stressed or emphasized

    groß machen — (Kinderspr.) do number two (child lang.)

    2) (ugs.): (aufwendig)
    3) (ugs.): (besonders) greatly; particularly
    4) (ugs.): (großartig)

    sie steht ganz groß da — she has made it big (coll.) or made the big time (coll.)

    * * *
    groß; größer, am größten
    A. adj
    1. big (besonders gefühlsbetont); Haus, Fläche etc: large; Land: vast; Baum, Gebäude etc: (hoch) tall; (riesig) huge; Person: tall;
    Wagen ASTRON Great Bear, Ursa Major fachspr;
    ein großes Gebäude a big(, tall) building;
    der Große Ozean GEOG the Pacific (Ocean);
    die Großen Seen GEOG the Great Lakes;
    große Zehe big toe;
    großer Buchstabe capital letter;
    Gut mit großem G good with a capital G;
    wir sprechen hier von Geiz mit einem großen G fig, pej we’re talking about meanness with a capital M here;
    groß machen/müssen kinderspr do/have to do big jobs
    2. an Ausmaß, Intensität, Wert etc: great; Fehler, Lärm, Unterschied etc: auch big; Entfernung: great, long; Geschwindigkeit: high; Hitze, Kälte, Schmerzen etc: intense; Kälte: auch severe; Verlust: heavy; Wissen: extensive, wide; (tief) profound; MUS, Intervall, Terz: major; Angeber, Angsthase, Feigling etc: terrible, dreadful;
    (auf) groß stellen (Heizung, Herd etc) set on high, turn up;
    großes Bier large one, Br etwa pint, US 16 ouncer;
    große Ferien summer holiday(s), long vacation;
    zu meiner großen Freude to my great joy ( oder pleasure);
    großes Geld umg (Scheine) notes pl, US bills pl; (viel Geld) a lot of money;
    wie komme ich an das große Geld? umg how do I get into the big money?;
    großes Glück haben be very lucky;
    großen Hunger haben be very hungry; stärker: be starving;
    große Mehrheit great majority;
    große Pause long (mid-morning) break;
    ein Fest im großen Rahmen a celebration on the grand scale;
    große Schritte machen make great progress;
    zum großen Teil largely, for the most part;
    eine große Zahl von a large number of, a great many; → Liebe, Mode etc
    wie groß ist er? how tall is he?;
    er ist … groß he’s … (tall); das Grundstück
    ist 600 m2
    groß is 600 metres (US -ers) square;
    ist drei mal fünf Meter groß is five metres (US -ers) square ( oder each way);
    gleich groß Personen: the same height, as tall as each other; Flächen, Kleidungsstücke etc: the same size;
    so groß wie ein Fußballfeld the size of a football pitch (US soccer field);
    war dreimal so groß wie der der Konkurrenz was three times that of our rivals
    4. (erwachsen) grown-up; (älter) big;
    große Schwester big sister;
    groß werden Kinder: grow up;
    zu groß werden für outgrow sth, get too big for;
    er ist nur ein großes Kind he’s just a big baby;
    Groß und Klein young and old
    5. fig Augenblick, Entdeckung, Erfolg, Tag, Tat etc: great; (bedeutend) major, important; (großartig) grand, magnificent; Pläne, Ziele: great, grand, big; Künstler, Dichter etc: great;
    große Politik national (bzw international) politics, the political big time umg;
    große Worte big words;
    Friedrich der Große Frederick the Great;
    Karl der Große Charlemagne;
    die große Dame/den großen Herrn spielen iron play the great lady/lord;
    große Reden schwingen iron talk big;
    6. (allgemein, wesentlich) broad, general;
    die große Linie verfolgen follow the main lines, stick to the basic ( oder broad) principles;
    den großen Zusammenhang erkennen see the big picture;
    in großen Zügen in broad outline
    7. umg (gut):
    das war ganz groß! that was really great!;
    große Klasse she’s really good ( oder she’s brilliant) at arithmetic;
    im Angeben/Geldausgeben ist er (ganz) groß iron he’s very good at showing off/spending money;
    ich bin kein großer Tänzer etc I’m not much of a dancer etc;
    ich bin kein großer Freund von Partys/Suppe I’m not a great one for parties/soup, I’m not particularly fond of parties/soup;
    er ist ein großer Schweiger/kein großer Esser he’s not a great talker/eater
    8. (edel):
    ein großes Herz haben have a noble ( oder generous) heart
    9. (aufwändig) Empfang, Fest etc: big, lavish;
    in großer Aufmachung Bericht etc: prominently featured, splashed across the page; Person: in full dress;
    in großer Garderobe in full dress; → Auge, Bahnhof, Glocke etc, Große1, größer, größt…
    B. adv
    1. big;
    groß gedruckt in large letters ( oder print);
    groß gemustert with a large pattern;
    groß kariert large-checked;
    er sah mich nur groß an he just stared at me;
    groß und breit dastehen umg, unübersehbar: stand out; stärker: stick out like a sore thumb; → auch großschreiben, großgebaut etc
    groß angelegt Aktion etc: large-scale, full-scale;
    groß ausgehen umg have a real night out;
    jemanden/etwas groß herausbringen umg pull out all the stops for sb/sth, give sb/sth a tremendous build-up
    3. umg:
    groß angeben talk big; um einzuschüchtern: throw one’s weight around ( oder about);
    groß auftreten act big;
    4. (edel) denken, handeln etc: nobly
    5. (gut):
    groß in Form in great form;
    beim Publikum groß ankommen be a big hit with the audience;
    6. umg:
    er kümmert sich nicht groß darum he doesn’t really bother about it;
    was ist schon groß dabei? so what?, US auch (so) what’s the big deal?;
    was gibt es da groß zu sagen? what can you say?;
    was gibt’s da noch groß zu fragen? is there really anything more we need to ask?;
    was kann das schon groß kosten? it can’t be very expensive, can it?;
    was war los? -
    was soll schon groß gewesen sein? what do you think happened?
    * * *
    1.
    größer, größt... Adjektiv
    1) big; big, large <house, window, area, room, etc.>; large <pack, size, can, etc.>; great <length, width, height>; tall < person>

    große Eier/Kartoffeln — large eggs/potatoes

    eine große Terz/Sekunde — (Musik) a major third/second

    ein großes Bier, bitte — a pint, please

    1 m2/2 ha groß — 1 m2/2 ha in area

    sie ist 1,75 m groß — she is 1.75 m tall

    doppelt/dreimal so groß wie... — twice/three times the size of...

    3) (älter) big <brother, sister>

    unsere Große/unser Großer — our eldest or oldest daughter/son

    4) (erwachsen) grown-up <children, son, daughter>

    [mit etwas] groß werden — grow up [with something]

    die Großen — (Erwachsene) the grown-ups; (ältere Kinder) the older children

    Groß und Klein — old and young [alike]

    5) (lange dauernd) long, lengthy <delay, talk, explanation, pause>

    die großen Ferien — (Schulw.) the summer holidays or (Amer.) long vacation sing.

    die große Pause — (Schulw.) [mid-morning] break

    große Summen/Kosten — large sums/heavy costs

    7) (außerordentlich) great <pleasure, pain, hunger, anxiety, hurry, progress, difficulty, mistake, importance>; intense <heat, cold>; high < speed>

    ihre/seine große Liebe — her/his great love

    8) (gewichtig) great; major <producer, exporter>; great, major < event>

    ein großer Augenblick/Tag — a great moment/day

    große Worte — grand or fine words

    [k]eine große Rolle spielen — [not] play a great or an important part

    die Großen [der Welt] — the great figures [of our world]

    9) nicht präd. (glanzvoll) grand <celebration, ball, etc.>

    die große Dame/den großen Herrn spielen — (iron.) play the fine lady/gentleman

    10) (bedeutend) great, major <artist, painter, work>

    Katharina die Große — Catherine the Great; s. auch Karl

    die große Linie/der große Zusammenhang — the basic line/the overall context

    in großen Zügen od. Umrissen — in broad outline

    im Großen [und] Ganzen — by and large; on the whole

    12) (geh.): (selbstlos) noble <deed etc.>
    13) (ugs.): (großspurig)

    große Reden schwingen od. (salopp) Töne spucken — talk big (coll.)

    2.
    1)

    groß geschrieben werden — (fig. ugs.) be stressed or emphasized

    groß machen — (Kinderspr.) do number two (child lang.)

    2) (ugs.): (aufwendig)
    3) (ugs.): (besonders) greatly; particularly
    4) (ugs.): (großartig)

    sie steht ganz groß da — she has made it big (coll.) or made the big time (coll.)

    * * *
    adj.
    ample adj.
    big adj.
    capital adj.
    great adj.
    heavyset adj.
    large adj.
    sizable adj.
    tall adj. adv.
    largely adv.
    sizably adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > groß

  • 117 VETR

    (gen. vetrar, pl. vetr), m.
    1) winter; miðr v., midwinter; í v., this winter; v. verðr mikill, the winter becomes cold, severe; á vetri, í vetri, last winter;
    2) year (sextán vetra gamall); tíu vetrum síðarr, ten years later.
    * * *
    m., gen. vetrar, dat. vetri; pl., nom. and acc. vetr, gen. vetra, dat. vetrum: it was an assimilated form anciently written vettr or vittr, qs. vintr; vitrar or vittrar (gen.), Post. (Unger) 233; vettr is freq., esp. in N. G. L.; double consonants are in vellums difficult to distinguish from single, and so tt may well have been the current form, although the Edd. give the mod. form (vetr): in poets we find, m itt sextigu v ittra, Glúm, (in a verse): vintr occurs in Icel. ballads of the 15th century, see Þryml., Völs. R., Skáld H.R., but here it is merely an imitation of Danish originals, for the word in Icel. always took the assimilated form: [Ulf. wintrus = χειμών and ἔτος; A. S., Engl., and Germ. winter; Dan.-Swed. vinter, for the assimilation of nt into tt did not prevail in the south of Scandinavia, see Gramm. p. xxx, col. 1.]
    A. A winter; winter, like summer (see sumar), is a calendary period, containing 180 days, or six months of thirty days; the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke’s day (old style), or on St. Luke’s day, if a Saturday. In the Gregorian style, for 1872 and 1873, vetrar-dagr fyrsti, the first winter day = Saturday, the 26th of Oct.; miðr vetr, mid-winter, the 24th of Jan.; síðasti vetrar dagr, the last winter day = Wednesday, the 23rd of April; Laugardagr skal fyrstr vera í vetri, en þaðan skal vera sex mánuðr þrjátigi nátta til sumars, K. Þ. K. 166; vetr kemr laugardaginn er næstr er fyrir Lúkas-messu, en hana sjálfa ef hlaupár ferr eptir, Rb. 490; Drottins-dagr inn fyrsti í vetri skal vera inn þriði frá messu-degi Cosmi ok Damiani, Rb. 434: as a general term, í vetr, this winter, Nj. 4; hafa blót hvern vetr, Ó. H.; Miðr vetr, Mid-winter, see above; miðs vetrar skeið, mid-winter time, Fb. i. 204; miðs vetrar blót, a sacrificial feast at mid-winter, see miðr B; á vetri, or í vetri, see prepp. á and í; mikill vetr, a cold winter, Bs. i. 873; harðr, kaldr, Kominn er kaldr vetr, initial words of a hymn.
    II. = a year; as in A. S. days were reckoned by nights (see nótt), so years were counted by winters; in Ulfilas (Matt. ix. 20, Luke ii. 42, viii. 42) ἔτος is rendered by wintrus; and so at present in Icel., a person is so many ‘winters’ old; tólf vetra gamall, K. Þ. K. 134; sextán vetra gamall, Grág. i. 197; and ellipt. leaving out gamall, tólf vetra, Fms. i. 8; tíu vetrum síðarr, 61; sex tigi vetra konungr, Eg. 367; sjau vetr ena ársömu, Ver. 17 (of king Pharaoh’s dream); þeirra var vetrar-munr, difference in age of one year, Dropl. 7; for more references, see tigr B.
    III. mythol., Vetr, a giant, the son of Vindsvalr or Vindlóni, Vþm., Edda i. 82.
    COMPDS: vetrarblót, vetrarbók, vetrarbraut.
    2. astron. the milky way, in Icel. called vetrar-braut, undoubtedly from old heathen times, although the word happens not to occur in old writers; Icel. weather-prophets use in the autumn to forecast the course of the winter, by the appearance of the milky-way; this is evidently a very old custom, whence probably the name, for in old times fortune-telling used to take place at the great autumnal feasts and sacrifices, see the references s. v. völva. vetrar-dagr, m. a winter day, N. G. L. i. 348; á vetrardag, in the winter, Fms. viii. 50, Bs. i. 324, v. l.; fyrsti vetrardagr, D. N. vi. 143, Icel. Almanack. vetrar-far, n. the course of winter; sagði hón (the Sibyl) mönnum forlög sín ok vetrar-far ok aðra hluti, Fas. ii. 506; blótuðu þeir þá til friðar ok vetrarfars góðs, Fms. iv. 235. vetrar-höll, f. the winter hall, D. N. ii. 409. vetrar-langt, n. adj. the winter long, Fms. vii. 25. vetrar-megn, n. the depth of winter;þá var vetrarmegn ok treystisk hann eigi á haf at halda, Eb. 6. vetrar-messa, u, f. ‘winter-mass’ = Oct. 14, D. N. vetrar-myki, f. winter-muck, manure, Gþl. 342. vetrar-nauð, f. ‘winter-need,’ a severe winter, Ísl. ii. 155, Lv. 206. vetrar-nótt, f. a winter’s night; þar skaltú sofa í ina fyrstu v., Fms. xi. 4. vetrar-ríki, n. = vetrarnauð, a severe winter, Eb. 290, Fbr. 41, v. l. vetrar-rúgr, m. winter rye, Gþl. 343. vetra-stefna, u, f. a winter term; nú vill hann til vetrar-stefnu jörð selja, fimmtán vetr, N. G. L. i. 92. vetra-tal, n. a number of winters, Rb. 508: years, fyrr rosknir at afli en vetra tali, Fms. i. 30, x. 230, 419. vetrar-tíð, f. winter-tide, Bb. 3. 34. vetrar-tími, a, m. winter-time, Stj. 69, 97, Bs. i. 324. vetrar-tungl, n. the winter moon, the moon when winter sets in, Icel. Almanack (Nov. 1, 1872).
    B. REAL COMPDS: vetrbeit, vetrbjörg, vetrgamall, vetrgata, vetrgemlingr, vetrgestr, vetrgrið, vetrhagi, vetrhluti, vetrhringr, vetrhús, vetrliði, vetrligr, vetrlægr, vetrmessa, vetrnætr, vetrrúgr, vetrseta, vetrseti, vetrtaka, vetrtökumaðr, vetrvist.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > VETR

  • 118 Emigration

       Traditionally, Portugal has been a country with a history of emigration to foreign lands, as well as to the overseas empire. During the early centuries of empire, only relatively small numbers of Portuguese emigrated to reside permanently in its colonies. After the establishment of the second, largely Brazilian empire in the 17th century, however, greater numbers of Portuguese left to seek their fortunes outside Europe. It was only toward the end of the 19th century, however, that Portuguese emigration became a mass movement, at first, largely to Brazil. While Portuguese-speaking Brazil was by far the most popular destination for the majority of Portuguese emigrants in early modern and modern times, after 1830, the United States and later Venezuela also became common destinations.
       Portuguese emigration patterns have changed in the 20th century and, as the Portuguese historian and economist Oliveira Martins wrote before the turn of the century, Portuguese emigration rates are a kind of national barometer. Crises and related social, political, and economic conditions within Portugal, as well as the presence of established emigrant communities in various countries, emigration laws, and the world economy have combined to shape emigration rates and destinations.
       After World War II, Brazil no longer remained the favorite destination of the majority of Portuguese emigrants who left Portugal to improve their lives and standards of living. Beginning in the 1950s, and swelling into a massive stream in the 1960s and into the 1970s, most Portuguese emigrated to find work in France and, after the change in U.S. immigration laws in the mid-1960s, a steady stream went to North America, including Canada. The emigration figures here indicate that the most intensive emigration years coincided with excessive political turmoil and severe draft (army conscription) laws during the First Republic (1912 was the high point), that emigration dropped during World Wars I and II and during economic downturns such as the Depression, and that the largest flow of Portuguese emigration in history occurred after the onset of the African colonial wars (1961) and into the 1970s, as Portuguese sought emigration as a way to avoid conscription or assignment to Africa.
       1887 17,000
       1900ca. 17,000 (mainly to Brazil)
       1910 39,000
       1912 88,000 (75,000 of these to Brazil)
       1930ca. 30,000 (Great Depression)
       1940ca. 8,800
       1950 41,000
       1955 57,000
       1960 67,000
       1965 131,000
       1970 209,000
       Despite considerable efforts by Lisbon to divert the stream of emigrants from Brazil or France to the African territories of Angola and Mozambique, this colonization effort failed, and most Portuguese who left Portugal preferred the better pay and security of jobs in France and West Germany or in the United States, Venezuela, and Brazil, where there were more deeply rooted Portuguese emigrant communities. At the time of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, when the military coup in Lisbon signaled the beginning of pressures for the Portuguese settlers to leave Africa, the total number of Portuguese resident in the two larger African territories amounted to about 600,000. In modern times, nonimperial Portuguese emigration has prevailed over imperial emigration and has had a significant impact on Portugal's annual budget (due to emigrants' remittances), the political system (since emigrants have a degree of absentee voting rights), investment and economy, and culture.
       A total of 4 million Portuguese reside and work outside Portugal as of 2009, over one-third of the country's continental and island population. It has also been said that more Portuguese of Azorean descent reside outside the Azores than in the Azores. The following statistics reflect the pattern of Portuguese emigrant communities in the world outside the mother country.
       Overseas Portuguese Communities Population Figures by Country of Residence ( estimates for 2002)
       Brazil 1,000,000
       France 650,000
       S. Africa 600,000
       USA 500,000
       Canada 400,000
       Venezuela 400,000
       W. Europe 175,000 (besides France and Germany)
       Germany 125,000
       Britain (UK) 60,000 (including Channel Islands)
       Lusophone Africa 50,000
       Australia 50,000
       Total: 4,010,000 (estimate)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Emigration

  • 119 Blith, Walter

    [br]
    b. Seventeenth century Warwickshire, England
    d. Seventeenth century England
    [br]
    [br]
    Blith was the son of a cereal and dairy farmer from the Forest of Arden. He wrote a treatise on farming which was of contemporary value in its description of drainage and water meadows, both subjects of particular relevance in the mid-seventeenth century. The book, The English Improver, contains illustrations of agricultural equipment which have become an almost obligatory inclusion in any book on agricultural history. His understanding of the plough is apparent from the text and illustrations, and his was an important step in the understanding of the scientific principles to be applied to its later design. The introduction to the book is addressed to both Houses of Parliament, and is very much an attempt to highlight and seek solutions to the problems of the agriculture of the day. In it he advocates the passing of legislation to improve agricultural practice, whether this be for the destruction of moles or for the compulsory planting of trees to replace those felled.
    Blith himself became a captain in the Roundhead Army during the English Civil War, and even added a dedication to Cromwell in the introduction to his second book, The English Improver Improved, published in 1652. This book contains additional information on both practice and crops, an expansion in knowledge which presumably owes something to Blith's employment as a surveyor of Crown lands between 1649 and 1650. He himself bought and farmed such land in Northamptonshire. His advice on the choice of land for particular crops and the implements of best use for that land expressed ideas in advance of their times, and it was to be almost a century before his writings were taken up and developed.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1649, The English Improver; or, A New Survey of Husbandry Discovering to the Kingdom That Some Land, Both Arable and Pasture May be Advance Double or Treble, and Some five or Tenfold.
    1652, The English Improver Improved.
    Further Reading
    J.Thirsk (ed.), 1985, The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. II (deals with Blith and the agriculture of his time).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Blith, Walter

  • 120 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

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