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mid-African

  • 1 mid

    [mɪd]
    * * *
    [mid]
    (at, or in, the middle of: a midweek football match; in mid air; a mid-air collision between two aircraft.) medio, mezzo
    * * *
    mid (1) /mɪd/
    a.
    1 medio; di mezzo; mezzo: in mid air, a mezz'aria; aereo: mid-air collision, scontro aereo; (relig.) Mid Lent, mezza quaresima
    2 ( cricket, di un ricevitore) posizionato tra il battitore e il limite del campo: mid-off, posizione (o giocatore) alla sinistra del lanciatore; mid-on, posizione (o giocatore) alla destra del lanciatore
    ● (geogr.) mid-African, centroafricano □ mid-Atlantic, (geogr.) mediatlantico; (fig.) angloamericano, metà inglese e metà americano: a mid-Atlantic accent, un accento angloamericano □ mid-August holidays, le vacanze di ferragosto (in Italia) □ (fin.) mid-cap, a media capitalizzazione ( detto di società) □ mid-century, della (o verso la) metà del secolo □ (geogr.) mid-European, medioeuropeo; mitteleuropeo □ mid-life crisis, crisi della mezza età □ mid-range, medio ( di prezzo, qualità, ecc.): a mid-range stereo system, un impianto stereo di media qualità; (mil.) a media portata (o gittata) □ ( sport) mid table, centroclassifica □ mid-term ► midterm □ (stor., letter.) mid-Victorian, (personaggio, scrittore) del periodo di mezzo dell'età vittoriana ( della Regina Vittoria: 1837-1901) □ (naut., sport) mid-water (agg. e avv.), (situato) a mezz'acqua □ from mid-April, da metà aprile □ in mid career, nel bel mezzo della carriera □ in the mid 80's, verso la metà degli anni '80 □ to be in one's mid forties, avere quarantacinque anni circa NOTA D'USO: - half o mid?-.
    mid (2) /mɪd/, 'mid /mɪd/
    prep.
    (poet.) in mezzo a; fra, tra.
    * * *
    [mɪd]

    English-Italian dictionary > mid

  • 2 Guinea-Bissau

       Former West African colony of Portugal until its independence in September 1974, Guinea-Bissau (not to be confused with Guinea-Conakry, its neighbor to the east and south) was the scene of Portuguese activity, at least on the coast, since the mid-l5th century. Its area is about 22,256 square kilometers (14,000 square miles). Portugal established a few forts and trading posts on the coast of what became Guinea-Bissau, and the slave trade became the major economic activity until the mid l9th century. Portugal's coastal presence was not expanded to the tropical interior until the 19th century, when Lisbon supported various so-called "pacification" campaigns. African resistance continued, however, to 1936.
       With the formation of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAICG), the principal nationalist movement, in 1956, African resistance increased. Between 1963 and 1974, a war of insurgency against Portuguese colonial rule was fought in the country. Unlike Portugal's territories in southern Africa— Angola and Mozambique — Guinea-Bissau did not have Portuguese settlement of any consequence, and the major private company that dominated the territory's economy (Companhia União Fabril) withdrew most of its assets by 1972. An important part of the alienation and radicalization of the Armed Forces Movement's officers took place in the grueling bush war in Guinea-Bissau. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal granted independence to this colony.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Guinea-Bissau

  • 3 Cotton Classifications

    American is classed by grades, thus: - G.O. - Good ordinary. S.G.O. - Strict good ordinary. L.M. - Low middling. S.L.M. - Strict low middling. Mid. - Middling. S.M. - Strict middling. G.M. - Good middling. S.G.M. - Strict good middling. M.F. - Middling fair. ▪ Brazilian is classified thus: - Mid. fair. Fair. Good fair. Egyptian is classified: - Pair. Good fair. Fully good fair. Good. Fine. Extra fine. Peruvian is classified: - Mid. fair. Fair. Good fair. Good. Fine. East Indian is classified: - Good fair. Fully good fair. Good. Fully good. Fine. Superfine. Choice. Super choice. East African is classified: - Middling. Middling fair. Fair. Good fair. Good. Fine. Extra fine. West African is classified: - L.M. S.L.M. Mid. S.M. G.M. These are all native seed and S.G.M. American Seed. ▪ Weights of Cotton Bales: - American about 500-lb. per bale. East Indian (hard compressed) about 400-lb. Egyptian (hard compressed) about 730 to 750-lb. Brazilian 180 kg., about 396-lb. Peruvian, about 330-lb.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Cotton Classifications

  • 4 Economy

       Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.
       For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.
       Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.
       Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.
       During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.
       After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Economy

  • 5 Emigration

       Traditionally, Portugal has been a country with a history of emigration to foreign lands, as well as to the overseas empire. During the early centuries of empire, only relatively small numbers of Portuguese emigrated to reside permanently in its colonies. After the establishment of the second, largely Brazilian empire in the 17th century, however, greater numbers of Portuguese left to seek their fortunes outside Europe. It was only toward the end of the 19th century, however, that Portuguese emigration became a mass movement, at first, largely to Brazil. While Portuguese-speaking Brazil was by far the most popular destination for the majority of Portuguese emigrants in early modern and modern times, after 1830, the United States and later Venezuela also became common destinations.
       Portuguese emigration patterns have changed in the 20th century and, as the Portuguese historian and economist Oliveira Martins wrote before the turn of the century, Portuguese emigration rates are a kind of national barometer. Crises and related social, political, and economic conditions within Portugal, as well as the presence of established emigrant communities in various countries, emigration laws, and the world economy have combined to shape emigration rates and destinations.
       After World War II, Brazil no longer remained the favorite destination of the majority of Portuguese emigrants who left Portugal to improve their lives and standards of living. Beginning in the 1950s, and swelling into a massive stream in the 1960s and into the 1970s, most Portuguese emigrated to find work in France and, after the change in U.S. immigration laws in the mid-1960s, a steady stream went to North America, including Canada. The emigration figures here indicate that the most intensive emigration years coincided with excessive political turmoil and severe draft (army conscription) laws during the First Republic (1912 was the high point), that emigration dropped during World Wars I and II and during economic downturns such as the Depression, and that the largest flow of Portuguese emigration in history occurred after the onset of the African colonial wars (1961) and into the 1970s, as Portuguese sought emigration as a way to avoid conscription or assignment to Africa.
       1887 17,000
       1900ca. 17,000 (mainly to Brazil)
       1910 39,000
       1912 88,000 (75,000 of these to Brazil)
       1930ca. 30,000 (Great Depression)
       1940ca. 8,800
       1950 41,000
       1955 57,000
       1960 67,000
       1965 131,000
       1970 209,000
       Despite considerable efforts by Lisbon to divert the stream of emigrants from Brazil or France to the African territories of Angola and Mozambique, this colonization effort failed, and most Portuguese who left Portugal preferred the better pay and security of jobs in France and West Germany or in the United States, Venezuela, and Brazil, where there were more deeply rooted Portuguese emigrant communities. At the time of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, when the military coup in Lisbon signaled the beginning of pressures for the Portuguese settlers to leave Africa, the total number of Portuguese resident in the two larger African territories amounted to about 600,000. In modern times, nonimperial Portuguese emigration has prevailed over imperial emigration and has had a significant impact on Portugal's annual budget (due to emigrants' remittances), the political system (since emigrants have a degree of absentee voting rights), investment and economy, and culture.
       A total of 4 million Portuguese reside and work outside Portugal as of 2009, over one-third of the country's continental and island population. It has also been said that more Portuguese of Azorean descent reside outside the Azores than in the Azores. The following statistics reflect the pattern of Portuguese emigrant communities in the world outside the mother country.
       Overseas Portuguese Communities Population Figures by Country of Residence ( estimates for 2002)
       Brazil 1,000,000
       France 650,000
       S. Africa 600,000
       USA 500,000
       Canada 400,000
       Venezuela 400,000
       W. Europe 175,000 (besides France and Germany)
       Germany 125,000
       Britain (UK) 60,000 (including Channel Islands)
       Lusophone Africa 50,000
       Australia 50,000
       Total: 4,010,000 (estimate)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Emigration

  • 6 affair

    n
    дело; предприятие

    to administer one's affairs — вести свои дела

    to arrange one's affairs — устраивать свои дела

    to color the real state of affairs — приукрашивать реальное / подлинное положение вещей / дел

    to dedicate oneself to one's own affairs — заниматься своими собственными делами

    to direct national affairs — управлять государственными делами / делами страны

    to elevate an affair into high politics — раздувать какое-л. дело до уровня высокой политики

    to get oneself into a muddle over an affair — запутываться в каком-л. деле

    to have more control over one's own affairs — иметь больше возможностей решать свои дела

    to involve oneself in a country's internal affairs — ввязываться во внутренние дела какой-л. страны

    to keep smb out of social affairs — отстранять кого-л. от участия в общественной жизни

    to lose one's grip on a country's affairs — утрачивать контроль над государственными делами

    to resolve an affair — решать какое-л. дело

    to settle one's affairs — устраивать свои дела

    to shirk one's role in world affairs — уклоняться от выполнения своей роли в международных делах

    to stop intervening in smb's internal affairs — прекращать вмешательство в чьи-л. внутренние дела

    to straighten out one's affairs — приводить в порядок свои дела

    to wash one's hands of an affair — снимать с себя всякую ответственность за какое-л. дело

    to wrap up an affair — завершать / заканчивать какое-л. дело

    - ad hoc affair
    - affair of honor     - bilateral affairs
    - bugging affair
    - business affair
    - cash-for-questions affair
    - civil affairs
    - community affairs
    - conduct of affairs
    - consular affairs
    - cultural affairs
    - current affairs
    - day-to-day affairs
    - disarmament affairs
    - domestic affairs
    - electoral affairs
    - encroachment in country's domestic affairs
    - external affairs
    - foreign affair
    - foreign affairs
    - home affairs
    - incursion into country's domestic affairs
    - interference in smb's internal affairs
    - internal affairs
    - international affairs
    - legal affairs
    - little tested in foreign affairs
    - management of public and state affairs
    - Mid-East affairs
    - military affairs
    - national affairs     - political affairs
    - present posture of affairs
    - put-up affair
    - ramification of an affair
    - return to normality in world affairs
    - state affairs     - turnabout in the affairs of a region
    - veterans affairs
    - Watergate affair
    - world affairs

    Politics english-russian dictionary > affair

  • 7 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 8 Protestants

       As long as the Portuguese Inquisition was active, few non-Catholics resided in the country. Any person discovered to be a Protestant—and possession of a Bible was a certain sign—could be arrested, jailed, and threatened with execution by the Inquisition, especially before 1760. After the extinction of the Inquisition by 1821, a few Protestant missions arrived during the 1840s and 1850s. Evangelical Christian missionaries became active, especially British Protestants who came to travel or reside in, as well as to distribute bibles to Portugal. These included the celebrated British writer, traveler, and missionary, George Borrow, whose book The Bible in Spain in the mid-19th century became a classic.
       Even after the Inquisition ceased operations, restrictions on non-Catholics remained. Despite the small number of initial converts, there were active denominations in the 19th century among the Plymouth Brethren, Scotch Presbyterians, Methodists, and Anglicans. Some Protestant missions were founded in Portugal, as well as in her African colonies in the 1870s and 1880s. Among the legal restrictions against Protestants and other non-Catholics were those on building edifices that physically resembled churches, limits on property-owning and hours of worship, laws that prevented non-Catholic organizations from legal recognition by the government, discrimination against Protestant denominations with pacifist convictions, and discrimination against Protestants in conscription (the draft) selection. In the 1950s and 1960s, the middle to late years of the Estado Novo regime, small groups of Pentecostals, Mormons, and Jehovah's Witnesses settled in Portugal, and the numbers of their congregations grew more rapidly than those of earlier arrivals, but traditional restrictions against freedom of worship continued.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974 and the 1976 Constitution, such restrictions against Protestant worship and residence ended. Protestant churches were now recognized as legal entities with the right to assemble and to worship. During the period when military conscription was in force, that is, up to 2004, those Protestants who were conscientious objectors could apply for alternative military service. Protestant missionary activity, nevertheless, continued to experience resistance from the Catholic Church. In recent decades, there has been a rapid growth among the Protestant communities, although their expansion in Portugal does not equal the growth in Protestant numbers found in Brazil and Angola. By the early 1990s, the number of Protestants was estimated to be between 50,000 and 60,000 persons, but by 2008 this figure had more than doubled. The number still remained at only 2 percent of the population with religious affiliation.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Protestants

  • 9 Rose-colored map

       The famous map presented to the Chamber of Deputies in 1887, which indicated that Lisbon intended to occupy, claim, and annex a disputed corridor of central African territory. The pink or rose-colored area on the map was the area that linked up the Portuguese colonies of Angola in West Africa and Mozambique in East Africa. Portugal's territorial interests in tropical Africa shifted from the coasts to the interior after the settlement reached at the 1884-85 Berlin West Africa Conference. Thereafter, Portugal concentrated on participating in the European race for central Africa, part of the larger movement, the "Scramble for Africa."
       By means of dispatching expeditions of explorers and soldiers to the hinterlands of both Angola and Mozambique, Portugal sought to fulfill the Berlin Conference's "rule" about "effective occupation." In Portugal, the old colonialists' dream of linking up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique, a notion that dated at least to the mid-l8th century, was known as the contra-costa ("opposite coast") project. Much of the rose-colored section of the map comprises what is now Zambia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. The plan failed when Great Britain opposed Portuguese expansion into this disputed area in 1890 and sent Lisbon a threatening ultimatum that obliged Portugal to back down.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Rose-colored map

  • 10 air

    air n
    воздух
    adjustable air outlet
    регулируемый насадок индивидуальной вентиляции
    aerodrome air picture
    воздушная обстановка в зоне аэродрома
    Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids Section
    Секция аэродромов, воздушных трасс и наземных средств
    (ИКАО) African Air Tariff Conference
    Африканская конференция по авиационным тарифам
    aids to air navigation
    навигационные средства
    air agency
    авиационное агентство
    air agreement
    авиационное соглашение
    air alert warning
    сигнализация аварийной обстановки в полете
    air base
    база для обслуживания полетов
    air base group
    бригада наземного обслуживания
    air bearing
    воздушная опора
    air bearing gyroscope
    гироскоп с воздушной опорой осей
    air bill
    полетный лист
    air blast
    воздушная ударная волна
    air bleed
    отбор воздуха
    air bleed hole
    окно отбора воздуха
    air bleed port
    отверстие отбора воздуха
    air bleed system
    система отбора воздуха
    (от компрессора) air borne system
    бортовая система
    air bottle cart
    тележка с баллонами сжатого воздуха
    air brake system
    система воздушных тормозов
    air bridge
    телескопический трап
    air cargo
    груз для воздушной перевозки
    air carriage
    воздушная перевозка
    air carriage contract
    контракт на воздушную перевозку
    air carrier
    воздушный перевозчик
    air carrier tariff
    тарифная ставка, установленная авиаперевозчиком
    Air Carrier Tariffs Section
    Секция тарифов воздушных перевозчиков
    (ИКАО) air charging connection
    штуцер зарядки воздухом
    air charter carrier
    чартерный авиаперевозчик
    air circulation
    циркуляция воздуха
    air clutter
    помехи от авиационных средств связи
    air codes
    воздушный кодекс
    air collector
    воздушный коллектор
    air commerce
    авиационная коммерческая деятельность
    air communication
    воздушное сообщение
    air communication center
    центр обеспечения воздушной связи
    air communicator
    оператор авиационной связи
    air compass swinging
    списание девиации компаса в полете
    air conditioning
    кондиционирование воздуха
    air conditioning system
    система кондиционирования воздуха
    (в кабине воздушного судна) air conflict search
    исследование конфликтной ситуации в воздушном движении
    air control
    диспетчерское обслуживание воздушного пространства
    air conveyance
    воздушная перевозка
    air cooler
    воздушный радиатор
    air cooling
    воздушное охлаждение
    air cooling system
    система воздушного охлаждения
    air corridor
    воздушный коридор
    air crash
    авиационное происшествие
    air cushion
    воздушная подушка
    air cushion effect
    эффект воздушной подушки
    air damper
    пневматический амортизатор
    air data
    данные о результатах испытания в воздухе
    air data computer
    вычислитель воздушных сигналов
    air data computer system
    система сбора воздушных сигналов
    air deficiency
    недостаток воздуха
    air delivery pipe
    воздуховод
    air density
    плотность воздуха
    air diluter
    автомат подсоса воздуха
    air display
    экран изображения воздушной обстановки
    air distortion
    возмущение воздушного потока
    air distress communication
    аварийная связь с воздушным судном
    air drag
    сопротивление воздуха
    air eddy
    завихрение воздуха
    air entity
    авиационная организация
    air fare
    тариф на воздушную перевозку пассажира
    air feeder
    патрубок подвода воздуха
    air ferry route
    маршрут перегонки воздушных судов
    air filter
    воздушный фильтр
    air flap
    воздушная заслонка
    air fleet
    воздушный флот
    air flow
    воздушный поток
    air flow characteristic
    характеристика расхода воздуха
    air flow duct
    воздушный тракт
    air flow interaction
    взаимодействие воздушных потоков
    air flow mixer
    смеситель потоков воздуха
    air flow rate
    степень расхода воздуха
    air freight
    авиационный груз
    air freight bill
    грузовая авианакладная
    air freighter
    грузовое воздушное судно
    air freight forwarder
    агентство по отправке грузов воздушным транспортом
    air freight lift
    перевозка грузов по воздуху
    air freight terminal
    грузовой комплекс аэропорта
    air gate
    воздушные ворота
    air grill
    решетка для забора воздуха
    air gust
    порыв воздушной массы
    air heater
    обогреватель воздуха
    air humidifying system
    система увлажнения воздуха
    air induction system
    система забора воздуха
    air industry
    авиационная промышленность
    air inlet
    бортовой приемник статического давления
    air inlet duct
    входное устройство
    air inlet screen
    сетчатый фильтр воздухоприемника
    air inlet section
    входное воздушное устройство
    (двигателя) air intake
    воздухозаборник
    air intake blade
    заглушка воздухозаборника
    air intake diffuser
    диффузор воздухозаборника
    air intake duct
    канал воздухозаборника
    air intake duct heating
    обогрев канала воздухозаборника
    air intake fixed lip
    нерегулируемая кромка воздухозаборника
    air intake hazard area
    опасная зона перед воздухозаборником
    air intake heater
    обогреватель воздухозаборника
    air intake pressure
    давление на входе в воздухозаборник
    air intake spike
    конус воздухозаборника
    (двигателя) air intake spike control
    управление конусом воздухозаборником
    air intake surge
    помпаж в воздухозаборнике
    air intake throat
    минимальное проходное сечение воздухозаборника
    air intake wedge
    клин воздухозаборника
    air intrusion
    нарушение воздушного пространства
    air labyrinth seal ring
    кольцо воздушного лабиринтного уплотнения
    air lane
    воздушная трасса
    air law
    воздушное право
    Air laws regulations
    Воздушный кодекс
    air leg
    участок маршрута полета
    air legislation
    авиационное законодательство
    air line
    воздушная линия
    Air Line Pilot's
    Ассоциация пилотов гражданской авиации
    air lock
    воздушная пробка
    air loitering
    воздушное барражирование
    air mail
    воздушная почта
    air manifold
    воздушный коллектор
    air manifold pipe
    воздушный коллектор
    air marker
    аэронавигационный маркер
    air mass
    воздушная масса
    air medicine
    авиационная медицина
    air meter
    расходомер воздуха
    air miss
    сближение в полете
    air mixture control
    регулирование топливовоздушной смеси
    air movement
    воздушная перевозка
    air navigation
    аэронавигация
    air navigation agreement
    аэронавигационное соглашение
    Air Navigation Bureau
    Аэронавигационное управление
    air navigation charge
    аэронавигационный сбор
    air navigation chart
    аэронавигационная карта
    Air Navigation Commission
    Аэронавигационная комиссия
    Air Navigation Committee
    Аэронавигационный комитет
    air navigation computer
    аэронавигационный вычислитель
    Air Navigation Conference
    Аэронавигационная конференция
    air navigation facilities
    аэронавигационные средства
    air navigation plan
    аэронавигационный план
    air navigation protractor
    аэронавигационный транспортир
    air navigation region
    район аэронавигации
    air navigation school
    штурманская школа
    air navigation service
    аэронавигационное обслуживание
    air navigation table
    таблица аэронавигационных расчетов
    air navigator
    штурман
    air observation
    наблюдение за воздушным пространством
    air obstacle
    препятствие на пути полета
    air operation for hire
    воздушная перевозка по найму
    air operation for remuneration
    воздушная перевозка за плату
    Air Passenger Tariff
    сборник пассажирских тарифов на воздушную перевозку
    air path
    воздушная трасса
    air patrol zone
    зона воздушного барражирования
    air patter
    авиационная фразеология
    air pilotage
    самолетовождение
    air piracy
    воздушное пиратство
    air plan
    план развития воздушных перевозок
    air plot
    схема воздушной обстановки
    air pocket
    воздушная яма
    air pollution
    загрязнение атмосферы
    air position
    положение в воздушном пространстве
    air position indicator
    указатель местоположения в полете
    air pressure
    давление воздуха
    air pressure valve
    воздушный редуктор
    air pressurization system
    система наддува
    (кабины) air priority
    очередность полетов
    air refuelling
    дозаправка топливом в полете
    air release hose
    шланг для стравливания воздуха
    air report
    донесение с борта
    air rescue kit
    комплект аварийно-спасательного оборудования
    air rote limitations
    ограничения на воздушных трассах
    air route
    воздушная трасса
    air route chart
    маршрутная карта
    air route forecast
    прогноз по маршруту
    air route network
    сеть воздушных трасс
    air safety
    безопасность воздушного движения
    air safety rules
    инструкция по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    air seal
    воздушное уплотнение
    air search
    поиск с воздуха
    air service
    авиаперевозки
    air sextant
    авиационный секстант
    air show
    авиационная выставка
    air shuttle
    челночные авиаперевозки
    air side
    воздушная зона
    air situation
    воздушная обстановка
    air situation display
    дисплей индикации воздушной обстановки
    air sounding
    зондирование атмосферы
    air spacing
    распределение воздушного пространства
    (для обеспечения контроля полетов) air stability
    устойчивость воздушной массы
    air stairs
    авиационный трап
    air starter
    воздушный стартер
    air starting
    запуск в воздухе
    air starting system
    воздушная система запуска двигателей
    air strip
    ВПП
    air supremacy
    господство в воздухе
    air surveillance system
    система воздушного наблюдения
    air survey
    наблюдение с воздуха
    air target
    воздушная цель
    air target indication
    индикация воздушных целей
    air tariff clause
    статья об авиационных тарифах
    air taxi
    воздушное такси
    air taxiing
    руление по воздуху
    air ticket portion
    купон авиационного билета
    air tire
    пневматическая шина
    air track
    воздушная трасса
    air traffic
    воздушное движение
    air traffic audio simulation system
    аудиовизуальная система имитации воздушного движения
    (для тренажеров) air traffic control
    1. ответчик системы УВД
    2. управление воздушным движением Air Traffic Control Advisory Committee
    Консультативный комитет по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic control area
    зона управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control boundary
    граница зоны управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control center
    диспетчерский центр управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control clearance
    разрешение службы управления воздушным движением
    air traffic controller
    диспетчер службы управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control loop
    цикл управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control procedures
    правила управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control radar
    радиолокатор управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control routing
    прокладка маршрута полета согласно указанию службы управления движением
    air traffic control service
    служба управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control system
    система управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control unit
    пункт управления воздушным движением
    air traffic convention
    конвенция по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic density
    плотность воздушного движения
    air traffic environment
    условия выполнения воздушных перевозок
    air traffic flow management
    управление потоком воздушного движения
    air traffic guide
    наставление по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic hub
    узловой район воздушного движения
    air traffic pattern
    схема воздушного движения
    air traffic performance
    объем воздушных перевозок
    air traffic procedures
    правила воздушного движения
    air traffic school
    школа подготовки специалистов по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic service
    служба воздушного движения
    air traffic service chart
    схема обслуживания воздушного движения
    air traffic service route
    маршрут, обслуживаемый службой воздушного движения
    air traffic services expert
    эксперт по обслуживанию воздушного движения
    air traffic services procedures
    правила обслуживания воздушного движения
    air traffic services unit
    пункт обслуживания воздушного движения
    air transport
    воздушный транспорт
    air Transport
    Ассоциация воздушного транспорта США
    air transport agreement
    соглашение о воздушном сообщении
    Air Transportation Board
    Комитет по воздушным перевозкам
    Air Transport Bureau
    Авиатранспортное управление
    Air Transport Committee
    Комитет по воздушным перевозкам
    air transport enterprise
    авиатранспортное предприятие
    air transport facilitation
    уменьшение ограничений в воздушных перевозках
    air transport insurance
    страхование авиаперевозок
    air transport movement table
    график движения воздушного транспорта
    air transport operations
    авиатранспортные перевозки
    air transport pilot
    свидетельство пилота транспортной авиации
    air transport service
    авиаперевозки
    Air Transport Studies Section
    Секция исследования воздушного транспорта
    (ИКАО) air transport wing
    авиатранспортное подразделение
    air travel
    воздушное путешествие
    air travel card
    маршрутный лист воздушного путешествия
    air travel plan
    график воздушного путешествия
    air trial
    испытание в воздухе
    air trip
    воздушное путешествие
    air turbine
    воздушная турбина
    air turbulence
    воздушная турбулентность
    air unit
    авиационное подразделение
    air unworthiness
    непригодность к летной эксплуатации
    air valve
    воздушный клапан
    air velocity
    скорость движения воздушной массы
    air wave
    воздушная волна
    air waybill
    авиагрузовая накладная
    airways and air communications service
    служба воздушных сообщений
    alternate air route
    запасной маршрут полета
    ambient air
    окружающий воздух
    ambient air temperature
    температура окружающего воздуха
    annular air intake
    кольцевой воздухозаборник
    ascending air
    восходящий поток воздуха
    ball-type air outlet
    насадок шарового типа индивидуальной вентиляции
    bearing air seal
    воздушное уплотнение опоры
    bifurcated air bypass duct
    раздвоенный воздушный тракт
    bifurcated air intake
    воздухозаборник, раздвоенный на выходе
    bird strike to an air craft
    столкновение птиц с воздушным судном
    bleed air
    стравливать воздушную пробку
    bleed air receiver
    ресивер отбора воздуха
    bleed off air
    перепускать воздух
    boundary-layer air
    воздух в пограничном слое
    breather air
    воздух суфлирования
    bring to rest air
    затормаживать воздушный поток
    center of air pressure
    центр аэродинамического давления
    Central Agency of Air Service
    Главное агентство воздушных сообщений
    certificated air carrier
    зарегистрированный авиаперевозчик
    civil air operations
    полеты гражданских воздушных судов
    civil air regulations
    руководство по полетам воздушных судов гражданской авиации
    civil air transport
    гражданский воздушный транспорт
    clear air turbulence
    турбулентность в атмосфере без облаков
    cold air
    холодный фронт воздуха
    commercial air carrier
    коммерческий авиаперевозчик
    commercial air transport
    коммерческий воздушный транспорт
    commercial air transportation
    коммерческая воздушная перевозка
    commercial air transport operations
    коммерческие воздушные перевозки
    commuter air carrier
    авиаперевозчик на короткие расстояния
    compressor air flow duct
    второй контур
    compressor-bleed air
    воздух, отбираемый от компрессора
    conditioned air emergency valve
    аварийный клапан сброса давления в системе кондиционирования
    continuous air bleed
    постоянный отбор воздуха
    cooling air outlet tube
    патрубок отвода охлаждающего воздуха
    dead air
    невозмущенный воздух
    determine air in a system
    устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
    discharge air overboard
    отводить воздух в атмосферу
    dominant air mode
    основной режим воздушного пространства
    duct air temperature
    температура воздуха в трубопроводе
    earth air strip
    грунтовая ВПП
    effective air path
    действующая воздушная трасса
    enforce rules of the air
    обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
    engine air bleed flange
    фланец отбора воздуха от двигателя
    European Air carries Assembly
    Ассамблея европейских авиаперевозчиков
    European Air Navigation Planning Group
    Европейская группа аэронавигационного планирования
    first freedom of the air
    первая степень свободы воздуха
    fixed-geometry air intake
    нерегулируемый воздухозаборник
    fixed-lip air intake
    воздухозаборник с фиксированной передней кромкой
    flame tube air hole
    окно подвода воздуха к жаровой трубе
    flow of air traffic
    поток воздушного движения
    forced air cooling
    принудительное охлаждение
    freedom of the air
    степень свободы воздуха
    gain the air supremacy
    завоевывать господство в воздухе
    General Department of International Air Services of Aeroflot
    Центральное управление международных воздушных сообщений гражданской авиации
    generator air inlet
    воздухозаборник обдува генератора
    ground air starting unit
    аэродромная установка для запуска
    high density air traffic
    интенсивное воздушное движение
    identify the aerodrome from the air
    опознавать аэродром с воздуха
    indicate the location from the air
    определять местоположение с воздуха
    intermodal air carriage
    смешанная воздушная перевозка
    International Air Carrier
    Международная ассоциация авиаперевозчиков
    international air route
    международная авиационная трасса
    International Air Transport
    Международная ассоциация воздушного транспорта
    International commission for Air Navigation
    Международная комиссия по аэронавигации
    International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations
    Международная федерация ассоциаций линейных пилотов
    International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations
    Международная федерация ассоциаций авиадиспетчеров
    intersection of air routes
    пересечение воздушных трасс
    light air
    разреженный воздух
    long-range air navigation system
    система дальней радионавигации
    low air area
    нижнее воздушное пространство
    low air route
    маршрут нижнего воздушного пространства
    main air
    воздух, проходящий через первый контур
    maintenance-free air bearing
    износостойкий воздушный подшипник
    mass air flow
    массовый расход воздуха
    mid air collision control
    предупреждение столкновений в воздухе
    mixing air
    смесительный воздух
    multishock air intake
    многоскачковый воздухозаборник
    National Air Carrier
    Ассоциация воздушных перевозчиков
    normal air
    стандартная атмосфера
    nose air intake
    носовой воздухозаборник
    open air
    наружный воздух
    outside air temperature
    температура наружного воздуха
    outside air temperature indicator
    указатель температуры наружного воздуха
    overflow air traffic
    перегружать воздушное движение
    pipeline to air intake
    трубопровод подвода воздуха к воздухозаборнику
    practical air navigation
    практическая аэронавигация
    private air strip
    частная ВПП
    Procedures for Air Navigation Services
    Правила аэронавигационного обслуживания
    prognostic upper air chart
    карта прогнозов состояния верхних слоев атмосферы
    ram air
    заторможенный поток воздуха
    ram air assembly
    заборник воздуха для надува топливных баков от скоростного напора
    ram air cooling
    охлаждение набегающим потоком воздуха
    ram air temperature
    температура набегающего потока воздуха
    rarefied air
    разреженный воздух
    regional air navigation
    региональная аэронавигация
    regional air navigation meeting
    региональное аэронавигационное совещание
    (ИКАО) release air
    стравливать давление воздуха
    retractable air steps
    выдвижная бортовая лестница
    rough air
    воздух в турбулентном состоянии
    rough air mechanism
    механизм для создания условий полета в нестабильной атмосфере
    route air navigation facilities
    маршрутные аэронавигационные средства
    rules of the air
    правила полетов
    scheduled air service
    регулярные воздушные перевозки
    sealing air annulus
    кольцевой канал подвода воздуха к лабиринтному управления
    sealing air passage
    канал подвода воздуха к лабиринтному уплотнению
    second freedom of the air
    вторая степень свободы воздуха
    shipment by air
    транспортировка по воздуху
    stable air
    устойчивый воздушный поток
    standard air
    стандартная атмосфера
    static air temperature
    температура возмущенной воздушной массы
    still air
    нулевой ветер
    tactical air navigation
    тактическая аэронавигация
    tactical air navigation facilities
    тактические аэронавигационные средства
    tactical air navigation system
    система ближней аэронавигации
    tap air from the compressor
    отбирать воздух от компрессора
    throttle air
    воздушный дроссель
    through air service
    прямое воздушное сообщение
    time in the air
    налет часов
    total air temperature
    полная температура потока
    two-dimensional air intake
    двухмерный воздухозаборник
    two-shock air intake
    двухскачковый воздухозаборник
    undisturbed air
    невозмущенная атмосфера
    unifired air cargo tariff
    единая авиационная грузовая тарифная ставка
    unifired air passenger tariff
    единая авиационная пассажирская тарифная ставка
    universal air travel plan
    программа организации авиационных путешествий
    upper air
    верхнее воздушное пространство
    upper air area
    верхнее воздушное пространство
    upper air route
    маршрут верхнего воздушного пространства
    upper air temperature
    температура верхних слоев атмосферы
    variable lip air intake
    воздухозаборник с регулируемой передней кромкой
    vent air
    дренажировать
    vent air inlet
    воздухозаборник
    ventilating air outlet
    насадок индивидуальной вентиляции

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > air

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