martyrs

μαρτυρία, ας, ἡ (s. μαρτυρέω; Hom.+—KLatte, Martyria: Pauly-W. XIV 2, 2032–39; Kl. Pauly III 1058).

① confirmation or attestation on the basis of personal knowledge or belief, testimony

ⓐ act of testifying testimony, testifying (Pla., Leg. 11 p. 937a εἰς μαρτυρίαν κληθείς; Epict. 3, 22, 86 the μ. of the Cynic; PHal 1, 222 εἰς μαρτυρίαν κλῆσις; Iren. 5, 28, 4 [Harv. II 403, 5] διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν μ. κατακριθεὶς πρὸς θηρία) οὗτος ἦλθεν εἰς μαρτυρίαν J 1:7. Of the two witnesses: ὅταν τελέσωσιν τ. μαρτυρίαν αὐτῶν Rv 11:7.

ⓑ content of testimony

α. of historical attestation or testimony (Diod S 11, 38, 6 τῆς ἱστορίας δικαία μαρτυρία; Just., D. 79, 2 ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Ἠσαίου) J 19:35; 21:24 (JChapman, JTS 31, 1930, 379–87); Papias (2:17).

β. esp. w. ref. to Jesus

א. of human testimony concerning Jesus: by the Baptist J 1:19. By Paul Ac 22:18 (s. TRE XXIII 23–31). By believers Rv 12:11. Human testimony rejected J 5:34.

ב. of transcendent testimony concerning Jesus: he bears witness to himself as the central point of the Christian message: J 3:11, 32f; 8:14. His self-attestation is rejected vs. 13; cp. 5:31. Jesus also testifies concerning himself in Rv 1:2, 9.—God attests him (cp. Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 12 D.: μ. παρὰ Ἀπόλλωνος, p. 13 ἐκ Διός; Dexippus Athen. [III A.D.]:100 Fgm. 1, 7 Jac. ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ μ. for the ‘god’ Lycurgus) J 5:32, 36 (μαρτυρία μείζων as Dionys. Soph., Ep. 77.—Cp. Orig., C. Cels. 8, 9, 25 τὰ ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ γενόμενα παράδοξα … τὴν ἀπὸ θεοῦ εἶχε μ.). 1J 5:9bc, 10ab, 11.—RAsting (s. εὐαγγέλιον, end).—On John s. EHoskyns, The Fourth Gosp., ed. FDavey ’47 p. 58–95.

ג. Rv speaks of the μαρτυρία or the μ. Ἰησοῦ which the Christians, or certain Christians (martyrs, prophets), possess: 6:9; 12:17; 19:10ab; 20:4.—FMazzaferri, Bible Translator 39, ’88, 114–22: John’s book is the personal testimony of Jesus.

② testimony in court, testimony (Demosth. 29, 7 al.; Jos., Ant. 4, 219) Mk 14:56, 59; Lk 22:71. κατά τινος against someone Mk 14:55; δύο ἀνθρώπων ἡ μ. the testimony of two persons J 8:17.

③ attestation of character or behavior, testimony, statement of approval (Jos., Ant. 6, 346; cp. Did., Gen. 212, 1) 1J 5:9a; 3J 12; Tit 1:13. ἡ μ. τῆς ἀγαθῆς πράξεως testimony concerning good deeds 1 Cl 30:7. μαρτυρίαν καλὴν ἔχειν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔξωθεν have a good standing with outsiders 1 Ti 3:7 (μ.=recommendation: Dio Chrys. 28 [45], 9; Chion, Ep. 2; SIG1073, 17 [II A.D.]).—In the obscure concatenation of clauses 1:6, love seems to be ἔργων δικαιοσύνης μαρτυρία a testimony of upright deeds.—Of a good testimony fr. God (Dio Chrys. 16 [33], 12 τῆς μεγίστης ἔτυχε μαρτυρίας παρὰ τοῦ δαιμονίου) Hs 5, 2, 6.

④ testimony that invites death, a martyr’s death, martyrdom (Iren. 1, 28, 1 [Harv. I 220, 10]) MPol 1:1; 13:2; 17:1.—DELG s.v. μάρτυς. M-M. TW. Sv.

μάρτυς, μάρτυρος, ὁ dat. pl. μάρτυσιν (Pind., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 22 [Stone p. 32]; TestLevi 19:3; Philo, Joseph.; apolog. exc. Ar.)

① one who testifies in legal matters, witness (Just., A I, 23, 3; Ath. 3, 2) Ac 7:58; Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1; 1 Ti 5:19 (the last 3 after Dt 19:15; cp. Jos., Vi. 256 and Hipponax [VI B.C.] 47 D.³ ἐλθὼν σὺν τριοῖσι μάρτυσιν); Hb 10:28 (Dt 17:6.—ἐπὶ μάρτυσι also Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 14 §49). τί ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων; what further need have we of witnesses? (Pla., Rep. 1, 340a τί δεῖται μάρτυρος; αὐτὸς γὰρ ὁ Θρασύμαχος ὁμολογεῖ) Mt 26:65; Mk 14:63. μάρτυρες ψευδεῖς false witnesses (Demosth. 29, 28) Ac 6:13 (Mel., P. 79, 572). There is a suggestion of bureaucratic protocol relating to the account of the prudent and blameless men whom the Roman church sent to Corinth and who μάρτυρες ἔσονται μεταξὺ ὑμῶν κ. ἡμῶν 1 Cl 63:3.

② one who affirms or attests, testifier, witness transf. sense of mng. 1, of anyone who can or should testify to anything.

ⓐ of God (or the exalted Christ) as witness (deities as witnesses oft. Pind. et al.; Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 595, Ant. 1, 209; TestLevi 19:3; SibOr, Fgm. 1, 4; Just., A II, 12, 4 θεὸν … μάρτυρα ἔχοντες. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 46, 26 θεὸς [sc. ἐστιν] μ. τοῦ ἡμετέρου συνειδότος); as a formula God is my witness (that I am telling the truth) Ro 1:9; Phil 1:8; shortened θεὸς μ. 1 Th 2:5; cp. vs. 10 (here also Jos., Ant. 15, 130 μ. ὑμᾶς ποιούμενος). μ. μοι ἐν ᾧ δέδεμαι IPhld 7:2. μάρτυρα τὸν θεὸν ἐπικαλεῖσθαι call upon God as witness 2 Cor 1:23 (cp. 1 Km 12:5f; 20:23; Polyb. 11, 6, 4 τ. θεοὺς ἐπικαλέσεσθε μάρτυρας; Heliod. 1, 25, 1; Galen VI 775 Kühn; likewise of calling upon deities, Hippol., Ref. 9, 15, 6: τοὺς ἑπτὰ μάρτυρας μαρτύρομαι).

ⓑ of humans (cp. Pind. O. 4, 5): witnessing by eye and ear (X., Ages. 4, 5; Pla., Ep. 1 p. 309a; Aelian, VH 10, 6; Jos., Ant. 18, 299; Tat. 31, 1; 36, 1) 1 Th 2:10; 1 Ti 6:12; 2 Ti 2:2.—Also of those witnesses whose faith is tried and true τοσοῦτον νέφος μαρτύρων Hb 12:1.—Of witnesses of events which they know about, without having experienced them personally (acc. to Strabo 7, 3, 7 p. 300 Hesiod is μάρτυς with regard to the Scythians): the teachers of the law bear witness to the murder of the prophets by their ancestors, by erecting tombs for the prophets Lk 11:48 (μαρτυρεῖτε v.l.).

ⓒ of witnesses who bear a divine message (Epict. 3, 26, 28 God uses the wise men as his μάρτυρες) Rv 11:3 (though the mng. approaches martyr [s. 3 below] here; cp. vs. 7. S. DHaugg, D. zwei Zeugen-Apk 11:1–13, ’36; JConsidine, CBQ 8, ’46. 377–92). In this sense, above all, of Jesus’ disciples as the witnesses of his life, death, and resurrection: ἔσεσθέ μου μάρτυρες you will be my witnesses Ac 1:8; cp. 13:31 (Ps.-Demetr. 222 μάρτυς σου γίνεται). W. obj. gen. of the thing witnessed: witness for/of (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 4 τῶν ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ λεγομένων μ., Ant. 4, 40; ἀληθείας μ. of Polycarp Iren. 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 13, 4]; παραδόσεως of the Ephesian congregation 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 15, 6]; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 47, 24) Lk 24:48; Ac 1:22; 3:15; 5:32; 10:39; 26:16. μ. τῶν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθημάτων a witness of the sufferings of Christ 1 Pt 5:1. ἔσῃ μ. αὐτῷ πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους you will be a witness for him to all people Ac 22:15 (Epict. 3, 24, 113 μ. πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους).—10:41. Danker, Benefactor 442–47.

③ one who witnesses at cost of life, martyr, in the usage of the persecuted church τὸ αἷμα Στεφάνου τοῦ μάρτυρός σου Ac 22:20. Of Antipas ὁ μ. μου ὁ πιστός μου Rv 2:13 (cp. Pind., P. 1, 88 μάρτυρες πιστοί=dependable witnesses; on the textual problems of Rv 2:13 s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 45–47). Onesimus μ. Χριστοῦ γεγένηται Phlm subscr. v.l. Gener. μάρτυρες Ἰησοῦ Rv 17:6; cp. MPol 2:2; 14:2; 15:2; 16:2 v.l.; 17:3; 19:1. Of Zacharias μ. εἰμι τοῦ θεοῦ GJs 25:3 (s. de Strycker ad loc.). Since Rv also calls Jesus (as well as Antipas) ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστός 1:5; 3:14, these pass. are prob. to be classed here (cp. Ps 88:38), but with awareness of strong focus in all the NT passages in this classification on the fact of witness. The death of Jesus was early regarded as the first martyrdom.—For an analysis of the question how μάρτυς=‘witness’ came to mean ‘martyr’, s. FKattenbusch, ZNW 4, 1903, 111ff; KHoll, variously, then Gesamm. Aufsätze II 1928, 103ff; ASchlatter, BFChTh 19, 3, 1915; PCorssen, NJklA 35, 1915, 481ff, 37, 1916, 424ff, ZNW 15, 1914, 221ff w. several continuations until 18, 1917, 249ff, Sokrates 6, 1918, 106ff; Rtzst., Hist. Mon. 1916, 85; 257, NGG 1916, 417ff, Her 52, 1917, 442ff; FDornseiff, ARW 22, 1923/24, 133ff; HDelehaye, Analecta Bollandiana 39, 1921, 20ff, Sanctus 1927 (²’33), 74ff (75, 1 lit.). ELohmeyer, D. Idee des Martyriums im Judent. u. Urchristent.: ZST 5, 1927/28, 232–49; GFitzer, D. Begriff des μ. im Judent. u. Urchristent., diss. Bresl. 1929; HLietzmann, Martys: Pauly-W. XIV 2, 1930, 2044–52; OMichel, Prophet u. Märt. ’32; RCasey, Μάρτυς: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 30–37; EStauffer, Märtyrertheologie u. Täuferbewegg.: ZKG 52, ’33, 545–98; DRiddle, The Martyr Motif in Mk: JR 4, 1924, 174–91, Hb, 1 Cl and the Persecution of Domitian: JBL 43, 1924, 329–48, From Apocalypse to Martyrology: ATR 9, 1927, 260–80, The Martyrs: A Study in Social Control ’31, Die Verfolgungslogien im formgesch. u. soziol. Bed.: ZNW 33, ’34, 271–89; HvCampenhausen, D. Idee des Martyriums in d. alten Kirche² ’64; EPeterson, Zeuge d. Wahrh. ’37; EBurnier, Le notion de témoignage dans le NT ’37; HSurkau, Martyrien in jüd. u. frühchristl. Zt. ’38; HFischel, Martyr and Prophet (in Jewish lit.), JQR 37, ’46/47, 265–80; 363–86; EGünther, Μάρτυς, D. Gesch. eines Wortes ’41, Zeuge u. Märtyrer, ZNW 47, ’56, 145–61. ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht ’55; HvanVliet, No Single Testimony (Dt 19:15) ’58; NBrox, Zeuge u. Märtyrer ’61.—B. 1436; ATrites, Μάρτυς and Martyrdom in the Apocalypse, A Semantic Study: NovT 15, ’73, 72–80, The NT Concept of Witness ’77; GDragas, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy in the NT Era: Greek Orthodox Theological Review 30, ’85, 287–96; PVassiliadis, The Translation of μαρτυρία Ιησοῦ in Rv: BT 36, ’85, 129–34; M-ERosenblatt, Paul the Accused ’95, 1–21; Kl. Pauly III 1059f; BHHW II 1156f.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

παραβάλλω fut. παραβαλῶ; 2 aor. παρέβαλον; pf. ptc. παραβεβλημένος 2 Macc 14:38 (Hom.+).

① to throw to a point where an entity is positioned, throw to, trans. esp. of throwing fodder to animals (Il. 5, 369 al.; Pla., Phdr. 247e; Cass. Dio 59, 14) of the martyrs: τούτοις (i.e. τοῖς θηρίοις) σε παραβαλῶ MPol 11:1. Pass. (cp. παραβληθῆναι τοῖς θηρίοις: Cass. Dio 59, 10; Athen. 3, 84e; Just.) Dg 7:7.

② to expose to hazard, give up, trans. (Aristoph. et al.; Polyb. 40, 4, 2; POxy 533, 13 [II A.D.]; EpArist 281.—Likew. the mid.) κινδύνῳ ἑαυτόν expose oneself to danger 1 Cl 55:6.

③ to put someth. beside someth. for the sake of comparison, compare, trans., fig. ext. of 1: (Hdt. et al.; PFlor 312, 8 [I A.D.]; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 249 al.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 150; 279) ἐν (instrumental) ποίᾳ παραβολῇ παραβάλωμεν αὐτήν; what comparison/parable can we use in comparing it (i.e. the Reign of God)? Mk 4:30 v.l.

④ to come near to someone or someth., approach, intr. (Pla. et al.; oft. pap; w. εἰς Polyb. 12, 5, 1; 16, 37, 7; 21, 8, 13; Diod S 1, 46, 7; 8; Plut., Demetr. 907 [39, 2]; PRyl 153, 5), specif. as a seaman’s term come near by ship, cross over (Hdt. 7, 179; Ep. Phil. in Demosth. 12, 16; Jos., Ant. 18, 161 εἰς Ποτιόλους παραβαλών) παρεβάλομεν εἰς Σάμον Ac 20:15.—M-M.

πιστός, ή, όν (πείθω; Hom.+).

① pertaining to being worthy of belief or trust, trustworthy, faithful, dependable, inspiring trust/faith, pass. aspect of πιστεύω (Hom.+).

ⓐ of pers.

α. of human beings (and Christ) δοῦλος (1 Km 22:14; 2 Macc 1:2; OdeSol 11:22; Jos., Ant. 6, 256; SIG 910 A, 5 [Christian]; PLond II, 251, 14 p. 317 [IV A.D.] δούλους πιστοὺς καὶ ἀδράστους): δοῦλε ἀγαθὲ καὶ πιστέ Mt 25:21a, 23a; cp. 24:45; Hs 5, 2, 2 πιστότατος (v.l. πιστός). οἰκονόμος Lk 12:42; 1 Cor 4:2. μάρτυς (Pind., P. 1, 88; 12, 27; Pr 14:5, 25; Ps 88:38; Jer 49:5; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 17) ὁ μάρτυς μου ὁ πιστός μου Rv 2:13 (μάρτυς 3); in this ‘book of martyrs’ Christ is ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστὸς (καὶ ὁ ἀληθινός) 1:5; 3:14; cp. 19:11 (the combination of ἀληθινός and πιστός in the last two passages is like 3 Macc 2:11). Cp. Rv 17:14. πιστὸς ἀρχιερεύς a faithful or reliable high priest Hb 2:17 (of Christ); cp. 3:2 (ἀρχιερέα … πιστὸν ὄντα τῷ ποιήσαντι αὐτόν). σύμβουλοι πιστοί B 21:4. πιστοὶ ἄνθρωποι reliable persons 2 Ti 2:2 (cp. Is 8:2; sing. Tob 5:3 S; 10:6 S; ApcEsdr 2:2). Paul honors his co-workers w. π. as a designation: Timothy 1 Cor 4:17. Tychicus Eph 6:21; Col 4:7 (both πιστὸς διάκονος ἐν κυρίῳ). Onesimus Col 4:9. Epaphras 1:7 (πιστὸς ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν διάκονος τοῦ Χριστοῦ). Cp. 1 Pt 5:12 (διὰ Σιλουανοῦ τ. πιστοῦ ἀδελφοῦ).—Moses was πιστὸς ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ Hb 3:5 (Num 12:7). πιστόν τινα ἡγεῖσθαι consider someone trustworthy (Aristoph., Plut. 27) 1 Ti 1:12 (cp. Hb 11:11; s. β below); s. PtK 3 p. 15, 18. γίνου πιστός (γίνομαι 7 and cp. Jos., Vi. 110, Ant. 19, 317) Rv 2:10.—πιστὸς ἔν τινι faithful, reliable, trustworthy in someth. (TestJos 9:2 π. ἐν σωφροσύνῃ) ἐν τῷ ἀδίκῳ μαμωνᾷ in matters relating to unrighteous wealth Lk 16:11. ἐν τῷ ἀλλοτρίῳ in connection with what belongs to someone else vs. 12. ὁ π. ἐν ἐλαχίστῳ καὶ ἐν πολλῷ π. ἐστιν one who is trustworthy in a very small matter is also trustworthy in a large one vs. 10; 2 Cl 8:5; cp. Lk 19:17. π. ἐν πᾶσιν trustworthy in every respect 1 Ti 3:11. Also ἐπί τι in (connection w.) someth. Mt 25:21b, 23b.—When Paul explains in 1 Cor 7:25 that the Lord graciously granted him the privilege of being πιστός, and uses this as a basis for his claim to be heard w. respect, πιστός can hardly mean ‘believing’ (s. 2 below); the apostle rather feels that in a special sense he has been called and commissioned because of the confidence God has in him (πιστός is almost like a title=‘trusted man, commissioner’, oft. in ins of distinguished pers.: ISyriaW 2022a; 2029; 2034; 2045f; 2127f; 2130; 2219; 2238–40; 2243; 2394; cp. SEG XLII, 1484, 1599.—Corresp. πίστις=‘position of trust’: Achilles Tat. 8, 15, 1 οἱ ἄρχοντες οἱ ταύτην ἔχοντες τὴν πίστιν).

β. of God as the One in whom we can have full confidence (Pind., N. 10, 54; Dt 7:9; 32:4; Is 49:7; PsSol 14:1; 7:10; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 93, Sacr. Abel. 93, Leg. All. 3, 204) 1 Cor 1:9; 10:13; 2 Cor 1:18; 1 Th 5:24; Hb 10:23; 11:11; 1 Pt 4:19; 1J 1:9; 1 Cl 60:1; ITr 13:3. π. ἐν ταῖς ἐπαγγελίαις 1 Cl 27:1 (cp. Ps 144:13a πιστὸς κύριος ἐν τοῖς λόγοις αὐτοῦ). πιστός ἐστιν ὁ ἐπαγγειλάμενος (God) is trustworthy, who has promised 2 Cl 11:6.—Also of the ‘Lord’ (Christ), who is spoken of in the same way as God 2 Th 3:3; 2 Ti 2:13.

ⓑ of things, esp. of words (Hdt. 8, 83; Pla., Tim. 49b; Aristot., Rhet. 2, 1, 1377b, 23; Polyb. 3, 9, 4; 15, 7, 1; Plut., Mor. 160e; Cass. Dio 37, 35; Jos., Ant. 19, 132; Just., D. 11, 2 διαθήκη; Ath., R. 17 p. 69, 16 τὸ πιστόν; Aberciusins. 6 γράμματα πιστά [of a divine teacher]) πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (Dionys. Hal. 3, 23, 17; Dio Chrys. 28 [45], 3) it is a trustworthy saying 1 Ti 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Ti 2:11; Tit 3:8; cp. 1:9 (JBover, Biblica 19, ’38, 74–79). οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί Rv 21:5; 22:6. Opp. ψευδής Hm 3:5ab. On τὰ ὅσια, Δαυὶδ τὰ πιστά Ac 13:34 s. ὅσιος 3.—Of water dependable (i.e. not likely to dry up suddenly; cp. Dt 28:59 νόσοι πισταί), unfailing, plentiful B 11:5 (Is 33:16). πιστὸν ποιεῖν τι act loyally 3J 5.

② pert. to being trusting, trusting, cherishing faith/trust act. aspect of πιστεύω (Aeschyl., Pers. 55, Prom. 916; Soph., Oed. Col. 1031; Pla., Leg. 7, 824; Cass. Dio 37, 12, 1; Just., A I, 53, 10 al.), also believing, full of faith, faithful (cp. POxy 1380, 152 ὁρῶσί σε [=Isis] οἱ κατὰ τὸ πιστὸν ἐπικαλούμενοι [on this s. AFestugière, RB 41, ’32, 257–61]; Sextus 1; 8; Wsd 3:9; Sir 1:14, 24 v.l.; Ps 100:6; SibOr 3, 69; 724) of OT worthies: Abraham (who is oft. called πιστός; cp. Philo, Post. Cai. 173 Ἀβρ. ὁ πιστὸς ἐπώνυμος; 2 Macc 1:2; 1 Macc 2:52; Sir 44:20) Gal 3:9; 1 Cl 10:1; Νῶε πιστὸς εὑρεθείς 9:4; Moses 17:5; 43:1 (both Num 12:7) and s. 1aα above (Hb 3:5). Of believers in contrast to doubters Hm 11:1ab. Of belief in the resurrection of Jesus μὴ γίνου ἄπιστος ἀλλὰ πιστός J 20:27. Of one who confesses the Christian faith believing or a believer in the Lord, in Christ, in God π. τῷ κυρίῳ Ac 16:15. Also π. ἐν κυρίῳ Hm 4, 1, 4. π. ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ Eph 1:1. πιστοὶ ἀδελφοὶ ἐν Χρ. Col 1:2. διʼ αὐτοῦ (=Χριστοῦ) πιστοὶ (πιστεύοντες v.l.) εἰς θεόν 1 Pt 1:21.—The abs. πιστός also means believing (in Christ), a (Christian) believer and is used both as adj. (Just., D. 110, 4) and as subst. Ac 16:1; 2 Cor 6:15; 1 Ti 4:10; 5:16; 6:2ab; Tit 1:6; 1 Cl 48:5; 62:3; 63:3; Hm 9:9; Hs 8, 7, 4; 8, 9, 1; 8, 10, 1; 9, 22, 1. οἱ πιστοί the believers = the Christians Ac 12:3 D; 1 Ti 4:3, 12; IEph 21:2; IMg 5:2 (opp. οἱ ἄπιστοι); MPol 12:3; 13:2; AcPl Ha 7, 7 (cp. Just., D. 47, 2 τοῖς Χριστιανοῖς καὶ πιστοῖς). οἱ ἅγιοι καὶ πιστοὶ αὐτοῦ ISm 1:2. οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς πιστοί= the Israelite (s. Ac 10:36) believers/Christians Ac 10:45. Without the art. (Orig., C. Cels., prol. 6, 5) Dg 11:2, 5. νέοι ἐν τῇ πίστει καὶ πιστοί young in the faith, but nevertheless believers Hv 3, 5, 4.—πιστὸς εἶναι be a believer IRo 3:2. ἐὰν ᾖ τις πιστότατος ἀνήρ even though a man is a firm believer Hm 6, 2, 7.—LFoley, CBQ 1 ’39, 163–65.—B. 1167. New Docs 2, 94, w. reff. to Christian ins. DELG s.v. πείθομαι. M-M. ENDT. TW.

πληροφορέω (*πληροφόρος [πλήρης, φέρω via φορέω]) 1 aor. impv. πληροφόρησον, inf. πληροφορῆσαι. Pass.: 1 aor. inf. πληροφορηθῆναι, ptc. πληροφορηθείς; pf. πεπληροφόρημαι, ptc. πεπληροφορημένος (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 14 (42) Jac. p. 467, 9f [=Fgm. 29, 39 Müller]; elsewh. since LXX Eccl 8:11; TestAbr A 1 p. 78, 7f [Stone p. 4], B 7 p. 112, 5 v.l. [Stone p. 72; NTS 1, ’54/55, 223]; TestGad 2:4; BGU 665 II, 2 [I A.D.]; APF 5, 1913, 383 no. 69b, 5 [I/II A.D.]; BGU 747 I, 22 [139 A.D.]; PAmh 66 II, 42; POxy 509, 10 [both II A.D.]; Vett. Val. 43, 18; 226, 20.—Dssm., LO 67f [LAE 82f]).

① fill (completely), fulfill, a synonym of πληρόω, which occasionally appears as v.l. for it. In our lit. only fig.

ⓐ w. a thing as obj. τὶ someth., adding to someth. that which it lacks, someth. like fill out, complement, aid τὸν πλοῦτον Hs 2:8a. τὰς ψυχάς 8b.—τὴν διακονίαν σου πληροφόρησον fulfill your ministry 2 Ti 4:5. Also the pass. ἵνα διʼ ἐμοῦ τὸ κήρυγμα πληροφορηθῇ vs. 17.—Of a request that is fulfilled Hm 9:2 (the pap use the word mainly in the sense ‘fully satisfy a demand’).— Accomplish τὰ πεπληροφορημένα ἐν ἡμῖν πράγματα the things that have been accomplished among us Lk 1:1 (s. M-JLagrange, Le sens de Luc 1:1 d’après les papyrus: Bull. d’ancienne Litt. et d’Arch. chrét. 2, 1912, 96–100; OPiper, Union Sem. Rev. 57, ’45, 15–25: Lk [and Ac] as ‘fulfillment’ of the OT.—S. also the lit. given s.v. παρακολουθέω, end). Some (e.g. KRengstorf, Das NT Deutsch ’37 ad loc.) would here transl. on which there is full conviction among us, and put the pass. under 2. But in view of Lk’s thematic emphasis on God’s βουλή (q.v. 2b), the idea of accomplishment of things planned seems more prob. (s. Lagrange).

ⓑ of pers. πεπληροφορημένος τινός filled w. someth. ἀγάπης love 1 Cl 54:1 (w. εὔσπλαγχνος). Perh. also ἔν τινι (πληρόω 1b) πεπληροφορημένοι ἐν παντὶ θελήματι τ. θεοῦ full of everything that is (in accord with) God’s will Col 4:12 (s. also 2 below).

② convince fully (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 14, 42 Jac. p. 467, 9f; AcPh 9 [Aa II, 2 p. 5, 20]; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 1, 20 al.) pass. be fully convinced, assured, certain (cp. Test Gad 2:4 ἐπληροφορήθημεν τῆς ἀναιρέσεως αὐτοῦ=‘we were quite filled w. the intention to kill him’.—Hegesippus in Eus., HE 2, 23, 14; Martyr. Pionii 4, 17 in HMusurillo, The Acts of the Christian Martyrs ’72) foll. by ὅτι be fully convinced that (Ps.-Clem., Hom. p. 9, 22 Lag.) Ro 4:21; IMg 8:2. Have perfect faith (i.e. limited by no doubt at all) εἰς τὸν κύριον in the Lord ISm 1:1. ἔν τινι in someth. IMg 11; IPhld ins.—Abs. (in case ἐν παντὶ κτλ. [s. 1b above] belongs to σταθῆτε) be fully assured τέλειοι καὶ πεπληροφορημένοι Col 4:12 (but in that case it may also mean here complete, finished). πληροφορηθέντες διὰ τῆς ἀναστάσεως τοῦ κυρίου be fully assured by the Lord’s resurrection 1 Cl 42:3. ἕκαστος ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ νοὶ̈ πληροφορείσθω every one must be fully convinced in the person’s own mind Ro 14:5 (JBeckler, Biblica 65, ’84, 364).—Ltzm., Hdb. on Ro 4:21; Dssm. LO⁴ 67f [LAE 86f].—DELG s.v. πίμπλημι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq.

προαθλέω pf. ptc. προηθληκώς (schol. on Pind., O. 8, 71c p. 256) to be involved in an earlier contest, compete in former times in a transf. sense of the martyrs of earlier ages (opp. οἱ μέλλοντες) ἡ τῶν προηθληκότων μνήμη the memory of those who have already competed MPol 18:3.

Φιλαδέλφεια, ας, ἡ (so N.; other edd. Φιλαδελφία, Ign., MPol) Philadelphia, a city in Lydia (west central Asia Minor; this Philadelphia mentioned in Strabo 12, 8 p. 578; Ptolem. 5, 2, 17; Ael. Aristid. 26, 96 K. al.; ins) under Roman rule fr. 133 B.C. Significant as a seat of Hellenistic culture. The sixth letter of Rv 1:11; 3:7 and one epistle of Ign., IPhld ins, are addressed to the Christian community there. MPol 19:1 mentions eleven martyrs fr. Phil. who were condemned together w. Polycarp in Smyrna.—An inhabitant of the city was called Φιλαδελφεύς title of IPhld (s. Hdb. z. NT on this).—Lghtf., The Apost. Fathers, Part II vol. II² 1889, 237ff; KBuresch, Aus Lydien 1898; CB I/1, 196ff, Letters ch. 27f; VSchultze, Altchristl. Städte u. Landschaften II/2, 1926; Pauly-W. XIX, 2091–93; CHemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting ’89 (’86), 153–77; Kl. Pauly IV, 733f; BHHW III, 1450f.—New Docs 3, 56 (lit.) M-M.

ἀναιρέω (s. prec.) fut. ἀναιρήσω and ἀνελῶ (B-D-F §74, 3), the latter (Dionys. Hal. 11, 18, 2; Jdth 7:13; Just., D. 112, 2 [ἀνεῖλε A]) formed after 2 aor. ἀνεῖλον, which appears also in the forms (B-D-F §81, 3) ἀνεῖλα (ἀνείλατε Ac 2:23, ἀνεῖλαν 10:39); subj. ἀνέλω; mid. ἀνειλόμην (v.l.) and ἀνειλάμην (ἀνείλατο 7:21 [-ετο v.l.]; cp. CIG 4137, 3; Ex 2:5, 10; B-D-F §81, 3; s. W-S. §13, 13; Mlt-H. 226 s.v. αἱρέω); fut. pass. ἀναιρεθήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. pass ἀνῃρέθην; pf. act. inf. ἀνῃρηκέναι (Just., D. 73, 6); pf. pass. ἀνῄρημαι LXX (also Just., Tat., Mel.) (Hom.+).

① to remove or take away, take away of things πνοήν 1 Cl 21:9. Do away with, abolish (Aeschin. 3, 39 νόμον; Isaeus 1, 14; Polyb. 31, 20, 3; TestGad 5:3 τὸ ζῆλος; Dio Chrys. 59 [76], 2) Hb 10:9 (opp. στῆσαι). Take up a martyr’s bones MPol 18:1.

② to get rid of by execution, do away with, destroy, of pers. τινά someone, mostly of killing by violence, in battle, by execution, murder, or assassination (Trag., Hdt.+; SIG 226, 20; 709, 35; UPZ 8, 15 [161 B.C.]; PAmh 142, 8; LXX; EpArist 166; Jos., Bell. 1, 389, Ant. 17, 44; Just., Tat., Ath.; Mel., P. 96, 736; Iren. 4, 33, 7 [Harv. II 261, 6]; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 61, 8) ἀ. πάντας τοὺς παῖδας Mt 2:16 (PSaintyves, Le massacre des Innocents: Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. I 229–72); ἀνελεῖν πάντα τὰ βρέφη GJs 22:1 (follows ἀνελεῖται corr. to ἀναιρεῖται; cp. ἀνελεῖν τὰ βρέφη ApcEsdr 4, 11 p. 28: 13 Tdf.). ἐζήτουν τὸ πῶς ἀνέλωσιν αὐτόν they sought a way to dispose of him Lk 22:2. τοῦτον Ac 2:23; cp. 5:33, 36; 7:28 (Ex 2:14); 9:23f, 29; 22:20; 23:15, 21; 25:3; 1 Cl 4:10 (Ex 2:14). ἀ. ἑαυτόν commit suicide (Parthenius 17, 7; Jos., Ant. 20, 80) Ac 16:27. Of execution (Chariton 4, 3, 5) Lk 23:32; Ac 10:39; 12:2; 13:28. ἀκρίτως AcPl Ha 9, 19 (restored). Synon. w. θανατοῦν 1 Cl 39:7 (Job 5:2). Of the destruction of the Lawless One ὸ̔ν ὁ Κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ (vv.ll. ἀνελοῖ, ἀναλοῖ, ἀναλώσει, s. ἀναλίσκω) τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ whom the Lord Jesus will slay with the breath of his mouth 2 Th 2:8 (after Is 11:4). Pregnant constr., of martyrs ἀναιρούμενοι εἰς θεόν those who come to God by a violent death IEph 12:2. Of the tree of knowledge: kill οὐ τὸ τῆς γνώσεως (sc. ξύλον) ἀναιρεῖ ἀλλʼ ἡ παρακοὴ ἀναιρεῖ Dg 12:2.—Pass. ἀναιρεῖσθαι Ac 23:27; 26:10; AcPl Ha 9, 20 (restored); ἀναιρεθῆναι Lk 23:32; Ac 5:36; 13:28; be condemned to death 26:10; Papias (11:2; 12:2); AcPl Ha 4, 21f; 5, 5f; 8, 19.

③ mid. to take up for oneself, take up, claim (for oneself) (Jos., Ant. 5, 20) of the baby Moses, whom Pharaoh’s daughter rescued from the river after his exposure (Ex 2:5, 10; Philo, Mos. 1, 17) Ac 7:21, with focus on the act of rescue (sim. Dio Chrys. 65 [15], 9 ἀλλότρια εὑρόντες ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ παιδία ἀνελόμενοι [opp. ἐκτίθημι] ἔτρεφον ὡς αὑτῶν; cp. Aristocritus [III B.C.]: 493 Fgm. 3 Jac. p. 465, 3; Aristoph., Nub. 531; Men., Sam. 159; Epict. 1, 23, 7 [opp. ῥιπτῶ ‘expose’]; Plut., Anton. 932 [36, 3], ‘own, acknowledge’, Mor. 320e al.; BGU 1110; PSI 203, 3; POxy 37, 6 [act.] and 38, 6 [mid.], both 49 A.D.; s. Preis.). The pap exx. involve exposed children taken up and reared as slaves, and the junction of ἀναιρέομαι and ἀνατρέφω in our pass. suggests Hell. nursing contracts (reflected in the LXX choice of diction Ex 2:9–10; s. New Docs 2, 7 and ins cited there). The rendering ‘adopt’ lacks philological precision and can be used only in a loose sense (as NRSV), esp. when Gr-Rom. terminology relating to adoption procedures is taken into account.—M-M. TW.

ἀποθνῄσκω impf. ἀπέθνῃσκον; fut. ἀποθανοῦμαι; 2 aor. ἀπέθανον; pf. 3 sg. ἀποτέθνηκεν (Tat. 2, 1) (s. θνῄσκω, θάνατος; Hom.+; on the ῃ s. B-D-F §2; Rob. 194) intensive of θνῄσκω ‘die’.

① to cease to have vital functions, whether at an earthly or transcendent level, die

ⓐ of death on an earthly level

α. of pers. Mt 9:24; 22:24 (Dt 25:5), 27; Mk 5:35, 39; 9:26; Lk 8:42 (ἀπέθνῃσκεν was about to die, as in Jos., Ant. 5, 4), 52; Ro 6:10; 7:2f (Artem. 4, 71 p. 246, 2 πάντων ὁ θάνατός ἐστι λυτικός); Phil 1:21; Hb 9:27 (Archinus: Orat. Att. II p. 167 πᾶσι ἀνθρώποις ὀφείλεται ἀποθανεῖν; Just., A I, 18, 1 τὸν κοινὸν πᾶσι θάνατον ἀπέθανον); GEg 252, 48 al. Of violent death (also as pass. of ἀποκτείνω=be killed: Hdt. 1, 137, 2; 7, 154, 1; Lycurgus 93; Pla., Ap. 29d; 32d; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 30 Jac.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 4, 4 ὑπὸ τοῦ παιδὸς ἀποθανών; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 143 ἱεροσυλῶν ἐλήφθη κ. ἀπέθανε; Josh 20:3) Mt 26:35 (for κἂν δέῃ ἀποθανεῖν cp. Lucian, Timon 43; Jos., Ant. 6, 108); J 19:7; Ac 25:11. θανάτῳ ἀ. (Od. 11, 412; Gen 2:17; 3:4) J 12:33; 18:32; cp. Hs 8, 7, 3. W. ἐπί τινι on the basis of (Dio Chrys. 47 [64], 3) ἐπὶ δυσὶν ἢ τρισὶν μάρτυσιν ἀ. suffer death on the basis of (the testimony of) two or three witnesses lit., Hb 10:28 (Dt 17:6). W. ὑπέρ τινος for (the benefit of) (Epict 2, 7, 3 ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ; Lucian, Peregr. 23; 33: Per. dies ὑπὲρ τ. ἀνθρώπων, cp. Tox. 43; 2 Macc 7:9; 8:21; 4 Macc 1:8, 10; Jos., Ant. 13, 5; 6) J 11:50f; Ac 21:13; Ro 5:6ff. διὰ (4 Macc 6:27; 16:25) Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν ἀ. IRo 6:1 v.l. (the rdg. varies betw. διά, εἰς, ἐν). Esp. of Christ’s death Ro 5:8; 14:15; 1 Cor 15:3; 2 Cor 5:14f; 1 Th 5:10; 1 Pt 3:18 v.l.; ITr 2:1; IRo 6:1; Pol 9:2. ἀ. ἐν κυρίῳ die in the Lord of martyrs Rv 14:13. For this ὐπὲρ θεοῦ ἀ. IRo 4:1. Not specif. of a martyr’s death τῷ κυρίῳ ἀ. die for the Lord Ro 14:8 (cp. Alciphron 4, 10, 5 δεῖ γὰρ αὐτὸν ἢ ἐμοὶ ζῆν ἢ τεθνάναι Θεττάλῃ). W. the reason given ἀ. ἔκ τινος die because of someth. (Hdt. 2, 63 ἐκ τ. τρωμάτων) Rv 8:11; ὑπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῆς χαλάζης AcPl Ha 5, 10. The extraordinary expr. ἀ. εἰς τὸ αὐτοῦ (i.e. Jesus’) πάθος may be transl. die in order to share his experience (=his death; s. JKleist, note ad loc.) IMg 5:2.

β. of animals and plants ἀ. ἐν τοῖς ὕδασιν drown Mt 8:32. Of grains of wheat placed in the ground decay J 12:24; 1 Cor 15:36; w. regard to what is being illustrated, this is called dying. Of trees die Jd 12. fig.

ⓑ of death on a transcendent level

α. of losing the ultimate, eternal life Ro 8:13; Rv 3:2. So almost always in J: 6:50, 58; 8:21, 24; 11:26 al. ἡ ἁμαρτία ἀνέζησεν, ἐγὼ δὲ ἀπέθανον sin came back to life, and I died Ro 7:9, 10. Of worldly Christians: τὸ ἥμισυ ἀπέθανεν Hs 8, 1. ζῆν ἡμᾶς ἐν θεῷ … [καὶ μὴ ἀπο]|θανεῖν ἐν ἁμαρτίαις AcPl Ha 1, 15f (cp. Tat. 11:2 πολλάκις ἀποθνῄσκεις). Cp. μὴ εἰδό[τες τὴν δια]φ[ο]ρὰν τα[ύτην ἀπέ]θά̣νο̣ν not recognizing this distinction (between the transitory and the intransitory), they died Ox 1081, 22–24 (=SJCh 89, 19f) as read by Till p. 218 app.

β. of mystical death with Christ ἀπεθάνομεν σὺν Χριστῷ Ro 6:8 (EKlaar, ZNW 59, ’68, 131–34). Cp. 2 Cor 5:14; Col 3:3.

γ. w. dat. of pers. or thing fr. which one is separated by death, however death may be understood: τ. θεῷ Hs 8, 6, 4; 9, 28, 5; νόμῳ Gal 2:19; τ. ἁμαρτίᾳ Ro 6:2; ἀ. (τούτῳ) ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα dead to that which held us captive 7:6 (for the dative constr. cp. Plut., Agis et Cleom. 819f; see s.v. ζάω 3b and CFDMoule, BRigaux Festschr., ’70, 367–75).—W. ἀπό τινος instead of the dat. Col 2:20 (cp. Porphyr., Abst. 1, 41 ἀπὸ τ. παθῶν).

② the prospect of death or realization of mortality be about to die, face death, be mortal (Phalaris, Ep. 52 ἀποθνῄσκοντες=be in danger of death; Philosoph. Max 495, 125 ὁ τῶν ἀσώτων βίος ὥσπερ καθʼ ἡμέραν ἀποθνῄσκων ἐκφέρεται; Athen. 12, 552b καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἀποθνῄσκειν; Seneca, Ep. 24, 20 (cotidie morimur); Philo, In Flacc. 175; PGiss 17, 9 ἀποθνῄσκομεν ὅτι οὐ βλέπομέν σε καθʼ ἡμέραν) καθʼ ἡμέραν ἀ. I face death every day 1 Cor 15:31 (cp. Ps 43:23). ὡς ἀποθνῄσκοντες καὶ ἰδοὺ ζῶμεν 2 Cor 6:9. ἀποθνῄσκοντες ἄνθρωποι mortal people Hb 7:8.—B. 287. DELG s.v. θάνατος. M-M.

ἄσκησις, εως, ἡ (s. prec. entry; Thu., et al.; 4 Macc 13:22; Philo, Migr. Abr. 31, Vi. Cont. 28; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 171; Tat. 19, 1; Ath., R. 67, 2 ἀρετῆς ἄ.; PSI I, 422, 29) practice lit., of athletes, transferred to martyrs, w. ἑτοιμασία MPol 18:3.—FPfister, Deissmann Festschr. 1927, 76–81.—TW. Sv.

ἄχρονος, ον pert. to not being affected or limited by the passage of time, timeless=eternal (s. χρόνος; Plut., Mor. 393a; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 76) of God (Proclus, Theol. 124 p. 110, 26; Lampe s.v.) IPol 3:2 (Martyr. Carpi 16 HMusurillo, Acts of the Christian Martyrs p. 24 ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ἄ. ὤν).

ὁμιλέω (ὅμιλος) impf. ὡμίλουν; fut. 3 sg. ὁμιλήσει Pr 15:12; 1 aor. ὡμίλησα; pf. inf. ὡμιληκέναι Just., D. 62, 2 (Hom.+, prim. mng. ‘be in association with’ someone, and then ‘converse’) to be in a group and speak, speak, converse, address (Hom., Pla., et al.; LXX. Cp. our use of ‘meet’ in the sense ‘have a discussion’ about someth.) τινί (with) someone (Philemo Com. 169 K. ἐὰν γυνὴ γυναικὶ κατʼ ἰδίαν ὁμιλεῖ; Ael. Aristid. 28, 116 K.=49 p. 529 D.: θεῷ; POxy 928, 5 ὡμείλησας δέ μοί ποτε περὶ τούτου; Da 1:19; GrBar 7:3; ApcMos 16; Jos., Ant. 17, 50; Just., D. 59, 1 al.—Of God’s intimate association with the Logos τῷ λόγῳ αὐτοῦ διὰ πάντος ὁμιλῶν Theoph. Ant. 2, 22 [p. 154, 20]) ὡμίλει αὐτῷ he used to talk with him Ac 24:26 (Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 18 ὁμ. τινι=confer with someone). Of Christ talking to martyrs (cp. Herm. Wr. 12, 19 [τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ] μόνῳ ὁ θεὸς ὁμιλεῖ) παρεστὼς ὁ κύριος ὡμίλει αὐτοῖς the Lord was standing by and conversing with them MPol 2:2. Also πρός τινα (X., Mem. 4, 3, 2; Jos., Ant. 11, 260 τούτων πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὁμιλούντων): ὡμίλουν πρὸς ἀλλήλους περὶ πάντων they were conversing w. each other about all the things Lk 24:14. W. acc. of thing οὐ ξένα ὁμιλῶ I have nothing strange to say Dg 11:1. ἃ λόγος ὁμιλεῖ 11:7. Abs. (Diod S 13, 83, 1) Lk 24:15. ἐφʼ ἱκανὸν ὁμιλήσας ἄχρι αὐγῆς after talking a long time until daylight Ac 20:11.—RAC IX, 1100–45.—DELG s.v. ὅμιλο. M-M.

ὑποδείκνυμι or ύω fut. ὑποδείξω; 1 aor. ὑπέδειξα. Pass.: 1 fut. 3 sg. ὑποδειχθήσεται Sir 14:12 v.l.; aor. 3 sg. ὑπεδείχθη Sir 3:23; 14:12; pf. ptc. n. pl. ὑποδεδειγμένα Esth 2:9 v.l. (Hdt., Thu.+) ‘show, indicate’.

① to direct someone’s attention to someth., indicate, point out, lit. τινί to someone ὑποδεικνύουσα αὐτοῖς ἐναλλάξ as she pointed in the wrong direction 1 Cl 12:4. Also of visions granted martyrs to whom the Lord has shown the eternal blessings that no earthly eye can behold, pass. MPol 2:3.

② to give instruction or moral direction, show, give direction, prove, set forth, fig. ext. of 1, τὶ someth. (TestJob 4:1; GrBar 1:8; Jos., Ant. 2, 21) B 1:8. Otherw. always w. dat. of pers. τινί (to) someone: foll. by a rel. clause (TestJob 1:4; Ath., R. 23 p. 77, 8) Ac 9:16; foll. by an inf. warn Mt 3:7; Lk 3:7; foll. by ὅτι (TestNapht 8:1; ApcMos 23; s. B-D-F §397, 4) Ac 20:35 (πάντα=‘at every opportunity’); foll. by indirect question (TestJob 3:2) Lk 6:47; 12:5.—M-M.

common of martyrs