-
1 MAN
nér (ner-; pl. neri given) (\#ner as the final element in compounds, as in vëaner and úner, see below), †vëo (-wë as final element in compounds); hanu (male); (ADULT) MAN vëaner; MANLY vëa (adult, vigorous); LARGE/STRONG MAN nerdo, SMALL MAN nercë (perhaps with stem nerci-) MANHOOD vië (vigour); MAN-SPEARHEAD (a wedge-formation of soldiers) nernehta, NOMAN úner (All these words can apparently be used of adult males of any sentient race. For "Men" in the sence "humans", see MORTALS, FOLLOWERS.) –DER, WEG (cf. VT46:21 indicating that †vëo should be marked as an archaic/poetic word), VT47:33, VT45:16, UT:282, UT:211 -
2 ONE-HANDED MAN
Ercambo –VT47:7 -
3 WHO
(interrogative pronoun) man (so in Nam and MC:222; MC:221 one place has men, but that is evidently an error, for man occurs in the same text. In FS and LR:59/63, man is translated "what". Either Tolkien later adjusted the meaning of the word, or man covers the meaning of both "who" and "what", but mana is seemingly attested in PM:396 as a distinct word for "what".) NOTE: this "who" is used only in questions. As for "who" as a relative pronoun, as in "the man who did this", see THAT \#3. –Nam/MC:222 -
4 BLESSED
alya, almárëa (prosperous, rich, abundant), herenya (wealthy, fortunate, rich), manaquenta or manquenta, also aman ("blessed, free from evil" – Aman was "chiefly used as the name of the land where the Valar dwelt" [WJ:399], and as an adjective “blessed” the word may add an adjectival ending: amanya, VT49:41). Aman is the apparent Quenya equivalent of “the Blessed Realm” (allative Amanna is attested, VT49:26). The word calambar, apparently literally *“light-fated”, also seems to mean “blessed” (VT49:41). Cf. also BLESSED BEING Manwë (name of the King of the Valar). Alya, almárëa, and herenya are adjectives that may also have worldly connontations, apparently often used with reference to one who is "blessed" with material possessions or simply has good luck; on the other hand, the forms derived from the root man- primarily describe something free from evil: Cf. mána "blessed" in Fíriel's Song (referring to the Valar) and the alternative form manna in VT43:19 [cf. VT45:32] (in VT45 referring to the Virgin Mary; the form mána may be preferred for clarity, since manna is apparently also the question-word "whither?", "where to?") The forms manaquenta or manquenta also include the man- root, but it is combined with a derivative (passive participle?) of the verbal stem quet- "say, speak", these forms seemingly referring to someone who is "blessed" in the sense that people speak well of this person (a third form from the same source, manque, is possibly incomplete: read manquenta?) (VT44:10-11) The most purely "spiritual" term is possibly the word aistana, used for "blessed" in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, where this word refers to the Virgin (VT43:27-28, 30). Aistana is apparently not an independent adjective (like alya, mána etc.), but rather the passive participle of a verb \#aista- "bless"; see above concerning its precise application. BLESSEDNESS vald- (so in LT1:272; nom. sg. must be either *val or *valdë) (happiness; but since this word comes from early material where it was intended to be related to Valar "Happy/Blessed Ones", its conceptual validity may be doubted because Tolkien later reinterpreted Valar as "the Powers" and dropped the earlier etymology). BLESSING (a boon, a good or fortunate thing), see BOON. "BLESSINGS", BLESSEDNESS, BLISS almië, almarë; FINAL BLISS manar, mandë (doom, final end, fate, fortune) –LotR:989 cf Letters:308; GAL, KHER, Letters:283, LT1:272, MAN/MANAD, VT43:19, 27-28, 30 -
5 ADULT
(adj) vëa (manly, vigorous); ADULT MAN vëaner; ADULT MALE nér (ner-, as in. pl neri) (man) –WEG, DER -
6 SMALL INSECT
pí (fly); SMALL MAN, see MAN; SMALL STONE sar (stem sard-, as in pl. sardi); YOUNG OR SMALL WOMAN, see GIRL. –VT47:35, SAR -
7 CHAMPION
aráto (eminent man) –Silm:428 -
8 DOOM
manar, mandë (final end, fate, fortune, final bliss); umbar- (umbart-) (fate). See below concerning *anan in Rithil-Anamo. In the story of Túrin Turambar, it seems that ambar means "doom": Turambar is said to mean "Master of Doom", and Nienor even uses the word in the instrumental case: ambartanen "by doom". Similarly, LT2:348 gives ambar "Fate". But in Etym, ambar means "earth", and LotR Appendix E confirms that "fate" is umbar. DOOM RING Máhanaxar (a foreign word in Quenya, adopted and adapted from Valarin, also translated as:) Rithil-Anamo "Ring of Doom", name of the place where judgement was passed in Valinor (hence Anamo as genitive "of Doom", nominative probably *anan with stem anam-, otherwise but less likely *anama – this seems to be "doom" in the sense of judgement or juridical justice, since the root is NAM as in nam- "to judge"). –MAN/MANAD, MBARAT/VT45:5, Silm:261, 269, LotR:1157, WJ:399, WJ:401 -
9 EMINENT
minya (prominent; minya is basically the ordinal "1st"); EMINENT MAN aráto (champion) –VT42:24, 25; Silm:428 -
10 FORTUNE
(good fortune) alma (weal, wealth); mandë, manar (final end, doom, fate); heren (governance, what is in store for one or what one has in store); marto (fate, lot); FORTUNATE herenya (wealthy, blessed, rich), GOOD OR FORTUNATE THING mána (see BOON). –GALA, MAN/MANAD, KHER, LT2:348, VT49:41 -
11 HERO
callo (noble man). LT1:268 also has mordo "warrior, hero", but in Tolkien's later Quenya, mordo means "obscurity, shadow, stain, smear, dimness". –KAL -
12 INDEED
(interjection) é. Can be prefixed to sentences, as in e man antaváro? "What will he give indeed?" (LR:63); this e would seem to be a short variant of é. –VT45:11, LR:63 -
13 LEARNED
istima (wise, having knowledge), nóla (wise). (In Etym, the latter word is spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. Initial ng had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. Cf. also the spelling of the related word nólë in Silm:432. But if this word is written in Tengwar, the initial n should be transcribed with the letter noldo, not númen.) LEARNED MAN istyar (scholar) –IS, ÑGOL -
14 MAID, MAIDEN
wendë, vendë (the latter is the Exilic Quenya form), also short form wen with stem wend- as in pl. wendi (girl) (read v- for w- in Exilic Quenya). Tolkien also used the word wendë (variants vénë, véndë, read evidently vendë) to translate "virgin" in his Quenya version of a Catholic prayer, where the reference is to the Virgin Mary. According to VT47:17, this term can be used of a "maiden" of any age up to fully adult (until marriage). In compounds –wen, e.g. Nerwen "Man-maiden" (probably with stem *-wend-). MAIDENHOOD wendelë (Exilic Quenya *vendelë). –WEN, LT1:271/273/Silm:439, VT44:10, 18, VT47:17 -
15 MALE
(noun) hanu (man, male of Men/Elves or animals); MALE (adj) hanwa –3AN, VT45:16, INI -
16 MEN
see MAN or MORTALS, FOLLOWERS -
17 MORTAL
fírima (pl. Fírimar is attested, lit. "those apt to die", WJ:387), also in the personal (masculine) form \#fírimo (pl. fírimor, VT49:10, pl. allative fírimonnar "to mortals", VT44:35). The form firima with a short i occurs in VT46:4. Firya (pl. Firyar is attested); MORTAL MAN firë (pl firi is given but seems perfectly regular) –PHIR, WJ:387 -
18 MY
-nya (possessive suffix), e.g. meldonya "my friend" (VT49:40, 48), tyenya “my tye” (VT49:51, this is a term of address used to a dear kins(wo)man, literally “my thou”, with tye as an intimate 2nd person pronoun). An i seems to be inserted between the ending and the noun when the latter ends in a consonant: atarinya "my father" (LR:61). If the last consonant(s) of the noun is n or the cluster nd, a contracted form may be used in vocatives: hinya "my child" (for hínanya, WJ:403), yonya "my son" (for *yondonya, LR:61). – “My” as an independent word is apparently ninya, (derived from the dative form nin “for me”), though in FS it is used as a quasi-suffix (indo-ninya “my heart”). -
19 SCHOLAR
istyar (learned man) –IS -
20 SPIRIT
fëa (= the spirit or "soul" of an incarnate, normally housed in a body; pl fëar is attested), ëala ("being"; pl. eälar is attested. Eälar are spirits whose natural state it is to exist without a physical body, e.g. Balrogs), súlë (Þ) (earlier [MET] thúlë, Þúlë) (maybe a more "impersonal" word for spirit), manu (= departed spirit; LT1:260 has mánë), fairë (= spirit in general, as opposed to matter, or a phantom or disembodied spirit, when seen as a pale shape. Pl. fairi is attested), vilissë (a "Qenya" word maybe not valid in LotR-style Quenya). A person's "spirit" meaning his or her general personality and attitude may be expressed by the word órë, in LotR defined as "heart, inner mind" (q.v.), cf. PM:337, where it is said that "there dwelt in her [Galadriel] the noble and generous spirit (órë) of the Vanyar". FIELD-SPIRIT Nermi (pl. Nermir is attested. The Nermir are "fays of the meads".) HOLY SPIRIT airefëa (other version: fairë aista; both versions are attested with the dative ending -n attached). SPIRIT-IMPULSE fëafelmë (impulses originating with the spirit, e.g. love, pity, anger, hate). –MR:349, 218, 165; cf. Silm:431; LotR:1157, MAN, MC:223, MR:349, GL:23, LT1:260, VT43:36-37, VT44:17, VT41:19 cf. 13
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