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21 polymer
1. полимер, продукт полимеризацииablative polymer — абляционный полимер
acetylene polymer — ацетиленовый полимер
acrylonitrile-butadiene polymer — бутадиен-акрилонитрильный полимер
activated polymer — активированный полимер
aliphatic polymer — алифатический полимер
amorphous polymer — аморфный полимер
aromatic polymer — ароматический полимер
asbestos-fiber-reinforced polymer — полимер, армированный волокном асбеста
atactic polymer — атактический [стереобеспорядочный] полимер, полимер атактического строения
block polymer — блок-сополимер
boron-containing polymer — борсодержащий полимер
boron-organic polymer — борорганический полимер
branched polymer — разветвлённый полимер
butadiene polymer — бутадиеновый полимер
carbon-based polymer — полимер на основе углерода
carbon-chain polymer — карбоцепной полимер
carboranesiloxane polymer — карборан-силоксановый полимер
carboxylated polymer — карбоксилатный полимер
ceramic-filled polymer — полимер с керамическим наполнителем
char-forming polymer — обугливающийся [коксующийся] полимер
charring polymer — обугливающийся [коксующийся] полимер
char-producing polymer — обугливающийся [коксующийся] полимер
chelate polymer — хелатный [клешневидный] полимер
chelating polymer — хелатный [клешневидный] полимер
chelic polymer — хелатный [клешневидный] полимер
chemically-cross-linked polymer — химически сшитый полимер
chlorinated polymer — хлорированный полимер
chlorosulfonated polyethylene polymer — сульфохлорированный полиэтиленовый полимер
cold polymer — 1) холодный полимер 2) полимер, полученный низкотемпературной полимеризацией
conjoint polymer — сополимер
craft polymer — привитой полимер, крафт-полимер
cross-linkable polymer — структурируемый [сшиваемый] полимер
cross-linked polymer — сшитый [сеточный, структурированный] полимер
crystal-forming polymer — кристаллообразующий полимер
crystalline polymer — кристаллический полимер
cyclophosphazene polymer — циклофосфазеновый полимер
diisotactic polymer — диизотактический полимер
elastomeric polymer — эластомерный полимер
emulsion polymer — эмульсионный полимер
epoxide polymer — эпоксидный полимер
ероху polymer — эпоксидный полимер
eutectic polymer — эвтектический полимер
expandable polymer — вспениваемый [газонаполняемый] полимер
fiber-forming polymer — волокнообразующий полимер; полимер, формующийся в нить
fibrous polymer — 1) волокнообразующий полимер 2) волокнистый полимер
filled polymer — наполненный полимер
filler polymer — наполненный полимер
flame-retardant polymer — пламезадерживающий полимер
flexible polymer — гибкий [эластичный] полимер
fluorinated polymer — фторированный полимер
fluorine polymer — фторполимер
fluorine-containing polymer — фторсодержащий полимер
fluoroaromatic polymer — фторароматический полимер
fluorocarbon polymer — фторуглеродный полимер
fluoroheterocyclic polymer — фторгетероциклический полимер
fluorosilicone polymer — фторкремнийорганический полимер
foamable polymer — полимер, способный к вспениванию
freeradical polymer — полимер свободных радикалов
glass-fiber-reinforced polymer — полимер, армированный стекловолокном; стеклопластик
glass-reinforced polymer — полимер, армированный стеклом; стеклопластик
glass-resin polymer — полимерный материал на основе стекла и смолы, стеклопластик
glassy polymer — стекловидный [стеклообразный] полимер
graft polymer — привитой полимер
graphite-reinforced polymer — полимер, армированный графитом; графитопласт
halogenated polymer — галоидированный полимер
heat polymer — 1) горячий полимер 2) полимер, полученный высокотемпературной полимеризацией
heat-resistant polymer — теплостойкий полимер
heat-stable polymer — теплостойкий полимер
heteroaromatic polymer — гетероароматический полимер
heterochain polymer — гетероцепной полимер
heterocyclic polymer — гетероциклический полимер
heterogeneous polymer — гетерогенный полимер
heterogeneous chain polymer — гетероцепной полимер
heteroorganic polymer — элементоорганический полимер
high polymer — высокополимер, высший [высокомолекулярный] полимер
high-modulus polymer — высокомодульный полимер
high-molecular-weight polymer — высокомолекулярный [высший] полимер, высокополимер
high-oriented linear polymer — высокоориентированный линейный полимер
high-styrene polymer — высокостирольный полимер
high-temperature polymer — 1) высокотемпературный полимер; полимер, полученный высокотемпературной полимеризацией 2) жаропрочный [жаростойкий] полимер
hot polymer — 1) высокотемпературный полимер; полимер, полученный высокотемпературной полимеризацией 2) жаропрочный [жаростойкий] полимер
hydrocarbon polymer — углеводородный полимер
inorganic polymer — неорганический полимер
intermetallic polymer — интерметаллический полимер
isoprene-styrene polymer — изопрен-стирольный полимер
isotactic polymer — изотактический полимер
ladder polymer — ступенчатый полимер
linear polymer — линейный полимер
liquid polymer — жидкий полимер
long-chain polymer — полимер с длинной цепью, длинноцепной полимер
low-modulus polymer — полимер с низким модулем упругости, низкомодульный полимер
low-molecular-weight polymer — низкомолекулярный [низший] полимер
macrocellular polymer — макросетчатый полимер
macrocyclic polymer — макроциклический полимер
metal-containing polymer — металлсодержащий полимер
metal-like polymer — металлоподобный полимер
metallo-organic polymer — металлоорганический полимер
microcrystalline polymer — микрокристаллический полимер
mixed polymer — сополимер
modified polymer — модифицированный полимер
molten polymer — 1) жидкий полимер 2) литой полимер
network polymer — сетчатый полимер
nitrozo polymer — нитрозополимер
nonaqueous polymer — неэмульсионный полимер
non-cross-linked polymer — несшитый полимер
oil-extended polymer — маслонаполненный полимер
organic polymer — органический полимер
organometallic polymer — металлорганический полимер
organosilicon polymer — кремнийорганический полимер
oriented polymer — ориентированный полимер
particulate-filled polymer — полимер с наполнителем из частиц
phenol-formaldehyde polymer — фенол-формальдегидный полимер
phenylene-oxide polymer — полифениленоксидный полимер, полифениленоксид
photocross-linkable polymer — фотосшиваемый полимер
polybenzyl polymer — полибензиловый полимер
polycondensation polymer — поликонденсационный полимер
polyoxide polymer — полиокисный [полиоксидный] полимер
polysulfide polymer — полисульфидный полимер
polyurethane polymer — полиуретановый полимер
radiation-resistant polymer — радиационно-стойкий полимер
reinforced polymer — армированный полимер
resinous polymer — смолистый полимер
rubber-reinforced glassy polymer — стеклообразный полимер, армированный каучуком
rubbery polymer — каучуковый [каучукоподобный] полимер
rubber-like polymer — каучуковый [каучукоподобный] полимер
saturated polymer — насыщенный полимер
semiconductive polymer — полупроводниковый полимер
semicrystalline polymer — полукристаллический полимер
silicone polymer — кремнийорганический полимер, силикон, полисилоксан
siloxy-carboranyl polymer — силокси-карборанильный полимер
solid polymer — твёрдый полимер
solid-propellant binder polymer — связующий полимер твёрдого ракетного топлива
spiro polymer — спирополимер, полициклический полимер
stereoregular polymer — стереорегулярный [стереоспецифический, изотактический] полимер
stereospecific polymer — стереорегулярный [стереоспецифический, изотактический] полимер
synthetic polymer — синтетический полимер
tailoring polymer — полимер с ( заранее) заданными свойствами
tailor-made polymer — полимер с ( заранее) заданными свойствами
thermally resistant polymer — термостойкий полимер
thermally stable polymer — термостойкий полимер
thermoplastic polymer — термопластичный полимер [пластмасса]
thermosetting polymer — термореактивный полимер [пластмасса]
thin-film polymer — тонкоплёночный полимер
three-dimensional polymer — трёхмерный [объёмный] полимер
titanorganic polymer — титанорганический полимер
titanoxane polymer — титаноксановый полимер
uncross-linked polymer — несшитый [линейный] полимер
unfilled polymer — ненаполненный полимер
unoriented polymer — неориентированный полимер
unregulated polymer — нерегулированный полимер
unsaturated polymer — ненасыщенный полимер
unvulcanized polymer — невулканизованный полимер
urea-formaldehyde polymer — мочевино-формальдегидный полимер
vinyl polymer — 1) полихлорвинил 2) полимер винилового соединения, виниловый полимер
viscoelastic polymer — вязкоупругий полимер
vulcanized polymer — вулканизованный полимер
water-insoluble polymer — водонерастворимый полимер
wax-type polymer — воскоподобный полимер
English-Russian dictionary of aviation and space materials > polymer
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22 from
preposition1) (expr. starting point) von; (from within) aus[come] from Paris/Munich — aus Paris/München [kommen]
2) (expr. beginning) vonfrom the year 1972 we never saw him again — seit 1972 haben wir ihn nie mehr [wieder]gesehen
from tomorrow [until...] — von morgen an [bis...]
start work from 2 August — am 2. August anfangen zu arbeiten
3) (expr. lower limit) vonblouses [ranging] from £2 to £5 — Blusen [im Preis] zwischen 2 und 5 Pfund
dresses from £20 [upwards] — Kleider von 20 Pfund aufwärts od. ab 20 Pfund
from 4 to 6 eggs — 4 bis 6 Eier
from the age of 18 [upwards] — ab 18 Jahre od. Jahren
from a child — (since childhood) schon als Kind
4) (expr. distance) von5) (expr. removal, avoidance) von; (expr. escape) vor (+ Dat.)6) (expr. change) vonfrom... to... — von... zu...; (relating to price) von... auf...
from crisis to crisis, from one crisis to another — von einer Krise zur anderen
7) (expr. source, origin) ausbuy everything from the same shop — alles im selben Laden kaufen
where do you come from?, where are you from? — woher kommen Sie?
8) (expr. viewpoint) von [... aus]9) (expr. giver, sender) vontake it from me that... — lass dir gesagt sein, dass...
10) (after the model of)painted from life/nature — nach dem Leben/nach der Natur gemalt
11) (expr. reason, cause)she was weak from hunger/tired from so much work — sie war schwach vor Hunger/müde von der vielen Arbeit
from what I can see/have heard... — wie ich das sehe/wie ich gehört habe,...
12) with adv. von [unten, oben, innen, außen]13) with prep.from behind/under[neath] something — hinter/unter etwas (Dat.) hervor
* * *[from]1) (used before the place, thing, person, time etc that is the point at which an action, journey, period of time etc begins: from Europe to Asia; from Monday to Friday; a letter from her father.) von2) (used to indicate that from which something or someone comes: a quotation from Shakespeare.) von3) (used to indicate separation: Take it from him.) von4) (used to indicate a cause or reason: He is suffering from a cold.) an,von* * *[frɒm, frəm, AM frɑ:m, frəm]he took a handkerchief \from his pocket er nahm ein Taschentuch aus seiner HosentascheI'm so happy that the baby eats \from the table already ich bin so froh, dass das Baby jetzt schon am Tisch isstyou can see the island \from here von hier aus kann man die Insel sehen; ( fig)she was talking \from her own experience of the problem sie sprach aus eigener Erfahrung mit dem Problem\from sb's point of view aus jds Sichtthe wind comes \from the north der Wind kommt von Nordena flight leaving \from the nearest airport ein Flug vom nächstgelegenen Flughafenthe flight \from Amsterdam der Flug von Amsterdamthe water bubbled out \from the spring das Wasser sprudelte aus der Quellemy dad goes often \from Washington to Florida mein Vater reist oft von Washington nach Florida; (indicating desultoriness) von etw dat in etw datthe woman walked \from room to room die Frau lief vom einen Raum in den anderen, ab + datthe price will rise by 3p a litre \from tomorrow der Preis steigt ab morgen um 3 Pence pro Liter\from the thirteenth century aus dem dreizehnten Jahrhundertthe show will run \from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. die Show dauert von 10.00 Uhr bis 14.00 Uhr\from start to finish vom Anfang bis zum Ende\from day to day von Tag zu Tag, täglichher strength improved steadily \from day to day sie wurden jeden Tag ein bisschen stärker\from hour to hour von Stunde zu Stunde, stündlich\from time to time von Zeit zu Zeit, ab und zu\from that day [or time] on[wards] von diesem Tag [an], seitdemthey were friends \from that day on seit diesem Tag sind sie Freunde\from now/then on von da an, seitheras \from 1 January, a free market will be created ab dem 1. Januar haben wir einen freien Marktprices start \from £2.99 die Preise beginnen bei 2,99 Pfundthe number has risen \from 25 to 200 in three years die Anzahl ist in drei Jahren von 25 auf 200 gestiegenshe translated into German \from the Latin text sie übersetzte aus dem Lateinischen ins Deutschethings went \from bad to worse die Situation wurde noch schlimmer\from strength to strength immer bessershe has gone \from strength to strength sie eilte von Erfolg zu Erfolgtickets will cost \from $10 to $45 die Karten kosten zwischen 10 und 45 Dollar\from soup to nuts alles zusammenthe whole dinner, \from soup to nuts, costs $55 das ganze Essen mit allem drum und dran kostet 55 Dollaranything \from geography to history alles von A bis Zwe're about a mile \from home wir sind ca. eine Meile von zu Hause entfernta day's walk \from her camping spot eine Tageswanderung von ihrem Zeltplatzit's about two kilometres \from the airport to your hotel der Flughafen ist rund zwei Kilometer vom Hotel entferntthough \from working-class parents, he made it to the Fortune 500 list obwohl er als Arbeiterkind aufwuchs, ist er heute unter den 500 Reichsten der Weltmy mother is \from France meine Mutter stammt aus FrankreichI'm \from New York ich komme aus New Yorkdaylight comes \from the sun das Tageslicht kommt von der Sonne, aus + dathe hasn't returned \from work yet er ist noch nicht von der Arbeit zurückshe called him \from the hotel sie rief mich aus dem Hotel anthey're here fresh \from the States sie sind gerade aus den USA angekommenhis return \from the army was celebrated seine Rückkehr aus der Armee wurde gefeiertthey sent someone \from the local newspaper sie schickten jemanden von der örtlichen Zeitungcan I borrow $10 \from you? kann ich mir 10 Dollar von dir leihen?the vegetables come \from an organic farm das Gemüse kommt von einem Biobauernhof▪ sth \from sb [to sb/sth] etw von jdm (für jdn/etw)I wonder who this card is \from ich frage mich, von wem wohl diese Karte istthis is a present \from me to you das ist ein Geschenk von mir für dich10. (made of)the seats are made \from leather die Sitze sind aus Lederin America, most people buy toys \from plastic in Amerika kaufen die meisten Leute Spielzeug aus Plastikto extract usable fuel \from crude oil verwertbaren Brennstoff aus Rohöl gewinnenthey took the child \from its parents sie nahmen das Kind von seinen Eltern weghe knows right \from wrong er kann gut und böse unterscheidenthree \from sixteen is thirteen sechzehn minus drei ist dreizehn, wegen + gento conclude \from the evidence that aufgrund des Beweismaterials zu dem Schluss kommen, dassto make a conclusion from sth wegen einer S. gen zu einem Schluss kommeninformation obtained \from papers and books Informationen aus Zeitungen und Büchern\from looking at the clouds, I would say it's going to rain wenn ich mir die Wolken so ansehe, würde ich sagen, es wird Regen gebenhe died \from his injuries er starb an seinen Verletzungenshe suffers \from arthritis sie leidet unter Arthritishe did it \from jealousy er hat es aus Eifersucht getanshe made her fortune \from investing in property sie hat ihr Vermögen durch Investitionen in Grundstücke gemachtto get sick \from salmonella sich akk mit Salmonellen infizierento reduce the risk \from radiation das Risiko einer Verstrahlung reduzierenthey got a lot of happiness \from hearing the news sie haben sich über die Neuigkeiten unheimlich gefreutto guard sb \from sth jdn vor etw dat schützenthey insulated their house \from the cold sie dämmten ihr Haus gegen die Kältethey found shelter \from the storm sie fanden Schutz vor dem Sturmthe truth was kept \from the public die Wahrheit wurde vor der Öffentlichkeit geheim gehaltenthe bank loan saved her company \from bankruptcy das Bankdarlehen rettete die Firma vor der Pleitehe saved him \from death er rettete ihm das Lebenhe has been banned \from driving for six months er darf sechs Monate lang nicht Auto fahrenhe boss tried to discourage her \from looking for a new job ihr Chef versuchte, sie davon abzubringen, nach einem neuen Job zu suchenconditions vary \from one employer to another die Bedingungen sind von Arbeitgeber zu Arbeitgeber unterschiedlichhe knows his friends \from his enemies er kann seine Freunde von seinen Feinden unterscheidenhis opinion could hardly be more different \from mine unsere Meinungen könnten kaum noch unterschiedlicher sein17.▶ \from the bottom of one's heart aus tiefstem Herzen* * *[frɒm]prephe/the train has come from London — er/der Zug ist von London gekommen
he/it comes or is from Germany — er/es kommt or ist aus Deutschland
where have you come from today? — von wo sind Sie heute gekommen?
where does he come from?, where is he from? — woher kommt or stammt er?
a representative from the company — ein Vertreter/eine Vertreterin der Firma
from... on — ab...
from now on — von jetzt an, ab jetzt
from then on — von da an; (in past also) seither
from his childhood — von Kindheit an, von klein auf
as from the 6th May — vom 6. Mai an, ab (dem) 6. Mai
the house is 10 km from the coast — das Haus ist 10 km von der Küste entfernt
4) (indicating sender, giver) von (+dat)tell him from me —
to take/grab etc sth from sb — jdm etw wegnehmen/wegreißen etc
he took it from the top/middle/bottom of the pile — er nahm es oben vom Stapel/aus der Mitte des Stapels/unten vom Stapel weg
where did you get that from? — wo hast du das her?, woher hast du das?
I got it from the supermarket/the library/Kathy — ich habe es aus dem Supermarkt/aus der Bücherei/von Kathy
to drink from a stream/glass — aus einem Bach/Glas trinken
quotation from "Hamlet"/the Bible/Shakespeare — Zitat nt aus "Hamlet"/aus der Bibel/nach Shakespeare
made from... — aus... hergestellt
7) (= modelled on) nach (+dat)8) (indicating lowest amount) ab (+dat)from £2/the age of 16 (upwards) — ab £ 2/16 Jahren (aufwärts)
dresses (ranging) from £60 to £80 — Kleider pl zwischen £ 60 und £ 80
9)he fled from the enemy — er floh vor dem Feind10)things went from bad to worse — es wurde immer schlimmer11)he is quite different from the others — er ist ganz anders als die andernI like all sports, from swimming to wrestling — ich mag alle Sportarten, von Schwimmen bis Ringen
12)(= because of, due to)
to act from compassion — aus Mitleid handeln13)(= on the basis of)
from experience — aus Erfahrungto judge from recent reports... — nach neueren Berichten zu urteilen...
to conclude from the information — aus den Informationen einen Schluss ziehen, von den Informationen schließen
from what I heard —
from what I can see... — nach dem, was ich sehen kann...
from the look of things... — (so) wie die Sache aussieht...
14) (MATH)£10 will be deducted from your account — £ 10 werden von Ihrem Konto abgebucht
15)to prevent/stop sb from doing sth — jdn daran hindern/davon zurückhalten, etw zu tunhe prevented me from coming — er hielt mich davon ab, zu kommen
to suffer from sth — an etw (dat) leiden
to protect sb from sth — jdn vor etw (dat) schützen
16) +adv vonfrom inside/underneath — von innen/unten
17) +prepfrom above or over/across sth — über etw (acc) hinweg
from beneath or underneath sth — unter etw (dat) hervor
from out of sth —
from inside/outside the house — von drinnen/draußen
* * *from the well aus dem Brunnen;from the sky vom Himmel;from crisis to crisis von einer Krise in die andere2. von, von … an, seit:from 2 to 4 o’clock von 2 bis 4 Uhr;from day to day von Tag zu Tag;a month from today heute in einem Monat;3. von … an:I saw from 10 to 20 boats ich sah 10 bis 20 Boote;good wines from £5 gute Weine von 5 Pfund an (aufwärts)4. (weg oder entfernt) von:ten miles from Rome 10 Meilen von Rom (weg oder entfernt)5. von, aus, aus … heraus:he took it from me er nahm es mir weg;stolen from the shop (the table) aus dem Laden (vom Tisch) gestohlen;they released him from prison sie entließen ihn aus dem Gefängnis6. von, aus (Wandlung):change from red to green von Rot zu Grün übergehen;from dishwasher to millionaire vom Tellerwäscher zum Millionär;an increase from 5 to 8 per cent eine Steigerung von 5 auf 8 Prozent7. von (Unterscheidung):he does not know black from white er kann Schwarz und Weiß nicht auseinanderhalten, er kann Schwarz und oder von Weiß nicht unterscheiden; → academic.ru/637/Adam">Adam, different 2, tell A 88. von, aus, aus … heraus (Quelle):draw a conclusion from the evidence einen Schluss aus dem Beweismaterial ziehen;from what he said nach dem, was er sagte;a quotation from Shakespeare ein Zitat aus Shakespeare;he has three children from previous marriages aus früheren Ehen;four points from four games SPORT vier Punkte aus vier Spielen9. von, von … aus (Stellung):from his point of view von seinem Standpunkt (aus)10. von (Geben etc):a gift from his son ein Geschenk seines Sohnes oder von seinem Sohn11. nach:painted from nature nach der Natur gemalt;from a novel by … ( FILM, TV) nach einem Roman von …12. aus, vor (dat), wegen (gen), infolge von, an (dat) (Grund):he died from fatigue er starb vor Erschöpfung13. siehe die Verbindungen mit den einzelnen Verben etcf. abk4. feminine5. following6. foot8. fromfm abk1. fathom2. fromfr. abk1. fragment2. franc3. from* * *preposition1) (expr. starting point) von; (from within) aus[come] from Paris/Munich — aus Paris/München [kommen]
2) (expr. beginning) vonfrom the year 1972 we never saw him again — seit 1972 haben wir ihn nie mehr [wieder]gesehen
from tomorrow [until...] — von morgen an [bis...]
start work from 2 August — am 2. August anfangen zu arbeiten
3) (expr. lower limit) vonblouses [ranging] from £2 to £5 — Blusen [im Preis] zwischen 2 und 5 Pfund
dresses from £20 [upwards] — Kleider von 20 Pfund aufwärts od. ab 20 Pfund
from the age of 18 [upwards] — ab 18 Jahre od. Jahren
from a child — (since childhood) schon als Kind
4) (expr. distance) von5) (expr. removal, avoidance) von; (expr. escape) vor (+ Dat.)6) (expr. change) vonfrom... to... — von... zu...; (relating to price) von... auf...
from crisis to crisis, from one crisis to another — von einer Krise zur anderen
7) (expr. source, origin) auswhere do you come from?, where are you from? — woher kommen Sie?
8) (expr. viewpoint) von [... aus]9) (expr. giver, sender) vontake it from me that... — lass dir gesagt sein, dass...
painted from life/nature — nach dem Leben/nach der Natur gemalt
11) (expr. reason, cause)she was weak from hunger/tired from so much work — sie war schwach vor Hunger/müde von der vielen Arbeit
from what I can see/have heard... — wie ich das sehe/wie ich gehört habe,...
12) with adv. von [unten, oben, innen, außen]13) with prep.from behind/under[neath] something — hinter/unter etwas (Dat.) hervor
* * *prep.aus präp.von präp.vor präp. -
23 волокно
fiber, filament, ( древесины) grain, thread* * *волокно́ с.
fibreв направле́нии волокна́ — with grainмати́ровать волокно́ — mat fibresпаралле́льно волокну́ — parallel to grainперпендикуля́рно волокну́ — perpendicular to grainполуча́ть волокно́ по мо́крому спо́собу пряде́ния — wet-spin a fibreполуча́ть волокно́ по сухо́му спо́собу пряде́ния — dry-spin a fibreполуча́ть волокно́ пряде́нием из распла́ва — melt-spin a fibreпрода́вливать волокно́ че́рез филье́ру — extrude through a spinneretпро́тив (направле́ния) волокна́ — against grainпрясть волокно́ — spin fibresруби́ть волокно́ на шта́пель — chop [cut, break] into staple fibresволокно́ сопротивля́ется смина́нию (хорошо, плохо) — the fibre resists wrinkling (well, poorly)трепа́ть волокно́ — scutch fibresчеса́ть волокно́ — hackle fibresакри́ловое волокно́ — acrylic fibreакрилонитри́льное волокно́ — acrylonitrile fibreальгина́тное волокно́ — alginate rayonволокно́ «ани́д» — Anide polyamide fibre (Soviet brand of nylon)асбе́стовое волокно́ — asbestos fibreацета́тное волокно́ — cellulose acetate rayonбаза́льтовое волокно́ — basalt fibre, basalt woolволо́кна ба́лки мех. — fibres of beamбелко́вое волокно́ — regenerated protein fibreве́рхнее волокно́ мех. — top [upper] fibreволокно́ «вино́л» — Vinol polyvinyl fibre (proprietary brand of Soviet-made fibre)виско́зное волокно́ — viscose fibre, viscose rayonгетероцепно́е волокно́ — heterochain fibreгидратцеллюло́зное волокно́ — cellulose-regenerated fibreгольево́е волокно́ кож. — hide fibreдиацета́тное волокно́ — cellulose acetate rayonволокно́ древеси́ны ( структура дерева) — (wood) grainдреве́сное волокно́ ( получаемое из древесины) — wood [ligneous] fibreволокно́ живо́тного происхожде́ния — animal fibreволокно́ из фторопла́ста — polytetrafluorethylene [PTFE] fibreиску́сственное волокно́ — rayonиску́сственное, белко́вое волокно́ — regenerated protein fibreиску́сственное, целлюло́зное волокно́ — regenerated cellulose fibreкапро́новое волокно́ — kapron (polycaprolactam) fibre (proprietary name of a Soviet-made fibre)карбоцепно́е волокно́ — carbochain fibreволокно́ ко́жи ( структура) — leather fibreколлаге́новое волокно́ — collagen fibreко́рдное волокно́ — cordage fibreволокно́ «лавса́н» — Lavsan polyester fibre (proprietary name of a Soviet-made fibre)листово́е волокно́ — leaf fibreло́мкое волокно́ — brittle fibreлубяно́е волокно́ — bast fibreльняно́е волокно́ — flax fibreме́дно-аммиа́чное волокно́ — cuprammonuim [copper] rayonминера́льное волокно́ — mineral fibreнатура́льное волокно́ — natural fibreнезре́лое волокно́ — unripe [unmature] fibreнеоргани́ческое волокно́ — inorganic fibreволокно́ «нитро́н» — Nitron polyacrylic fibre (proprietary name of a Soviet-made fibre)нитратцеллюло́зное волокно́ — cellulose nitrate fibre, nitrate rayonопти́ческое волокно́ ( в волоконной оптике) — optical fibreоргани́ческое волокно́ — organic fibreпенько́вое волокно́ — hemp fibreперхлорвини́ловое волокно́ — perchlorovinyl fibreплодо́вое волокно́ — fruit-hair fibreполиакри́ловое волокно́ — polyacrylic fibreполиакрилонитри́ловое волокно́ — polyacrilonitrile fibreполиами́дное волокно́ — polyamide fibreполивинилакри́ловое волокно́ — polyvinyl-acrylic fibreполивинилацета́тное волокно́ — polyvinyl-acetate fibreполивини́ловое волокно́ — polyvinyl fibreполивинилспиртово́е волокно́ — polyvinyl alcohol fibre (in the USSR, manufactured under the trade name of Vinol)поливинилхлори́дное волокно́ — polyvinyl-chloride [PVC] fibreполипропиле́новое волокно́ — polypropylene fibreполистиро́льное волокно́ — polystyrene fibreполиурета́новое волокно́ — polyurethane fibreполихлорвини́ловое волокно́ — polyvinylchloride [PVC] fibreполиэтиле́новое волокно́ — polyethylene fibreполиэфи́рное волокно́ — polyester fibreпопере́чное волокно́ мех. — transverse fibreрасти́тельное волокно́ — vegetable fibreрастя́нутое волокно́ мех. — tension fibreрегенери́рованное волокно́ — regenerated fibreсеменно́е волокно́ — seed-hair fibreсжа́тое волокно́ мех. — compression fibreсинтети́ческое волокно́ ( из синтетических исходных материалов) — synthesized [synthetic(-base) ] fibreсмоли́стое волокно́ — gummy fibreстекля́нное волокно́ — glass fibreволокно́ сте́ржня мех. — fibre of a barтексти́льное волокно́ — textile fibreтексти́льное, натура́льное волокно́ — natural textile fibreтеплоизоляцио́нное волокно́ — heat-insulation fibreтехни́ческое волокно́ — industrial fibreторфяно́е волокно́ — peat fibreтриацета́тное волокно́ — cellulose triacetate fibreхими́ческое волокно́ — chemical [man-made] fibreхру́пкое волокно́ — brittle fibreшта́пельное волокно́ — staple fibre -
24 from
please get me that letter \from the table gib mir bitte den Brief von dem Tisch;( out of) aus +dat;he took a handkerchief \from his pocket er nahm ein Taschentuch aus seiner Hosentasche after vbI'm so happy that the baby eats \from the table already ich bin so froh, dass das Baby jetzt schon am Tisch isstyou can see the island \from here von hier aus kann man die Insel sehen; ( fig)she was talking \from her own experience of the problem sie sprach aus eigener Erfahrung mit dem Problem;\from sb's point of view aus jds Sichtthe wind comes \from the north der Wind kommt von Norden;a flight leaving \from the nearest airport ein Flug vom nächstgelegenen Flughafen after nthe flight \from Amsterdam der Flug von Amsterdam;the water bubbled out \from the spring das Wasser sprudelte aus der Quelle;my dad goes often \from Washington to Florida mein Vater reist oft von Washington nach Florida;the woman walked \from room to room die Frau lief vom einen Raum in den anderenthe price will rise by 3p a litre \from tomorrow der Preis steigt ab morgen um 3 Pence pro Liter;\from the thirteenth century aus dem dreizehnten Jahrhundert;the show will run \from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. die Show dauert von 10.00 Uhr bis 14.00 Uhr;\from start to finish vom Anfang bis zum Ende;\from day to day von Tag zu Tag, täglich;her strength improved steadily \from day to day sie wurden jeden Tag ein bisschen stärker;\from hour to hour von Stunde zu Stunde, stündlich;\from time to time von Zeit zu Zeit, ab und zu;they were friends \from that day on seit diesem Tag sind sie Freunde;\from now/ then on von da an, seither;as \from 1 January, a free market will be created ab dem 1. Januar haben wir einen freien Marktprices start \from £2.99 die Preise beginnen bei 2,99 Pfund;the number has risen \from 25 to 200 in three years die Anzahl ist in drei Jahren von 25 auf 200 gestiegen;she translated into German \from the Latin text sie übersetzte aus dem Lateinischen ins Deutsche;things went \from bad to worse die Situation wurde noch schlimmer;\from strength to strength immer besser;she has gone \from strength to strength sie eilte von Erfolg zu Erfolg;tickets will cost \from $10 to $45 die Karten kosten zwischen $10 und $45;\from soup to nuts alles zusammen;the whole dinner, \from soup to nuts, costs $55 das ganze Essen mit allem drum und dran kostet $55;anything \from geography to history alles von A bis Zwe're about a mile \from home wir sind ca. eine Meile von zu Hause entfernt;a day's walk \from her camping spot eine Tageswanderung von ihrem Zeltplatz;it's about two kilometres \from the airport to your hotel der Flughafen ist rund zwei Kilometer vom Hotel entfernt7) ( originating in)\from sth aus +dat;though \from working-class parents, he made it to the Fortune 500 list obwohl er als Arbeiterkind aufwuchs, ist er heute unter den 500 Reichsten der Welt;my mother is \from France meine Mutter stammt aus Frankreich;I'm \from New York ich komme aus New York;daylight comes \from the sun das Tageslicht kommt von der Sonnehe hasn't returned \from work yet er ist noch nicht von der Arbeit zurück;she called him \from the hotel sie rief mich aus dem Hotel an after adjthey're here fresh \from the States sie sind gerade aus den USA angekommen after nhis return \from the army was celebrated seine Rückkehr aus der Armee wurde gefeiert;sb \from sth von +dat;they sent someone \from the local newspaper sie schickten jemanden von der örtlichen Zeitungcan I borrow $10 \from you? kann ich mir 10 Dollar von dir leihen?;the vegetables come \from an organic farm das Gemüse kommt von einem Biobauernhof after nsth \from sb [to sb/sth] etw von jdm (für jdn/etw);I wonder who this card is \from ich frage mich, von wem wohl diese Karte ist;this is a present \from me to you das ist ein Geschenk von mir für dich\from sth aus etw dat;the seats are made \from leather die Sitze sind aus Leder after nin America, most people buy toys \from plastic in Amerika kaufen die meisten Leute Spielzeug aus Plastikto extract usable fuel \from crude oil verwertbaren Brennstoff aus Rohöl gewinnen;they took the child \from its parents sie nahmen das Kind von seinen Eltern weg after adjhe knows right \from wrong er kann gut und böse unterscheiden;three \from sixteen is thirteen sechzehn minus drei ist dreizehnto conclude \from the evidence that aufgrund des Beweismaterials zu dem Schluss kommen, dass;to make a conclusion from sth wegen etw gen zu einem Schluss kommen;information obtained \from papers and books Informationen aus Zeitungen und Büchern;\from looking at the clouds, I would say it's going to rain wenn ich mir die Wolken so ansehe, würde ich sagen, es wird Regen gebenhe died \from his injuries er starb an seinen Verletzungen;she suffers \from arthritis sie leidet unter Arthritis;to do sth \from sth etw aus etw dat tun;he did it \from jealousy er hat es aus Eifersucht getan;to do sth \from doing sth etw durch etw akk tun;she made her fortune \from investing in property sie hat ihr Vermögen durch Investitionen in Grundstücke gemacht after adjto reduce the risk \from radiation das Risiko einer Verstrahlung reduzieren;they got a lot of happiness \from hearing the news sie haben sich über die Neuigkeiten unheimlich gefreutto guard sb \from sth jdn vor etw dat schützen;they insulated their house \from the cold sie dämmten ihr Haus gegen die Kälte after nthey found shelter \from the storm sie fanden Schutz vor dem Sturmthe truth was kept \from the public die Wahrheit wurde vor der Öffentlichkeit geheim gehalten;the bank loan saved her company \from bankruptcy das Bankdarlehen rettete die Firma vor der Pleite;he saved him \from death er rettete ihm das Leben;he has been banned \from driving for six months er darf sechs Monate lang nicht Auto fahren;\from doing sth von etw dat;he boss tried to discourage her \from looking for a new job ihr Chef versuchte, sie davon abzubringen, nach einem neuen Job zu suchenconditions vary \from one employer to another die Bedingungen sind von Arbeitgeber zu Arbeitgeber unterschiedlich;he knows his friends \from his enemies er kann seine Freunde von seinen Feinden unterscheiden after adjhis opinion could hardly be more different \from mine unsere Meinungen können kaum noch unterschiedlicher seinPHRASES:\from the bottom of one's heart aus tiefstem Herzen -
25 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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26 Produkt
Produkt n IND, V&M, WIWI product • dieses Produkt wird zu billig gehandelt V&M this product is underpriced • ein Produkt positionieren GEN, V&M position a product* * *n <Ind, V&M, Vw> product ■ dieses Produkt wird zu billig gehandelt <V&M> this product is underpriced ■ ein Produkt positionieren <Geschäft, V&M> position a product* * *Produkt
produce, product[ion], making, (Arbeitsergebnis) work, (Ergebnis) result, outcome, (Handelsware) commodity;
• Produkte produce, manufactures, products, (Waren) ware[s], commodities, goods;
• abgepackte Produkte packaged goods;
• ausländisches Produkt product of foreign make;
• biotechnologische Produkte biotech products;
• branchenunabhängige Produkte industry-neutral products;
• im Markt eingeführte Produkte established products;
• einheimische Produkte home (inland) manufactures;
• fertiges Produkt finished product;
• halb fertiges Produkt half-finished product;
• gängige Produkte current articles;
• industriell gefertigte (hergestellte) Produkte industrial (manufactured) products;
• geistiges Produkt product of one’s brain;
• gekoppeltes Produkt tying product (US);
• genormtes Produkt standardized product;
• den technischen Anforderungen nicht gerecht werdendes Produkt nonconforming article;
• gesamtwirtschaftliches Produkt national product;
• gewerbliches Produkt industrial (manufactured) product;
• maschinell hergestellte Produkte machine[-made] products;
• serienmäßig hergestellte Produkte serial manufactures;
• kopplungsfähiges Produkt tying product;
• kundenspezifische Produkte customised products;
• landwirtschaftliche Produkte agricultural products (produce);
• marktgerechtes Produkt market-oriented product;
• maßgefertigte Produkte tailored (customised) products;
• meistverkauftes Produkt most extensively sold product;
• minderwertige Produkte inferior products;
• modische Produkte fancy articles;
• nachgeahmtes Produkt counterfeit (imitative) product;
• ökologische Produkte organic produce;
• plagiiertes Produkt pirated product;
• nicht preisstabile Produkte non-price-maintained products, nonfair items (US);
• hoch qualifizierte Produkte high-quality (sophisticated) products;
• saisonunabhängiges Produkt all-season product (US);
• teure Produkte high-priced commodities;
• umweltfreundliche Produkte environment-friendly products;
• leicht verderbliche Produkte highly perishable products;
• verfälschtes Produkt adulteration;
• Produkte des gehobeneren Bedarfs high-quality products;
• Produkte mit geringer Gewinnspanne low margin products;
• Produkte mit gebundenem Preis price-fixed merchandise;
• Produkte mit stabilen Preisen price-maintained articles (goods, merchandise, US);
• Produkte erstklassiger Qualität high-class goods, first-class quality;
• Produkte mit hoher Wertschöpfung highly-value-added products;
• neues Produkt auf dem Markt einführen to introduce a new product;
• Verhandlungen über einzeln aufgeführte Produkte führen to carry out negotiations on a selective product-by-product basis;
• Produkte maschinell herstellen to produce goods by machinery;
• Produkte normalisieren (normen) to standardize products;
• Produkte kostenlos zur Verfügung stellen (Internet) to make products availabe ''freeware'';
• nur ökologische Produkte verarbeiten to handle organic produce only;
• Produkte über das Telefon verkaufen to market products over telephone;
• neue Produkte vorführen to showcast new products;
• schleppender Produktabsatz poor market;
• Produktanalyse product analysis;
• [bedarfsgerechte] Produktanpassung customization of products [as required];
• zukünftige Produktausrichtung future product direction;
• Produktaussage product endorsement;
• Produktauswahl product choice;
• Produktbekanntmachung product endorsement (exposure);
• Produktbereich product portfolio;
• Produktbereitstellung product provision;
• Produktbeschreibung product specification;
• Produktbetreuer product manager. -
27 Staudinger, Hermann
[br]b. 23 March 1881 Worms, Germanyd. 8 September 1965 Freiberg im Breisgau, Germany[br]German chemist, founder of polymer chemistry.[br]Staudinger studied chemistry at the universities of Halle, Darmstadt and Munich, originally as a preparation for botanical studies, but chemistry claimed his full attention. He followed an academic career, with professorships at Karlsruhe in 1908, Zurich in 1912 and Freiberg from 1926 until his retirement in 1951. Staudinger began his work as an organic chemist by following well-established lines of research, but from 1920 he struck out in a new direction. Until that time, rubber and other apparently non-crystalline materials with high molecular weight were supposed to consist of a disordered collection of small molecules. Staudinger investigated the structure of rubber and realized that it was made up of very large molecules with many basic groups of atoms held together by normal chemical bonds. Substances formed in this way are known as "polymers". Staudinger's views first met with opposition, but he developed methods of determining the molecular weights of these "high polymers". Finally, the introduction of X-ray crystallographic investigation of chemical structure confirmed his views. This discovery has proved to be the basis of a new branch of chemistry with momentous consequences for industry. From it stemmed the synthetic rubber, plastics, fibres, adhesives and other industries, with all their multifarious applications in everyday life. The Staudinger equation, linking viscosity with molecular weight, is still widely used, albeit with some reservations, in the polymer industry.During the 1930s, Staudinger turned his attention to biopolymers and foresaw the discovery some twenty years later that these macromolecules were the building blocks of life. In 1953 he belatedly received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize in Chemistry 1953.Bibliography1961, Arbeitserinnerungen, Heidelberg; pub. in English, 1970 as From Organic Chemistry to Macromolecules, New York (includes a comprehensive bibliography of 644 items).Further ReadingE.Farber, 1963, Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry, New York.R.C.Olby, 1970, "The macromolecular concept and the origins of molecular biology", J. Chem. Ed. 47:168–74.LRD -
28 composite
1. композиционный материал, композиция, композит (see also composition and compound)2. смесь3. композиционный, составной, сложныйablating composite — абляционный композиционный материал
ablative composite — абляционный композиционный материал
ablative elastomer composite — абляционный композиционный эластомерный материал, композиционный эластомер с абляционными свойствами
advanced composite — перспективный композиционный материал
aircraft composite — авиационный композиционный материал
aligned composite — упорядоченный композиционный материал
all-metal composite — цельнометаллический композиционный материал
alumina-base composite — композиционный материал на основе окиси алюминия
alumina-whisker-nickel-fiber composite — композиционный материал из нитевидных кристаллов сапфира и нитей никеля
aluminum-alumina composite — композиционный материал из алюминия, упрочнённого окисью алюминия
aluminum-alumina whisker composite — композиционный материал из алюминия, армированного нитевидными кристаллами сапфира
aluminum-aluminum-nickelide composite — композиционный материал из алюминия и никелида алюминия
aluminum-aluminum-oxide sandwich composite — композиционный слоистый материал из алюминия, упрочнённого окисью алюминия
aluminum-beryllium composite — композиционный материал из алюминия и бериллия
aluminum-graphite composite — алюминиево-графитовый композиционный материал
aluminum matrix composite — композиционный материал с алюминиевой матрицей
aluminum-stainless-steel composite — композиционный материал из алюминия и нержавеющей стали
aluminum-steel-wire composite — композиционный материал на основе алюминия, армированного стальной проволокой
aluminum wool alumina-whisker composite — композиционный материал на основе алюминия, упрочнённого ватой из нитевидных кристаллов сапфира
armor composite — композиционная броня
beryllium-wire aluminum alloy matrix composite — композиционный материал с матрицей из алюминиевого сплава, армированного бериллиевой проволокой
beryllium-wire ероху composite — эпоксипласт, армированный бериллиевой проволокой; эпоксидный бериллепластик
beryllium-wire plastic composite — композиционный материал на основе пластмассы, армированный бериллиевой проволокой; бериллепластик
biaxially oriented composite — композиционный материал, ориентированный в двух направлениях
boron aluminum alloy matrix composite — композиционный материал на основе матрицы из алюминиевого сплава и борволокнистого наполнителя
boron-epoxy composite — эпоксидный боропластик
boron fibrous composite — композиционный материал на основе борволокна
boron filament composite — композиционный материал на основе борволокна
boron-metal composite — борметаллический композиционный материал
boron-nickel composite — борникелевый композиционный материал
boron-organic composite — борорганический композиционный материал
boron-reinforced polyimide composite — полиимидный пластик, армированный борволокном; полиимидный боропластик
boron-reinforced resin composite — боропластик
borsic-aluminum composite — композиционный материал из алюминия, армированного волокном борсика
borsic-titanium-aluminum composite — алюминиево-титановый композиционный материал, армированный волокном борсика
carbon base fabric reinforced composite — 1) композиционный материал, армированный углеродной тканью 2) углетекстолит
carbon-carbon composite — композиция углерод-углерод
carbon-cloth composite — 1) композиционный материал на основе углеродной ткани 2) углетекстолит
carbon-epoxy composite — эпоксидный углепластик
carbon-fabric composite — 1) композиционный материал на основе углеродной ткани 2) углетекстолит
carbon-fabric-reinforced ероху plastic composite — эпоксипласт, армированный углеродной тканью; эпоксидный углетекстолит
carbon-fabric-reinforced phenolic plastic composite — фенопласт, армированный углеродной тканью; фенольный углетекстолит
carbon-fiber ероху composite — эпоксидный углепластик
carbon-fiber-reinforced resin composite — пластмассовый композиционный материал, армированный углеродным волокном
carbon-filament-reinforced resin composite — пластмассовый композиционный материал, армированный углеродным волокном
carbon-fiber-metal composite — композиционный материал на основе металла, армированного углеродным волокном
carbon-polyimide composite — полиимидный углепластик
cellular sandwich composite — композиционный слоистый материал с сотовым заполнителем
ceramic composite — керамический композиционный материал, композиционная керамика
ceramic-fiber-metal composite — металл, армированный керамическим волокном
ceramic-matrix composite — композиционный материал на основе керамической матрицы
ceramic-metal composite — металлокерамический композиционный материал [композиция]
ceramic-whisker composite — композиционный материал, армированный керамическими нитевидными кристаллами
charred plastic composite — обугленный пластмассовый композиционный материал
charring phenolic composite — обугливающийся композиционный фенопласт
clad metal composite — композиционный плакированный металл
cobalt-base superalloy matrix composite — композиционный материал с матрицей из сверхпрочного кобальта
cobalt-thornel composite — композиционный материал на основе кобальта, армированного графитовым волокном «торнел»
columbium-columbium carbide eutectic composite — эвтектический композиционный материал из ниобия и карбида ниобия
continuous-fiber composite — композиционный материал, армированный непрерывным волокном
copper-alumina dispersion strengthened composite — композиционный материал из меди, дисперсно-упрочнённой окисью алюминия
copper-infiltrated tungsten composite — 1) композиционный материал на основе вольфрама, пропитанного медью 2) вольфрам, пропитанный медью
copper-tungsten particle composite — композиционный материал из меди и вольфрамовых частиц
3-D composite — композиционный материал с трёхмерной ориентацией наполнителя
deformable particulate composite — деформируемый композиционный материал, армированный частицами
discontinuous fiber reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный коротким [штапельным] волокном
dispersoid composite — композиционный материал, упрочнённый дисперсными частицами
ductile-matrix composite — композиционный материал с пластичной матрицей
ероху fiber-glass composite — эпоксидный стеклопластик
eutectic-alloy composite — эвтектический композиционный материал, эвтектика
explosive-bonded composite — композиционный материал, полученный методом взрыва
explosive-bonded wire-reinforced sheet composite — листовой композиционный материал, армированный проволокой методом взрыва
fabric-reinforced plastic composite — композиционный пластик, армированный тканью; текстолит
fibered composite — волокнистый композиционный материал, волокнит
fiber-glass ероху filament wound composite — эпоксидный стеклопластик, полученный методом намотки нити
fiber-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный волокном
fiber-reinforced sintered composite — спечённый композиционный материал, армированный волокном
fibrous composite — волокнистый композиционный материал
fibrous-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный волокном
fibrous-reinforced filamentary composite — композиционный материал, армированный волокном
filamentary composite — волокнистый композиционный материал, волокнит
filament-wound composite — композиционный материал, полученный намоткой волокна; намоточная композиция
filled polymer composite — композиционный материал с полимерным наполнителем
flake composite — композиционный материал, армированный чешуйками
fluorocarbon composite — фторуглеродистый композиционный материал
glass composite — стеклокомпозиционный материал, стеклокомпозиция
glass-fiber composite — стеклопластик
glass-flake-reinforced resin composite — композиционный пластик, армированный стеклянными чешуйками
glass-plastic composite — стеклопластик
glass-polymer composite — стеклопластик
glass-reinforced thermoplastic composite — термопластичный стеклопластик
glass-reinforcing thermosetting composite — термореактивный стеклопластик
glass-resin composite — стеклопластик
graphite-base refractory composite — огнеупорный композиционный материал на основе графита
graphite-epoxy composite — эпоксидный графитопластик
graphite-fabric-reinforced plastic composite — пластик, армированный графитовой тканью; графито-текстолит
graphite-fiber ероху resin matrix composite — эпоксидный графитопластик
graphite-fiber reinforced ероху resin matrix composite — композиционный материал с матрицей из эпоксидной смолы, армированной графитовым волокном; эпоксидный графитопластик
graphite-filament-reinforced epoxy composite — эпоксипласт, армированный графитовым волокном
heat-resistant composite — теплостойкий композиционный материал
heat-shield composite — теплозащитный композиционный материал
high-heat resistant composite — жаростойкий композиционный материал
high-modulus composite — высокомодульный композиционный материал
high-performance composite — композиционный материал с высокими характеристиками
high-strength composite — высокопрочный композиционный материал
high-temperature composite — высокотемпературный [жаропрочный] композиционный материал
high-whisker volume composite — композиционный материал, армированный большим количеством ( по объёму) нитевидных кристаллов
hollow glass-fiber composite — композиция из полого стекловолокна
honycomb composite — композиционный материал с сотовым заполнителем
hot-pressed composite — горячепрессованный композиционный материал
hypereutectic composite — заэвтектическая композиция
inert-filler composite — композиция с инертным наполнителем
infiltrated composite — пропитанный композиционный материал
lamellar composite — слоистый композиционный материал
laminated composite — слоистый композиционный материал
layered composite — слоистый композиционный материал
light-alloy matrix composite — композиционный материал на основе матрицы из лёгкого сплава
liquid-phase sintered composite — композиционный материал, полученный спеканием через жидкую фазу
low-void polyimide composite — полиимидный композиционный материал с малой пористостью
material composite — композиционный материал
metal composite — металлический композиционный материал
metal-ceramic composite — металлокерамический композиционный материал
metal-fiber composite — металловолокнистый композиционный материал
metal-filled metal composite — композиционный материал из металлической матрицы с металлическим наполнителем
metal flake composite — композиционный материал, упрочнённый металлическими чешуйками
metal-impregnated graphite composite — композиционный материал из графита, пропитанного металлом
metallic matrix composite — композиционный материал с металлической матрицей
metal-metal composite — композиция металл-металл
metal-oxide composite — металло-окисный композиционный материал, композиция из металла и окисла
metal oxide dispersion composite — композиционный материал из металла, упрочнённого дисперсными частицами окисла
mica-flake composite — композиционный материал, упрочнённый слюдяными чешуйками
molded composite — 1) прессованный композиционный материал 2) пластмасса 3) волокнит
multifunctional laminate composite — многофункциональный слоистый композиционный материал
multilayer radiation-shield composite — многослойный композиционный материал для защиты от радиации
nondeformable particulate composite — композиционный материал, армированный недеформируемыми частицами
nonmetallic composite — неметаллический композиционный материал
nonmetallic fibrous reinforced metal composite — композиционный материал на основе металла, армированного неметаллическим волокном
nonmetallic-nonmetallic composite — композиционный материал на основе неметаллической матрицы с неметаллическим наполнителем
nylon-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный найлоном
organic matrix composite — композиционный материал с органической матрицей
oriented-fibrous composite — композиционный материал с ориентированными волокнами
oriented-whisker composite — композиционный материал с ориентированными нитевидными кристаллами
oxidation-resistant graphite base composite — композиционный материал на основе графита, стойкий к окислению
particle-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный частицами
passive transpiration cooled high-heat resistance composite — жаропрочный композиционный материал с пассивным испарительным охлаждением
phenolic composite — фенольная композиция [компаунд]
photoelastic composite — композиционный материал с фотоупругими свойствами
plasma sprayed alumina-titania composite — композиционный материал из плазменно-напылённых окислов алюминия и титана
plastic composite — композиция на основе полимеров, композиционный пластик
Pluton-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный углеродным волокном марки «плутон»
polyester fiber-glass composite — полиэфирный стеклопластик
polyimide composite — композиционный материал на основе полиимида
polyisobutylene-glass-bead composite — композиционный материал из полиизобутилена и стеклянных шариков
polyphenylene composite — композиционный полифениленопласт
polyphenylene-carbon-reinforced composite — полифениленовый углепластик
powder-phenolic-nylon composite — композиционный материал из фенольного порошка и найлона
pressed-foil composite — композиционный материал из прессованной фольги
pseudo-isotropic composite — псевдоизотропный композиционный материал
refractory composite — 1) тугоплавкий композиционный материал 2) огнеупорная смесь
refractory-containing composite — композиция, содержащая тугоплавкий материал
reinforced composite — упрочнённый [армированный] композиционный материал
reinforced-metal composite — композиционный материал, армированный металлом
resin matrix composite — композиционный материал на основе смоляной матрицы, композиционный пластик
resin-rubber composite — композиционный материал из смолы и каучука
sandwich-type composite — композиционный слоистый материал с заполнителем, композиционный материал типа «сандвич»
shaped-fiber composite — композиционный материал с профильными волокнами
single crystal flake reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный монокристаллическими чешуйками
stainless-steel-duralumin composite — композиционный материал на основе дуралюмина и нержавеющей стали; дуралюмии, упрочнённый нержавеющей сталью
structural composite — конструкционный композиционный материал
tailor-made composite — композиционный материал с заданными свойствами
tape-reinforced composite — композиционный материал, армированный лентой
thermally stable resin composite — термически устойчивый композиционный пластик [материал на основе смолы]
thermal shock-resistant composite — композиционный материал, стойкий к термическому удару
thermoplastic composite — термопластичный композиционный материал, композиционный термопластик
thermosetting composite — термореактивный композиционный материал; композиционный термореактивный пластик
three-phase glass-bubble composite — трёхфазный композиционный материал с наполнителем из стеклосфер [стеклошариков]
time-dependent composite — композиционный материал с изменяющимися по времени свойствами
two-phase composite — двухфазная композиция
unidirectional composite — однонаправленный композиционный материал
whisker composite — композиционный материал на основе нитевидных кристаллов [усов]
wood-plastic composite — композиционный древопластик
woven fabric composite — композиционный материал из плетёной ткани
English-Russian dictionary of aviation and space materials > composite
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29 применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
organic farming
Farming without the use of industrially made fertilizers or pesticides. (Source: ALL)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
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Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
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30 agriculture biologique
- применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
organic farming
Farming without the use of industrially made fertilizers or pesticides. (Source: ALL)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > agriculture biologique
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31 biologischer Landbau
- применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
organic farming
Farming without the use of industrially made fertilizers or pesticides. (Source: ALL)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > biologischer Landbau
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32 применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
organic farming
Farming without the use of industrially made fertilizers or pesticides. (Source: ALL)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
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33 Erzeugnis
Erzeugnis n GEN, IND product* * *n <Geschäft, Ind> product* * *Erzeugnis
produce, product[ion], manufacture, article, merchandise, turnout, make, work;
• Erzeugnisse wares;
• vom Einkommen des Durchschnittsverbrauchers abhängige Erzeugnisse responsive products;
• arbeitsintensive Erzeugnisse labo(u)r-intensive products;
• ausländische Erzeugnisse foreign-made products, articles of foreign manufacture;
• zum Verkauf bereitstehende Erzeugnisse products available for sale;
• deutsches Erzeugnis manufactured (made) in Germany;
• unser eigenes Erzeugnis domestic product;
• einheimisches Erzeugnis inland (domestic, home) produce, native product;
• einziges Erzeugnis sole product;
• englische Erzeugnisse goods of British production;
• fehlerhafte Erzeugnisse bad items, irregulars;
• fertiges Erzeugnis finished product;
• freie Erzeugnisse natural products;
• fremdländische Erzeugnisse goods of foreign origin;
• geistiges Erzeugnis brain child;
• genmanipulierte Erzeugnisse genetically modified products;
• gewerbliches Erzeugnis factory (industrial, manufactured) product;
• halb fertiges Erzeugnis semi-manufactured product;
• halb fertige Erzeugnisse (Bilanz) work in process (Br.) (progress, US);
• halb fertige und fertige Erzeugnisse (Bilanz) work in process and finished goods;
• maschinell hergestellte Erzeugnisse machine-made products;
• hoch qualifizierte Erzeugnisse high-quality (-class) goods, high-quality products, big-ticket items;
• hochwertige Erzeugnis high-value goods;
• industrielles Erzeugnis industrial product, manufacture, manufactured article;
• inländische Erzeugnisse home products (manufacture), domestics, native products, domestic articles;
• keramische Erzeugnisse pottery;
• kriegswichtige Erzeugnisse war goods;
• ladeneigenes Erzeugnis store-brand item (US);
• landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse agricultural commodities (produce), [farm] produce;
• literarische Erzeugnisse literary production;
• markenpflichtige Erzeugnisse coupon goods;
• minderwertige Erzeugnisse poor quality goods, inferior products;
• nachgeahmtes Erzeugnis counterfeit (imitative) product;
• patentiertes Erzeugnis patented article (product, item);
• preisgebundene Erzeugnisse price-bound merchandise;
• preisgestützte Erzeugnisse price-maintained goods;
• preisstabile Erzeugnisse price-maintained products (articles);
• nicht sortierte Erzeugnisse non-graded products;
• steuerpflichtiges Erzeugnis taxable product;
• teures Erzeugnis high-priced line;
• tiefgekühlte Erzeugnisse frozen goods;
• veredelte Erzeugnisse improved goods, finished products;
• ganzjährig zu verkaufendes Erzeugnis all-season product (US);
• schwer verkäufliches Erzeugnis hard-to-move product;
• vermietete Erzeugnisse products on lease;
• mit falschen Warenzeichen versehene Erzeugnisse misbranded products (US);
• versicherte Erzeugnisse insured goods;
• weggeworfene Erzeugnisse throwaway products;
• zollempfindliche Erzeugnisse sensitive products;
• Erzeugnisse aller Art goods, wares and merchandise;
• Erzeugnisse eines bestreikten Betriebes hot cargo;
• Erzeugnisse in der Fabrikation (Bilanz) work in progress (US) (process, Br.);
• Erzeugnisse der besten Güteklasse firsts;
• Erzeugnisse französischer Herkunft goods of French origin;
• Erzeugnisse eines Landes products of a country;
• Erzeugnisse des ökologischen Landbaus organic produce;
• Erzeugnisse mit gleich bleibenden Preisen price-maintained goods (articles);
• landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse, die keiner Produktionssteuerung bedürfen non-basic commodities;
• Erzeugnisse des Rindfleischsektors products in the beef chain;
• Erzeugnisse der Spitzentechnologie high-skill manufactures;
• Erzeugnis pflanzlichen Ursprungs vegetable product;
• Erzeugnis tierischen Ursprungs product of animal origin;
• Erzeugnisse mit hoher Zuverlässigkeit high-reliable products;
• Erzeugnisse absetzen to market products;
• Erzeugnis fördern to merchandise;
• Erzeugnisse aller Preisklassen führen to carry a full-price range;
• Erzeugniskontrolle durch den Auftraggeber im Herstellungsbetrieb source inspection;
• Erzeugniskostenrechnung product cost accounting;
• Erzeugnispalette production population;
• Erzeugniswerbung product advertising. -
34 composé
composé, e [kɔ̃poze]1. adjective2. masculine noun* * *
1.
composée kɔ̃poze adjectif1) ( fait d'éléments divers) [bouquet, style] composite; [salade] mixed2) ( affecté) affected
2.
nom masculin Chimie compound* * *kɔ̃poze composé, -e1. adj1) BIOLOGIE, CHIMIE, LINGUISTIQUE compound3) (visage, air) studied2. nmCHIMIE, LINGUISTIQUE compound* * *A pp ⇒ composer.B pp adj composé de made up of; un groupe composé à 90% de femmes a group of which 90% are women; le groupe est composé à 90% de femmes 90% of the group are women; spectacle composé de trois parties show made up of three parts.C adj2 ( affecté) affected.D nm1 Chimie compound; composé organique organic compound;2 Ling compound.2. [affecté - attitude] studied[inflorescence] compositecomposé nom masculin1. [ensemble]composé de mixture ou blend ou combination of————————composée nom féminin -
35 revenir
revenir [ʀəv(ə)niʀ, ʀ(ə)vəniʀ]➭ TABLE 22━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━intransitive verba. ( = venir de nouveau) to come back ; [calme, ordre, oiseaux] to return ; [soleil] to reappear ; [fête, date] to come round again ; [thème, idée] to recur• pouvez-vous revenir plus tard ? can you come back later?b. ( = rentrer) to come back, to returnc. ( = retourner) revenir en arrière to go backd. ( = coûter) ça revient cher it's expensivee. ( = cuire) faire revenir to brownf. (locutions)► revenir à qch ( = reprendre) to return to sth ; ( = équivaloir à) to amount to sth ; ( = totaliser) to come to sth• j'en reviens toujours là, il faut... I still come back to this, we must...• cela revient à dire que... it amounts to saying that...• ça revient à 100 € it comes to €100• à combien est-ce que cela va vous revenir ? how much will that cost you?• revenir au score to draw► revenir à qn [courage, appétit, parole] to return to sb ; [droit, honneur, responsabilité] to fall to sb ; [biens, somme d'argent] to come to sb ; [souvenir, idée] to come back to sb• ça me revient ! it's coming back to me now!• là-dessus, 100 € me reviennent 100 euros of that comes to me• elle ne me revient pas du tout, cette fille (inf) I don't like that girl at all► revenir à soi [personne] to come to• je n'en reviens pas ! I can't get over it!► revenir sur [+ affaire, problème] to go back over ; [+ promesse, décision] to go back on ; ( = rattraper) to catch up with* * *ʀəvniʀ, ʀvəniʀ
1.
verbe intransitif (+ v être)1) ( fréquenter de nouveau) to come back; ( venir une fois encore) to come again2) ( rentrer) [personne, animal, véhicule] to come back (à to; de from), to return (à to; de from)revenir sur terre — fig to come down to earth
revenir de loin — lit to come back from far away; fig to have had a close shave
en revenant du bureau — ( en route) coming home from the office; ( à l'arrivée) on getting home from the office
je reviens tout de suite — I'll be back in a minute, I'll be right back (colloq)
mon chèque m'est revenu — my cheque GB ou check US was returned
3) (reprendre, retourner à)revenir à — to return to, to come back to [méthode, conception, histoire]
revenir à la normale/au pouvoir — to return to normal/to power
revenir à ses habitudes/aux frontières d'avant la guerre — to revert to one's old habits/to pre-war borders
4) ( réapparaître) [tache, rhume, mode] to come back; [soleil] to come out again; [saison] to return; [date, fête] to come round again GB, to come again US; [idée, thème] to recurle mot revient souvent sous sa plume — the word keeps cropping up in his/her writing
le calme est revenu — calm has been restored, things have calmed down
5) ( être recouvré) [appétit, mémoire] to come back6) ( être remémoré)revenir à quelqu'un, revenir à la mémoire or l'esprit de quelqu'un — to come back to somebody
ça me revient! — now I remember!, now it's coming back!
7) ( coûter)revenir à 20 euros — to come to 20 euros, to cost 20 euros
8) ( équivaloir à)ça revient au même — it amounts ou comes to the same thing
9) ( reconsidérer)revenir sur — to go back over [question, passé]; ( changer d'avis) to go back on [décision, promesse]; to retract [aveu]
10) ( sortir d'un état)revenir de — to get over [maladie, surprise]; to lose [illusion]; to abandon [théorie]
la vie à la campagne, j'en suis revenu — as for life in the country, I've seen it for what it is
je n'en reviens pas! — (colloq) I can't get over it!
11) ( être rapporté)revenir à quelqu'un, revenir aux oreilles de quelqu'un — [propos] to get back to somebody, to reach somebody's ears
12) ( être attribué)revenir à quelqu'un — [bien, titre] to go to somebody; [honneur] to fall to somebody; ( de droit) to be due to somebody
les 10% qui me reviennent — the 10% that's coming to me
13) Culinaire
2.
s'en revenir verbe pronominal liter to return (de from)
3.
verbe impersonnel1) ( incomber)3) ( être remémoré)il me revient que — I recall ou remember that
••revenir à soi — to come round GB, to come to
* * *ʀ(ə)v(ə)niʀ vi1) [personne] (en un lieu) to come backElle est revenue du Japon le mois dernier. — She got back from Japan last month.
revenir à qch [études, projet] — to return to sth, to go back to sth
revenir de qch fig [maladie, étonnement] — to recover from sth, [engouement] to be over sth
Il est revenu de sa période bio. — He's got over his organic phase.
n'en pas revenir; Je n'en reviens pas. — I can't get over it.
revenir sur qch [question, sujet] — to go back over sth, [engagement] to go back on sth
2) (sujet chose) (= coûter) to come torevenir à 100 € à qn — to cost sb €100
Ça revient cher. — It costs a lot.
3) (= équivaloir à) to amount toça revient au même — it comes to the same thing, it amounts to the same thing
4)revenir à qn [rumeur, nouvelle] — to get back to sb, to reach sb's ears, [part, honneur] to go to sb, to be sb's, [souvenir, nom] to come back to sb
Son nom m'est revenu cinq minutes après. — His name came back to me five minutes later.
ceci lui revient (à lui) — this is his, this goes to him, (à elle) this is hers, this goes her
5) CUISINE* * *revenir verb table: venirA vi (+ v être)1 ( fréquenter de nouveau) to come back; ( venir une fois encore) to come again; un client mal servi ne revient pas a dissatisfied customer won't come back; elle revient chaque année en France she comes back to France every year; elle revient en France cette année she's coming to France again this year; nous fermons, revenez demain we're closing, come back tomorrow; tu reviendras nous voir? will you come and see us again?; revenir (pour) faire to come back to do;2 ( rentrer) [personne, animal, véhicule] to come back, to return; revenir à/de to come back ou return to/from; revenir de Tokyo to come back from Tokyo; revenir chez soi to come back ou return home; revenir sur terre fig to come back to earth; revenir à sa place to return to one's seat; partir pour ne jamais revenir to leave never to return; revenir de loin lit to come back from far away; fig to have had a close shave; son mari lui est revenu her husband came back to her; en revenant du bureau ( en route) coming home from the office, on the way home from the office; ( à l'arrivée) on getting home from the office; je reviens tout de suite I'll be back in a minute, I'll be right back○; il en est revenu vivant he got back in one piece; elle est revenue en vitesse à la maison she rushed back home; mon chèque m'est revenu parce qu'il n'était pas signé my cheque GB ou check US was returned because I forgot to sign it; ⇒ galop;3 (reprendre, retourner à) revenir à to return to, to come back to [méthode, conception, histoire]; revenons à notre héros let's return to our hero; revenir à la normale to return to normal; revenir au pouvoir to return to power; ça revient à la mode it's coming back into fashion; la livre est revenue à 1,6 euro the pound has gone back to 1.6 euros; revenir à la politique to come back into politics; revenir à ses habitudes to return ou revert to one's old habits; revenir aux frontières d'avant la guerre to revert to pre-war borders; pour (en) revenir à mon histoire/ce que je disais to get back to my story/what I was saying; revenir à de meilleurs sentiments to return to a better frame of mind; n'y reviens pas! ( ne recommence pas) don't let it happen again!; ( n'en parle plus) don't start that again!;4 ( réapparaître) [tache, rhume, douleur] to come back; [soleil] to come out again; [saison] to return; [date, fête] to come round again GB, to come again US; [idée, thème] to recur; [mode] to come back; cette idée me revenait souvent the idea kept occurring to me; le mot revient souvent sous sa plume the word keeps cropping up in his/her writing; le calme est revenu calm has been restored, things have calmed down;5 ( être recouvré) [appétit, mémoire] to come back; l'appétit me revient I'm getting my appetite back; sa mémoire ne lui reviendra jamais comme avant his/her memory will never be the same again;6 ( être remémoré) revenir à qn, revenir à la mémoire or l'esprit de qn to come back to sb; ça me revient! now I remember!, now it's coming back!; cette journée me revient en mémoire I remember that day; si le nom me/te revient if I/you remember the name, if the name comes to mind;7 ( coûter) revenir à 100 euros to come to 100 euros, to cost 100 euros; ça m'est revenu à 100 euros it cost me 100 euros; ça revient cher it works out expensive;8 ( équivaloir à) ça revient au même it amounts ou comes to the same thing; ce qui revient à dire que which amounts to saying that;9 ( reconsidérer) revenir sur to go back over [question, différend, passé]; ( changer d'avis) to go back on [décision, parole, promesse]; to retract [aveu]; ne revenons pas là-dessus don't let's go over all that again;10 ( sortir d'un état) revenir de to get over [maladie, frayeur, surprise]; to lose [illusion]; to abandon [théorie] ; revenir de ses illusions to lose one's illusions; revenir de son erreur to realize one's mistake; la vie à la campagne, j'en suis revenu as for life in the country, I've seen it for what it is; je le croyais honnête mais j'en suis revenu I thought he was honest but I've seen him for what he is; être revenu de tout to be blasé; je n'en reviens pas○! I can't get over it!, I'm amazed!; je n'en reviens pas qu'il ait dit oui○ I can't get over the fact that he said yes, I am amazed that he said yes; je n'en reviens pas des progrès que tu as faits○ I'm amazed at the progress you've made;11 ( être rapporté) [propos, remarque] revenir à qn, revenir aux oreilles de qn to get back to sb, to reach sb's ears;12 ( être attribué) revenir à qn [bien, titre] to go to sb, to pass to sb; [honneur] to fall to sb; ( de droit) to be due to sb; le titre leur revient à la mort de leur père the title goes ou passes to them on their father's death; ce poste pourrait revenir à un écologiste this post could go to an ecologist; ça leur revient de droit it's theirs by right; les 10% qui me reviennent the 10% that's coming to me; la décision revient au rédacteur it is the editor's decision, the decision lies with the editor;C v impers1 ( incomber) c'est à vous qu'il revient de trancher it is for you to decide;2 ( parvenir à la connaissance de) il m'est revenu certains propos certain remarks have reached my ears; s'il leur en revenait quelque chose if it reached their ears, if it got back to them; il me revient de tous côtés qu'on me critique I keep hearing that people are criticizing me;revenir à soi to come round, to come to; revenir à la vie to come back to life; il a une tête or un air qui ne me revient pas I don't like the look of him.[rəvnir] verbe intransitif1. [venir à nouveau - généralement] to come back ; [ - chez soi] to come back, to come (back) home, to return home ; [ - au point de départ] to return, to come ou to get backpasse me voir en revenant du bureau call in to see me on your way back ou home from the officeenfin tu me reviens! at last, you've come back to me!a. [dans le temps] to go back (in time)b. [dans l'espace] to retrace one's steps, to go backa. [elle a failli mourir] it was touch and go (for her)! (euphémisme)b. [elle a eu de graves ennuis] she's had a close shave!2. [se manifester à nouveau - doute, inquiétude] to return, to come back ; [ - calme, paix] to return, to be restored ; [ - symptôme] to recur, to return, to reappear ; [ - problème] to crop up ou to arise again ; [ - occasion] to crop up again ; [ - thème, rime] to recur, to reappear ; [ - célébration] to come round again ; [ - saison] to return, to come back ; [ - soleil] to come out again, to reappearle temps des fêtes est revenu the festive season is with us again ou has come round againle peloton est en train de revenir sur les échappés the pack is catching up with ou gaining on the breakaway group4. [coûter]revenir à to cost, to amount to, to come to5. CUISINE6. (familier) [retrouver son état normal - tissu]————————revenir à verbe plus prépositionce qui revient à dire que... which amounts to saying that...ça revient au même! (it) amounts to ou comes to the same thing!on revient aux ou à la mode des cheveux courts short hair is coming back ou on its way back(en) revenir à: mais revenons ou revenons-en à cette affaire but let's get ou come back to this matterbon, pour (en) revenir à notre histoire... right, to get back to ou to go on with our story...j'en ou je reviens à ma question, où étiez-vous hier? I'm asking you again, where were you yesterday?et si nous (en) revenions à vous, M. Lebrun? now what about you, Mr Lebrun?il n'y a pas ou plus à y revenir! and that's final ou that's that!revenir à soi to come to, to come round3. [suj: part, récompense] to go ou to fall to, to devolve on ou upon (soutenu)[suj: droit, tâche] to fall toses terrains sont revenus à l'État his lands passed ou went to the Statetout le mérite t'en revient the credit is all yours, you get all the credit for itla décision nous revient, il nous revient de décider it's for us ou up to us to decide4. [suj: faculté, souvenir] to come back tol'appétit lui revient she's recovering her appetite ou getting her appetite backson nom ne me revient pas (à la mémoire) his name escapes me ou has slipped my mindça me revient seulement maintenant, ils ont divorcé I've just remembered, they got divorcedrevenir à quelqu'un ou aux oreilles de quelqu'un to get back to somebody, to reach somebody's earsil m'est revenu que... word has got back to me ou has reached me that...5. (familier) [plaire à]————————revenir de verbe plus prépositiona. [guérir] to come ou to pull through it, to recoverb. [échapper à un danger] to come through (it)je n'en reviens pas qu'il ait dit ça! it's amazing he should say that!, I can't get over him saying that!quand je vais te le raconter, tu n'en reviendras pas when I tell you the story you won't believe your ears[illusion] to shake off (separable)revenir de ses erreurs to realize ou to recognize one's mistakesmoi, l'homéopathie, j'en suis revenu! (familier) as far as I'm concerned, I've done ou I'm through with homeopathy!————————revenir sur verbe plus prépositionelle ne peut s'empêcher de revenir sur cette triste affaire she can't help going ou mulling over that sad business2. [décision, déclaration, promesse] to go back onma décision est prise, je ne reviendrai pas dessus my mind is made up and I'm not going to change itrevenir sur sa parole ou sur la parole donnée to go back on one's word, to break one's promise————————s'en revenir verbe pronominal intransitifnous nous en revenions tranquillement lorsque... we were slowly making our way home when... -
36 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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37 широко использоваться
•The compound is in considerable use as a catalyst.
•Some of these solutions are commonly (or widely, or extensively) used, others are used very infrequently.
•Extensive use is made of electric cables manufactured by...
•Carbon steel is extensively (or heavily) used (or enjoys wide use) in...
•Because of the widespread availability of ac power, ac motors are in common use.
•Hard chrome plating is used extensively (or has found wide use) in engine repair work.
•Ample (or Great, or Much) use is made of the laboratories at the mine.
•There is wide use of Type 347 stainless steel.
•Glass wool is widely used (or employed) as a filtering material.
•The hack watch has a wide use in navigation.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > широко использоваться
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38 mantillo
m.humus, dung, organic portion of soil.* * *1 (abono del suelo) humus2 (abono del estiércol) manure* * *SM humus, mould, mold (EEUU)* * *= topsoil, mulch.Ex. But the fertility of the muck and silt topsoil soon made it a profitable farming community.Ex. The results show that surface gravel-sand mulch provides a more favorable environment for plant growth than non-mulched fields in the highly erodible loess area of northwest China.* * *= topsoil, mulch.Ex: But the fertility of the muck and silt topsoil soon made it a profitable farming community.
Ex: The results show that surface gravel-sand mulch provides a more favorable environment for plant growth than non-mulched fields in the highly erodible loess area of northwest China.* * *
mantillo sustantivo masculino humus
' mantillo' also found in these entries:
English:
humus
* * *mantillo nm1. [capa] humus2. [abono] compost* * *m humus -
39 puntero
adj.leading.m.pointer, indicator, arrow.* * *► adjetivo1 leading1 (para señalar) pointer2 (para agujerear) chisel————————1 (para señalar) pointer2 (para agujerear) chisel* * *1.ADJ (=primero) top, leading; (=moderno) up-to-datemás puntero — (=sobresaliente) outstanding, furthest ahead; (=último) latest
tecnología puntera — the latest technology, state-of-the-art technology
2. SM1) [para señalar] pointer2) (=cincel) stonecutter's chisel3) (=persona que destaca) outstanding individual; (=líder) leader, top man5) LAm [de reloj] hand* * *I- ra adjetivo <empresa/sector/país> leading (before n)II1) ( para señalar) pointer; ( de reloj) (Andes) hand2) (Dep)a) ( equipo) leader, leaders (pl)b) (Col, CS) ( en fútbol) winger* * *= leading, pointer, tracing, front-line [front line], developed, state-of-the-art, leading edge, cutting edge.Ex. In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.Ex. Note also, that the subdivided heading MUSIC -- AUSTRIA consists only of two pointers.Ex. The word tracing is used to denote the identification within an authority entry of all variant and related headings from which references have been made to the authority heading itself.Ex. Any front-line information and advice agency needs the backing of information gathering and collating services to provide really up-to-date and relevant information.Ex. Developed libraries can quote a whole series of discrete services built up over the recent past, which somehow need to be integrated.Ex. With a staff of 10 it provides a full information service using state-of-the-art resources and methods.Ex. The museum has used leading edge digital imaging technology to overcome problems of preservation and access.Ex. The article ' Cutting edge' describes current developments in microcomputer hardware which are likely to become commonplace adjuncts to library microcomputers in the next decade.----* referencia de puntero = pointer reference.* WIMP (Ventanas, Iconos, Ratones y Punteros) = WIMP (Windows, Icons, Mice, and Pointers).* * *I- ra adjetivo <empresa/sector/país> leading (before n)II1) ( para señalar) pointer; ( de reloj) (Andes) hand2) (Dep)a) ( equipo) leader, leaders (pl)b) (Col, CS) ( en fútbol) winger* * *= leading, pointer, tracing, front-line [front line], developed, state-of-the-art, leading edge, cutting edge.Ex: In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.
Ex: Note also, that the subdivided heading MUSIC -- AUSTRIA consists only of two pointers.Ex: The word tracing is used to denote the identification within an authority entry of all variant and related headings from which references have been made to the authority heading itself.Ex: Any front-line information and advice agency needs the backing of information gathering and collating services to provide really up-to-date and relevant information.Ex: Developed libraries can quote a whole series of discrete services built up over the recent past, which somehow need to be integrated.Ex: With a staff of 10 it provides a full information service using state-of-the-art resources and methods.Ex: The museum has used leading edge digital imaging technology to overcome problems of preservation and access.Ex: The article ' Cutting edge' describes current developments in microcomputer hardware which are likely to become commonplace adjuncts to library microcomputers in the next decade.* referencia de puntero = pointer reference.* WIMP (Ventanas, Iconos, Ratones y Punteros) = WIMP (Windows, Icons, Mice, and Pointers).* * *1 ‹empresa/sector/país› leading ( before n)la empresa tiene una situación puntera en el mercado de electrodomésticos the company leads the market in electrical appliancesel país puntero en la minería del cobre the leading copper-producing countryel ciclista puntero the leading cyclistvan punteros en la división they are at the top of the division, they are the division leadersA1 (para señalar) pointer2 ( Andes) (de un reloj) handB ( Dep)1 (equipo) leader, leaders (pl)2 (Col, CS) (en fútbol) winger* * *
puntero sustantivo masculino
1 ( para señalar) pointer;
(Inf) cursor;
( de reloj) (Andes) hand
2 (Dep)
puntero,-a
I adjetivo leading: es un país puntero en investigación sobre el cáncer, it's a leading country in cancer research
II sustantivo masculino pointer
' puntero' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
puntera
English:
pointer
- hand
* * *puntero, -a♦ adjleading;una de las empresas punteras en el sector one of the leading companies in the industry;un país puntero en agricultura biológica a world leader in organic farming♦ nm1. [para señalar] pointer2. Informát pointer3. Andes, RP, Méx [persona] leader;[animal] leading animal♦ nm,fCSur Dep winger;puntero izquierdo/derecho left/right winger* * *I adj leadingII m pointer* * *puntero nm1) : pointer2) : leader -
40 pain
pain [pɛ̃]1. masculine noun• du pain frais/dur/rassis fresh/dry/stale breadb. ( = miche) loafc. [de cire] bar2. compounds► pain complet wholemeal (Brit) or wholewheat (US) bread ; ( = miche) wholemeal (Brit) or wholewheat (US) loaf► pain suédois= pain polaire► pain surprise bread surprise (assortment of mini-sandwiches, often served in a hollowed-out loaf)* * *pɛ̃nom masculin1) ( aliment) bread [U]2) ( miche) loaf3) Culinairepain de légumes/viande — vegetable/meat loaf
4) ( bloc) (de savon, cire) bar; ( de glace) block; ( de dynamite) stick•Phrasal Verbs:••ça ne mange pas de pain — (colloq) it doesn't cost anything
je ne mange pas de ce pain-là — (colloq) I won't have anything to do with it, I want no part of it
* * *pɛ̃ nm1) (= aliment) breadDonnez-nous aujourd'hui notre pain quotidien. — Give us today our daily bread.
2) (unité) loaf, loaf of breadJ'ai acheté un pain. — I bought a loaf of bread.
3) [cire, savon] bar, [plastic] stick4) CUISINE* * *pain nm1 ( aliment) bread ¢; le pain frais/rassis fresh/stale bread; morceau/tranche de pain piece/slice of bread; des miettes de pain breadcrumbs; notre pain quotidien fig our daily bread; le pain et le vin Relig the bread and wine; être au pain sec et à l'eau to be on bread and water;2 ( miche) loaf; un pain rond a round loaf; acheter deux pains to buy two loaves; un petit pain a (bread) roll;3 Culin pain de légumes/viande/poisson vegetable/meat/fish loaf;5 ◑( coup) punch, sock○; mettre un pain à qn to sock○ sb.pain bénit Relig consecrated bread; être pain béni(t) pour qn to be a godsend for sb; pain bis brown bread; pain blanc white bread; ( miche) white loaf; manger son pain blanc le premier to have it easy at the start; pain brioché brioche bread; ( miche) brioche loaf; pain à cacheter bar of sealing wax; pain de campagne farmhouse bread; ( miche) farmhouse loaf; pain au chocolat pastry with chocolate filling; pain complet wholemeal bread; ( miche) wholemeal loaf; pain dermatologique dermatological cleansing bar; pain d'épices gingerbread; pain de Gênes Genoa cake; pain grillé toast; pain au lait milk roll; pain au levain sourdough bread; pain de mie sandwich loaf; pain noir rye bread; pain perdu French toast; pain aux raisins currant bun; pain de seigle rye bread; ( miche) rye loaf; pain sans sel unsalted (white) bread; pain de son bran loaf; pain de sucre Culin, Géol sugar loaf; en pain de sucre ( crâne) egg-shaped; ( montagne) sugar loaf ( épith); le Pain de Sucre Géog Sugar Loaf Mountain; pain viennois Viennese bread; ( miche) Viennese loaf.se vendre comme des petits pains to sell like hot cakes; ça ne mange pas de pain○ it doesn't cost anything; je ne mange pas de ce pain-là I won't have anything to do with it, I want no part of it; enlever or ôter le pain de la bouche à qn to take the bread out of sb's mouth; être bon comme du (bon) pain to have a heart of gold; long comme un jour sans pain [personne] very tall; [pantalon] very long; faire passer le goût du pain à qn○ to teach sb a lesson they won't forget.[pɛ̃] nom masculinpain de deux/quatre livres long two-pound/four-pound loafpain d'épices ≃ gingerbreadpain de Gênes ≃ Genoa cake2. [substance] breadun peu de pain a bit ou piece of breadpain perdu, pain doré French toastla maladie, les soucis d'argent, c'était son pain quotidien illness and money worries were her daily lotlong comme un jour sans pain interminable, endlessenlever ou retirer ou ôter le pain de la bouche à quelqu'un to take the bread out of somebody's mouth3. [préparation] loaf4. [bloc]pain de cire/savon bar of wax/soap5. (très familier) [coup] smack————————pain brûlé locution adjectivale[tissu, peinture] dark brown[peau] brown as a berry
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