-
21 wealth
ثَرْوَة \ fortune: a lot of money: He made a fortune by finding oil. mint: a large amount (of money): He’s made a mint (of money) in only two years. resources: wealth or possessions that can be put to some useful purpose: a country’s natural resources (its minerals and forests and water supplies, etc.). riches: wealth. treasure: a store of gold and jewels, etc.: The King buried his treasure when the castle was attacked. wealth: riches; money and possessions. -
22 Blériot, Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1 July 1872 Cambrai, Franced. 2 August 1936 Paris, France[br]French aircraft manufacturer and pilot who in 1909 made the first flight across the English Channel in an aeroplane.[br]Having made a fortune with his patented automobile lamp, Blériot started experimenting with model aircraft in about 1900. He tried a flapping-wing layout which, surprisingly, did fly, but a full-size version was a failure. Blériot tried out a wide variety of designs: a biplane float-glider built with Gabriel Voisin; a powered float-plane with ellipsoidal biplane wings; a canard (tail-first) monoplane; a tandem monoplane; and in 1907 a monoplane of conventional layout. This last was not an immediate success, but it led to the Type XI in which Blériot made history by flying from France to England on 25 July 1909.Without a doubt, Blériot was an accomplished pilot and a successful manufacturer of aircraft, but he sometimes employed others as designers (a fact not made known at the time). It is now accepted that much of the credit for the design of the Type XI should go to Raymond Saulnier, who later made his name with the Morane-Saulnier Company.Blériot-Aéronautique became one of the leading manufacturers of aircraft and by the outbreak of war in 1914 some eight hundred aircraft had been produced. By 1918, aircraft were being built at the rate of eighteen per day. The Blériot company continued to produce aircraft until it was nationalized in 1937.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCommandeur de la Légion d'honneur. Daily Mail £1,000 prize for the first cross-Channel aeroplane flight.Further ReadingC.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (contains a list of all Blériot's early aircraft).J.Stroud, 1966, European Transport Aircraft since 1920, London (for information about Blériot's later aircraft).For information relating to the cross-Channel flight, see: C.Fontaine, 1913, Comment Blériota traversé la, Manche, Paris.T.D.Crouch, 1982, Blériot XI, the Story of a Classic Aircraft, Washington, DC: National Air \& Space Museum.JDS -
23 negocio
m.1 business (empresa).¿cómo va el negocio? how's business?negocio familiar family business2 deal, (business) transaction.(buen) negocio good deal, bargainhacer negocio to do well¡mal negocio! (figurative) that's a nasty business!negocio redondo great bargain, excellent dealnegocio sucio shady deal, dirty business3 establishment, concern, business.4 gain.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: negociar.* * *1 (actividad) business2 (gestión) deal, transaction3 (asunto) affair4 (local) shop, US store\¡bonito negocio hemos hecho! (con ironía) some deal that was!, some deal that turned out to be!hablar de negocios to talk businesshacer negocio to make a profit* * *noun m.1) business2) trade•- mujer de negocios* * *SM1) (Com, Econ) (=empresa) business; (=tienda) shop, store (EEUU)montar un negocio — to set up o start a business
traspasar un negocio — to transfer a business, sell a business
2) (=transacción) deal, transaction¡hiciste un buen negocio! — iró that was a fine deal you did!
un negocio redondo — a real bargain, a really good deal
negocio sucio, negocio turbio — shady deal
hombre/mujer de negocios — businessman/businesswoman
4) (=asunto) affair¡mal negocio! — it looks bad!
6) And, Caribe*el negocio — the fact, the truth
pero el negocio es que... — but the fact is that...
7) And (=cuento) tale, piece of gossip* * *a) ( empresa) businessmontar or poner un negocio — to set up a business
b) ( transacción) dealc) (CS) ( tienda) store (AmE), shop (BrE)e) (fam) ( asunto) business (colloq)* * *a) ( empresa) businessmontar or poner un negocio — to set up a business
b) ( transacción) dealc) (CS) ( tienda) store (AmE), shop (BrE)e) (fam) ( asunto) business (colloq)* * *negocio11 = affair, business [businesses, -pl.], line of business, trade, business venture.Ex: And also until Groome appeared, newcomers were a nullity as an active political force, exerting little influence in city affairs.
Ex: The treatise arose from Kaiser's work in indexing information relating to business and industry.Ex: The computer people are muscling in on our line of business and we can't stop them.Ex: Non-bibliographic data bases are particularly used for businesses and industry to extract information in the fields of business, economics, trade and commerce.Ex: In considering business ventures libraries should pay attention to the following considerations -- the library's mission, its capability, the financial impact, legal aspects, and professional and ethical issues.* asociación benéfica de hombres de negocios = Lions club.* dedicarse a un negocio = enter + a business.* de negocios = transactional.* economía de negocios = managerial economics.* emprender un negocio = take on + business venture.* escuela de negocios = business school.* gente de negocios = business people.* hacer negocio = make + business.* hacer negocios = do + business.* hacer un gran negocio = make + a killing.* hombre de negocios = businessman [businessmen, -pl.], entrepreneur.* hombres de negocios = business people.* llevar un negocio = conduct + a business.* magnate de los negocios = business leader, business magnate.* mundo de los negocios = business world, business environment.* negocio del ocio, el = entertainment industry, the.* negocio electrónico = online business.* negocio en línea = online business.* negocio internacional = international business.* negocio lucrativo = lucrative business.* negocio multimillonario = multibillion dollar business.* negocios = biz.* negocio sucio = monkey business.* orientado hacia los negocios = business-minded.* promocionar un negocio = drum up + business.* propuesta de negocios = business proposition.* quedarse sin negocio = go out of + business.* relacionado con los negocios = business-related.* reunión de negocios = business meeting.* sagacidad para los negocios = business acumen.* usuario del mundo de los negocios = business user.* visión para los negocios = business acumen.* volumen de negocios = turnover, stock turnover, turnover of stock.negocio22 = business [businesses, -pl.], shop, outfit.Ex: To a small or mid-sized business, information is critical for effective planning, growth and development.
Ex: In strong contrast to, say, television sets and instant coffee, where the consumer may save by shopping around, there is no advantage to be gained by going to one shop rather than another for a book so far as price is concerned.Ex: The author compares the advantages and disadvantages of buying from the larger established companies and smaller outfits.* base de datos de negocios = business database.* cerrar el negocio = fold up + shop.* cerrar un negocio = go out of + business.* montar + Posesivo + propio negocio = set + Reflexivo + up in business.* negocio de venta de coches usados = used car business.* negocio familiar = family-run business.* obligar a cerrar el negocio = force out of + business, force out of + the marketplace.* pequeño negocio = small business.* * *1 (empresa) businessmontó or puso un negocio de compraventa de coches he set up a used-car dealership, he set up in business buying and selling cars[ S ] traspaso negocio de vinos wine business for saleesto de la compraventa de apartamentos es un negocio there's a lot of money to be made buying and selling apartments2 (transacción) dealhicimos un buen negocio we made o did a good dealhizo un negocio redondo con la venta de la casa he made a fortune when he sold the househacer negocio to make moneyen ese barrio no hay negocios there are no stores o shops in that areadejó la enseñanza para dedicarse a los negocios he gave up teaching to go into businesshablar de negocios to talk businessen el mundo de los negocios in the business world* * *
Del verbo negociar: ( conjugate negociar)
negocio es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
negoció es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
negociar
negocio
negociar ( conjugate negociar) verbo transitivo/intransitivo
to negotiate
negocio sustantivo masculinoa) (Com) business;
montar or poner un negocio to set up a business;
hablar de negocios to talk business;
en el mundo de los negocios in the business world
negociar
I vtr (acordar, tratar) to negotiate: negociamos con él la compra de las acciones, we negotiated the purchase of the shares with him
están negociando la subida de las pensiones, they are negotiating a rise in pensions
II vi (traficar, comerciar) to do business, deal: negocia con ropa usada, he deals in second-hand clothes
negocio sustantivo masculino
1 Com Fin business: esa venta fue un mal negocio, that sale was a bad deal
2 (asunto) affair: no sé en qué negocios anda, I don't know what type of business he's involved in
3 (tienda, empresa) su padre tiene un negocio de restauración de muebles, his father's got a furniture restoring business
♦ Locuciones: hacer negocio, to make a profit: mal negocio vas a hacer si no les cobras a los amigos, you're not going to do very good business if you don't charge your friends
' negocio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abocada
- abocado
- acondicionada
- acondicionado
- activar
- ampliar
- ampliación
- bancarrota
- camelar
- cerrar
- chanchullo
- cierre
- contabilidad
- dirigir
- dirigente
- embarcarse
- entablar
- estimativa
- estimativo
- evolución
- filón
- floreciente
- fraudulenta
- fraudulento
- fundar
- gárgaras
- gestión
- honrada
- honrado
- hundirse
- liquidación
- llevar
- local
- lucrativa
- lucrativo
- montar
- naufragar
- pantalla
- patrón
- patrona
- patrono
- peligrar
- pique
- poner
- redonda
- redondo
- reflotar
- regentar
- regente
- regir
English:
attend to
- backing
- bootstrap
- bust
- buy out
- carry on
- close down
- concern
- control
- decline
- enterprise
- established
- expand
- fail
- flourishing
- founder
- funny business
- going
- handle
- injection
- invest
- keep
- lucrative
- mine
- nourish
- open up
- operate
- patronize
- shady
- shop
- show
- shut down
- shut up
- slacken off
- sluggish
- start
- start up
- stock
- stumbling-block
- successful
- big
- business
- engaged
- killing
* * *negocio nm1. [empresa] business;tiene un negocio de electrodomésticos he has an electrical appliance business;¿cómo va el negocio? how's business?negocio familiar family business2.negocios [actividad] business;el mundo de los negocios the business world;un viaje de negocios a business trip;se dedica a los negocios he's in business;hacer negocios con to do business with;estoy aquí por cuestiones de negocios I'm here on business3. [transacción] deal, (business) transaction;hacer negocio to do well;con esta compra hicimos (buen) negocio this was a good buy;negocio redondo great bargain, excellent deal4. [ocupación] business;¡ocúpate de tus negocios! mind your own business!;¿en qué negocios andas metido? what are you involved in now?;¡mal negocio! that's a nasty business!;negocio sucio shady deal, dirty business5. RP [tienda] store* * *m1 business2 ( trato) deal* * *negocio nm1) : business, place of business2) : deal, transaction3) negocios nmpl: commerce, trade, business* * *negocio n2. (trato) deal -
24 нажить состояние
1. to make a fortuneAnd do you mean to say that you made a fortune of thirty thousand pounds without being able to read or write?
2. to be (become) richHe was going to be rich!
Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > нажить состояние
-
25 разбогатеть
1. to make a fortuneAnd do you mean to say that you made a fortune of thirty thousand pounds without being able to read or write?
2. to be (become) richHe was going to be rich!
Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > разбогатеть
-
26 сколачивать состояние
1. to make a fortuneAnd do you mean to say that you made a fortune of thirty thousand pounds without being able to read or write?
2. to be (become) richHe was going to be rich!
Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > сколачивать состояние
-
27 сколотить состояние
1. to make a fortuneAnd do you mean to say that you made a fortune of thirty thousand pounds without being able to read or write?
2. to be (become) richHe was going to be rich!
Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > сколотить состояние
-
28 cen|a
f 1. price (czegoś of sth)- cena okazyjna/wygórowana a bargain/an exorbitant price- cena promocyjna a special price- cena wywoławcza a reserve (price)- ceny konkurencyjne competitive prices- przystępne ceny reasonable a. affordable prices- słone ceny steep prices- cena kupna/detaliczna purchase/retail price- cena wstępu (price of) admission- ceny biletów ticket prices- ceny na zboże grain prices- cena za metr/kilogram the price per metre/kilogram- podwyżka/obniżka cen a price rise/reduction- sezonowa obniżka cen a sale- kupić coś za pół ceny to buy sth half price- sprzedać coś po cenie kosztów własnych to sell sth at cost price- komplet w cenie 1000 złotych 1,000 zlotys for the set2. przen. price, cost- płacić za coś wysoką cenę to pay a high price for sth- zanieczyszczenie środowiska to cena, jaką płacimy za postęp techniczny environmental pollution is the price we pay for technological progress- za cenę czegoś at the cost of sth- zdobył fortunę za cenę zdrowia he made a fortune at the cost of his own health- □ cena fabryczna Ekon. cost price- cena gwarantowana Ekon. guaranteed price- cena netto Handl. net price- cena nominalna Ekon. nominal a. face value■ naznaczyć a. wyznaczyć cenę na czyjąś głowę to put a price on sb’s head- być bez a. nie mieć ceny to be priceless- prawdziwa przyjaźń nie ma ceny you can’t put a price on true friendship- być w cenie to be in (great) demand- informatycy/lekarze są teraz w cenie computer scientists/doctors are very much in demand these days- w tym roku zboże nie jest w cenie there’s not much demand for grain this year- za każdą a. wszelką cenę at all costs, at any cost- chciał to osiągnąć za wszelką cenę he was determined to do it, regardless of the cost- za wszelką cenę chciał tam pojechać he was absolutely determined to go- za żadną cenę not at any price- za żadną cenę nie chciała się zgodzić na wyjazd córki she didn’t want to let her daughter go at any priceThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > cen|a
-
29 مال
مَالُ \ bet: the money so risked: He lost his bet. \ See Also مَبْلَغ الرِّهان \ مَالٌ خَاصّ \ pocket: one’s personal money: I paid for that out of my own pocket, not with the firm’s money. \ مَالُ الرَّشْوَة \ bribe: money, etc. offered for the purpose of bribing sb.. \ مَالٌ مُخَصَّص (صندوق) \ fund: an amount of money for a special purpose: The "Save the Children Fund". \ مَالٌ مُدَّخَر \ hoard: a secret store of sth.: The police found a hoard of stolen goods. \ See Also مَالٌ مَكْنُوز \ المالُ المَرْدُود \ refund: money given back that one has paid: I demanded a refund. \ مَالٌ مُكْتَسَب \ earnings: the money that one earns. \ مَالٌ مَنْهوب \ plunder: plundered goods; plundering. \ مَالٌ وَفير \ fortune: a lot of money: He made a fortune by finding oil. -
30 Budding, Edwin Beard
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. c.1796 Bisley (?), Gloucestershire, Englandd. 1846 Dursley, Gloucestershire, England[br]English inventor of the lawn mower.[br]Budding was an engineer who described himself as a mechanic on his first patent papers and as a manager in later applications.A rotary machine had been developed at Brimscombe Mill in Stroud for cutting the pile on certain clothes and Budding saw the potential of this principle for a machine for cutting grass on lawns. It is not clear whether Budding worked for the Lewis family, who owned the mill, or whether he saw the machines during their manufacture at the Phoenix Foundry. At the age of 35 Budding entered into partnership with John Ferrabee, who had taken out a lease on Thrupp Mill. They reached an agreement in which Ferrabee would pay to obtain letter patent on the mower and would cover all the development costs, after which they would have an equal share in the profits. The agreement also allowed Ferrabee to license the manufacture of the machine and in 1832 he negotiated with the agricultural manufacturer Ransomes, allowing them to manufacture the mower.Budding invented a screw-shifting spanner at a time when he might have been working as a mechanic at Thrupp Mill. He later rented a workshop in which he produced Pepperbox pistols. In the late 1830s he moved to Dursley, where he became Manager for Mr G.Lister, who made clothing machinery. Together they patented an improved method of making cylinders for carding engines, but Budding required police protection from those who saw their jobs threatened by the device. He made no fortune from his inventions and died at the age of 50.[br]Further ReadingH.A.Randall, 1965–6 "Some mid-Gloucestershire engineers and inventors", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 38:89–96 (looks at the careers of both Budding and Ferrabee).AP -
31 Salt, Sir Titus
[br]b. 20 September 1803 Morley, Yorkshire, Englandd. 29 December 1876 Saltaire, Yorkshire, England[br]English industrialist, social reformer and entrepreneur who made his fortune by overcoming the problems of utilizing alpaca wool in the production of worsted, and established the early model town at Saltaire.[br]Titus Salt arrived in Bradford with his father, who was a wool merchant in the town, in 1822. He soon set up his own company and it was there that he experimented with the textile worsted. Alpaca wool comes from an animal of the camel family that resembles the llama, and flocks of domesticated breeds of the animal had been raised in the high Andes since the days of the Incas. The wool was introduced into Europe via Spain and, later, Germany and France. The first attempts to spin and weave the yarn in England were made in 1808, but despite experimentation over the years the material was difficult to work. It was in 1836 that Salt evolved his method of utilizing a cotton warp with part alpaca weft. The method proved a great success and Bradford gained a reputation as a manufacturing centre for alpaca wool, exporting both yarn and cloth in quantity, especially to the USA. By 1850 Salt, who owned six mills, was Bradford's biggest employer and was certainly its richest citizen. He decided to move out of the city and built a new mill works, the architects of which were Lockwood and Mawson, on the banks of the River Aire a few miles from the city. Around the works, between 1851 and 1871, he built houses, a hospital, library, church, institute and almshouses for his workers. The buildings were solid, good-standard structures of local stone and the houses were pleasantly situated, with their amenities making them seem palaces compared to the slums in which other Bradford textile workers lived at the time. The collection of buildings was the first example in Britain of a "model new town", and was, indeed still is, a remarkable prototype of its kind. Apart from being a philanthropist and social reformer, Salt was also concerned with taking advantage of the technical developments of his time. His mill works, which eventually covered ten acres of land, was of fashionably Italianate architectural style (its chimney even a copy of the campanile of the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa in Venice), although its structure was of iron framing. The weaving shed held 1,200 looms and had capacity for 3,000 workers, who produced 30,000 yards of cloth per day. Water from the river was used to produce steam to power the matchinery used in the manufacturing processes of scouring, dyeing and finishing. For the export of goods, the nearby Leeds-Liverpool Canal linked the works to Britain's chief ports, and the Midland Railway (an extension of the LeedsBradford line which opened in 1846) was of great use for the same purpose.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1869.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography.Visitors Guide to Salt aire, Bradford City Council.DY -
32 Т-49
ВОТ ТЕБЕ И... coll Interj Invar fixed WOused to express one's surprise ( usu. unpleasant) that s.o. or sth. turned out to be very different than expectedor used to express one's dissatisfaction that sth. anticipated either does not take place at all or turns out worse than expectedso much for...that's (therefc) a NP for you there goes your NP some NP. Собрались мы в лес по грибы, а тут дождь пошёл. Вот тебе и грибы! We were just about to leave for the woods to pick mushrooms when suddenly it started to rain. So much for mushroom picking!«Полянкин оказался прекрасным бизнесменом: он уже разбогател в своём кооперативе». — «Вот тебе и бывший партийный функционер!» "Polyankin turned out to be quite a businessman: he has already made a fortune off his cooperative." "There's a former party functionary for you!"Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring-and March was almost over (2a). -
33 вот тебе и...
• ВОТ ТЕБЕ И... coll[Interj; Invar; fixed WO]=====⇒ used to express one's surprise (usu. unpleasant) that s.o. or sth. turned out to be very different than expected; or used to express one's dissatisfaction that sth. anticipated either does not take place at all or turns out worse than expected:- so much for...;- thate (there's) a [NP] for you;- there goes your [NP];- some [NP].♦ Собрались мы в лес по грибы, а тут дождь пошёл. Вот тебе и грибы! We were just about to leave for the woods to pick mushrooms when suddenly it started to rain. So much for mushroom picking!♦ "Полянкин оказался прекрасным бизнесменом: он уже разбогател в своём кооперативе". - "Вот тебе и бывший партийный функционер!" "Polyankin turned out to be quite a businessman: he has already made a fortune off his cooperative." "There's a former party functionary for you!"♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring-and March was almost over (2a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > вот тебе и...
-
34 עשה חיל
succeeded, had great success; made a fortune; acquired a reputation -
35 krociow|y
adj. [sumy, interes] fabulous- krociowy interes a fabulous deal- film przyniósł krociowe zyski the film made a fortuneThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > krociow|y
-
36 nieczy|sty
adj. 1. (nieuczciwy) dirty, underhand(ed); shady pot., crooked pot.- prowadzić nieczyste interesy to do underhand(ed) deals- mieć nieczyste zamiary wobec kogoś to have dubious a. devious intentions towards sb- dorobił się majątku w nieczysty sposób he made a fortune by dubious means2. Relig. [myśli] impure, unchaste; [życie] unchaste książk. 3. (zanieczyszczony) contaminated, polluted; (nieoczyszczony) raw, unrefined- nieczyste zboże unrefined a. raw grain- nieczyste powietrze polluted air- nieczysty alkohol raw a. unrefined alcohol4. (niewyraźny) [profil, rysunek] blurry, blurred; (nieostry) [zdjęcie, odbiór] fuzzy- nieczysty obraz a fuzzy picture5. (fałszywy) [ton, dźwięk] off-key, out of tune- śpiewać nieczystym głosem to sing off-key a. out of tune6. Sport (niedokładny) [rzut] off-target, wide (of the mark)- oddał nieczysty strzał his shot went wide of the mark7. Sport [zagranie, gra] dirty, unsportsmanlike- nieczysty rzut piłki do kosza a dirty shot at the basket■ duch nieczysty książk. evil spirit- mieć nieczyste sumienie to have a guilty conscienceThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > nieczy|sty
-
37 piękn|y
Ⅰ adj. grad. (bardzo ładny) [kobieta, mężczyzna, pogoda, ogród, suknia] beautiful- mówić piękną polszczyzną to speak beautiful Polish- była oszałamiająco piękna she was dazzlingly beautiful- był piękny dzień a. była piękna pogoda the day a. the weather was beautiful- samiec jest piękniejszy niż samica the male is more beautiful than the female- pałac był piękniejszy niż się spodziewałem the palace was more beautiful than I expected- uważała Kraków za najpiękniejsze miasto na świecie she thought Kraków the most beautiful city in the world- to był najpiękniejszy dzień w moim życiu przen. it was the best day in a. of my life- przeżyli razem wiele pięknych chwil przen. they shared many happy moments, they had many good times togetherⅡ adj. 1. (pokazowy, duży) [czyn, charakter, przyjaźń, tradycje] fine; [zbiory, owoce, wyniki] fine, excellent- to była piękna bramka that was a fine a. beautiful goal, that was some goal- wygrać wyścig w pięknym czasie to win a race in a fast time a. with a great time- dorobili się pięknego majątku they made a fortune2. iron. fine iron.; some pot.- piękne świadectwo – dwie tróje i pięć dwój! a fine report – two passes and five fails!- piękne rzeczy słyszę o tobie! fine things I’ve heard about you!■ odpłacić komuś pięknym za nadobne to repay sb in kind, to give sb a taste of their own medicine- pewnego pięknego dnia/poranku/wieczora one fine day/morning/night- piękna karta w naszej historii a. w naszych dziejach a fine page in our history- dożyła pięknego wieku dziewięćdziesięciu lat she lived to the ripe old age of ninety- płeć piękna the fair a. fairer sex przest., żart.- widzieć coś w pięknych barwach a. kolorach to see sth through rose-coloured spectacles, to see only the bright side of sth- awansować kogoś na piękne oczy a. dla pięknych oczu to promote sb for no real reasonThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > piękn|y
-
38 Armstrong, Edwin Howard
[br]b. 18 December 1890 New York City, New York, USAd. 31 January 1954 New York City, New York, USA[br]American engineer who invented the regenerative and superheterodyne amplifiers and frequency modulation, all major contributions to radio communication and broadcasting.[br]Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1917. Franklin Medal 1937. IERE Edison Medal 1942. American Medal for Merit 1947.Bibliography1922, "Some recent developments in regenerative circuits", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:244.1924, "The superheterodyne. Its origin, developments and some recent improvements", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 12:549.1936, "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signalling by a system of frequency modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24:689.Further ReadingL.Lessing, 1956, Man of High-Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, pbk 1969 (the only definitive biography).W.R.Maclaurin and R.J.Harman, 1949, Invention \& Innovation in the Radio Industry.J.R.Whitehead, 1950, Super-regenerative Receivers.A.N.Goldsmith, 1948, Frequency Modulation (for the background to the development of frequency modulation, in the form of a large collection of papers and an extensive bibliog raphy).KFBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Edwin Howard
-
39 Fox, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 1815 Bradfield, near Sheffield, Englandd. February 1887 Sheffield, England[br]English inventor of the curved steel umbrella frame.[br]Samuel Fox was the son of a weaver's shuttle maker in the hamlet of Bradwell (probably Bradfield, near Sheffield) in the remote hills. He went to Sheffield and served an apprenticeship in the steel trade. Afterwards, he worked with great energy and industry until he acquired sufficient capital to start in business on his own account at Stocksbridge, near Sheffield. It was there that he invented what became known as "Fox's Paragon Frame" for umbrellas. Whalebone or solid steel had previously been used for umbrella ribs, but whalebone was unreliable and steel was heavy. Fox realized that if he grooved the ribs he could make them both lighter and more elastic. In his first patent, taken out in 1852, he described making the ribs and stretchers of parasols and umbrellas from a narrow strip of steel plate partially bent into a trough-like form. He took out five more patents. The first, in 1853, was for strengthening the joints. His next two, in 1856 and 1857, were more concerned with preparing the steel for making the ribs. Another patent in 1857 was basically for improving the formation of the bit at the end of the rib where it was fixed to the stretcher and where the end of the rib has to be formed into a boss: this was so it could have a pin fixed through it to act as a pivot when the umbrella has to be opened or folded and yet support the rib and stretcher. The final patent, in 1865, reverted once more to improving the manufacture of the ribs. He made a fortune before other manufacturers knew what he was doing. Fox established a works at Lille when he found that the French import duties and other fiscal arrangements hindered exporting umbrellas and successful trading there, and was thereby able to develop a large and lucrative business.[br]Bibliography1852. British patent no. 14,055 (curved steel ribs and stretchers for umbrellas). 1853. British patent no. 739 (strengthened umbrella joints).1856. British patent no. 2,741 (ribs and stretchers for umbrellas). 1857. British patent no. 1,450 (steel wire for umbrellas).1857, British patent no. 1,857 (forming the bit attached to the ribs). 1865, British patent no. 2,348 (improvements in making the ribs).Further ReadingObituary, 1887, Engineer 63.Obituary, 1887, Iron 29.RLH -
40 Gillette, King Camp
[br]b. 5 January 1855 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, USAd. 9 July 1932 Los Angeles, California, USA[br]American inventor and manufacturer, inventor of the safety razor.[br]Gillette's formal education in Chicago was brought to an end when a disastrous fire destroyed all his father's possessions. Forced to fend for himself, he worked first in the hardware trade in Chicago and New York, then as a travelling salesman. Gillette inherited the family talent for invention, but found that his successful inventions barely paid for those that failed. He was advised by a previous employer, William Painter (inventor of the Crown Cork), to look around for something that could be used widely and then thrown away. In 1895 he succeeded in following that advice of inventing something which people could use and then throw away, so that they would keep coming back for more. An idea came to him while he was honing an old-fashioned razor one morning; he was struck by the fact that only a short piece of the whole length of a cutthroat razor is actually used for shaving, as well as by the potentially dangerous nature of the implement. He "rushed out to purchase some pieces of brass, some steel ribbon used for clock springs, a small hand vise and some files". He thought of using a thin steel blade sharpened on each side, placed between two plates and held firmly together by a handle. Though coming from a family of inventors, Gillette had no formal technical education and was entirely ignorant of metallurgy. For six years he sought a way of making a cheap blade from sheet steel that could be hardened, tempered and sharpened to a keen edge.Gillette eventually found financial supporters: Henry Sachs, a Boston lamp manufacturer; his brother-in-law Jacob Heilbron; and William Nickerson, who had a considerable talent for invention. By skilled trial and error rather than expert metallurgical knowledge, Nickerson devised ways of forming and sharpening the blades, and it was these that brought commercial success. In 1901, the American Safety Razor Company, later to be renamed the Gillette Safety Razor Company, was set up. When it started production in 1903 the company was badly in debt, and managed to sell only fifty-one razors and 168 blades; but by the end of the following year, 90,000 razors and 12.4 million blades had been sold. A sound invention coupled with shrewd promotion ensured further success, and eight plants manufacturing safety razors were established in various parts of the world. Gillette's business experiences led him into the realms of social theory about the way society should be organized. He formulated his views in a series of books published over the years 1894 to 1910. He believed that competition led to a waste of up to 90 per cent of human effort and that want and crime would be eliminated by substituting a giant trust to plan production centrally. Unfortunately, the public in America, or anywhere else for that matter, were not ready for this form of Utopia; no omniscient planners were available, and human wants and needs were too various to be supplied by a single agency. Even so, some of his ideas have found favour: air conditioning and government provision of work for the unemployed. Gillette made a fortune from his invention and retired from active participation in the business in 1913, although he remained President until 1931 and Director until his death.[br]Bibliography"Origin of the Gillette razor", Gillette Blade (February/March).Further ReadingObituary, 1932, New York Times (11 July).J.Jewkes, D.Sawers and R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention, London: Macmillan.LRD / IMcN
Страницы
См. также в других словарях:
made a fortune — raked in the big bucks, made a lot of money … English contemporary dictionary
fortune — for‧tune [ˈfɔːtʆn ǁ ˈfɔːr ] noun [countable] 1. a very large amount of money: • Working on the Stock Exchange, he made a fortune in just a few years. • It would cost a fortune to treat all the waste. • Producers pay stars as much as $5,000 per… … Financial and business terms
fortune — noun 1 luck ADJECTIVE ▪ good ▪ bad, ill … OF FORTUNE ▪ piece, stroke ▪ By a stroke of good fortune, S … Collocations dictionary
fortune — for|tune [ fɔrtʃən ] noun ** 1. ) count usually singular a very large amount of money: Jordan had inherited a considerable personal fortune from his uncle. make/amass a fortune: He had made a fortune from mining. make your fortune (=become very… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
fortune */*/ — UK [ˈfɔː(r)tʃən] / US [ˈfɔrtʃ(ə)n] noun Word forms fortune : singular fortune plural fortunes 1) [countable, usually singular] a very large amount of money Jordan had inherited a considerable personal fortune from his uncle. make/amass a fortune … English dictionary
fortune — 01. My neighbor made a [fortune] by investing in Microsoft when the company was fairly new. 02. It ll cost you a [fortune] if you stay in hotels instead of youth hostels. 03. This weather is great, but I don t know how long our good [fortune] is… … Grammatical examples in English
fortune — [[t]fɔ͟ː(r)tʃuːn[/t]] ♦♦♦ fortunes 1) N COUNT (emphasis) You can refer to a large sum of money as a fortune or a small fortune to emphasize how large it is. We had to eat out all the time. It ended up costing a fortune... He made a small fortune… … English dictionary
fortune — noun 1 MONEY (C) a very large amount of money: He inherited his fortune from his father. | cost/spend/be worth a fortune: They must have spent a fortune on that house. | a small fortune (=a lot of money): She won a small fortune on the horses. |… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
fortune — for|tune W3S3 [ˈfo:tʃən US ˈfo:r ] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(money)¦ 2¦(chance)¦ 3¦(what happens to you)¦ 4 tell somebody s fortune ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ [Date: 1200 1300; : French; Origin: Latin fortuna] 1.) ¦(MONEY)¦ a ver … Dictionary of contemporary English
fortune — noun 1) fortune favored him Syn: chance, accident, coincidence, serendipity, destiny, fortuity, providence, happenstance 2) a change of fortune Syn: luck, fate, destiny, predestinati … Thesaurus of popular words
fortune*/ — [ˈfɔːtʃən] noun 1) [C] a large amount of money They must have spent a fortune on flowers.[/ex] He had made a fortune from mining.[/ex] 2) fortunes [plural] the good or bad things that happen to someone a career that illustrates the changing… … Dictionary for writing and speaking English
