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101 Booth, Hubert Cecil
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Domestic appliances and interiors, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping[br]b. 1871 Gloucester, England d. 1955[br]English mechanical, civil and construction engineer best remembered as the inventor of the vacuum cleaner.[br]As an engineer Booth contributed to the design of engines for Royal Navy battleships, designed and supervised the erection of a number of great wheels (in Blackpool, Vienna and Paris) and later designed factories and bridges.In 1900 he attended a demonstration, at St Paneras Station in London, of a new form of railway carriage cleaner that was supposed to blow the dirt into a container. It was not a very successful experiment and Booth, having considered the problem carefully, decided that sucking might be better than blowing. He tried out his idea by placing a piece of damp cloth over an upholstered armchair. When he sucked air by mouth through his cloth the dirt upon it was tangible proof of his theory.Various attempts were being made at this time, especially in America, to find a successful cleaner of carpets and upholstery. Booth produced the first truly satisfactory machine, which he patented in 1901, and coined the term "vacuum cleaner". He formed the Vacuum Cleaner Co. (later to become Goblin BVC Ltd) and began to manufacture his machines. For some years the company provided a cleaning service to town houses, using a large and costly vacuum cleaner (the first model cost £350). Painted scarlet, it measured 54×10×42 in. (137×25×110 cm) and was powered by a petrol-driven 5 hp piston engine. It was transported through the streets on a horse-driven van and was handled by a team of operators who parked outside the house to be cleaned. With the aid of several hundred feet of flexible hose extending from the cleaner through the windows into all the rooms, the machine sucked the dirt of decades from the carpets; at the first cleaning the weight of many such carpets was reduced by 50 per cent as the dirt was sucked away.Many attempts were made in Europe and America to produce a smaller and less expensive machine. Booth himself designed the chief British model in 1906, the Trolley- Vac, which was wheeled around the house on a trolley. Still elaborate, expensive and heavy, this machine could, however, be operated inside a room and was powered from an electric light fitting. It consisted of a sophisticated electric motor and a belt-driven rotary vacuum pump. Various hoses and fitments made possible the cleaning of many different surfaces and the dust was trapped in a cloth filter within a small metal canister. It was a superb vacuum cleaner but cost 35 guineas and weighed a hundredweight (50 kg), so it was difficult to take upstairs.Various alternative machines that were cheaper and lighter were devised, but none was truly efficient until a prototype that married a small electric motor to the machine was produced in 1907 in America.[br]Further ReadingThe Story of the World's First Vacuum Cleaner, Leatherhead: BSR (Housewares) Ltd. See also Hoover, William Henry.DY -
102 Bramah, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Domestic appliances and interiors, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Public utilities[br]b. 2 April 1749 Stainborough, Yorkshire, Englandd. 9 December 1814 Pimlico, London, England[br]English inventor of the second patented water-closet, the beer-engine, the Bramah lock and, most important, the hydraulic press.[br]Bramah was the son of a tenant farmer and was educated at the village school before being apprenticed to a local carpenter, Thomas Allot. He walked to London c.1773 and found work with a Mr Allen that included the repair of some of the comparatively rare water-closets of the period. He invented and patented one of his own, which was followed by a water cock in 1783. His next invention, a greatly improved lock, involved the devising of a number of special machine tools, for it was one of the first devices involving interchangeable components in its manufacture. In this he had the help of Henry Maudslay, then a young and unknown engineer, who became Bramah's foreman before setting up business on his own. In 1784 he moved his premises from Denmark Street, St Giles, to 124 Piccadilly, which was later used as a showroom when he set up a factory in Pimlico. He invented an engine for putting out fires in 1785 and 1793, in effect a reciprocating rotary-vane pump. He undertook the refurbishment and modernization of Norwich waterworks c.1793, but fell out with Robert Mylne, who was acting as Consultant to the Norwich Corporation and had produced a remarkably vague specification. This was Bramah's only venture into the field of civil engineering.In 1797 he acted as an expert witness for Hornblower \& Maberley in the patent infringement case brought against them by Boulton and Watt. Having been cut short by the judge, he published his proposed evidence in "Letter to the Rt Hon. Sir James Eyre, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas…etc". In 1795 he was granted his most important patent, based on Pascal's Hydrostatic Paradox, for the hydraulic press which also incorporated the concept of hydraulics for the transmission of both power and motion and was the foundation of the whole subsequent hydraulic industry. There is no truth in the oft-repeated assertion originating from Samuel Smiles's Industrial Biography (1863) that the hydraulic press could not be made to work until Henry Maudslay invented the self-sealing neck leather. Bramah used a single-acting upstroking ram, sealed only at its base with a U-leather. There was no need for a neck leather.He also used the concept of the weight-loaded, in this case as a public-house beer-engine. He devised machinery for carbonating soda water. The first banknote-numbering machine was of his design and was bought by the Bank of England. His development of a machine to cut twelve nibs from one goose quill started a patent specification which ended with the invention of the fountain pen, patented in 1809. His coach brakes were an innovation that was followed bv a form of hydropneumatic carriage suspension that was somewhat in advance of its time, as was his patent of 1812. This foresaw the introduction of hydraulic power mains in major cities and included the telescopic ram and the air-loaded accumulator.In all Joseph Bramah was granted eighteen patents. On 22 March 1813 he demonstrated a hydraulic machine for pulling up trees by the roots in Hyde Park before a large crowd headed by the Duke of York. Using the same machine in Alice Holt Forest in Hampshire to fell timber for ships for the Navy, he caught a chill and died soon after at his home in Pimlico.[br]Bibliography1778, British patent no. 1177 (water-closet). 1784, British patent no. 1430 (Bramah Lock). 1795, British patent no. 2045 (hydraulic press). 1809, British patent no. 3260 (fountain pen). 1812, British patent no. 3611.Further ReadingI.McNeil, 1968, Joseph Bramah, a Century of Invention.S.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography.H.W.Dickinson, 1942, "Joseph Bramah and his inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22:169–86.IMcN -
103 Fox, James
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. c.1760d. 1835 Derby, England[br]English machine-tool builder.[br]Very little is known about the life of James Fox, but according to Samuel Smiles (1863) he was as a young man a butler in the service of the Reverend Thomas Gisborne of Foxhall Lodge, Staffordshire. His mechanical abilities were evident from his spare-time activities in the handling of tools and so impressed his employer that he supplied the capital to enable Fox to set up a business in Derby for the manufacture of machinery for the textile and lacemaking industries. To construct this machinery, Fox had to build his own machine tools and later, in the early nineteenth century, made them for sale, some being exported to France, Germany and Poland. He was renowned for his lathes, some of which were quite large; one built in 1830 has been preserved and is 22 ft (6.7 m) long with a swing of 27 in. (69 cm). He was responsible for many improve-ments in the design of the lathe and he also built some of the earliest planing machines (the first, it has been claimed, as early as 1814) and a gear-cutting machine, although this was apparently for cutting wooden patterns for cast gears. The business was continued by his sons Joseph and James (who died in 1859 aged 69) and into the 1860s by the sons of Joseph.[br]Further ReadingS.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography, London, reprinted 1967, Newton Abbot (makes brief mention of Fox).Letters relating to the invention of the planing machine can be found in Engineer 14 (1862): 189, 204, 219, 246 and 247.His lathes are described in: R.S.Woodbury, 1961, History of the Lathe to 1850, Cleveland, Ohio; L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London; repub. 1986; W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford.RTS -
104 Hancock, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 May 1786 Marlborough, Wiltshire, Englandd. 26 March 1865 Stoke Newington, London, England[br]English founder of the British rubber industry.[br]After education at a private school in Marlborough, Hancock spent some time in "mechanical pursuits". He went to London to better himself and c.1819 his interest was aroused in the uses of rubber, which until then had been limited. His first patent, dated 29 April 1820, was for the application of rubber in clothing where some elasticity was useful, such as braces or slip-on boots. He noticed that freshly cut pieces of rubber could be made to adhere by pressure to form larger pieces. To cut up his imported and waste rubber into small pieces, Hancock developed his "masticator". This device consisted of a spiked roller revolving in a hollow cylinder. However, when rubber was fed in to the machine, the product was not the expected shredded rubber, but a homogeneous cylindrical mass of solid rubber, formed by the heat generated by the process and pressure against the outer cylinder. This rubber could then be compacted into blocks or rolled into sheets at his factory in Goswell Road, London; the blocks and sheets could be used to make a variety of useful articles. Meanwhile Hancock entered into partnership with Charles Macintosh in Manchester to manufacture rubberized, waterproof fabrics. Despite these developments, rubber remained an unsatisfactory material, becoming sticky when warmed and losing its elasticity when cold. In 1842 Hancock encountered specimens of vulcanized rubber prepared by Charles Goodyear in America. Hancock worked out for himself that it was made by heating rubber and sulphur, and obtained a patent for the manufacture of the material on 21 November 1843. This patent also included details of a new form of rubber, hardened by heating to a higher temperature, that was later called vulcanite, or ebonite. In 1846 he began making solid rubber tyres for road vehicles. Overall Hancock took out sixteen patents, covering all aspects of the rubber industry; they were a leading factor in the development of the industry from 1820 until their expiry in 1858.[br]Bibliography1857, Personal Narrative of the Origin and Progress of the Caoutchouc or Indiarubber Manufacture in England, London.Further ReadingH.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87.LRD -
105 Heald, James Nichols
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 21 September 1864 Barre, Massachusetts, USAd. 7 May 1931 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer who concentrated on grinding machines.[br]James N.Heald was the son of Leander S.Heald and was educated at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1884. He then joined the firm that had been established by his grandfather, Stephen Heald, in 1826; this was a machine shop and foundry then known as S.Heald \& Son. When his grandfather died in 1888, James Heald took over the management of the business, which then became known as L.S.Heald \& Son. He concentrated on the manufacture of grinding machines and in 1903 bought out his father's interest and organized the Heald Machine Company. James Heald then began the development of a series of grinding machines designed to meet the needs of the expanding automobile industry. Special machines were produced for grinding piston rings making use of the recently invented magnetic chuck, and for cylinder bores he introduced the planetary grinder. Heald was a member of the National Machine Tool Builders' Association and served as its Treasurer and on its Board of Directors. He was elected a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1917 and was also a member of the Society of Automotive Engineers.[br]Further ReadingRobert S.Woodbury, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass (describes his grinding machines).L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London; repub. 1986 (describes his grinding machines).RTS -
106 Herbert, Edward Geisler
[br]b. 23 March 1869 Dedham, near Colchester, Essex, Englandd. 9 February 1938 West Didsbury, Manchester, England[br]English engineer, inventor of the Rapidor saw and the Pendulum Hardness Tester, and pioneer of cutting tool research.[br]Edward Geisler Herbert was educated at Nottingham High School in 1876–87, and at University College, London, in 1887–90, graduating with a BSc in Physics in 1889 and remaining for a further year to take an engineering course. He began his career as a premium apprentice at the Nottingham works of Messrs James Hill \& Co, manufacturers of lace machinery. In 1892 he became a partner with Charles Richardson in the firm of Richardson \& Herbert, electrical engineers in Manchester, and when this partnership was dissolved in 1895 he carried on the business in his own name and began to produce machine tools. He remained as Managing Director of this firm, reconstituted in 1902 as a limited liability company styled Edward G.Herbert Ltd, until his retirement in 1928. He was joined by Charles Fletcher (1868–1930), who as joint Managing Director contributed greatly to the commercial success of the firm, which specialized in the manufacture of small machine tools and testing machinery.Around 1900 Herbert had discovered that hacksaw machines cut very much quicker when only a few teeth are in operation, and in 1902 he patented a machine which utilized this concept by automatically changing the angle of incidence of the blade as cutting proceeded. These saws were commercially successful, but by 1912, when his original patents were approaching expiry, Herbert and Fletcher began to develop improved methods of applying the rapid-saw concept. From this work the well-known Rapidor and Manchester saws emerged soon after the First World War. A file-testing machine invented by Herbert before the war made an autographic record of the life and performance of the file and brought him into close contact with the file and tool steel manufacturers of Sheffield. A tool-steel testing machine, working like a lathe, was introduced when high-speed steel had just come into general use, and Herbert became a prominent member of the Cutting Tools Research Committee of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1919, carrying out many investigations for that body and compiling four of its Reports published between 1927 and 1933. He was the first to conceive the idea of the "tool-work" thermocouple which allowed cutting tool temperatures to be accurately measured. For this advance he was awarded the Thomas Hawksley Gold Medal of the Institution in 1926.His best-known invention was the Pendulum Hardness Tester, introduced in 1923. This used a spherical indentor, which was rolled over, rather than being pushed into, the surface being examined, by a small, heavy, inverted pendulum. The period of oscillation of this pendulum provided a sensitive measurement of the specimen's hardness. Following this work Herbert introduced his "Cloudburst" surface hardening process, in which hardened steel engineering components were bombarded by steel balls moving at random in all directions at very high velocities like gaseous molecules. This treatment superhardened the surface of the components, improved their resistance to abrasion, and revealed any surface defects. After bombardment the hardness of the superficially hardened layers increased slowly and spontaneously by a room-temperature ageing process. After his retirement in 1928 Herbert devoted himself to a detailed study of the influence of intense magnetic fields on the hardening of steels.Herbert was a member of several learned societies, including the Manchester Association of Engineers, the Institute of Metals, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He retained a seat on the Board of his company from his retirement until the end of his life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsManchester Association of Engineers Butterworth Gold Medal 1923. Institution of Mechanical Engineers Thomas Hawksley Gold Medal 1926.BibliographyE.G.Herbert obtained several British and American patents and was the author of many papers, which are listed in T.M.Herbert (ed.), 1939, "The inventions of Edward Geisler Herbert: an autobiographical note", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 141: 59–67.ASD / RTSBiographical history of technology > Herbert, Edward Geisler
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107 Sauerbrun, Charles de, Baron von Drais
SUBJECT AREA: Land transport[br]b. 1785d. 1851[br]German popularizer of the first form of manumotive vehicle, the hobby-horse.[br]An engineer and agriculturalist who had to travel long distances over rough country, he evolved an improved design of velocipede. The original device appears to have been first shown in the gardens of the Palais Royal by the comte de Sivrac in 1791, a small wooden "horse" fitted with two wheels and propelled by the rider's legs thrusting alternately against the ground. It was not possible to turn the front wheel to steer the machine, a small variation from the straight being obtained by the rider leaning sideways. It is not known if de Sivrac was the inventor of the machine: it is likely that it had been in existence, probably as a child's toy, for a number of years. Its original name was the celerifière, but it was renamed the velocifère in 1793. The Baron's Draisienne was an improvement on this primitive machine; it had a triangulated wooden frame, an upholstered seat, a rear luggage seat and an armrest which took the thrust of the rider as he or she pushed against the ground. Furthermore, it was steerable. In some models there was a cordoperated brake and a prop stand, and the seat height could be adjusted. At least one machine was fitted with a milometer. Drais began limited manufacture and launched a long marketing and patenting campaign, part of which involved sending advertising letters to leading figures, including a number of kings.The Draisienne was first shown in public in April 1817: a ladies' version became available in 1819. Von Drais took out a patent in Baden on 12 January 1818 and followed with a French patent on 17 February. Three-and four-wheeled versions became available so the two men could take the ladies for a jaunt.Drais left his agricultural and forestry work and devoted his full time to the "Running Machine" business. Soon copies were being made and sold in Italy, Germany and Austria. In London, a Denis Johnson took out a patent in December 1818 for a "pedestrian curricle" which was soon nicknamed the dandy horse.[br]Further ReadingC.A.Caunter, 1955, Cycles: History and Development, London: Science Museum and HMSO.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Sauerbrun, Charles de, Baron von Drais
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108 Whitney, Eli
[br]b. 8 December 1765 Westborough, Massachusetts, USAd. 8 January 1825 New Haven, Connecticut, USA[br]American inventor of the cotton gin and manufacturer of firearms.[br]The son of a prosperous farmer, Eli Whitney as a teenager showed more interest in mechanics than school work. At the age of 15 he began an enterprise business manufacturing nails in his father's workshop, even having to hire help to fulfil his orders. He later determined to acquire a university education and, his father having declined to provide funds, he taught at local schools to obtain the means to attend Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, in preparation for his entry to Yale in 1789. He graduated in 1792 and then decided to study law. He accepted a position in Georgia as a tutor that would have given him time for study; this post did not materialize, but on his journey south he met General Nathanael Greene's widow and the manager of her plantations, Phineas Miller (1764–1803). A feature of agriculture in the southern states was that the land was unsuitable for long-staple cotton but could yield large crops of green-seed cotton. Green-seed cotton was difficult to separate from its seed, and when Whitney learned of the problem in 1793 he quickly devised a machine known as the cotton gin, which provided an effective solution. He formed a partnership with Miller to manufacture the gin and in 1794 obtained a patent. This invention made possible the extraordinary growth of the cotton industry in the United States, but the patent was widely infringed and it was not until 1807, after amendment of the patent laws, that Whitney was able to obtain a favourable decision in the courts and some financial return.In 1798 Whitney was in financial difficulties following the failure of the initial legal action against infringement of the cotton gin patent, but in that year he obtained a government contract to supply 10,000 muskets within two years with generous advance payments. He built a factory at New Haven, Connecticut, and proposed to use a new method of manufacture, perhaps the first application of the system of interchangeable parts. He failed to supply the firearms in the specified time, and in fact the first 500 guns were not delivered until 1801 and the full contract was not completed until 1809.In 1812 Whitney made application for a renewal of his cotton gin patent, but this was refused. In the same year, however, he obtained a second contract from the Government for 15,000 firearms and a similar one from New York State which ensured the success of his business.[br]Further ReadingJ.Mirsky and A.Nevins, 1952, The World of Eli Whitney, New York (a good biography). P.J.Federico, 1960, "Records of Eli Whitney's cotton gin patent", Technology and Culture 1: 168–76 (for details of the cotton gin patent).R.S.Woodbury, 1960, The legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts', Technology and Culture 1:235–53 (challenges the traditional view of Eli Whitney as the sole originator of the "American" system of manufacture).See also Technology and Culture 14(1973):592–8; 18(1977):146–8; 19(1978):609–11.RTS -
109 fault
fo:lt
1. noun1) (a mistake; something for which one is to blame: The accident was your fault.) culpa2) (an imperfection; something wrong: There is a fault in this machine; a fault in his character.) defecto, tara3) (a crack in the rock surface of the earth: faults in the earth's crust.) falla
2. verb(to find fault with: I couldn't fault him / his piano-playing.) criticar, encontrar defectos a- faultlessly
- faulty
- at fault
- find fault with
- to a fault
fault n1. culpa2. fallo / defectotr[fɔːlt]1 (in character, system etc) defecto2 (in merchandise) defecto, desperfecto, tara3 (blame) culpa4 (mistake) error nombre masculino, falta5 (in earth) falla6 (in tennis etc) falta1 criticar, encontrar defectos a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto a fault en excesoto be at fault tener la culpato find fault with somebody/something poner reparos a alguien/algofault ['fɔlt] vt: encontrar defectos afault n1) shortcoming: defecto m, falta f2) defect: falta f, defecto m, falla f3) blame: culpa f4) fracture: falla f (geológica)n.• avería (Aparato) (•Informática•) s.f.• culpa s.f.• defecto s.m.• error (Programa) s.m.• falla s.f.• fallo (Informática) s.m.• falta (p.e. en un deporte)(Deporte) s.f.• imperfección s.f.• mal s.m.• tacha s.f.• transgresión (Jurisprudencia) s.f.• vicio s.m.• yerro s.m.v.• encontrar defectos en v.
I fɔːlt1) u (responsibility, blame) culpa fit's your fault — tú tienes la culpa, la culpa es tuya
they're always finding fault with me — todo lo que hago les parece mal, siempre me están criticando
2) ca) (failing, flaw) defecto m, falta fb) ( in machine) avería f; ( in goods) defecto m, falla fc) ( error) error m, falta f3) c ( Geol) falla f4) c (in tennis, show jumping) falta f
II
transitive verb encontrarle* defectos a[fɔːlt]his behavior cannot be faulted — su comportamiento es intachable or impecable
1. N1) (=defect) (in character) defecto m ; (in manufacture) defecto m, falla f (LAm); (in supply, machine) avería fto find fault with sth/sb — criticar algo/a algn
2) (=blame, responsibility) culpa fwhose fault is it (if...)? — ¿quién tiene la culpa (si...)?
3) (Tennis) falta f4) (Geol) falla f2.VT criticar3.CPDfault line N — (Geol) línea f de falla; (in system, process) debilitamiento m
* * *
I [fɔːlt]1) u (responsibility, blame) culpa fit's your fault — tú tienes la culpa, la culpa es tuya
they're always finding fault with me — todo lo que hago les parece mal, siempre me están criticando
2) ca) (failing, flaw) defecto m, falta fb) ( in machine) avería f; ( in goods) defecto m, falla fc) ( error) error m, falta f3) c ( Geol) falla f4) c (in tennis, show jumping) falta f
II
transitive verb encontrarle* defectos ahis behavior cannot be faulted — su comportamiento es intachable or impecable
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110 press
I 1. nounget/have a good/bad press — (fig.) eine gute/schlechte Presse bekommen/haben
2) see academic.ru/58005/printing_press">printing press3) (printing house) Druckerei, diesend to [the] press — in Druck geben
go to [the] press — in Druck gehen
4) (publishing firm) Verlag, der6) (crowd) Menge, die7) (pressing) Druck, der2. transitive verb1) drücken; pressen; drücken auf (+ Akk.) [Klingel, Knopf]; treten auf (+ Akk.) [Gas-, Brems-, Kupplungspedal usw.]2) (urge) drängen [Person]; (force) aufdrängen ([up]on Dat.); (insist on) nachdrücklich vorbringen [Forderung, Argument, Vorschlag]he did not press the point — er ließ die Sache auf sich beruhen
3) (compress) pressen; auspressen [Orangen, Saft]; keltern [Trauben, Äpfel]4) (iron) bügeln5)3. intransitive verbbe pressed for space/time/money — (have barely enough) zu wenig Platz/Zeit/Geld haben
1) (exert pressure) drücken2) (be urgent) drängentime/something presses — die Zeit drängt/etwas eilt od. ist dringend
3) (make demand)press for something — auf etwas (Akk.) drängen
Phrasal Verbs:II transitive verbpress into service/use — in Dienst nehmen; einsetzen
* * *[pres] 1. verb1) (to use a pushing motion (against): Press the bell twice!; The children pressed close to their mother.) drücken2) (to squeeze; to flatten: The grapes are pressed to extract the juice.) pressen3) (to urge or hurry: He pressed her to enter the competition.) drängen4) (to insist on: The printers are pressing their claim for higher pay.) nachdrücklich bestehen auf5) (to iron: Your trousers need to be pressed.) plätten2. noun1) (an act of pressing: He gave her hand a press; You had better give your shirt a press.) der Druck2) ((also printing-press) a printing machine.) die Presse3) (newspapers in general: It was reported in the press; ( also adjective) a press photographer.) die Presse; Presse-...4) (the people who work on newspapers and magazines; journalists: The press is/are always interested in the private lives of famous people.) die Presse5) (a device or machine for pressing: a wine-press; a flower-press.) die Presse•- pressing- press conference
- press-cutting
- be hard pressed
- be pressed for
- press for
- press forward/on* * *[pres]I. n<pl -es>at the \press of a button auf Knopfdruckto give sth a \press [auf] etw akk drückento give sth a \press etw bügelngarlic \press Knoblauchpresse ftrouser \press Hosenpresse fwine \press Weinpresse f, Kelter f4. (news media, newspapers)▪ the \press + sing/pl vb die Pressethe story has been all over the \press die Geschichte wurde in allen Zeitungen gebrachtfreedom of the \press Pressefreiheit fto hold the \press[es] den Druck verzögernto leak sth to the \press etw der Presse zuspielenin the \press in der Presseto have a bad/good \press eine schlechte/gute Presse bekommen, schlechte/gute Kritiken bekommenII. vt1. (push)to speak to an operator, \press ‘0’ now um mit der Vermittlung zu sprechen, wählen Sie jetzt die ‚0‘Sammy \pressed his nose against the windowpane Sammy drückte die Nase gegen die Fensterscheibeto \press a bell/button/switch auf eine Klingel/einen Knopf/einen Schalter drücken▪ to \press sth ⇆ down etw herunterdrücken2. (flatten)▪ to \press sth etw zusammendrückento \press flowers Blumen pressen3. (extract juice from)▪ to \press sth etw auspressento \press grapes Weintrauben keltern4. (iron)5. (manufacture)▪ to \press sth CD, record etw pressen▪ to \press sb jdn bedrängen [o unter Druck setzen]▪ to \press sb to do sth jdn bedrängen, etw zu tunthey are \pressing demands on the country's leaders sie versuchen massiv, ihre Forderungen bei den führenden Vertretern des Landes durchzusetzen▪ to \press sb/sth into sth jdn/etw zu etw dat bringen [o zwingen]; of person also jdn zu etw dat nötigento \press sb for an answer/a decision jdn zu einer Antwort/Entscheidung drängento \press sb into a role jdn in eine Rolle hineindrängento \press sb into service jdn [gezwungenermaßen] in Dienst nehmen, jdn einspannen fam7. (forcefully promote)▪ to \press sth etw forcierento \press one's case seine Sache durchsetzen wollento \press one's claim auf seiner Forderung beharrento \press one's point beharrlich seinen Standpunkt vertreten, auf seinem Standpunkt herumreiten fam8. (insist on giving)▪ to \press sth [up]on sb gift, offer jdm etw aufdrängen▪ to be \pressed unter Druck stehenthey'll be hard \pressed to complete the assignment wenn sie den Auftrag ausführen wollen, müssen sie sich aber ranhalten11.▶ to \press home ⇆ sth etw durchzusetzen versuchen▶ to \press home one's advantage seinen Vorteil ausnutzenIII. vi1. (push) drücken\press down firmly on the lever drücken Sie fest auf den Hebelto \press against a door sich akk gegen eine Tür stemmento \press hard fest drückentime is \pressing die Zeit drängt* * *[pres]1. n3) (= newspapers, journalists) Presse fthe daily/sporting press — die Tages-/Sportpresse
to get a good/bad press — eine gute/schlechte Presse bekommen
4) (= squeeze, push) Druck m6) (= crush) Gedränge nt2. vt1) (= push, squeeze) drücken (to an +acc); button, doorbell, knob, brake pedal drücken auf (+acc); clutch, piano pedal treten; grapes, fruit (aus)pressen; flowers pressen2) (= iron) clothes bügeln3) (= urge, persuade) drängen; (= harass, importune) bedrängen, unter Druck setzen; (= insist on) claim, argument bestehen auf (+dat)to press sb hard — jdm ( hart) zusetzen
he didn't need much pressing — man brauchte ihn nicht lange zu drängen
to press sb for an answer — auf jds Antwort (acc) drängen
to press the point — darauf beharren or herumreiten (inf)
to press home an advantage — einen Vorteil ausnutzen, sich (dat) einen Vorteil zunutze or zu Nutze machen
to press money/one's views on sb — jdm Geld/seine Ansichten aufdrängen
to be pressed for time — unter Zeitdruck stehen, in Zeitnot sein
to press sb/sth into service — jdn/etw einspannen
4) machine part, record etc pressenpressed steel — gepresster Stahl, Pressstahl m
3. vi1) (lit, fig: bear down, exert pressure) drückento press ( down) on sb (debts, troubles) — schwer auf jdm lasten
2) (= urge, agitate) drängento press for sth — auf etw (acc) drängen
to press ahead or forward ( with sth) (fig) — (mit etw) weitermachen; (with plans) etw weiterführen
* * *press [pres]A v/t1. (zusammen)pressen, (-)drücken:press sb’s hand jemandem die Hand drücken;press one’s nose against the window die Nase gegen die Scheibe pressen oder an die Scheibe quetschen; → flesh A 12. drücken auf (akk):press the button (auf) den Knopf drücken3. niederdrücken, drücken auf (akk)6. Kleider plätten, bügeln7. (zusammen-, vorwärts-, weg- etc) drängen, (-)treiben:press on weiterdrängen, -treiben8. MIL (hart) bedrängen9. jemanden bedrängen:a) in die Enge treiben, Druck ausüben auf (akk):press sb for money von jemandem Geld erpressenpress sb for sth jemanden dringend um etwas bitten;be pressed for money in Geldverlegenheit sein;10. jemanden, ein Tier antreiben, hetzen13. Nachdruck legen auf (akk):press one’s point auf seiner Forderung oder Meinung nachdrücklich bestehen;a) eine Forderung etc durchsetzen,b) einen Angriff energisch durchführen,B v/i1. a) pressen, drückenb) fig Druck ausüben2. plätten, bügeln3. drängen:time presses die Zeit drängtpress for the equalizer SPORT auf den Ausgleich drängen;press for sb to do sth jemanden drängen, etwas zu tun; darauf drängen, dass jemand etwas tut5. (sich) drängen (to zu, nach):press forward (sich) vordrängen;press in (up)on sba) auf jemanden eindringen,b) fig auf jemanden enstürmen (Probleme etc);press on vorwärtsdrängen, weitereilen;C s1. TECH (auch Frucht- etc) Presse f2. TYPO (Drucker)Presse f3. TYPOa) Druckerei(raum) f(m)b) Druckerei (-anstalt) fc) Druckerei(wesen) f(n)d) Druck m, Drucken n:correct the press Korrektur lesen;go to (the) press in Druck gehen, gedruckt werden;send to (the) press in Druck geben;in the press im Druck (befindlich);coming from the press neu erschienen (besonders Buch);ready for the press druckfertig5. Presse(kommentar) f(m), -kritik f:have a good (bad) press eine gute (schlechte) Presse haben6. Spanner m (für Skier oder Tennisschläger)7. (Bücher-, Kleider-, besonders Wäsche) Schrank m8. a) Drücken n, Pressen nb) Plätten n, Bügeln n:at the press of a button auf Knopfdruck9. Andrang m, Gedränge n, Menschenmenge f10. figa) Druck m, Hast fb) Dringlichkeit f, Drang m (der Geschäfte)11. press of sail, press of canvas SCHIFFa) (Segel)Press m (Druck sämtlicher gesetzter Segel)b) Prangen n (Beisetzen sämtlicher Segel):carry a press of sail Segel pressen;under a press of canvas mit vollen Segeln12. SCHIFF, MIL, HIST Zwangsaushebung f* * *I 1. noun1) (newspapers etc.) Presse, die; attrib. Presse-; der Presse nachgestelltget/have a good/bad press — (fig.) eine gute/schlechte Presse bekommen/haben
3) (printing house) Druckerei, dieat or in [the] press — im Druck
send to [the] press — in Druck geben
go to [the] press — in Druck gehen
4) (publishing firm) Verlag, der6) (crowd) Menge, die7) (pressing) Druck, der2. transitive verb1) drücken; pressen; drücken auf (+ Akk.) [Klingel, Knopf]; treten auf (+ Akk.) [Gas-, Brems-, Kupplungspedal usw.]2) (urge) drängen [Person]; (force) aufdrängen ([up]on Dat.); (insist on) nachdrücklich vorbringen [Forderung, Argument, Vorschlag]3) (compress) pressen; auspressen [Orangen, Saft]; keltern [Trauben, Äpfel]4) (iron) bügeln5)3. intransitive verbbe pressed for space/time/money — (have barely enough) zu wenig Platz/Zeit/Geld haben
1) (exert pressure) drücken2) (be urgent) drängentime/something presses — die Zeit drängt/etwas eilt od. ist dringend
press for something — auf etwas (Akk.) drängen
Phrasal Verbs:II transitive verbpress into service/use — in Dienst nehmen; einsetzen
* * *n.(§ pl.: presses)Presse (Zeitung) f. (someone) close to one's heart expr.jemanden ans Herz drücken ausdr. v.Druck ausüben ausdr.bügeln v.drängen v.drücken v.plätten v.pressen v. -
111 Gramme, Zénobe Théophile
[br]b. 4 April 1826 Jehay-Bodignée, Belgiumd. 20 January 1901 Bois de Colombes, Paris, France[br]Belgian engineer whose improvements to the dynamo produced a machine ready for successful commercial exploitation.[br]Gramme trained as a carpenter and showed an early talent for working with machinery. Moving to Paris he found employment in the Alliance factory as a model maker. With a growing interest in electricity he left to become an instrument maker with Heinrich Daniel Rühmkorff. In 1870 he patented the uniformly wound ring-armature dynamo with which his name is associated. Together with Hippolyte Fontaine, in 1871 Gramme opened a factory to manufacture his dynamos. They rapidly became a commercial success for both arc lighting and electrochemical purposes, international publicity being achieved at exhibitions in Vienna, Paris and Philadelphia. It was the realization that a Gramme machine was capable of running as a motor, i.e. the reversibility of function, that illustrated the entire concept of power transmission by electricity. This was first publicly demonstrated in 1873. In 1874 Gramme reduced the size and increased the efficiency of his generators by relying completely on the principle of self-excitation. It was the first practical machine in which were combined the features of continuity of commutation, self-excitation, good lamination of the armature core and a reasonably good magnetic circuit. This dynamo, together with the self-regulating arc lamps then available, made possible the innumerable electric-lighting schemes that followed. These were of the greatest importance in demonstrating that electric lighting was a practical and economic means of illumination. Gramme also designed an alternator to operate Jablochkoff candles. For some years he took an active part in the operations of the Société Gramme and also experimented in his own workshop without collaboration, but made no further contribution to electrical technology.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight Commander, Order of Leopold of Belgium 1897. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. Chevalier, Order of the Iron Crown, Austria.Bibliography9 June 1870, British patent no. 1,668 (the ring armature machine).1871, Comptes rendus 73:175–8 (Gramme's first description of his invention).Further ReadingW.J.King, 1962, The Development of Electrical Technology in the 19th Century, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, Paper 30, pp. 377–90 (an extensive account of Gramme's machines).S.P.Thompson, 1901, obituary, Electrician 66: 509–10.C.C.Gillispie (ed.), 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. V, New York, p. 496.GWBiographical history of technology > Gramme, Zénobe Théophile
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112 Highs, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1760s England[br]English reedmaker who claimed to have invented both the spinning jenny and the waterframe.[br]The claims of Highs to have invented both the spinning jenny and the waterframe have been dismissed by most historians. Thomas Highs was a reedmaker of Leigh, Lancashire. In about 1763 he had as a neighbour John Kay, the clockmaker from Warrington, whom he employed to help him construct his machines. During this period they were engaged in making a spinning jenny, but after several months of toil, in a fit of despondency, they threw the machine through the attic window. Highs persevered, however, and made a jenny that could spin six threads. The comparatively sophisticated arrangements for drawing and twisting at the same time, as depicted by Guest (1823), suggest that this machine came after the one invented by James Hargreaves. Guest claims that Highs made this machine between 1764 and 1766 and in the following two years constructed another, in which the spindles were placed in a circle. In 1771 Highs moved to Manchester, where he constructed a double jenny that was displayed at the Manchester Exchange, and received a subscription of £200 from the cotton manufacturers. However, all this occurred after Hargreaves had constructed his jenny. In the trial of Arkwright's patent during 1781, Highs gave evidence. He was recalled from Ireland, where he had been superintending the building of cotton-spinning machinery for Baron Hamilton's newly erected mill at Balbriggan, north of Dublin. Then in 1785, during the next trial of Arkwright's patent, Highs claimed that in 1767 he had made rollers for drawing out the cotton before spinning. This would have been for a different type of spinning machine, similar to the one later constructed by Arkwright. Highs was helped by John Kay and it was these rollers that Kay subsequently built for Arkwright. If the drawing shown by Guest is correct, then Highs was working on the wrong principles because his rollers were spaced too far apart and were not held together by weights, with the result that the twist would have passed into the drafting zone, producing uneven drawing.[br]Further ReadingR.Guest, 1823, A Compendious History of the Cotton-Manufacture: With a Disproval of the Claim of Sir Richard Arkwright to the Invention of its Ingenious Machinery, Manchester (Highs's claim for the invention of his spinning machines).R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (an examination of Highs's claims).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of the invention).RLH -
113 Matzeliger, Jan
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 1852 Surinamd. 1889 Lynn, Massachusetts, (?) USA[br]African-American inventor of the shoe-lasting machine.[br]He served an apprenticeship as a machinist in his native country, Surinam. As a young man he emigrated to New England in the USA, but he was unable to secure employment in his trade. To survive, he took various odd jobs, including sewing soles on to shoes in a factory at Lynn, Massachusetts, a centre of the shoemaking industry. Much of the shoemaking process had already been mechanized, but lasting remained laborious, painstaking hand work. Matzeliger turned his undoubted inventive powers to mechanizing this operation. It took him four years to achieve a working model of a mechanical last that could be patented. By this time his health and finances had been undermined by the struggle to reach this stage; to raise funds he had to dispose of two-thirds of his rights in his patent to two local investors. Eventually he demonstrated a trial model of his lasting machine and successfully lasted seventy-five pairs of shoes. Not satisfied with that, Matzeliger went on to produce two improved machines, protected by further patents. Finally, the United Shoe Machine Company bought up his patents, but that relief came too late to prevent Matzeliger from dying in poor circumstances. The mechanization of shoe lasting made a significant contribution to the manufacture of shoes, raising production and reducing costs. It also effectively extinguished the final element of skilled hand work required in shoemaking, earning him considerable unpopularity among the workers who were about to be displaced, and resulting in the machine being derogatorily nicknamed "Niggerhead".[br]Further ReadingP.P.James, 1989, The Real McCoy: African-American Invention and Innovation 1619– 1930, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 70–2.LRD -
114 Owens, Michael Joseph
[br]b. 1 January 1859 Mason County, Virginia, USAd. 27 December 1923 Toledo, Ohio, USA[br]American inventor of the automatic glass bottle making machine.[br]To assist the finances of a coal miner's family, Owens entered a glassworks at Wheeling, Virginia, at the tender age of 10, stoking coal into the "glory hole" or furnace where glass was resoftened at various stages of the hand-forming process. By the age of 15 he had become a glassblower.In 1888 Owens moved to the glassworks of Edward Drummond Libbey at Toledo, Ohio, where within three months he was appointed Superintendent and, not long after, a branch manager. In 1893 Owens supervised the company's famous exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. He had by then begun experiments that were to lead to the first automatic bottle-blowing machine. He first used a piston pump to suck molten glass into a mould, and then transferred the gathered glass over another mould into which the bottle was blown by reversing the pump. The first patents were taken out in 1895, followed by others incorporating improvements and culminating in the patent of 8 November 1904 for an essentially perfected machine. Eventually it was capable of producing four bottles a second, thus effecting a revolution in bottle making. Owens, with Libbey and others, set up the Owens Bottle Machine Company in 1903, which Owens himself managed from 1915 to 1919, becoming Vice-President from 1915 until his death. A plant was also established in Manchester in 1905.Besides this, Owens and Libbey first assisted Irving W.Colburn with his experiments on the continuous drawing of flat sheet glass and then in 1912 bought the patents, forming the Owens-Libbey Sheet Glass Company. In all, Owens was granted forty-five US patents, mainly relating to the manufacture and processing of glass. Owens's undoubted inventive genius was hampered by a lack of scientific knowledge, which he made good by judicious consultation.[br]Further Reading1923, Michael J.Owens (privately printed) (a series of memorial articles reprinted from various sources).G.S.Duncan, 1960, Bibliography of Glass, Sheffield: Society of Glass Manufacturers (cites references to Owens's papers and patents).LRD -
115 Whitney, Amos
[br]b. 8 October 1832 Biddeford, Maine, USAd. 5 August 1920 Poland Springs, Maine, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer.[br]Amos Whitney was a member of the same distinguished family as Eli Whitney. His father was a locksmith and machinist and he was apprenticed at the age of 14 to the Essex Machine Company of Lawrence, Massachusetts. In 1850 both he and his father were working at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut, where he first met his future partner, F.A. Pratt. They both subsequently moved to the Phoenix Iron Works, also at Hartford, and in 1860 they started in a small way doing machine work on their own account. In 1862 they took a third partner, Monroe Stannard, and enlarged their workshop. The business continued to expand, but Pratt and Whitney remained at the Phoenix Iron Works until 1864 and in the following year they built their first new factory. The Pratt \& Whitney Company was incorporated in 1869 with a capital of $350,000, Amos Whitney being appointed General Superintendent. The firm specialized in making machine tools and tools particularly for the armament industry. Pratt \& Whitney was one of the leading firms developing the system of interchangeable manufacture which led to the need to establish national standards of measurement. The Rogers-Bond Comparator, developed with the backing of Pratt \& Whitney, played an important part in the establishment of these standards, which formed the basis of the gauges of many various types made by the firm.Amos Whitney was made Vice-President of Pratt \& Whitney Company in 1893 and was President from 1898 until 1901, when the company was acquired by the Niles- Bement-Pond Company: he then remained as one of the directors. He was elected a Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1913.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (describes the origin and development of the Pratt \& Whitney Company).RTS -
116 CAM
1) Общая лексика: Computer-Aided Manufacturing2) Компьютерная техника: Configuration Access Method, Content Adressable Memory, Custom Application Management4) Медицина: confusion assessment method, метод оценки спутанности сознания5) Военный термин: Catapult Aircraft Merchantman, Chemical Agent Monitor, Chief, Aircraft Maintenance, Commercial Assets Mobilization, Common Area Maintenance, Computer-Assisted Modeling, checkout and automatic monitoring, checkout and maintenance, chemical agent munition, civil affairs mission, collection analysis module, commercial air movement, composite Army-Marine, computer-assisted maintenance, contingency analysis model, contract audit manual, contractor-acquired materiel, conventional attack missile, conventional counterair missile, ГСП, газосигнализатор, газосигнализирующий прибор6) Техника: Cellulose Acetate Methacrylate, Cement Aggregate Mixture, cancel amplitude modulation scheme, central address memory, computer address matrix, containment atmospheric monitoring, content addressable memory, continuous air monitor, автоматизированное управление производством (computer aided manufacturing)7) Химия: Crassulaceae Acid Metabolism9) Юридический термин: Caucasian Adult Male10) Бухгалтерия: Credit Accumulation Mechanism11) Телекоммуникации: Content-Addressable Memory12) Сокращение: Cell Adhesion Molecules, Chemical Agent Monitor (UK), Cockpit-Angle Measure (crew field of view), Commerciale Avio Marina Srl (Italy), Compass Angle Measurement, Computer Aided Manufacturing (sometimes seen as CAD/CAM), Computer-Aided Management, Camber, Civil Aeronautics Manual, Computer-Aided Makeup, Cybernetic Antropomorphous Machine, Complementary and Alternative Medicine13) Электроника: Carrie Anne Moss, Computer Aided Manufacturing14) Вычислительная техника: cascade access method, cellular automata machine, communication access method, communication access module, condition access module, controlled attached module, комплексное использование персональных компьютеров для управления производственными процессами, система автоматизированного производства, Common Access Method (SCSI), Computer Aided Manufacturing (sometimes seen as CAD/CAM), автоматизированная система управления производством, контекстно-адресуемая память15) Нефть: проверка и техническое обслуживание (checkout and maintenance), автоматизированная система управления технологическими процессами (computer aided manufacturing)16) Иммунология: chorioallantoic membrane17) Транспорт: Cambridge Area Metro18) Пищевая промышленность: Cookies And Milk20) СМИ: Coaching American Manager21) Деловая лексика: Computer Assisted Manufacturing, Corporate America Modified, Customer Account Management, автоматизированное производство (computer-aided manufacturing)22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: computer-aided [assisted] manufacturing23) Производство: АСУТП24) Сетевые технологии: Cisco Access Manager, controlled attachment module, Carrier Module (Cisco)25) ЕБРР: computer-aided manufacture26) Программирование: Characters27) Автоматика: cybernetic anthropomorphous machine, автоматизированное программирование, автоматизированная подготовка УП, система автоматизированного программирования28) Контроль качества: check-out and maintenance29) Химическое оружие: Compliance Assurance Monitoring, contractor aquired material30) Авиационная медицина: Civil Aviation Medicine31) Макаров: compressed adjacency matrix, crassulacean acid metabolism32) Расширение файла: Common Access Method, Contents Addressable Memory33) SAP.тех. центральное управление адресами34) Логистика: коммерческие воздушные перевозки35) Имена и фамилии: Cristian Alvarez Martinez36) Печатные платы: АП (автоматизированное производство)37) Должность: Certificate Of Advanced Mastery, Certified Administrative Manager, Customer Account Manager38) NYSE. Cooper Cameron Corporation39) Программное обеспечение: Conditional Access Module -
117 CaM
1) Общая лексика: Computer-Aided Manufacturing2) Компьютерная техника: Configuration Access Method, Content Adressable Memory, Custom Application Management4) Медицина: confusion assessment method, метод оценки спутанности сознания5) Военный термин: Catapult Aircraft Merchantman, Chemical Agent Monitor, Chief, Aircraft Maintenance, Commercial Assets Mobilization, Common Area Maintenance, Computer-Assisted Modeling, checkout and automatic monitoring, checkout and maintenance, chemical agent munition, civil affairs mission, collection analysis module, commercial air movement, composite Army-Marine, computer-assisted maintenance, contingency analysis model, contract audit manual, contractor-acquired materiel, conventional attack missile, conventional counterair missile, ГСП, газосигнализатор, газосигнализирующий прибор6) Техника: Cellulose Acetate Methacrylate, Cement Aggregate Mixture, cancel amplitude modulation scheme, central address memory, computer address matrix, containment atmospheric monitoring, content addressable memory, continuous air monitor, автоматизированное управление производством (computer aided manufacturing)7) Химия: Crassulaceae Acid Metabolism9) Юридический термин: Caucasian Adult Male10) Бухгалтерия: Credit Accumulation Mechanism11) Телекоммуникации: Content-Addressable Memory12) Сокращение: Cell Adhesion Molecules, Chemical Agent Monitor (UK), Cockpit-Angle Measure (crew field of view), Commerciale Avio Marina Srl (Italy), Compass Angle Measurement, Computer Aided Manufacturing (sometimes seen as CAD/CAM), Computer-Aided Management, Camber, Civil Aeronautics Manual, Computer-Aided Makeup, Cybernetic Antropomorphous Machine, Complementary and Alternative Medicine13) Электроника: Carrie Anne Moss, Computer Aided Manufacturing14) Вычислительная техника: cascade access method, cellular automata machine, communication access method, communication access module, condition access module, controlled attached module, комплексное использование персональных компьютеров для управления производственными процессами, система автоматизированного производства, Common Access Method (SCSI), Computer Aided Manufacturing (sometimes seen as CAD/CAM), автоматизированная система управления производством, контекстно-адресуемая память15) Нефть: проверка и техническое обслуживание (checkout and maintenance), автоматизированная система управления технологическими процессами (computer aided manufacturing)16) Иммунология: chorioallantoic membrane17) Транспорт: Cambridge Area Metro18) Пищевая промышленность: Cookies And Milk20) СМИ: Coaching American Manager21) Деловая лексика: Computer Assisted Manufacturing, Corporate America Modified, Customer Account Management, автоматизированное производство (computer-aided manufacturing)22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: computer-aided [assisted] manufacturing23) Производство: АСУТП24) Сетевые технологии: Cisco Access Manager, controlled attachment module, Carrier Module (Cisco)25) ЕБРР: computer-aided manufacture26) Программирование: Characters27) Автоматика: cybernetic anthropomorphous machine, автоматизированное программирование, автоматизированная подготовка УП, система автоматизированного программирования28) Контроль качества: check-out and maintenance29) Химическое оружие: Compliance Assurance Monitoring, contractor aquired material30) Авиационная медицина: Civil Aviation Medicine31) Макаров: compressed adjacency matrix, crassulacean acid metabolism32) Расширение файла: Common Access Method, Contents Addressable Memory33) SAP.тех. центральное управление адресами34) Логистика: коммерческие воздушные перевозки35) Имена и фамилии: Cristian Alvarez Martinez36) Печатные платы: АП (автоматизированное производство)37) Должность: Certificate Of Advanced Mastery, Certified Administrative Manager, Customer Account Manager38) NYSE. Cooper Cameron Corporation39) Программное обеспечение: Conditional Access Module -
118 Cam
1) Общая лексика: Computer-Aided Manufacturing2) Компьютерная техника: Configuration Access Method, Content Adressable Memory, Custom Application Management4) Медицина: confusion assessment method, метод оценки спутанности сознания5) Военный термин: Catapult Aircraft Merchantman, Chemical Agent Monitor, Chief, Aircraft Maintenance, Commercial Assets Mobilization, Common Area Maintenance, Computer-Assisted Modeling, checkout and automatic monitoring, checkout and maintenance, chemical agent munition, civil affairs mission, collection analysis module, commercial air movement, composite Army-Marine, computer-assisted maintenance, contingency analysis model, contract audit manual, contractor-acquired materiel, conventional attack missile, conventional counterair missile, ГСП, газосигнализатор, газосигнализирующий прибор6) Техника: Cellulose Acetate Methacrylate, Cement Aggregate Mixture, cancel amplitude modulation scheme, central address memory, computer address matrix, containment atmospheric monitoring, content addressable memory, continuous air monitor, автоматизированное управление производством (computer aided manufacturing)7) Химия: Crassulaceae Acid Metabolism9) Юридический термин: Caucasian Adult Male10) Бухгалтерия: Credit Accumulation Mechanism11) Телекоммуникации: Content-Addressable Memory12) Сокращение: Cell Adhesion Molecules, Chemical Agent Monitor (UK), Cockpit-Angle Measure (crew field of view), Commerciale Avio Marina Srl (Italy), Compass Angle Measurement, Computer Aided Manufacturing (sometimes seen as CAD/CAM), Computer-Aided Management, Camber, Civil Aeronautics Manual, Computer-Aided Makeup, Cybernetic Antropomorphous Machine, Complementary and Alternative Medicine13) Электроника: Carrie Anne Moss, Computer Aided Manufacturing14) Вычислительная техника: cascade access method, cellular automata machine, communication access method, communication access module, condition access module, controlled attached module, комплексное использование персональных компьютеров для управления производственными процессами, система автоматизированного производства, Common Access Method (SCSI), Computer Aided Manufacturing (sometimes seen as CAD/CAM), автоматизированная система управления производством, контекстно-адресуемая память15) Нефть: проверка и техническое обслуживание (checkout and maintenance), автоматизированная система управления технологическими процессами (computer aided manufacturing)16) Иммунология: chorioallantoic membrane17) Транспорт: Cambridge Area Metro18) Пищевая промышленность: Cookies And Milk20) СМИ: Coaching American Manager21) Деловая лексика: Computer Assisted Manufacturing, Corporate America Modified, Customer Account Management, автоматизированное производство (computer-aided manufacturing)22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: computer-aided [assisted] manufacturing23) Производство: АСУТП24) Сетевые технологии: Cisco Access Manager, controlled attachment module, Carrier Module (Cisco)25) ЕБРР: computer-aided manufacture26) Программирование: Characters27) Автоматика: cybernetic anthropomorphous machine, автоматизированное программирование, автоматизированная подготовка УП, система автоматизированного программирования28) Контроль качества: check-out and maintenance29) Химическое оружие: Compliance Assurance Monitoring, contractor aquired material30) Авиационная медицина: Civil Aviation Medicine31) Макаров: compressed adjacency matrix, crassulacean acid metabolism32) Расширение файла: Common Access Method, Contents Addressable Memory33) SAP.тех. центральное управление адресами34) Логистика: коммерческие воздушные перевозки35) Имена и фамилии: Cristian Alvarez Martinez36) Печатные платы: АП (автоматизированное производство)37) Должность: Certificate Of Advanced Mastery, Certified Administrative Manager, Customer Account Manager38) NYSE. Cooper Cameron Corporation39) Программное обеспечение: Conditional Access Module -
119 LM
1) Компьютерная техника: L M, List Messages, Local Macro2) Геология: Meander length of river or stream3) Медицина: left main4) Американизм: Land Mean, Lost Minions5) Военный термин: Legion of Merit, Light Map, Loss Of Material, land time, launch mount, lethal material, light maintenance, lightweight machinegun6) Техника: labor management, line man, line mortar, locator, middle7) Шутливое выражение: Living Marxism8) Химия: Lithium Manganese, Lower Melting9) Метеорология: Low Melt10) Железнодорожный термин: Union Pacific Railroad Company11) Астрономия: Low Mass12) Биржевой термин: Liquidity And Money13) Горное дело: обозначение стандарта тонкостенного бурового инструмента для алмазного бурения (США)14) Телевидение: loading motor15) Телекоммуникации: низкая середина (полоса частот)16) Сокращение: Last Month, Licentiate in Medicine, Lord Mayor, left male, list of material, Lunar Module (Apollo spacecraft; a.k.a. LEM), Life Master (Contract Bridge ranking), Labor Month, LadderMonkey (gaming league), Ladies' Meeting, Lady Macbeth, Lady Madonna (Beatles song), Lagrange Multiplier, Lambert(s) (unit of luminance), LanManager, Language Minority (language learning), Laser Module, Lata Mangeshkar (Indian singer), Lateral Meniscus (knee), Lauis Metis (neutral zone planet from Diaspora), Lay Midwife (midwife without a medical degree), Le Mans, Lead Man (Supervisor), Leaky Mode (transmission line), Left Message, Legal Momentum (formerly NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund), Levenberg-Marquardt (algorithm), Libris Mortis (roleplaying games, Dungeons & Dragons), Licensed Midwife, Life Master (Contract Bridge Ranking), Life Member, Lifetime Maintenance, Light Magnum (ammunition), Light Meter (photography), Lightwave Multimeter (Agilent), Line Monitor, Linux Magazine, Linux-Mandrake (Linux Distribution), Liquid Metal, Liquidity-Money (macroeconomic curve that links interest rates and output as a result of interactions in asset markets), List of Material/s, Litchfield and Madison Railroad, Littlewood and Miller (probabilistic model), Load Multiple (IBM), Loadmaster, Local Manufacture, Location Management, Lockheed Martin, Logic Module, Logistics Management, Logistics Manager, Loop Modem, Lorenz-Mie, LoudMusic, Love Marriage, Low Migration (printing ink), Low Moment (chemistry), Lowell Massachussets (.50 caliber ammunition headstamp), Luigi's Mansion (video game), Lumbering Might (computer game), Lunar Magic (game), Lunar Module (replaced LEM), Lunch Menu, Lunixmonster (Natural Selection gaming server), liver metastasis17) Университет: Lab Manual, Learner Model18) Физика: Light Meter19) Электроника: Leaky Mode, Light Microscopy, Linear Monolithic20) Вычислительная техника: Lunar Module (a.k.a. LEM, Apollo spacecraft, Space), локальная ЭВМ (local machine), локальная машина (local machine)21) Нефть: lime22) Биохимия: Light Microscope23) Банковское дело: кривая, характеризующая равновесный уровень дохода и процента на рынке денег (liquidity preference money curve)24) Транспорт: Left Motor25) Экология: Meander length or river or stream26) Деловая лексика: Labor Managed, Linear Model27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: linear meter, load moment28) Образование: Language Minority29) Инвестиции: liquidity preference money curve30) Сетевые технологии: Local Machine, Lock Manager31) Полимеры: low-modulus, low-molecular32) Программирование: Load Math33) Автоматика: language for manipulation, linear motion34) Контроль качества: laboratory evaluation35) Нефть и газ: estimated equivalent dead time, logic manager36) Электротехника: latch magnet, load management37) Имена и фамилии: Leonard Michaels, Lord Michael38) Должность: Leisure Monitor39) Чат: Love Mode40) NYSE. Legg Mason, Inc.41) НАСА: Lunar Module42) Программное обеспечение: Lan Manager, Lisp Maintainer43) Единицы измерений: Long Metre -
120 Lm
1) Компьютерная техника: L M, List Messages, Local Macro2) Геология: Meander length of river or stream3) Медицина: left main4) Американизм: Land Mean, Lost Minions5) Военный термин: Legion of Merit, Light Map, Loss Of Material, land time, launch mount, lethal material, light maintenance, lightweight machinegun6) Техника: labor management, line man, line mortar, locator, middle7) Шутливое выражение: Living Marxism8) Химия: Lithium Manganese, Lower Melting9) Метеорология: Low Melt10) Железнодорожный термин: Union Pacific Railroad Company11) Астрономия: Low Mass12) Биржевой термин: Liquidity And Money13) Горное дело: обозначение стандарта тонкостенного бурового инструмента для алмазного бурения (США)14) Телевидение: loading motor15) Телекоммуникации: низкая середина (полоса частот)16) Сокращение: Last Month, Licentiate in Medicine, Lord Mayor, left male, list of material, Lunar Module (Apollo spacecraft; a.k.a. LEM), Life Master (Contract Bridge ranking), Labor Month, LadderMonkey (gaming league), Ladies' Meeting, Lady Macbeth, Lady Madonna (Beatles song), Lagrange Multiplier, Lambert(s) (unit of luminance), LanManager, Language Minority (language learning), Laser Module, Lata Mangeshkar (Indian singer), Lateral Meniscus (knee), Lauis Metis (neutral zone planet from Diaspora), Lay Midwife (midwife without a medical degree), Le Mans, Lead Man (Supervisor), Leaky Mode (transmission line), Left Message, Legal Momentum (formerly NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund), Levenberg-Marquardt (algorithm), Libris Mortis (roleplaying games, Dungeons & Dragons), Licensed Midwife, Life Master (Contract Bridge Ranking), Life Member, Lifetime Maintenance, Light Magnum (ammunition), Light Meter (photography), Lightwave Multimeter (Agilent), Line Monitor, Linux Magazine, Linux-Mandrake (Linux Distribution), Liquid Metal, Liquidity-Money (macroeconomic curve that links interest rates and output as a result of interactions in asset markets), List of Material/s, Litchfield and Madison Railroad, Littlewood and Miller (probabilistic model), Load Multiple (IBM), Loadmaster, Local Manufacture, Location Management, Lockheed Martin, Logic Module, Logistics Management, Logistics Manager, Loop Modem, Lorenz-Mie, LoudMusic, Love Marriage, Low Migration (printing ink), Low Moment (chemistry), Lowell Massachussets (.50 caliber ammunition headstamp), Luigi's Mansion (video game), Lumbering Might (computer game), Lunar Magic (game), Lunar Module (replaced LEM), Lunch Menu, Lunixmonster (Natural Selection gaming server), liver metastasis17) Университет: Lab Manual, Learner Model18) Физика: Light Meter19) Электроника: Leaky Mode, Light Microscopy, Linear Monolithic20) Вычислительная техника: Lunar Module (a.k.a. LEM, Apollo spacecraft, Space), локальная ЭВМ (local machine), локальная машина (local machine)21) Нефть: lime22) Биохимия: Light Microscope23) Банковское дело: кривая, характеризующая равновесный уровень дохода и процента на рынке денег (liquidity preference money curve)24) Транспорт: Left Motor25) Экология: Meander length or river or stream26) Деловая лексика: Labor Managed, Linear Model27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: linear meter, load moment28) Образование: Language Minority29) Инвестиции: liquidity preference money curve30) Сетевые технологии: Local Machine, Lock Manager31) Полимеры: low-modulus, low-molecular32) Программирование: Load Math33) Автоматика: language for manipulation, linear motion34) Контроль качества: laboratory evaluation35) Нефть и газ: estimated equivalent dead time, logic manager36) Электротехника: latch magnet, load management37) Имена и фамилии: Leonard Michaels, Lord Michael38) Должность: Leisure Monitor39) Чат: Love Mode40) NYSE. Legg Mason, Inc.41) НАСА: Lunar Module42) Программное обеспечение: Lan Manager, Lisp Maintainer43) Единицы измерений: Long Metre
См. также в других словарях:
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Machine — Ma*chine (m[.a]*sh[=e]n ), n. [F., fr. L. machina machine, engine, device, trick, Gr. ?, from ? means, expedient. Cf. {Mechanic}.] 1. In general, any combination of bodies so connected that their relative motions are constrained, and by means of… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Machine gun — Machine Ma*chine (m[.a]*sh[=e]n ), n. [F., fr. L. machina machine, engine, device, trick, Gr. ?, from ? means, expedient. Cf. {Mechanic}.] 1. In general, any combination of bodies so connected that their relative motions are constrained, and by… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Machine screw — Machine Ma*chine (m[.a]*sh[=e]n ), n. [F., fr. L. machina machine, engine, device, trick, Gr. ?, from ? means, expedient. Cf. {Mechanic}.] 1. In general, any combination of bodies so connected that their relative motions are constrained, and by… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Machine shop — Machine Ma*chine (m[.a]*sh[=e]n ), n. [F., fr. L. machina machine, engine, device, trick, Gr. ?, from ? means, expedient. Cf. {Mechanic}.] 1. In general, any combination of bodies so connected that their relative motions are constrained, and by… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Machine tool — Machine Ma*chine (m[.a]*sh[=e]n ), n. [F., fr. L. machina machine, engine, device, trick, Gr. ?, from ? means, expedient. Cf. {Mechanic}.] 1. In general, any combination of bodies so connected that their relative motions are constrained, and by… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Machine twist — Machine Ma*chine (m[.a]*sh[=e]n ), n. [F., fr. L. machina machine, engine, device, trick, Gr. ?, from ? means, expedient. Cf. {Mechanic}.] 1. In general, any combination of bodies so connected that their relative motions are constrained, and by… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English