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lost+in+translation

  • 21 Commentaires

     ♦ Ce qu’ils disent du Dictionnaire du NEF
       Russon Wooldridge, fondateur du NEF, professeur émérite, University of Toronto: "Le Dictionnaire du NEF traite de différents aspects d’internet et des technologies numériques en général: il vise un public de professionnels des médias et d’universitaires. Les contributions de Mme Lebert au NEF sont d’une grande importance et elles ont attiré l’attention de beaucoup de commentateurs sérieux. La bibliothèque la plus prestigieuse du monde francophone, la Bibliothèque nationale de France, signale parmi ses signets de ressources en ligne accordés avec parcimonie le Net des études françaises et en particulier le Dictionnaire du NEF." (24 janvier 2005)
       Jean-Paul, webmestre du site hypermédia cotres.net: "Les constantes des recherches de Marie Lebert sont: (a) l’attention extrême qu’elle porte au problème du multilinguisme sur le net, et donc de la traduction; elle est à l’origine de mon propre intérêt pour le sujet; (b) la régularité avec laquelle elle présente les outils permettant l’accès des mal-voyants à l’internet; (c) la volonté affirmée de mettre à la disposition de tous (le plus souvent gratuitement) les outils de compréhension des nouvelles technologies de l’information (cf. Le Dictionnaire du NEF). Dans le Dictionnaire du NEF se manifestent une nouvelle fois les lignes de force qui ont toujours guidé Marie dans cette période excitante: fournir à tous, librement, d’un simple clic, une vue synthétique, une table d’orientation, une longue-vue qui permette de ne pas se sentir perdu dans le domaine gigantesque qui nous occupe, et nous donner ainsi accès à une cartographie la plus vaste mais aussi la plus claire possible." (8 février 2005)
       Marie-Joseph Pierre, directeur d’études à l’Ecole pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Paris-Sorbonne: "Etant moi-même depuis longtemps une sérieuse habituée des nouvelles technologies, ainsi qu’universitaire, je viens de découvrir le remarquable Dictionnaire du NEF de Marie Lebert, qui vient tout juste d’être sélectionné parmi les premiers signets de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Les 700 entrées permettent aux utilisateurs, même chevronnés, de mieux suivre les évolutions constantes des techniques et des arcanes de l’informatique. C’est un outil hors pair, écrit dans une langue très claire, juste et sans forfanterie, qui n’a pas son équivalent dans le monde, à ma connaissance. Il serait très souhaitable qu’il soit traduit au moins en anglais. Je l’ai signalé à mes étudiants, parfois perdus dans le dédale des sigles et des logiciels." (4 mars 2005)
       Peter Raggett, chef du Centre de documentation et d’information de l’OCDE (Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques): "J’ai vu le Dictionnaire de l’internet et des nouvelles technologies rédigé par Mme Lebert pour Le Net des études françaises. Cet ouvrage est très utile pour les professionnels francophones qui travaillent dans les domaines de l’information et des médias. Il détaille les termes et les acronymes pertinents dans ce domaine. Il démontre un grand professionnalisme et une très bonne maîtrise du sujet. Il contient des hyperliens vers de nombreuses autres sources d’information présentes sur le web." (12 avril 2005)
       Henri Slettenhaar, directeur exécutif de la Silicon Valley Association (SVA), Suisse: "Je connais Marie Lebert depuis dix ans, durant lesquels elle a été membre de la Silicon Valley Association. Notre association organise principalement des voyages d’étude dans les grands pôles de concentration des nouvelles technologies, comme la Silicon Valley. L’avis de Mme Lebert nous a été très utile, en particulier pour les développements originaux dans les technologies de l’information. Elle a participé à plusieurs voyages d’étude. J’ai été impressionné par ses connaissances techniques sur un grand nombre de sujets et par ses talents d’écrivain. J’ai une grande estime pour ses qualifications universitaires et pour son expérience, notamment dans les domaines du multilinguisme, de l’internet et des médias numériques." (30 avril 2005)
       Anne-Bénédicte Joly, écrivain et éditeur: "Entre ’diction’ et ’dictionnairique’ se trouve, bien calé, un mot qui m’a longtemps fascinée et qui continue, encore aujourd’hui, à m’envoûter: dictionnaire. (...) C’est vous dire tout l’attachement et l’enthousiasme qui ont été les miens lorsque Marie m’a parlé de sa démarche et de son objectif. Je l’ai assurée de tout mon appui, lui ai offert mon indéfectible soutien et lui ai apporté ma (bien modeste) contribution (à savoir la rédaction des notices ’dictionnaire’, ’écriture’, ’lecture’ et ’roman’, ndlr). Que vive ce dictionnaire, qu’il s’enrichisse, qu’il devienne le référentiel du Net et qu’il permette à des internautes de bien belles et enrichissantes découvertes. La diffusion et la mémoire des cultures ont, depuis toujours, été relayées par des passeurs d’idées. Marie Lebert appartient à cette catégorie privilégiée de témoins culturels." (27 mai 2005)
       Russon Wooldridge, founder of the NEF, professor emeritus, University of Toronto: "The Dictionnaire du NEF deals with various aspects of the internet and digital technologies in general, and is destined for a public of media professionals and academics. Ms. Lebert’s contributions to the NEF are of great importance, and have gathered much critical attention. The most prestigious library in the francophone world, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, makes note, in its parsimoniously granted bookmarks (Signets) of online resources, of the Net des études françaises and in particular the Dictionnaire du NEF." (24 January 2005)
       Peter Raggett, head of the Centre for Documentation and Information of OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development): "I have seen the dictionary of terms on the internet and new technology that Ms. Lebert produced for the Net des études françaises. This work is very useful for any francophone information and media workers as it explains terms and acronyms which appear in their fields. It is professionally produced, informative and contains hyperlinks to a number of other relevant internet sites." (4 February 2005)
       Jean-Paul, webmaster of the hypermedia website cotres.net: "The constant features of Marie Lebert’s research are: (a) the close attention she pays to the problem of multilingualism on the internet, and the associated one of translation; from her stems my own interest in the subject; (b) the regularity with which she presents internet tools for visually handicapped users; (c) her firm resolve to make available to all various means of understanding the new technologies of information and communication (cf. Dictionnaire du NEF). In the Dictionnaire du NEF can be seen once again the principles that have always guided Marie in this exciting period: freely available to all, with a single click, are an overall view, indicating points of interest, and a zoom in to make sure we don’t get lost in this vast territory, giving us access to a comprehensive and clear atlas." (8 February 2005)
       Marie-Joseph Pierre, director at the Ecole pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Paris-Sorbonne: "A longtime frequent user of new technologies and an academic, I have just discovered Marie Lebert’s remarkable Dictionnaire du NEF, which has recently been selected as one of the Bibliothèque nationale de France’s first bookmarks. Its 700 entries give users, new and experienced alike, a clear picture of the constant changes in the technically difficult area of computers and online computing. It is, as far as I am aware, a tool without equal, written in a clear language, uncluttered and to the point. It would be good for it to be translated, at least into English. I have recommended it to my students, often lost in the maze of acronyms and software." (4 March 2005)
       Henri Slettenhaar, executive director of the Silicon Valley Association (SVA), Switzerland: "I have known Marie Lebert since ten years, during which she has been a member of the Silicon Valley Association. Our association primarily organizes study tours to areas of high tech concentration such as Silicon Valley. Ms. Lebert has been an extremely valuable source of advice, in particular in novel developments in information technology. She has participated in several study tours. I am impressed by Ms. Lebert’s technical knowledge of a broad range of subjects, and her skills as a writer. I have the highest esteem for her academic qualifications and experience, in particular in multilingualism, internet and digital media applications." (30 April 2005)
     

    Le Dictionnaire du NEF > Commentaires

  • 22 М-199

    ПОСЛЕДНИЙ ИЗ МОГИКАН ПОСЛЕДНИЙ МОГИКАН NP fixed WO
    the last representative of some trend, social group, political party, generation etc
    the last of the Mohicans.
    Последние могикане лефовского толка, которым сейчас уже за шестьдесят лет, продолжают прославлять двадцатые годы и удивляться новым читателям, ушедшим из-под их влияния (Мандельштам 1). The last of the Mohicans from LEF, who are now over sixty, continue to extol the twenties and shake their heads in wonderment at the young readers over whom they have lost all influence (1a).
    Title of the Russian translation of James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Last of the Mohicans, 1826 (translated 1833).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > М-199

  • 23 последний из могикан

    • ПОСЛЕДНИЙ ИЗ МОГИКАН; ПОСЛЕДНИЙ МОГИКАН
    [NP; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ the last representative of some trend, social group, political party, generation etc:
    - the last of the Mohicans.
         ♦ Последние могикане лефовского толка, которым сейчас уже за шестьдесят лет, продолжают прославлять двадцатые годы и удивляться новым читателям, ушедшим из-под их влияния (Мандельштам 1). The last of the Mohicans from LEF, who are now over sixty, continue to extol the twenties and shake their heads in wonderment at the young readers over whom they have lost all influence (1a).
    —————
    ← Title of the Russian translation of James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Last of the Mohicans, 1826 (translated 1833).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > последний из могикан

  • 24 последний могикан

    • ПОСЛЕДНИЙ ИЗ МОГИКАН; ПОСЛЕДНИЙ МОГИКАН
    [NP; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ the last representative of some trend, social group, political party, generation etc:
    - the last of the Mohicans.
         ♦ Последние могикане лефовского толка, которым сейчас уже за шестьдесят лет, продолжают прославлять двадцатые годы и удивляться новым читателям, ушедшим из-под их влияния (Мандельштам 1). The last of the Mohicans from LEF, who are now over sixty, continue to extol the twenties and shake their heads in wonderment at the young readers over whom they have lost all influence (1a).
    —————
    ← Title of the Russian translation of James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Last of the Mohicans, 1826 (translated 1833).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > последний могикан

  • 25 przez

    praep. 1. (na drugą stronę) across, through [park, pustynię]; over [przeszkodę, płot, barierę]; over, across [most, rów]; (na wylot) through [ścianę, chmury]
    - głęboka blizna przechodząca mu przez czoło a deep scar stretching across his forehead
    - chmury ciągnące się od Skandynawii, przez Morze Północne po Wyspy Brytyjskie clouds stretching from Scandinavia across the North Sea as far as the British Isles
    - przejść przez jezdnię to cross the street, to go across the street
    - przeskoczyć przez strumyk to jump over a. across a stream
    - sweter przerzucony przez oparcie krzesła a jumper thrown over the back of a chair
    - wejść/wyskoczyć przez okno to come in through/jump out of the window
    - przeciskać się przez tłum to push one’s way through the crowd
    - brnąć przez śnieg to plough through the snow
    - usłyszeć jakiś hałas przez ścianę to hear some noise through the wall
    - most przez Wisłę a bridge across a. over the Vistula
    - pociąg do Kolonii przez Poznań i Hanower a train to Cologne via Köln a. passing through Poznań and Hanover
    - torba z paskiem przez ramię a bag with a shoulder strap
    - okno przez całą szerokość ściany a window covering the entire width of the wall
    2. (po drugiej stronie) across
    - mieszkali przez podwórko they lived across the courtyard
    - nocowaliśmy przez ścianę we slept in adjacent rooms
    3. (o doświadczeniu) through [fazę, okres, życie]
    - przejść pomyślnie przez egzamin to pass a. get through an exam
    - przejść przez piekło przen. to go through hell przen.
    4. (czas trwania) for; (od początku do końca) through
    - przez dwa dni/trzy lata for two days/three years
    - przez chwilę for a moment
    - przez jakiś czas for some time
    - przez cały czas all the time
    - przez cały dzień/rok all through the day/year, throughout the day/year
    - pracować przez całą noc to work all through the night a. the whole night (through)
    - skończę tłumaczenie przez niedzielę/maj I’ll finish the translation over Sunday/during May
    5. (w stronie biernej) by (kogoś/coś sb/sth)
    - dom zniszczony przez pożar a house destroyed by fire
    - zakazany przez prawo forbidden by law
    - został ukąszony przez węża he was bitten by a snake
    6. (za pomocą) przez lunetę/szkło powiększające through a telescope/magnifying glass
    - przez telefon [rozmawiać] on the phone; [poinformować] over the phone
    - transmitowany przez radio/telewizję broadcast a. transmitted on the radio/on television
    - pić sok przez słomkę to drink juice through a. with a straw
    - napisać coś przez kalkę to make a carbon copy of sth
    - prasować spodnie przez mokrą szmatkę to iron a pair of trousers through a damp cloth
    - uczcili pamięć zmarłych przez powstanie they paid tribute to the dead by rising from their seats
    - głosowali przez podniesienie ręki they voted by a show of hands
    - słowo „chirurg” pisze się przez „ch” the word ‘chirurg’ is spelt with a ‘ch’
    7. (z powodu) through, out of
    - przez niedopatrzenie/nieuwagę through a. out of negligence/carelessness
    - przez złośliwość out of malice
    - przez pomyłkę/przypadek by mistake/accident
    - przez kogoś because of a. through sb
    - przez niego złamałem sobie nogę because of a. thanks to iron. him I broke my leg
    - to wszystko przez ciebie/przeze mnie it’s all your/my fault, it’s all because of you/me
    - przez to because of that
    - miał krótszą jedną nogę i przez to lekko utykał he had one leg shorter than the other and because of that he had a slight limp
    - przez to, że… through the fact that…, because…
    - straciliśmy mnóstwo pieniędzy przez to, że mu uwierzyliśmy we lost a lot of money, all because we trusted him
    8. (za pośrednictwem) through
    - rozmawiać przez tłumacza to speak through an interpreter
    - zarezerwować hotel przez biuro podróży to book a hotel through a travel agent
    - poznałem przyszłą żonę przez Roberta I met my wife through Robert
    - list wysłano przez gońca the letter was sent by messenger a. through a messenger
    9. (wskazujące na interpretację) by
    - przez pierwiastki ciężkie rozumiemy pierwiastki cięższe od wodoru by heavy elements we undertstand elements heavier than hydrogen
    - co przez to rozumiesz? what do you understand by that?
    - co chcesz przez to powiedzieć what do you mean by (saying) that?
    10. Mat. by
    - podziel/pomnóż sumę przez 5 divide/multiply the sum by 5
    11. (w numerach) by
    - Domaniewska 7/9 (siedem łamane przez dziewięć) 7-9 (seven to nine) Domaniewska Street
    * * *
    prep +acc
    1) ( na drugą stronę) across

    przechodzić (przejść perf) przez ulicę — to walk across the street; to cross the street

    przez granicę/rzekę — across lub over the border/river

    2) ( poprzez) through

    przez park/pustynię — through lub across the park/desert

    przez Poznań do Warszawy — through lub via Poznań to Warsaw

    3) ( ponad) over

    przez radio/telefon — over lub on the radio/phone

    to się pisze przez dwa "l" — it's spelt with double "l"

    5) ( czas trwania) for

    robić (zrobić perf) coś przez niedzielę/wakacje — to do sth over Sunday/the holidays

    6) ( z powodu)

    przez pomyłkę/przypadek — by mistake/accident

    przez to, że... — because...

    mnożyć/dzielić przez 2 — to multiply/divide by 2

    * * *
    prep.
    + Acc.
    1. (= poprzez) (śnieg, okno, bramę, ścianę) through.
    2. (= w poprzek) (ulicy, rzeki) across.
    3. ( podróżować) through, via; lot przez Berlin flight via Berlin.
    4. (= przy pomocy, za pomocą) through, over; przez Internet through l. over the Internet; przez kolegę through a friend; przez telefon/radio over the phone/radio.
    5. (= nad) ( przeskoczyć) over; przeskoczyć przez coś jump l. leap over sth.
    6. (= w ciągu) for, during, over; przez minutę/tydzień/miesiąc for a minute/week/month; przez całą noc throughout the night; przez przerwę/weekend during l. over the break/weekend.
    7. przez kogoś (= z powodu) because of sb; (= z winy) through sb's fault; to się stało przez niego it happened because of him, it happened through his fault.
    8. ( sprawca) by; napisany przez Kowalskiego written by Kowalski; dobrze traktowany przez nauczycieli well treated by teachers.
    9. ( w działaniach arytmetycznych) by; podziel to przez dwa divide it by two; trzeba pomnożyć powierzchnię podstawy przez wysokość you need to multiply the area of the base by the height.
    10. przez przypadek by accident; mówić przez sen speak in one's sleep; co przez to rozumiesz? what do you mean by this?; to się pisze przez u it's spelled with a „u”.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > przez

  • 26 guð-spjall

    n., the form goðspill, Greg. 24; guðspillum, 656 A. i. 10: [A. S. godspell; Engl. gospel, i. e. gôð spell, a translation of the Gr. εὐ-αγγέλιον; Ormul. godd-spell—goddspell onn Ennglissh nemmnedd iss god (i. e. good) word and god tiþennde, god errnde … goddspell annd forrþi maȝȝ itt wel, god errnde ben ȝehatenn, Introd. 157 sqq.; (the form godd-spell, not godspell, shews that at the time of the Ormulum the root vowel had become short in Engl. pronunciation.) The word was in Icel. borrowed from English missionaries, and Icel. remains the only Scandin. country where the Evangel is called Gospel; Danes, Swedes, and Norsemen, as well as Germans, use the Greek word. The true etymological sense, however, was lost, probably because the root vowel had become short in Engl. by the time that the word was transplanted to Icel., so that guðspjall was understood to mean not good spell, but God’s spell]:—gospel; í þann tima er lokið var guðspjalli, Ó. H. 119 (the gospel in the service-book); pistlar ok guðspjöll, epistles and gospels, Vm. 1; með tíu laga boðorðum ok fjórum guðspjöllum, Mar. 13.
    COMPDS: guðspjallabók, guðspjallskross, guðspjallalektari, guðspjallamaðr, guðspjallasaga, guðspjallshistoria, guðspjallaskáld.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > guð-spjall

  • 27 HEIÐINN

    a. heathen, pagan; heiðnir menn, heathens.
    * * *
    adj. [A. S. hæðen; Engl. heathen; O. H. G. heidan; Germ. heide and heidnisch; Dan. hedensk; this word is prob. derived not from heiðr, a heath, but from Gr. ἐθνικός as used in the N. T.; Ulf. in a single passage, Mark vii. 26, renders γυνὴ Έλληνίς by qino haiþno; it is even possible that the eccl. paganus, which, according to Du Cange, only appears after A. D. 365, may be merely a translation of the Teutonic word under the notion that haiþan was derived from haiþi = a heath, open country (Gr. ἀγρός, Lat. pagus): then, as haiþi was pronounced much like ἔθνος, the true etymology of heiðinn was lost; and so the long vowel and the aspirated initial may be accounted for. To the worshippers of Thor and Odin the name heathen was unknown; Christians were the first that used the word, and we meet with it first in Hkm. of Eyvind, who speaks of heiðin goð, heathen gods; heiðinn stallr, a heathen altar, Kristni S., by the missionary Þorvald, A. D. 982; it is also used by Hallfred and Sighvat; heiðinn dómr, heathendom, Sighvat; heiðnar stjörnur, heathen stars, Sól.: the verse in Ísl. ii. 50 is spurious (as are all the verses of that Saga); so also the verses in Landn. 84 (Hb.), and in Bergbúa-þáttr, where the word heiðinn is put into the mouth of a ghost and a giant, in songs which are merely a poetical fiction of later times. The word heiðingi for wolf is curious: probably it is merely a metaph. phrase from heiðinn, gentilis, and if so, it gives an additional evidence to the age of the poem Atla-kviða; which poem, from its nickname the ‘Greenlandish,’ cannot be older than the discovery of Greenland, A. D. 985]:—heathen, gentilis, ethnicus, the Sagas passim, esp. Nj. ch. 101–106, Kristni S., Ó. T., Ó. H., etc.: a child not christened was in olden times called heathen, N. G. L. i. 340; heiðit morð, the murder of an infant not christened, 339: in mod. Icel. usage, a boy or girl before confirmation is called heathen; this improper use of the word is caused by a confusion between baptism and confirmation: so in Norway a woman between child-birth and churching is called heathen (Ivar Aasen).

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HEIÐINN

  • 28 HREINN

    * * *
    I)
    a.
    1) clean (hrein klæði);
    2) bright (hreinir kyndlar, hrein vápn);
    3) clear (hrein rödd);
    4) pure, sincere.
    (-s, -ar), m. reindeer.
    * * *
    1.
    adj. [Ulf. hrains = καθαρός; A. S. hrân; lost in Engl., except in the verb to rinse; O. H. G. hreini; Germ. rein; Dan.-Swed. ren]:—clean; h. líndúkr, Hom. 138, Fs. 1; hrein klæði, Fms. vi. 207; gott korn ok hreint, Sks. 326; hreint vatn, Gd. 22; h. lögr, Alm. 35; hrein munnlaug, H. E. i. 489; h. mjöll, fresh snow, Rm. 26.
    β. bright; hreinir kyndlar, bright candles, Sól. 69; hreint bál, a bright flame, Lex. Poët.; h. sól, the bright sun, id.; h. ok gagnsær, Hom. (St.) 15. 13; hreint sverð, hrein vápn, Fms. x. 360, Rétt. 120; h. rönd, a bright shield, Lex. Poët.
    γ. eccl., hrein kvikendi, clean beasts, Hom. 29.
    II. metaph. clean, pure, sincere; hreint hjarta, h. hugr, hrein iðran, hreint líf, Bs. i. 270, Sól. 7, Barl. 93, N. T., Vídal., Pass. passim.
    β. = Gr. καθαρός in the N. T. of the cleansed leper; ú-hreinn, unclean; tá-hreinn, quite clean.
    2.
    m. [the word is prob. of Finnish origin. From the words of king Alfred, (þa deor he hâtað hrânas, Orosius i. 1, § 15, Bosworth’s Ed.), it seems that the king knew the name only from Ohthere’s tale; and when Egil in his poem on king Athelstân (if the verse be genuine) calls Northern England hreinbraut, the reindeers’ track, the phrase is prob. merely poët. for a wilderness. There is however a curious passage in Orkn. (448) where the hunting of reindeer in Caithness is recorded; the Icel. text is here only preserved in a single MS.; but though the Danish translation in Stockholm (of the year 1615) has the same reading, it is probably only a mistake of the Saga; for it is not likely that the Norsemen carried reindeer across the sea; the present breed was introduced into Icel. by the government only a century ago]:—a reindeer, Hm. 89, K. Þ. K. 132, Fas. iii. 359; hreins fit, Hkr. ii. 250; hreins horn, Ann. Nord. Old. 1844, 1845, p. 170; hreina hold, Sks. 191. The finest deer were called stál-hreinar (the stæl-hrânas of king Alfred), cp. tálhreinn, Haustl. In northern poetry, ships are freq. called hreinn, see Lex. Poët., byr-hreinn, haf-h., hún-h., unnar-h., hlýrvangs-h., Gylfa-h., all of them meaning ships, Lex. Poët.: a giant is called gnípu-h. = ‘crag-rein,’ Þd.: the wilderness is myrk-rein hreins = the mirk-field of the reindeer, Haustl. Hreinn is an old pr. name, Landn.
    COMPDS: hreinbraut.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HREINN

  • 29 dare

    1. v/t give
    dare qualcosa a qualcuno give someone something, give something to someone
    dare uno sguardo a qualcosa have a look at something
    dammi del tu call me 'tu'
    mi dia del lei address me as 'lei'
    dare peso a qualcosa give weight to something
    sports dare il via give the off
    fig dare il via a qualcosa get something under way
    2. v/i di finestra overlook (su something)
    di porta lead into (su something)
    fig dare nell'occhio attract attention, be noticed
    3. m finance debit
    dare e avere debit and credit
    * * *
    dare s.m. (econ.) debt, amount due; (amm.) debit, debit side: dare e avere, debit and credit; colonna del dare, debit column; in dare, on the debit side; portare una somma al dare di un conto, to carry an amount to the debit side of an account.
    dare v.tr.
    1 to give*: dagli un po' di pane, give him some bread; gliel'ho dato per il suo compleanno, I gave it to him for his birthday; gli hai dato la medicina?, did you give him his medicine?; gli diedero il primo premio, they gave him the first prize; dammi qualcosa da bere, give me something to drink; dare la propria vita per qlcu., to give (o sacrifice) one's life for s.o. // non so che cosa darei per saperlo!, what wouldn't I give to know! // dar via, to give away: l'ho dato via per pochi soldi, I gave it away for a song // dar fuori, to give out: dar fuori del lavoro, to give (o put) out work
    2 ( pagare) to give*; to pay*: gli danno 1500 euro al mese, they pay him 1,500 euros a month; quanto ti hanno dato per quel lavoro?, how much did they give you for the job?; non gli darei due lire, I wouldn't give a penny for it
    3 ( porgere) to pass: puoi darmi il sale?, can you pass me the salt, please? // in Italia si usa dare la mano per salutare, Italians shake hands when they meet
    4 ( assegnare) to give*: ti hanno dato tanti compiti?, did they give you a lot of homework?; mi hanno dato tre versioni di latino e una di greco, they gave me three Latin translations and one Greek translation; mi hanno dato l'incarico di telefonare a tutti, they gave me the job of phoning everyone
    5 ( concedere) to grant, to give*: gli fu dato il permesso di uscire, he was granted (o given) permission to go out
    6 ( rappresentare) to put* on: all'Odeon danno l'Amleto, they are putting on (o giving) Hamlet at the Odeon; daranno tre atti unici di Pirandello la prossima stagione, they are putting on (o doing) three one-act plays by Pirandello next season
    7 ( infliggere) to give*: mi ha dato un pugno, he gave me a punch; gli hanno dato vent'anni, they gave him twenty years // suo padre gliele ha date di santa ragione, his father gave him a good thrashing; i complici gliene hanno date un sacco, his accomplices beat him up
    8 ( produrre) to yield; to produce; (comm.) to bear*, to yield, to bring* in: questa vigna dà poca uva, this vineyard produces very few grapes; qui la terra dà raccolti magri, here the land yields poor crops; il suo lavoro non gli dà di che vivere, his work doesn't bring him in enough to live on; quest'investimento dà il 12% all'anno, this investment bears (o yields) 12% a year
    9 ( augurare) to wish, to say*: dare il buongiorno, la buonanotte a qlcu., to wish s.o. good morning, good night (o to say good morning, good night to s.o.); dare il benvenuto a qlcu., to welcome s.o.
    10 ( attribuire): non gli darei più di vent'anni, I wouldn't take him for more than twenty (o I wouldn't put him down for more than twenty); non gli si dà la sua età, he doesn't look his age
    11 ( denominare, qualificare) to call: mi ha dato del pigro, he called me lazy; dare del cretino a qlcu., to call s.o. an idiot // dare del 'tu' a qlcu., to be on first-name terms with s.o.
    12 Spesso assume significati particolari determinati dal complemento che segue: dare in affitto, ( affittare) to let; dare in prestito, ( imprestare) to lend; dare una spinta a qlcu., ( spingere) to push s.o.; dare dei consigli, ( consigliare) to give advice; dare la disdetta, ( disdire) to give notice; dare la colpa, ( incolpare) to blame ∙ Per altre locuzioni del genere cfr. sotto i rispettivi sostantivi
    ◆ v. intr.
    1 ( colpire) to hit* // dare nel segno, to hit the bull's-eye, (fig.) to hit the nail on the head
    2 ( urtare) to bump; ( inciampare) to stumble: diede con la testa in una trave, he bumped his head on a beam; dare in un sasso, to stumble against a stone
    3 ( di casa, porta ecc.) to look on to (sthg.), to open on (sthg.); to lead* into (sthg.): la porta dava sul cortile, the door led into the courtyard; le vostre finestre danno sulla piazza, your windows look on to (o open on o overlook) the square.
    ◘ darsi v.rifl. ( dedicarsi) to devote oneself: dare al commercio, to go into business; dare allo studio, to devote oneself to study // dare al bere, to take to drink; dare al gioco, to take to gambling
    ◆ v.rifl.rec. to give* each other: dare delle botte, to hit each other
    ◆ v.intr.pron. ( accadere) to happen: si dà il caso che io sia d'accordo, I happen to agree // può dare, maybe (o perhaps o probably): può dare che egli arrivi prima di me, he may arrive before me.
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: dare ammalato, to report sick // dare da fare, to make an effort; ( affaccendarsi) to bustle about: devi darti da fare se vuoi quel posto, you've got to do something if you want that job; valeva la pena di dare tanto da fare?, was it worth all the effort? // dare per vinto, to give in (o to give up o to throw in the sponge) // dare prigioniero, to give oneself up (o to surrender) // non dare per inteso di qlco., to turn a deaf ear to sthg. (o not to take any notice of sthg.).
    * * *
    1. ['dare]
    vb irreg vt
    1) (gen) to give, (premio, borsa di studio) to give, award

    dare qc a qn — to give sb sth, give sth to sb

    dare da mangiare/bere a qn — to give sb sth to eat/drink

    dare uno schiaffo/un calcio a qn — to give sb a slap/kick, slap/kick sb

    gli hanno dato 5 anni — (di prigione) they gave him 5 years

    dare tutto se stesso a qn/qc — to give one's all to sb/sth

    2) (organizzare: festa, banchetto) to hold, give, (spettacolo) to perform, put on, (film) to show
    3) (produrre: frutti, soldi) to yield, produce, (calore) to give off, (suono) to make

    gli investimenti hanno dato il 10% di interesse — the investments yielded 10% interest

    4)

    dare qc/qn per perso — to give sth/sb up for lost

    dare ad intendere a qn che... — to lead sb to believe that...

    ciò mi dà da pensare — (insospettire) that gives me food for thought, (preoccupare) that worries me

    2. vi (aus avere)
    1)

    (finestra, casa: guardare) dare su — to overlook, give onto, look (out) onto

    2)

    (colore: tendere) dare su — to tend towards

    3. vr (darsi)

    darsi a — (musica, politica) to devote o.s. to

    darsi al bere/al gioco — to take to drink/to gambling

    coraggio, diamoci da fare! — come on, let's get on with it!

    4. vip (darsi)
    1)

    può darsi — maybe, perhaps

    può darsi che venga — he may come, perhaps he will come

    si dà il caso che... — it so happens that...

    2)
    5. sm
    PAROLA CHIAVE: dare non si traduce mai con la parola inglese dare
    * * *
    I 1. ['dare]
    verbo transitivo
    1) (consegnare) to give*

    dare qcs. a qcn. — to give sth. to sb., to give sb. sth.

    darei qualsiasi cosa per, per fare — I'd give anything for, to do

    2) (impartire) to issue, to lay* down [ ordini]; to give*, to issue [ istruzioni]; to give* [ lezioni]
    5) (assegnare) to give*, to present [ premio]; to set* [ compiti]
    6) (causare) to give* [piacere, soddisfazione]
    7) (infondere) to give* [ coraggio]

    dare il braccio a qcn. — to give sb. one's arm

    dare la mano a qcn. — to shake hands with sb., to shake sb.'s hand

    dare a qcn. il permesso di fare — to give permission for sb. to do, to give sb. permission to do

    10) (al cinema) to show* [ film]; (a teatro) to put* on [ rappresentazione]

    a che ora danno la partita? — (in TV) what time is the match on?

    11) (organizzare) to give* [ cena]; to give*, to have* [ festa]

    dare il benvenuto a qcn. — to welcome sb., to bid sb. welcome

    dare il buongiorno a qcn. — to bid sb. good morning

    14) (produrre) [pianta, terreno] to bear*, to yield [ frutti]; econ. to bear*, to yield, to return [ profitto]

    dare dello stupido, del bugiardo a qcn. — to call sb. stupid, a liar

    dare da bere a qcn. — to give sb. a drink

    dare da mangiare a qcn. — to feed sb

    17) darle

    darle di santa ragione a qcn. — to thrash the living daylights out of sb., to give sb. a good thrashing

    2.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)

    dare su — [camera, finestra] to overlook, to look onto, to face [mare, strada]

    3.
    verbo pronominale darsi
    1) (dedicarsi) to devote oneself, to give* oneself

    - rsi al bere — (abbandonarsi) to take to drink

    ••

    dare addosso a qcn. — to go on o get at sb., to come down on sb.

    darsela a gambe — to cut and run, to take to one's heels

    può -rsi — maybe, perhaps

    - rsi da fare — (sbrigarsi) to get a move on, to get cracking; (adoperarsi) to try hard, to get busy colloq.

    II ['dare]
    sostantivo maschile debit
    * * *
    dare1
    /'dare/ [7]
     1 (consegnare) to give*; dare qcs. a qcn. to give sth. to sb., to give sb. sth.; darei qualsiasi cosa per, per fare I'd give anything for, to do
     2 (impartire) to issue, to lay* down [ ordini]; to give*, to issue [ istruzioni]; to give* [ lezioni]
     4 (attribuire) quanti anni mi dai? how old do you think I am? le danno 40 anni she passes for 40
     5 (assegnare) to give*, to present [ premio]; to set* [ compiti]
     6 (causare) to give* [piacere, soddisfazione]
     7 (infondere) to give* [ coraggio]
     8 (porgere) dare il braccio a qcn. to give sb. one's arm; dare la mano a qcn. to shake hands with sb., to shake sb.'s hand
     9 (concedere) to grant [ autorizzazione]; dare a qcn. il permesso di fare to give permission for sb. to do, to give sb. permission to do
     10 (al cinema) to show* [ film]; (a teatro) to put* on [ rappresentazione]; lo danno al Rex it's on at the Rex; a che ora danno la partita? (in TV) what time is the match on?
     11 (organizzare) to give* [ cena]; to give*, to have* [ festa]
     12 (augurare) dare il benvenuto a qcn. to welcome sb., to bid sb. welcome; dare il buongiorno a qcn. to bid sb. good morning
     14 (produrre) [pianta, terreno] to bear*, to yield [ frutti]; econ. to bear*, to yield, to return [ profitto]
     15 (rivolgersi) dare dello stupido, del bugiardo a qcn. to call sb. stupid, a liar
     16 dare da dare da bere a qcn. to give sb. a drink; dare da mangiare a qcn. to feed sb.
     17 darle darle di santa ragione a qcn. to thrash the living daylights out of sb., to give sb. a good thrashing
     (aus. avere)
     1 (affacciarsi) dare su [camera, finestra] to overlook, to look onto, to face [mare, strada]
     2 (tendere) dare sul verde to be greenish
     1 (dedicarsi) to devote oneself, to give* oneself; - rsi alla politica to go in for politics; - rsi al bere (abbandonarsi) to take to drink
     2 (concedersi) - rsi a un uomo to give oneself to a man
     3 (scambiarsi) - rsi dei baci to kiss (one another); - rsi dei colpi to exchange blows
    dare addosso a qcn. to go on o get at sb., to come down on sb.; darci dentro to put one's back into it; darsela a gambe to cut and run, to take to one's heels; può -rsi maybe, perhaps; - rsi da fare (sbrigarsi) to get a move on, to get cracking; (adoperarsi) to try hard, to get busy colloq.; - rsi malato to report sick; - rsi per vinto to give up.
    ————————
    dare2
    /'dare/
    sostantivo m.
    debit; il dare e l'avere debit and credit.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > dare

  • 30 momento

    "moment;
    Moment;
    momento"
    * * *
    m moment
    dal momento che from the moment that
    causale since
    a momenti sometimes, at moments
    per il momento for the moment
    del momento short-lived
    sul momento at the time
    * * *
    momento s.m.
    1 moment; time: senza un momento di esitazione, without a moment's hesitation; aspetta un momento, wait a moment; un momento, per piacere, just a moment, please; un momento solo, just a moment; a un dato momento, at a given moment; sto uscendo proprio in questo momento, I'm just going out; un momento!, cerchiamo di ragionare, wait a moment! let's try to think things out; un momento! che fretta c'è?, just a moment! what's the hurry?; un momento e la servo subito, I'll serve you in just a moment; dammi ancora un momento e poi usciamo, just give me another moment and then we'll go out; ricordo ancora il momento in cui il primo uomo mise piede sulla luna, I still remember the moment when the first man set foot on the moon; aspetto con ansia il momento di ricevere la tua lettera, I'm waiting anxiously for your letter; era il momento culminante del dramma, it was the climax of the drama; l'ho amato fin dal primo momento, I loved him from the very first moment; fino a questo momento non ho ricevuto nessuna telefonata, I haven't received any phone calls so far; lo farò in un altro momento, I shall do it another time; non c'era un momento da perdere, there was not a moment to lose (o to be lost); non è il momento di scherzare, this is no time for joking; non perde mai un momento, she never wastes a moment; la prossima volta vieni un momento prima, next time come a little earlier; si dedica alla lettura nei momenti liberi, she devotes her spare time to reading // per il momento, for the moment (o for the present o for the time being) // tutti i momenti, ogni momento, continually: ogni momento chiede soldi, he is continually asking for money
    2 (tempo, circostanza) time: momenti difficili, hard times; è un capriccio del momento, it is a passing fad; il mio momento si avvicina, my time is drawing near; passare un brutto momento, to have a bad (o rough) time; durante la guerra passammo terribili momenti, we went through terrible times during the war; bisogna creare dei momenti di gruppo per scambiarsi le opinioni, we need to create occasions for meeting to exchange opinions; il suo discorso è stato il momento forte della serata, his speech was the highpoint of the evening // l'uomo del momento, the man of the moment
    3 (opportunità) opportunity, chance: aspetto il momento adatto per agire, I am waiting for an opportunity to act; approfitta del momento favorevole e compra delle azioni, take advantage of this favourable moment and buy some shares; cogliere il momento, to take the chance
    4 (un pochino) a bit: questa stanza dovrebbe essere un momento più grande, this room should be just a bit bigger
    5 (ant., letter.) (gravità, importanza) moment: una decisione di grande, poco momento, a decision of great, little moment
    6 (fis.) moment: momento di una coppia, moment of a couple; momento magnetico, elettrico, magnetic, electric moment; momento di una forza, moment of a force (o torque); momento di inerzia, moment of inertia; momento angolare, angular moment (o momentum); momento lineare, linear momentum; momento flettente, bending moment // (mecc.) momento del contrappeso, counterbalance moment // (aer.): momento di beccheggio, pitching moment; momento di cerniera, hinge moment; momento di rollio, rolling moment.
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: dovrebbe arrivare da un momento all'altro, he should arrive any moment now (o at any moment); da un momento all'altro ha cambiato idea, all of a sudden he changed his mind // a momenti, (talvolta) sometimes, (fra poco) in a moment (o before long o soon), (quasi) nearly, almost: a momenti è gentile, a momenti è villano, sometimes he is polite, sometimes he is rude; va a momenti, ora piove ora c'è il sole, it's very changeable, one moment it's raining, the next it's sunny; Claudio va a momenti, alle volte è veramente intrattabile, Claude is moody, at times he's really unapproachable; Sara va a momenti, a volte può essere anche brillante, Sarah has her moments, at times she can be brilliant; sarà pronto a momenti, he'll be ready in a moment; a momenti cadevo!, I nearly (o almost) fell (down)! // al momento: al momento della consegna, at the time of delivery; al momento non ho traduzioni da darti, at the moment I haven't got a translation to give you; al momento della decisione Claudia non seppe cosa fare, when the time came to decide, Claudia didn't know what to do; al momento di parlare non ci riuscì, when the time came to speak he wasn't able to utter a word; al momento non ci avevo fatto caso, at the time I didn't attach any importance to it; proprio al momento opportuno, just at the right moment; in quel ristorante il pesce te lo preparano al momento, in that restaurant they cook the fish for you as you wait // dal momento, (dato che) since, as, (da quando) (ever) since, from the (first) moment (that): dal momento che sei qui dammi una mano, since you are here give me a hand; dal momento che te ne sei andato la casa non è più la stessa, since (o from the moment) you went away the house hasn't been the same anymore.
    * * *
    [mo'mento]
    sostantivo maschile

    un momento, ho quasi finito! — just a moment, I've nearly finished!

    uscire, entrare un momento — colloq. to go out, in for a moment

    in qualsiasi o in ogni momento at any time; tutti i -i always; in un momento di debolezza in a moment of weakness; nello o allo stesso momento in the same time; all'ultimo momento at the last minute; fino all'ultimo momento till the last moment; (fin) da questo momento from this moment, from now on; ha cambiato idea da un momento all'altro all of a sudden he changed his mind; dovrebbe arrivare da un momento all'altro he should arrive (at) any minute now; una decisione dell'ultimo momento a last minute decision; sul momento ho creduto che scherzasse for a moment there I thought he was joking; per il o al momento for the time being; abbiamo vissuto dei bei -i insieme we had o went through some good times together; è un brutto momento it's a bad period; è arrivato il momento di fare it's time o time has come to do; è il momento buono it's the right time; arriva sempre al momento giusto! — he always arrives at just the right time!

    2) mat. fis. moment
    3) del momento [ uomo] of the moment; [ problemi] current

    a -i cadevo — I nearly fell; (tra poco)

    * * *
    momento
    /mo'mento/
    sostantivo m.
     1 moment; hai un momento (di tempo)? have you got a moment? è successo tutto in un momento it happened all at once; non c'è un momento da perdere there's no time to lose; ho avuto un momento di incertezza I hesitated for a moment; non ha (mai) un momento per sé she hasn't (ever) got a moment to herself; un momento, ho quasi finito! just a moment, I've nearly finished! uscire, entrare un momento colloq. to go out, in for a moment; smetti (per) un momento di parlare please stop talking for a minute; un momento di disattenzione a moment's distraction; in qualsiasi o in ogni momento at any time; tutti i -i always; in un momento di debolezza in a moment of weakness; nello o allo stesso momento in the same time; all'ultimo momento at the last minute; fino all'ultimo momento till the last moment; (fin) da questo momento from this moment, from now on; ha cambiato idea da un momento all'altro all of a sudden he changed his mind; dovrebbe arrivare da un momento all'altro he should arrive (at) any minute now; una decisione dell'ultimo momento a last minute decision; sul momento ho creduto che scherzasse for a moment there I thought he was joking; per il o al momento for the time being; abbiamo vissuto dei bei -i insieme we had o went through some good times together; è un brutto momento it's a bad period; è arrivato il momento di fare it's time o time has come to do; è il momento buono it's the right time; arriva sempre al momento giusto! he always arrives at just the right time!
     2 mat. fis. moment
     3 del momento [ uomo] of the moment; [ problemi] current
     4 dal momento che since
     5 a momenti (quasi) a -i cadevo I nearly fell; (tra poco) dovrebbe arrivare a -i he'll come any minute.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > momento

  • 31 biu|ro

    n 1. (instytucja) office; (dział) bureau
    - pracować w biurze to work in an office
    2. (miejsce, pracownicy) office
    - będę czekał przed biurem I’ll be waiting outside the office
    - nasze biuro przenosi się do nowych budynków our office is moving to new premises
    - □ biuro matrymonialne marriage a. matrimonial agency a. bureau
    - biuro podróży travel agency a. bureau, travel agent’s GB
    - biuro prasowe press office
    - biuro rzeczy znalezionych lost property office
    - biuro tłumaczeń translation agency a. bureau

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > biu|ro

  • 32 bille

    I.
    n. f.
    1. 'Mush', 'dial', face. Avoir une bonne bille: To have a friendly mug. Salut, bille de clown! Hello funny-face! (This meaning of the word is seldom encountered in a pejorative context.)
    2. 'Mug', fool, simpleton. C'est une bille de première! He's an A-grade twit!
    3. Ne plus avoir toutes ses billes: To be 'soft in the head', to be senile. (The English look-alike expression 'to have lost one's marbles' is not an accurate translation.)
    4. Reprendre ses billes: To 'back out', to renege on a decision or promise. Si c'est comme ça, moi je reprends mes billes! If that's the way it's going to be, count me out!
    II.
    adj. 'Dumb', stupid. C'est le plus bille du lot! He's the thickest of the bunch!

    Dictionary of Modern Colloquial French > bille

  • 33 obstipe

    obstīpus, a, um, adj. [ob-stipes], bent or inclined to one side; opp. to rectus ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).
    I.
    In gen., oblique, shelving:

    omnia mendose fieri atque obstipa, necesse est,

    Lucr. 4. 517: obstitum (leg. obstipum) obliquum, Enn. Libr. XVI.: montibus obstitis (leg. obstipis) obstantibus, unde oritur nox. Et in Libr. VIII.: amplius exaugere obstipolumve (leg. opstipo lumine) solis. Caecilius in imbros (leg. Imbris): resupina obstito (leg. obstipo) capitulo sibi ventum facere cunicula (leg. tunicula). Lucretius: omnia, etc.; v. supra, Paul. ex Fest. p. 193 Müll.; v. Müll. ad loc.; and cf. Enn. Ann. v. 290 and 407 Vahl.; and Trag. Rel. p. 44 Rib.—
    B.
    Esp.
    1.
    Bent or drawn back, said of the stiff neck of a proud person:

    cervix rigida et obstipa,

    Suet. Tib. 68.—
    2.
    Bent forward, bent or bowed down:

    stes capite obstipo, multum similis metuenti,

    Hor. S. 2, 5, 92.—So of one lost in thought:

    obstipo capite et figentes lumine terram,

    Pers. 3, 80.—
    3.
    Bent or inclined to one side, of the dragon's head, a translation of the Gr. loxon karê:

    obstipum caput et tereti cervice reflexum,

    Cic. Arat. N. D. 2, 42, 107; cf. Col. 7, 10, 1.—
    II.
    Transf., stiff - necked, obstinate, perverse (eccl. Lat.), Jul. ap. Aug. c. Sec. Resp. Jul. 3, 38.—Hence, obstīpē, adv., perversely, Jul. ap. Aug. c. Sec. Resp. Jul. 6, 25.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > obstipe

  • 34 obstipus

    obstīpus, a, um, adj. [ob-stipes], bent or inclined to one side; opp. to rectus ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).
    I.
    In gen., oblique, shelving:

    omnia mendose fieri atque obstipa, necesse est,

    Lucr. 4. 517: obstitum (leg. obstipum) obliquum, Enn. Libr. XVI.: montibus obstitis (leg. obstipis) obstantibus, unde oritur nox. Et in Libr. VIII.: amplius exaugere obstipolumve (leg. opstipo lumine) solis. Caecilius in imbros (leg. Imbris): resupina obstito (leg. obstipo) capitulo sibi ventum facere cunicula (leg. tunicula). Lucretius: omnia, etc.; v. supra, Paul. ex Fest. p. 193 Müll.; v. Müll. ad loc.; and cf. Enn. Ann. v. 290 and 407 Vahl.; and Trag. Rel. p. 44 Rib.—
    B.
    Esp.
    1.
    Bent or drawn back, said of the stiff neck of a proud person:

    cervix rigida et obstipa,

    Suet. Tib. 68.—
    2.
    Bent forward, bent or bowed down:

    stes capite obstipo, multum similis metuenti,

    Hor. S. 2, 5, 92.—So of one lost in thought:

    obstipo capite et figentes lumine terram,

    Pers. 3, 80.—
    3.
    Bent or inclined to one side, of the dragon's head, a translation of the Gr. loxon karê:

    obstipum caput et tereti cervice reflexum,

    Cic. Arat. N. D. 2, 42, 107; cf. Col. 7, 10, 1.—
    II.
    Transf., stiff - necked, obstinate, perverse (eccl. Lat.), Jul. ap. Aug. c. Sec. Resp. Jul. 3, 38.—Hence, obstīpē, adv., perversely, Jul. ap. Aug. c. Sec. Resp. Jul. 6, 25.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > obstipus

  • 35 Richard of Wallingford, Abbot

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 1291/2 Wallingford, England
    d. 23 May 1336 St Albans, Hertfordshire, England
    [br]
    English cleric, mathematician and astronomer who produced the earliest mechanical clock of which there is detailed knowledge.
    [br]
    Richard, the son of a blacksmith, was adopted by the Prior of Wallingford when his father died and educated at Oxford. He then joined the monastery at St Albans and was ordained as a priest in 1317. After a further period at Oxford studying mathematics and astronomy he returned to St Albans as Abbot in 1327. Shortly after he had been elected Abbot he started work on a very elaborate astronomical clock. The escapement and the striking mechanism of this clock were unusual. The former was a variation on the verge escapement, and the hour striking (up to twenty-four) was controlled by a series of pins laid out in a helical pattern on a drum. However, timekeeping was of secondary importance as the main purpose of the clock was to show the motion of the Sun, Moon and planets (the details of the planet mechanism are lost) and to demonstrate eclipses. This was achieved in a very precise manner by a series of ingenious mechanisms, such as the elliptical wheel that was used to derive the variable motion of the sun.
    Richard died of leprosy, which he had contracted during a visit to obtain papal confirmation of his appointment, and the clock was completed after his death. The last recorded reference to it was made by John Leyland, shortly before the dissolution of the monasteries. It is now known only from incomplete manuscript copies of Richard's treatise. A modern reconstruction has been made based upon J.D.North's interpretation of the manuscript.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    For the drafts of Richard's Treatise on the Clock, with translation and commentary, see J.D.North, 1976, Richard of Wallingford, 3 vols, Oxford.
    Further Reading
    See J.D.North's definitive work above: for biographical information see Vol. 2, pp. 1–16. Most of the shorter accounts appeared before the publication of North's treatise and are therefore of more limited use.
    G.White, 1978, "Evolution of the epicyclic gear—part 2", Chartered Mechanical Engineer (April): 85–8 (an account of Richard's use of epicyclic gearing).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Richard of Wallingford, Abbot

  • 36 Thinking

       But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)
       I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)
       Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)
       In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)
       Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)
       There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)
       But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)
       It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)
       The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)
       Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)
       What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)
       [E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking

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