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1 ground
I.ground1 [graʊnd]1. noun• to lie/sit on the ground se coucher/s'asseoir par terre• to run o.s. into the ground with work s'épuiser au travailc. ( = area for special purpose) terrain m2. plural nounb. ( = gardens) parc mc. ( = reason) motif m• there are grounds for believing that... il y a lieu de penser que...• the latest figures give us grounds for optimism les derniers chiffres nous permettent d'être optimistes• on personal/medical grounds pour (des) raisons personnelles/médicales• on what grounds? à quel titre ?• on the grounds that... en raison du fait que...a. [+ plane, pilot] interdire de voler à ; ( = keep on ground) retenir au solb. [+ teenager] (inf) priver de sortiec. [+ ship] faire s'échouer4. compounds• we can't change the ground rules at this stage on ne peut pas changer les règles du jeu maintenant ► ground staff noun personnel m au solII.ground2 [graʊnd]1. verbpast tense, past participle of grind2. adjective[coffee, spices] moulu3. compounds* * *[graʊnd] 1. 2.1) ( surface underfoot) sol m, terre fto get off the ground — [plane] décoller; fig [idea] prendre fig
to prepare the ground — fig ouvrir la voie ( for à)
to clear the ground — lit, fig déblayer le terrain
2) (area, territory) lit, fig terrain mto cover a lot of ground — lit faire beaucoup de chemin; fig avancer beaucoup
to break fresh ou new ground — innover
on dangerous ground — ( in discussion) sur un terrain miné; ( in dealings) dans une position délicate
3) gen, Sport ( for specific activity) terrain m4) ( reason) gen, Law motifs mpl, raisons fpl5) fig (in contest, discussion)to gain ground — gagner du terrain (on, over sur)
to lose ground — perdre du terrain (to au profit de)
to give ground — céder du terrain (to devant; on, over au niveau de)
to hold ou stand (one's) ground — tenir bon
to shift one's ground — fig changer son fusil d'épaule (on au sujet de)
6) US Electricity terre f7) Art fond m3.grounds plural noun1) (of house, institution) parc m (of de)private grounds — propriété f privée
2) ( reasons)grounds for — motifs de [divorce, criticism, hope]
4.on (the) grounds of — en raison de [cost, public interest]; pour cause de [adultery, negligence]
ground past participle adjective [coffee, pepper] moulu5.transitive verb1) Aviation immobiliser [aircraft]2) Nautical3) ( base)to ground something on ou in — fonder quelque chose sur
4) (colloq) ( keep in) priver [quelqu'un] de sortie5) US Electricity relier [quelque chose] à la terre••to run somebody/something to ground — dénicher (colloq) quelqu'un/quelque chose
to run ou drive oneself into the ground — s'user au travail
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2 bank
bank [bæŋk]1. nouna. ( = institution) banque fb. ( = mound) talus m• the left/right bank (in Paris) la Rive gauche/droited. [of switches] rangée f[+ money] mettre à la banque• who do you bank with? à quelle banque êtes-vous ?b. [pilot, aircraft] virer4. compounds( = count on) compter sur━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Le terme bank holiday s'applique au Royaume-Uni aux jours fériés pendant lesquels banques, bureaux et petits commerces sont fermés. Les principaux bank holidays à part Noël et Pâques se situent au mois de mai et fin août, et ne coïncident pas nécessairement avec une fête religieuse.* * *[bæŋk] 1.1) Finance, Games banque fit won't break the bank — (colloq) fig ça ne ruinera personne
2) ( border) (of river, lake) rive f; ( of major river) bord m; ( of canal) berge f3) ( mound) (of earth, mud) talus m; ( of snow) congère f; (by road, railway track) talus m; ( by racetrack) virage m incliné; ( by mineshaft) carreau m4) ( mass) ( of flowers) massif m; (of fog, mist) banc m5) ( series) (of switches, oars, keys, floodlights) rangée f2.transitive verb1) Finance déposer [quelque chose] à la banque [cheque, money]2) ( border) border [track, road]3.intransitive verb FinancePhrasal Verbs:- bank on- bank up•• -
3 standard
standard [ˈstændəd]1. noun2. adjectiveb. [pronunciation, grammar] correctc. [text, book] de référence3. compounds* * *['stændəd] 1.1) ( level of quality) niveau mto have high/low standards — [worker] être très/peu consciencieux; [school, institution] être d'un bon/mauvais niveau
2) ( official specification) norme f ( for de)3) ( requirement) (of student, work) niveau m requis; (of hygiene, safety) critères mpl4) ( banner) étendard m5) ( song) standard m2.1) ( normal) [size, equipment, rate] standard; [procedure] habituel/-uelle; [image] traditionnel/-elle2) ( authoritative) [work] de référence3) (also standard class) GB Railways [ticket] de seconde classe -
4 grow
A vtr1 ( cultivate) cultiver [plant, crop, cells] ;2 (increase, allow to increase) [person] laisser pousser [hair, beard, nails] ; to grow 5 cm [person] grandir de 5 cm ; [plant] pousser de 5 cm ; the economy has grown 2% la croissance de l'économie est de 2%.B vi1 ( increase physically) [plant, hair, nails] pousser (by de) ; [person] grandir (by de) ; [queue] s'allonger ; [tumour, cancer] se développer ; haven't you grown! qu'est-ce que tu as grandi! ; to let one's hair/nails grow laisser pousser ses cheveux/ongles ; to grow from pousser à partir de [bulb, seed] ; to grow to a height of 4 metres atteindre 4 mètres de hauteur ;2 ( of something abstract) [deficit, spending, crime, population, tension, anger, chances] augmenter (by de) ; [company] prospérer ; [economy] être en expansion ; [movement, opposition, support, problem] devenir plus important ; [poverty, crisis] s'aggraver ; [pressure, influence] devenir plus fort ; [list] s'allonger ; [mystery] s'épaissir ; fears are growing that on craint de plus en plus que (+ subj) ; to grow from x to y [profit, movement] passer de x à y ; to grow to atteindre [figure, level] ; to grow to civil war proportions prendre les proportions d'une guerre civile ; to grow in acquérir plus de [authority, strength, confidence] ; to grow in popularity devenir plus populaire ;3 ( become) devenir [hotter, colder, stronger] ; to grow more sophisticated devenir plus sophistiqué ; to grow old vieillir ; to grow weak s'affaiblir ; to grow more and more impatient s'impatienter de plus en plus ;4 to grow to do finir par faire ; I soon grew to like him j'ai vite fini par l'aimer ; I was growing to like him je commençais à l'aimer.■ grow apart:■ grow in:▶ grow in [nail] devenir incarné.■ grow into: grow into [sth]1 ( become) devenir [frog, adult] ;2 ( fit into) s'accoutumer à [role, position] ; he'll grow into it ( of garment) quand il aura un peu grandi il pourra le mettre ;3 [skin, bone] se fondre dans [tissue].■ grow on: to grow on sb [habit] s'imposer ; the music was starting to grow on me je commençais à apprécier la musique.■ grow out:▶ grow [sth] out, grow out [sth] laisser pousser ses cheveux jusqu'à ce qu'il n'y ait plus de [perm, dye].■ grow out of:▶ grow out of [sth]1 ( get too old for) he's grown out of his suit son costume est devenu trop petit pour lui ; she's grown out of discos/going to discos elle a passé l'âge des discothèques/d'aller en discothèque ; children's games I've grown out of des jeux d'enfants qui ne sont plus de mon âge ;2 ( come from) naître de [interest, idea, institution].■ grow up1 (grow, get bigger) [child] grandir ; [movement, idea] se développer ; to grow up in London/believing that grandir à Londres/dans l'idée que ;2 (become adult, mature) [person, movement] devenir adulte ; when I grow up quand je serai grand ; to grow up into devenir [scientist, beauty] ; grow up! arrête tes enfantillages! -
5 standard
A n1 ( level of quality) niveau m ; the standard of education/hygiene/candidates is good le niveau d'éducation/d'hygiène/des candidats est bon ; standards of service have declined la qualité du service a baissé ; our drinking water is of a very high standard notre eau potable est d'excellente qualité ; the candidates were of a very high standard les candidats étaient de très haut niveau ; this wine is excellent by any standards ce vin est excellent à tout point de vue ; to have high/low standards [person] être très/peu consciencieux ; [school, institution] être d'un bon/mauvais niveau ; to have double standards faire deux poids deux mesures ;2 ( official specification) norme f (for de) ; products must comply with EC standards les produits doivent être conformes aux normes de la CE ;3 ( requirement) (of student, work) niveau m requis (for pour) ; (of hygiene, safety) critères mpl ; this work/student is not up to standard ce travail/cet étudiant n'a pas le niveau requis ; above/below standard au-dessus du/en dessous du niveau requis ; to set the standard for others to follow imposer un modèle à suivre ; by today's standards selon les critères actuels ;4 ( banner) étendard m ;B adj1 ( normal) [size, equipment, rate, pay] standard ; [plan, style] habituel/-uelle ; [image] traditionnel/-elle ; [procedure] habituel/-uelle, normal ; [ton, measurement] standard ; it's standard practice to do il est d'usage de faire ; standard English/French l'anglais/le français standard ; this model includes a car radio as standard ce modèle est équipé en série d'une autoradio ;2 ( authoritative) [work, manual] de référence ;4 Bot [cherry, rose] (greffé) sur tige.
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