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leading+by+example

  • 41 vanguardia, la

    (n.) = avant-garde, the, leading edge, the
    Ex. My point is that all literature, every example we can think of, depends for its existence on the tradition out of which it springs -- even the most avant of the avant-garde.
    Ex. The leading edge is on the digital battlefield, where an entire new concept in military medicine is evolving.

    Spanish-English dictionary > vanguardia, la

  • 42 नायक _nāyaka

    नायक a. [नी-ण्वुल्] Guiding, leading, conducting.
    -कः 1 A guide, leader, conductor.
    -2 A chief, master, head, lord.
    -3 A pre-eminent or principal person, distinguished personage; सैन्यनायकः &c.
    -4 A general, commander.
    -5 (In Rhet.) The hero of a poetic composition (a play or drama); (according to S. D. there are four main kinds of नायक:-- धीरोदात्त, धीरोद्धत, धीरललित, and धीरप्रशान्त, q. v.; these are again subdivided, the total number of kinds being 48; see S. D.64-75. The Rasamañjarī mentions 3 classes पति, उपपति, and वैशिक; 95.11).
    -6 The central gem of a necklace; नायको नेतरि श्रेष्ठे हारमध्य- मणावपि' इति विश्वः.
    -7 A paradigm or leading example; दशैते स्त्रीषु नायकाः.
    -8 An epithet of Śākyamuni.
    -Comp. -अधिपः a king, sovereign.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > नायक _nāyaka

  • 43 ainsi

    ainsi [ɛ̃si]
    adverb
       a. ( = de cette façon) this way
    pourquoi me traites-tu ainsi ? why do you treat me this way?
       b. ( = en conséquence) thus ; ( = donc) so
    ainsi tu vas partir ! so, you're leaving!
       c. (locutions)
    * * *
    ɛ̃si
    1.

    c'est ainsi que l'on faisait le beurrethat's how ou the way they used to make butter

    elle est ainsithat's how ou the way she is

    ainsi va la vie — such is life, that's the way it goes

    ainsi soit-ilReligion amen

    2) ( introduisant une conclusion) thus liter, so

    ainsi, depuis 1989... — thus, since 1989...


    2.
    ainsi que locution conjonctive
    1) ( de même que) as well as

    l'Italie ainsi que quatre autres pays d'Europe — Italy, along with four other European countries

    2) ( comme) as
    * * *
    ɛ̃si adv
    1) (= en procédant de cette façon) like this, in this way

    Il faut faire ainsi. — You do it like this., This is the way to do it.

    C'est ainsi qu'il a réussi. — That's how he succeeded.

    2) (= ce faisant) so, thus

    Lexitron a repris Zug et devient ainsi la première entreprise du secteur. — Lexitron has taken over Zug and so becomes the leading company in the sector., Lexitron has taken over Zug, thus becoming the leading company in the sector.

    ainsi que (= comme) — just as, as, (= et aussi) as well as

    ... ainsi que deux nouveaux romans —... as well as two new novels

    pour ainsi dire — so to speak, as it were

    et ainsi de suite — and so on and so forth, and so on

    * * *
    A adv
    1 ( de cette manière) c'est ainsi que l'on faisait le beurre that's the way ou how they used to make butter; est-ce ainsi que tu parles à ta mère? is that the way ou how you speak to your mother?; le mélange ainsi obtenu the mixture obtained in this way; je t'imaginais ainsi that's how I imagined you; le monde est ainsi fait que the world is made in such a way that; elle est ainsi that's how ou the way she is; ainsi va la vie such is life, that's the way it goes; puisque c'est ainsi since that's how it is, since that's the way it is; Charlotte, c'est ainsi qu'on m'appelait Charlotte, that's what they used to call me; s'il en est ainsi if that's how it is ou the way it is; il n'en est pas ainsi de tous nos amis this is not the case with all our friends; les mois ont passé ainsi thus the months went by; ainsi parlait le prophète thus spoke the prophet; le jury se compose ainsi the panel is made up as follows; ainsi fut fait that's what was done; ainsi soit-il Relig amen; ⇒ suite;
    2 ( introduisant une conclusion) thus liter, so; ainsi, depuis 1989… thus, since 1989…; l'enfant apprendra ainsi à être indépendant the child will thus learn to be independent; partez tôt, vous éviterez ainsi les embouteillages leave early, that way you'll avoid the traffic jams; ainsi tu nous quittes? so you're leaving us then?; ainsi (donc) vous niez les faits so you deny the facts (then); c'est ainsi que nous sachant seuls… and so, knowing (that) we were alone…;
    3 ( de même) liter comme un coup de tonnerre éclate, ainsi se répandit la nouvelle like a bolt from the blue, the news spread.
    B ainsi que loc conj
    1 ( de même que) as well as; les employés ainsi que leurs conjoints sont invités employees together with their partners are invited; l'Italie ainsi que quatre autres pays d'Europe participe à ce projet Italy, along with four other European countries, is taking part in this project; l'exposition comprend des aquarelles, des huiles ainsi que quelques sculptures the exhibition includes watercoloursGB and oils as well as some sculptures; la question portait sur la vie de l'auteur ainsi que sur ses influences littéraires the question concerned the life of the author as well as his literary influences;
    2 ( comme) as; ainsi que nous en avions convenu as we had agreed; je vous écris dès mon arrivée, ainsi que je l'avais promis I have just arrived and I am writing to you as I promised; il a remis sa démission ainsi que le réclamaient les chefs du parti he handed in his resignation as the party leaders were demanding; elle marchait ainsi qu'un automate she was walking like a robot; ainsi que l'a précisé Paul as Paul pointed out.
    [ɛ̃si] adverbe
    1. [de cette manière] this ou that way
    puisqu'il en est ainsi since that is the case, since that is the way things are
    on voit ainsi que... in this way ou thus we can see that...
    2. [par conséquent] so, thus
    3. [par exemple] for instance, for example
    ————————
    ainsi que locution conjonctive
    1. [comme] as
    ainsi que je l'ai fait remarquer... as I pointed out...
    2. [et] as well as
    3. (littéraire) [exprimant une comparaison] like
    et ainsi de suite locution adverbiale
    pour ainsi dire locution adverbiale
    1. [presque] virtually
    2. [si l'on peut dire] so to speak, as it were
    elle est pour ainsi dire sa raison de vivre she's his reason for living, so to speak ou as it were

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > ainsi

  • 44 portare

    ( trasportare) carry
    ( accompagnare) take
    ( avere adosso) wear
    ( condurre) lead
    portare via take away
    mi ha portato un regalo he brought me a present
    portale un regalo take her a present
    essere portato per qualcosa/per fare qualcosa have a gift for something/for doing something
    portare fortuna be lucky
    porta bene i propri anni he doesn't look his age
    * * *
    portare v.tr.
    1 (verso chi parla, ascolta) to bring*; ( andare a prendere) to fetch: portami un bicchier d'acqua, bring me a glass of water; portami i libri che ho lasciato sul tavolo, fetch me the books I left on the table; questo vento porterà pioggia, this wind will bring rain; spero mi porterai buone notizie, I hope you'll bring me good news; ti porto una tazza di tè?, shall I bring you a cup of tea?; portare dentro, fuori, su, giù, to bring in, out, up, down // devo portare in tavola?, shall I serve the dinner?
    2 ( lontano da chi parla; accompagnare) to take*: mi porti al cinema questa sera?, will you take me to the pictures tonight?; porta questa lettera a mio fratello, alla posta, take this letter to my brother, to the post; porta questo vassoio in camera sua, take this tray to his room; il suo cappello fu portato via dal vento, his hat blew off; ti porterò a casa in automobile, I'll drive you home; ti porterò a passeggio, I'll take you for a walk; portare dentro, fuori, su, giù, to take in, out, up, down // portare via, ( togliere) to take away; ( rubare) to steal; ( far morire) to carry off: mi fai il piacere di portare via la tua roba?, will you please take your stuff away?; in autobus mi hanno portato via il portafoglio, they stole my wallet on the bus; una polmonite l'ha portato via in pochi giorni, he was carried off by pneumonia within a few days; è un lavoro che porta via molto tempo, it's a job that takes a long time // che il diavolo ti porti!, go to the devil!
    3 ( portare con fatica, sostenere; portare d'abitudine) to carry: porta di sopra questo baule, carry this trunk upstairs; non porto mai l'ombrello, I never carry an umbrella; i poliziotti in Inghilterra non portano armi, the police in Britain don't carry guns; porta sempre molto denaro contante con sé, he always carries a lot of cash on him; portare qlcu. in trionfo, to carry s.o. in triumph; portare una valigia sulle spalle, to carry a suitcase on one's shoulders // ognuno ha la propria croce da portare, everyone has his own cross to bear; portare qlcu. in palmo di mano, to hold s.o. in great esteem (o to have a high opinion of s.o.) // quell'uomo porta bene i suoi anni, that man doesn't look his age // portare vasi a Samo, acqua al mare, to carry coals to Newcastle
    4 portare avanti, to maintain, to carry out: ha sempre portato avanti una linea politica coraggiosa, he always carried out (o maintained) a courageous policy; portò avanti per tutta la vita un discorso di culturizzazione delle masse, throughout his life he carried out the task of promoting mass education; ha sempre portato avanti le sue battaglie in prima persona, he has always fought his own battles; (dir.) portare avanti un'azione legale, to maintain a legal action; portare fra le braccia qlcu., to carry s.o. in one's arms
    5 ( portare con sé) to bring*, to take*: hai portato il costume da bagno?, did you bring your bathing costume?; porta con te un po' di dollari, take some dollars with you; porta con te tuo fratello, take your brother with you
    6 ( condurre) to lead*: questa strada porta all'albergo, this road leads to the hotel; il benessere sociale portò a questa situazione, social affluence led to this situation // portare un piano a compimento, to carry out a plan // portare qlcu. a conoscenza di qlco., to bring sthg. to s.o.'s knowledge // tutte le strade portano a Roma, (prov.) all roads lead to Rome
    7 ( indurre) to induce: tutto porta a credere alla sua innocenza, everything induces (o leads) one to believe in his innocence // portare qlcu. alla disperazione, to drive s.o. to despair
    8 ( guidare, condurre) to drive*; to pilot: non sa portare l'auto, he can't drive (a car); portare la nave in porto, to pilot the ship into port
    9 ( indossare, avere) to wear*, to have on, to be dressed in (sthg.): portava un paio di scarpe bianche, she was wearing a pair of white shoes; portare i capelli lunghi, corti, to wear one's hair long, short (o to have long, short hair); portare un fiore all'occhiello, to wear a flower in one's button hole; portare occhiali, gioielli, to wear glasses, jewels; portare un soprabito, un cappello, to wear an overcoat, a hat; portare il lutto, to wear mourning
    10 ( nutrire) to nourish, to bear*: portare odio, to nourish feelings of hatred; portare rancore verso qlcu., to bear s.o. a grudge; portare speranze, to nourish hopes // portare rispetto a qlcu., to have respect for s.o.
    11 ( causare) to cause, to bring forth: questo cattivo tempo porterà molte malattie, this bad weather will cause a lot of illness; la sua assenza mi ha portato molto danno, his absence has done me a lot of harm; portare fortuna, to bring luck
    12 ( produrre) to bear*, to bring* forth, to yield, to produce: il melo non porterà nessun frutto quest'anno, the apple tree will not bear any fruit this year
    13 ( avere) to bear*, to have*: questa lettera porta una data sbagliata, this letter is wrongly dated; questo documento porta una firma falsa, this document bears a false signature; il suo libro porta uno strano titolo, his book has a strange title
    14 ( sopportare) to bear*, to endure: porta la sua pena con molto coraggio, he bears his pain very bravely
    15 ( addurre) to bring forward, to put forward: portare prove, buone ragioni, un esempio, to bring (o to put) forward proofs, good reasons, an example; portò delle scuse ridicole, he made some absurd excuses
    16 (mat.) ( riportare) to carry: scrivo 5 e porto 3, I put down 5 and carry 3
    17 (di cannone ecc.) ( aver una portata di) to have a range of (sthg.)
    18 ( sostenere, appoggiare) to support.
    portarsi v.rifl. o intr.pron.
    1 ( spostarsi) to move: dovresti portarti a destra, you should move to the right
    2 ( andare) to go*; ( venire) to come*: cercherò di portarmi a Roma al più presto, I'll try to come, to go to Rome as soon as possible; dovresti portarti in città verso mezzogiorno, you should be in town around noon
    3 ( comportarsi) to behave*: portare bene, male, to behave well, badly
    4 ( stare di salute): portare bene, male, to be in good, bad health (for one's age).
    * * *
    [por'tare]
    1. vt
    1) (sostenere, sorreggere: peso, bambino, pacco) to carry

    portare via — to take away, (rubare) to take

    porta bene i suoi anni — he's wearing well, he doesn't look his age

    2)

    (consegnare, recare) portare qc (a qn) — to take (o bring) sth (to sb)

    porta il libro in cucina! (vicino a chi parla) bring the book into the kitchen!, (lontano da chi parla) take the book into the kitchen!

    posso portarli a casa?can I bring (o take) them home?

    portare qc alla boccato lift o put sth to one's lips

    portare fortuna/sfortuna a qn — to bring (good) luck/bad luck to sb

    3) (condurre) to take, (sogg : strada) to take, lead

    (fig : indurre) portare qn a (fare) qc — to lead sb to (do) sth

    dove porta questa strada? — where does this road lead?, where does this road take you?

    4) (indossare: scarpe, vestito, occhiali) to wear, have on

    porta i capelli lunghi — he wears his hair long, he has long hair

    5) (avere: nome, titolo, firma) to have, bear, (fig : sentimenti) to bear
    2. vip (portarsi)
    (recarsi) to go
    * * *
    [por'tare] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (verso chi parla) to bring*; (andare a prendere) to fetch

    portare qcs. a qcn. — to take sb. sth., to take sth. to sb.

    3) (trasportare) to carry

    portare qcs. sulle spalle — to carry sth. on one's back

    essere portato dal vento — to be blown along by the wind, to be borne on the wind

    4) (prendere con sé) to take*, to bring* [ oggetto]
    5) (accompagnare) to take*; (condurre con sé) to bring* [amico, cane]

    portare qcn. a scuola, all'ospedale — to take sb. to school, to the hospital

    portare qcn. a ballare — to take sb. dancing

    6) (condurre) to bring*, to lead* (anche fig.)

    questa discussione non ci sta portando da nessuna partefig. this discussion is leading o getting us nowhere

    portare qcn. alla follia, alla disperazione — fig. to drive sb. to madness, despair

    portare dannoto cause o do harm

    portare fortuna, sfortuna a qcn. — to bring sb. good, bad luck

    porta bene, male fare — it's good, bad luck to do

    tutto porta a credere che — there is every indication that, all the indications are that

    9) (avere) to wear* [barba, capelli]
    10) (indossare) to wear*, to have* on [ vestito]; to wear* [gioiello, occhiali, lenti a contatto]; to take* [ taglia]
    11) (avere) to bear*, to have* [nome, titolo]

    ne porta ancora i segnifig. he still bears the scars

    12) (reggere, sostenere) [colonna, struttura] to bear*, to hold*, to support [tetto, peso]; [persona, animale] to bear* [ peso]
    13) (nutrire un sentimento) to bear*, to nourish [amore, rancore]

    portare rispetto a qcn. — to have respect for sb.

    14) (addurre) to adduce, to put* forward [ragione, motivazioni]; to bring* forward, to produce [ prove]
    15) (comunicare, riferire)
    16) mat. colloq.

    scrivo 3, porto 2 — I put down 3 and carry 2

    17) portare via (prendere con sé) to take* away, to carry away

    "due hamburger da portare via" — "two hamburgers to take away BE o to go AE "; (rubare) to steal*, to take*; (trasportare) [ acqua] to bear* away, to carry away [persona, barca]; [ vento] to blow* off, to blow* away [ cappello]; (richiedere) to take* (up) [ tempo]

    18) portare avanti (proseguire) to follow through, to pursue [idea, teoria]; to carry out [campagna, indagine]; (mettere avanti) to put* forward, to put* on [ orologio]
    19) portare indietro to take* back, to return [ merce]; (mettere indietro) to put* back, to turn back [ orologio]
    20) portare su to carry up; (al piano di sopra) to take* upstairs; (far aumentare) to force up [ prezzi]
    21) portare giù, sotto to bring* down; (al piano di sotto) to take* downstairs
    22) portare dentro to bring* inside, to fetch in
    23) portare fuori to carry out, to fetch out

    portare fuori il cane — to take the dog for a walk, to walk the dog

    2.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)
    1) (condurre) to lead*
    2) arm.
    3.
    verbo pronominale portarsi
    1) (andare) to go*; (venire) to come*; (spostarsi) to move
    2) (con sé) to bring* along
    3) portarsi dietro to bring* along
    * * *
    portare
    /por'tare/ [1]
    Tra i verbi inglesi che traducono l'italiano portare, to bring e to take sottolineano il movimento e la direzione verso cui si porta qualcosa: to bring implica l'idea di venire verso chi parla o ascolta, to take l'idea di allontanarsi da chi parla o ascolta (cameriere, mi porti il conto per favore! = waiter, bring me the bill, please!; prenditi l'ombrello! = take your umbrella with you!). Il verbo to carry, invece, non implica alcuna direzione ma piuttosto l'idea di trasportare qualcosa, o portare qualcosa con sé: mi porti tu questi libri, per favore? = will you carry these books for me, please? non porto mai molti soldi con me = I never carry much money with me. Tra gli equivalenti più specifici di portare, tutti elencati nella voce qui sotto, si noti in particolare to wear, cioè indossare.
     1 (verso chi parla) to bring*; (andare a prendere) to fetch; portami quella sedia bring me that chair; ci ha portato dei regali dal suo viaggio he brought us back presents from his trip; portami qualcosa da bere get me something to drink; te ne porto un altro I'll fetch you another one
     2 (lontano da chi parla) to take*; portare qcs. a qcn. to take sb. sth., to take sth. to sb.; portare delle sedie in giardino to take chairs into the garden; portare la macchina dal meccanico to take the car to the garage
     3 (trasportare) to carry; portare una valigia to carry a suitcase; portare qcs. sulle spalle to carry sth. on one's back; portare in braccio un bambino to hold a baby in one's arms; essere portato dal vento to be blown along by the wind, to be borne on the wind
     4 (prendere con sé) to take*, to bring* [ oggetto]; non dimenticare di portare un ombrello don't forget to take an umbrella
     5 (accompagnare) to take*; (condurre con sé) to bring* [amico, cane]; portare qcn. a scuola, all'ospedale to take sb. to school, to the hospital; ti porto a casa I'll take you home; portare qcn. a ballare to take sb. dancing
     6 (condurre) to bring*, to lead* (anche fig.); un autobus ti porterà in albergo a bus will take you to the hotel; cosa ti ha portato qui? what brought you here? questa discussione non ci sta portando da nessuna parte fig. this discussion is leading o getting us nowhere; portare qcn. alla follia, alla disperazione fig. to drive sb. to madness, despair
     7 (causare) portare danno to cause o do harm; portare fortuna, sfortuna a qcn. to bring sb. good, bad luck; porta bene, male fare it's good, bad luck to do; portare frutti to bear fruit
     8 (indurre) tutto porta a credere che there is every indication that, all the indications are that; questo ci porta alla conclusione che this leads us to the conclusion that
     9 (avere) to wear* [barba, capelli]; porta i capelli lunghi she wears her hair long
     1035 (indossare) to wear*, to have* on [ vestito]; to wear* [gioiello, occhiali, lenti a contatto]; to take* [ taglia]; che numero porti di scarpe? what size shoes do you take? porto il 40 di scarpe I take size 40 shoes
     11 (avere) to bear*, to have* [nome, titolo]; porto il nome di mia nonna I'm named after my grandmother; portare i segni di to bear the marks o signs of; ne porta ancora i segni fig. he still bears the scars
     12 (reggere, sostenere) [colonna, struttura] to bear*, to hold*, to support [tetto, peso]; [persona, animale] to bear* [ peso]
     13 (nutrire un sentimento) to bear*, to nourish [amore, rancore]; portare rispetto a qcn. to have respect for sb.; porta pazienza! be patient! have some patience!
     14 (addurre) to adduce, to put* forward [ragione, motivazioni]; to bring* forward, to produce [ prove]
     15 (comunicare, riferire) porta loro i miei saluti send them my regards
     16 mat. colloq. scrivo 3, porto 2 I put down 3 and carry 2
     17 portare via (prendere con sé) to take* away, to carry away; portare via la spazzatura to clear away the rubbish; "due hamburger da portare via" "two hamburgers to take away BE o to go AE "; (rubare) to steal*, to take*; (trasportare) [ acqua] to bear* away, to carry away [persona, barca]; [ vento] to blow* off, to blow* away [ cappello]; (richiedere) to take* (up) [ tempo]
     18 portare avanti (proseguire) to follow through, to pursue [idea, teoria]; to carry out [campagna, indagine]; (mettere avanti) to put* forward, to put* on [ orologio]
     19 portare indietro to take* back, to return [ merce]; (mettere indietro) to put* back, to turn back [ orologio]
     20 portare su to carry up; (al piano di sopra) to take* upstairs; (far aumentare) to force up [ prezzi]
     21 portare giù, sotto to bring* down; (al piano di sotto) to take* downstairs
     22 portare dentro to bring* inside, to fetch in
     23 portare fuori to carry out, to fetch out; portare fuori il cane to take the dog for a walk, to walk the dog; portare fuori l'immondizia to put the garbage out
     (aus. avere)
     1 (condurre) to lead*; questa strada porta alla chiesa this road leads to the church
     2 arm. un cannone che porta a 2500 metri a cannon with a range of 2500 metres
    III portarsi verbo pronominale
     1 (andare) to go*; (venire) to come*; (spostarsi) to move; - rsi in testa alla classifica to get to first place
     2 (con sé) to bring* along; - rsi il lavoro a casa to take one's work home
     3 portarsi dietro to bring* along; un'abitudine che ci si porta dietro dall'infanzia a habit that is carried over from childhood
     4 portarsi avanti (progredire) mi sono portata avanti nel lavoro I've got well ahead with my work.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > portare

  • 45 Political parties

       Portugal's political party system began only in the 19th century, and the first published, distinct political party program appeared about 1843. Under the constitutional monarchy (1834-1910), a number of political groupings or factions took the name of a political figure or soldier or, more commonly until the second half of the century, the name of the particular constitution they supported. For example, some were called "Septembrists," after the group that supported the 1836 (September) Revolution and the 1822 Constitution. Others described themselves as "Chartists" after King Pedro IV's 1826 Charter ( Carta). From the Regeneration to the fall of the monarchy in 1910, the leading political parties were the Regenerators and the Progressists (or Historicals). During the first parliamentary republic (1910-26), the leading political parties were the Portuguese Republican Party or "The Democrats," the Evolutionists, the Unionists, various monarchist factions, the Liberals, and the Nationalists. Small leftist parties were also established or reestablished after the collapse of President Sidónio Pais's New Republic (1917-18), the Socialist Party (PS) and the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP).
       Under the Estado Novo dictatorship (1926-74), all political parties and civic associations (such as the Masons) were banned in 1935, and the only legitimate political movement allowed was the regime's creature, the União Nacional (1930-74). Various oppositionist parties and factions began to participate in the rigged elections of the Estado Novo, beginning with the municipal elections of 1942 and continuing with general elections for president of the republic or the National Assembly (legislature) in 1945, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1961, 1969, 1972, etc. Among these parties were elements of the Communist Party, remnants of the old Portuguese Republican Party elite and of the old Socialist Party (originally founded in 1875), various workers' groups, and special electoral committees allowed by the regime to campaign during brief preelectoral exercises.
       The Revolution of 25 April 1974 swept away the regime's institutions and ushered in a flood of new political groups. During 1974 and 1975, about 60 new political parties and factions sprung up, but the PCP remained the senior, experienced political party. During the period of fallout and adjustment to the new pluralist, multiparty system of democracy (1974-85), four main political parties became the principal ones and garnered the largest percentage of votes in the many general and municipal elections held between the first free election of 25 April 1975, and the general election of 1985. These parties were the PCP, the PS, the Social Democrat Party (PSD), and the Social Democratic Center Party (CDS) or "Christian Democrats." Until 1985-87, the socialists were ahead in votes, but the social democrats were victorious, with clear majorities in 1987 and 1991. In the general elections of 1995 and 1999, the PS returned to power in the legislature, and in the presidential elections of 1996 and 2001, the victor was the socialist leader Jorge Sampaio. The PSD replaced the socialists in power in the 2002 general election.
        See also Left Bloc.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Political parties

  • 46 CIPFA

    abbr. Fin
    Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy: in the United Kingdom, one of the leading professional accountancy bodies and the only one that specializes in the public services, for example, local government, public service bodies, and national audit agencies, as well as major accountancy firms. It is responsible for the education and training of professional accountants and for their regulation through the setting and monitoring of professional standards. CIPFA also provides a range of advisory, information, and consulting services to public service organizations. As such, it is the leading independent commentator on managing accounting for public money.

    The ultimate business dictionary > CIPFA

  • 47 Wolf, Carl

    [br]
    b. 23 December 1838 Zwickau, Saxony, Germany
    d. 30 January 1915 Zwickau, Saxony, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of the most popular petroleum spirit safety lamp for use in mines.
    [br]
    From an old mining family in the Saxon coalfields, Wolf was aware from his youth of the urgent demand for a miner's lamp which would provide adequate light but not provoke firedamp explosions. While working as an engineer in Zwickau, Wolf spent his spare time conducting experiments for such a lamp. The basic concept of his invention was the principle that dangerous concentrations of methane and air would not explode within a small pipe; this had been established almost seventy years earlier by the English chemist Humphrey Davy. By combining and developing certain devices designed by earlier inventors, in 1883 Wolf produced a prototype with a glass cylinder, a primer fixed inside the lamp and a magnetic lock. Until the successful application of electric light, Wolfs invention was the safest and most popular mining safety lamp. Many earlier inventions had failed to address all the problems of lighting for mines; Davy's lamp, for example, would too quickly become sooty and hot. As Wolfs lamp burned petroleum spirit, at first it was mistrusted outside Saxony, but it successfully passed the safety tests in all the leading coal-producing countries at that time. As well as casting a safe, constant light, the appearance of the cap flame could indicate the concentration of fire-damp in the air, thus providing an additional safety measure. Wolfs first patent was soon followed by many others in several countries, and underwent many developments. In 1884 Heinrich Friemann, a merchant from Eisleben, invested capital in the new company of Friemann and Wolf, which became the leading producer of miners' safety lamps. By 1914 they had manufactured over one million lamps, and the company had branches in major mining districts worldwide.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    F.Schwarz, 1914, Entwickelung und gegenwär-tiger Stand der Grubenbeleuchtung beim Steinkohlen-Bergbau, Gelsenkirchen (a systematic historical outline of safety lamp designs).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Wolf, Carl

  • 48 قيادة

    قِيَادَة \ command: control; official charge: Who is in command of this ship?. lead: the act of leading; a personal example; sth. that guides: The rest of the class followed his lead. The footmarks gave the police a lead. leadership: the qualities of a leader; the act of leading: Under his leadership we are sure to win.

    Arabic-English dictionary > قيادة

  • 49 command

    قِيَادَة \ command: control; official charge: Who is in command of this ship?. lead: the act of leading; a personal example; sth. that guides: The rest of the class followed his lead. The footmarks gave the police a lead. leadership: the qualities of a leader; the act of leading: Under his leadership we are sure to win.

    Arabic-English glossary > command

  • 50 lead

    قِيَادَة \ command: control; official charge: Who is in command of this ship?. lead: the act of leading; a personal example; sth. that guides: The rest of the class followed his lead. The footmarks gave the police a lead. leadership: the qualities of a leader; the act of leading: Under his leadership we are sure to win.

    Arabic-English glossary > lead

  • 51 leadership

    قِيَادَة \ command: control; official charge: Who is in command of this ship?. lead: the act of leading; a personal example; sth. that guides: The rest of the class followed his lead. The footmarks gave the police a lead. leadership: the qualities of a leader; the act of leading: Under his leadership we are sure to win.

    Arabic-English glossary > leadership

  • 52 nyweza

    [Swahili Word] -nyweza
    [English Word] cause to shrink
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Class] causative
    [Derived Word] nywea V
    [Swahili Example] hofu ilimtawala kila mtu, ikawanyweza walionywea [Moh]
    [English Example] "Horror gripped everyone, leading to the shrinking of the mortified ones".
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > nyweza

  • 53 bailarín

    adj.
    dancing.
    m.
    dancer, ballet dancer.
    * * *
    1 (que baila) dancing; (que gusta de bailar) who likes dancing
    nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 dancer
    * * *
    (f. - bailarina)
    noun
    * * *
    bailarín, -ina
    1.
    2.
    SM / F dancer; (tb: bailarín/ina de ballet) (=hombre) ballet dancer; (=mujer) ballet dancer, ballerina

    bailarín/ina de claqué — tap dancer

    * * *
    I
    - rina adjetivo
    a) < persona> fond of dancing
    b) <mono/perro> dancing (before n)
    II
    - rina masculino, femenino dancer
    * * *
    = dancer.
    Ex. An artiste is a person who practices the performing arts; for example, a singer, a circus performer, dancer, magician, etc.
    ----
    * bailarina de ballet = ballet dancer.
    * bailarina de danza del del vientre = belly dancer.
    * bailarín de ballet = ballet dancer.
    * * *
    I
    - rina adjetivo
    a) < persona> fond of dancing
    b) <mono/perro> dancing (before n)
    II
    - rina masculino, femenino dancer
    * * *

    Ex: An artiste is a person who practices the performing arts; for example, a singer, a circus performer, dancer, magician, etc.

    * bailarina de ballet = ballet dancer.
    * bailarina de danza del del vientre = belly dancer.
    * bailarín de ballet = ballet dancer.

    * * *
    1 ‹persona› fond of dancing
    ¡qué bailarín te ha salido el chico! your kid's turned out to be quite a little dancer, hasn't he? ( colloq)
    2 ‹mono/perro› dancing ( before n)
    masculine, feminine
    A (persona) dancer primero1 (↑ primero (1))
    Compuestos:
    feminine ballerina, ballet dancer
    feminine belly dancer
    masculine ballet dancer
    bailarina feminine de table dance
    ( AmL) table dancer
    B
    * * *

    bailarín
    ◊ - rina sustantivo masculino, femenino

    dancer;
    primer bailarín leading dancer;
    primera bailarina prima ballerina
    bailarín,-ina adjetivo & sustantivo masculino y femenino dancer

    ' bailarín' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bailarina
    - duende
    English:
    ballet dancer
    - dancer
    - tap dancer
    - ballet
    * * *
    bailarín, -ina
    adj
    ser muy bailarín to be a very keen dancer
    nm,f
    [profesional] dancer; [de ballet] ballet dancer
    * * *
    I adj
    :
    es muy bailarín he loves dancing
    II m, bailarina f dancer
    * * *
    bailarín, - rina adj, mpl - rines
    1) : dancing
    2) : fond of dancing
    bailarín, - rina n, mpl - rines
    1) : dancer
    2) : ballet dancer, ballerina f
    * * *
    1. (en general) dancer
    2. (de ballet) ballet dancer

    Spanish-English dictionary > bailarín

  • 54 potencia

    f.
    1 power.
    tiene mucha potencia it's very powerful
    las grandes potencias the major (world) powers
    2 potency, power, strength.
    3 powerful nation, a state or nation having international authority or influence, a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world, leading nation.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: potenciar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: potenciar.
    * * *
    1 (capacidad) power
    2 (país) power
    \
    en potencia potential, budding
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=capacidad) power

    potencia electoral — voting power, power in terms of votes

    potencia muscular — muscular power, muscular strength

    2) (Mec) power
    3) (Pol) power
    4) (Mat) power
    5) (Rel) (tb: potencia del alma) faculty
    6)

    en potencia — potential, in the making

    * * *
    1)
    a) (fuerza, capacidad) power
    b) (Fís, Mec) power
    2) (nación, organización) power

    una potencia naval/nuclear — a naval/nuclear power

    3) (Mat) power
    * * *
    = horsepower, potential, power, powerhouse, power engine.
    Ex. Failure, for example, to observe the distinction between HORSE and HORSES creates the possibility of having to consider CHESTNUT; HORSESHOE; and HORSEPOWER (MECHANICS) while attempting to connect the two sequences.
    Ex. As the pointer moves, its potential is varied in accordance with a varying electrical current received over wires from a distant station.
    Ex. Conversion of binary to decimal is easy when it is remembered that each binary digit represents a power of 2.
    Ex. From a position of relative strength in the 1950s, when Central Europe was the hotbed of European sport, the region has suffered a relative decline compared to the powerhouses of Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK.
    Ex. Knowledge management is also being recognized as a power engine through which educational institutions can address their need for innovation and creativity.
    ----
    * de alta potencia = high power.
    * de gran potencia = high-powered.
    * enchufe de potencia = power socket.
    * en potencia = anticipated, intending, potentially.
    * explosivo de alta potencia = high explosive.
    * gran potencia = great power.
    * potencia 7 Número + elevado a la potencia de + Número = Número + to the power of + Número.
    * potencia colonial = colonial power.
    * potencia comercial = commercial power.
    * potencia de la señal = signal strength.
    * potencia eléctrica = power.
    * potencia industrial = industrial power.
    * potencia mundial = world power.
    * potencia nuclear = nuclear power.
    * trabajar por debajo de su potencia ideal = underload.
    * unidad de potencia = unit of power.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (fuerza, capacidad) power
    b) (Fís, Mec) power
    2) (nación, organización) power

    una potencia naval/nuclear — a naval/nuclear power

    3) (Mat) power
    * * *
    = horsepower, potential, power, powerhouse, power engine.

    Ex: Failure, for example, to observe the distinction between HORSE and HORSES creates the possibility of having to consider CHESTNUT; HORSESHOE; and HORSEPOWER (MECHANICS) while attempting to connect the two sequences.

    Ex: As the pointer moves, its potential is varied in accordance with a varying electrical current received over wires from a distant station.
    Ex: Conversion of binary to decimal is easy when it is remembered that each binary digit represents a power of 2.
    Ex: From a position of relative strength in the 1950s, when Central Europe was the hotbed of European sport, the region has suffered a relative decline compared to the powerhouses of Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK.
    Ex: Knowledge management is also being recognized as a power engine through which educational institutions can address their need for innovation and creativity.
    * de alta potencia = high power.
    * de gran potencia = high-powered.
    * enchufe de potencia = power socket.
    * en potencia = anticipated, intending, potentially.
    * explosivo de alta potencia = high explosive.
    * gran potencia = great power.
    * potencia 7 Número + elevado a la potencia de + Número = Número + to the power of + Número.
    * potencia colonial = colonial power.
    * potencia comercial = commercial power.
    * potencia de la señal = signal strength.
    * potencia eléctrica = power.
    * potencia industrial = industrial power.
    * potencia mundial = world power.
    * potencia nuclear = nuclear power.
    * trabajar por debajo de su potencia ideal = underload.
    * unidad de potencia = unit of power.

    * * *
    A
    1 (fuerza, capacidad) power
    la potencia militar de los dos países the military power o might of the two countries
    se vanagloriaba de su potencia sexual he used to boast about his sexual prowess
    para reducir la potencia de los sindicatos to reduce the power of the unions
    este niño es un artista en potencia this child has the makings of an artist o has the potential to be an artist
    2 ( Fís, Mec) power
    Compuestos:
    brake horsepower
    B (nación, organización) power
    una potencia naval/nuclear a naval/nuclear power
    C ( Mat) power
    cinco elevado a la cuarta potencia five (raised) to the power of four
    * * *

     

    Del verbo potenciar: ( conjugate potenciar)

    potencia es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    potencia    
    potenciar
    potencia sustantivo femenino
    power;
    potencia militar/nuclear military/nuclear power;

    este niño es un artista en potencia this child has the makings of an artist
    potenciar ( conjugate potenciar) verbo transitivo (period)
    a)desarrollo/investigación/exportaciones to boost;

    relaciones/unidad/talento to foster;
    cultura to promote

    potencia sustantivo femenino
    1 power
    2 Pol power
    potencias extranjeras, foreign powers
    ♦ Locuciones: un asesino en potencia, a potential murderer
    potenciar verbo transitivo to promote, strengthen
    ' potencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    elevar
    English:
    N
    - output
    - potency
    - power
    - would-be
    - high
    - material
    - potential
    - strength
    * * *
    1. [capacidad, fuerza] power;
    la potencia de las aguas derribó el dique the force of the water burst the dyke;
    este automóvil tiene mucha potencia this car is very powerful
    potencia sexual sexual prowess
    2. Fís power
    potencia acústica acoustic power;
    potencia de un cohete rocket thrust;
    potencia de una lente power of a lens
    3. [país] power;
    las grandes potencias the major (world) powers
    potencia mundial world power;
    es una potencia mundial en la fabricación de automóviles it's one of the major o main car manufacturers in the world;
    potencia nuclear nuclear power
    4. [posibilidad]
    en potencia potentially;
    una campeona en potencia a potential champion
    5. Mat power;
    elevar a la segunda potencia to raise to the second power, to square;
    elevar a la tercera potencia to raise to the third power, to cube
    * * *
    f power;
    en potencia potential;
    elevar a la décima potencia MAT raise to the power of ten
    * * *
    1) : power
    potencias extranjeras: foreign powers
    elevado a la tercera potencia: raised to the third power
    2) : capacity, potency
    * * *
    potencia n power

    Spanish-English dictionary > potencia

  • 55 precedente

    adj.
    previous, preceding.
    m.
    precedent.
    sentar precedente to set a precedent
    sin precedentes unprecedented
    * * *
    1 preceding
    1 precedent
    \
    sentar precedente to set a precedent
    servir de precedente to set a precedent
    hoy puedes salir, pero que no sirva de precedente you can go out today, but don't make a habit of it
    sin precedente without precedent, unprecedented
    * * *
    1. adj.
    preceding, previous
    2. noun m.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ preceding, previous, foregoing frm
    2.

    establecer o sentar un precedente — to set a precedent

    sin precedente(s)(=sin antecedentes) unprecedented, without precedent; (=sin igual) unparalleled

    por primera vez y sin que sirva de precedente, voy a seguir tu consejo — just this once, I'll follow your advice

    * * *
    I
    adjetivo previous
    II
    masculino precedent

    sentar precedentes or (un) precedente — to set a precedent

    * * *
    = precedent, preceding, beginning, foregoing.
    Ex. During the earlier part of the nineteenth century, American printers largely followed English precedents, as they had done throughout the eighteenth.
    Ex. Because the assumption in this method is that none of the preceding years' operations are worth continuing unless they can be shown to be necessary, zero-based budgeting (ZZB) can be useful for paring out the deadwood of obsolete or uselessly extravagant programs.
    Ex. In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex. The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.
    ----
    * que sienta precedente = landmark.
    * relativo a un precedente = precedential.
    * sentar precedente = provide + precedent for, set + precedent.
    * sin precedente = unparalleled, unexampled.
    * sin precedentes = unprecedented, record breaking, record-high, all-time.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo previous
    II
    masculino precedent

    sentar precedentes or (un) precedente — to set a precedent

    * * *
    = precedent, preceding, beginning, foregoing.

    Ex: During the earlier part of the nineteenth century, American printers largely followed English precedents, as they had done throughout the eighteenth.

    Ex: Because the assumption in this method is that none of the preceding years' operations are worth continuing unless they can be shown to be necessary, zero-based budgeting (ZZB) can be useful for paring out the deadwood of obsolete or uselessly extravagant programs.
    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex: The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.
    * que sienta precedente = landmark.
    * relativo a un precedente = precedential.
    * sentar precedente = provide + precedent for, set + precedent.
    * sin precedente = unparalleled, unexampled.
    * sin precedentes = unprecedented, record breaking, record-high, all-time.

    * * *
    previous
    el gobierno precedente ya lo había intentado the previous government had already tried
    los días precedentes a su muerte the days leading up to o preceding his death
    las ideas expresadas en el capítulo precedente the ideas set out in the preceding chapter
    precedent
    sentar precedentes or (un) precedente to set a precedent
    bueno, pero que esto no sirva de precedente all right, but I don't want this to become a regular occurrence
    fue un caso sin precedentes it was an unprecedented case
    * * *

    precedente adjetivo
    previous
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    precedent;

    precedente
    I adjetivo previous
    II sustantivo masculino precedent: es una decisión sin precedentes, it's an unprecedented decision
    sentar un precedente, to set a precedent

    ' precedente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    jurisprudencia
    - sentar
    - antecedente
    - establecer
    - inédito
    English:
    precedent
    - preceding
    - in
    * * *
    adj
    previous, preceding;
    en años precedentes in previous years
    nm
    precedent;
    sentar (un) precedente to set a precedent;
    que no sirva de precedente this is not to become a regular occurrence;
    sin precedentes unprecedented
    * * *
    I adj previous
    II m precedent;
    sin precedentes unprecedented, without precedent;
    sentar un precedente set a precedent
    * * *
    : preceding, previous
    : precedent

    Spanish-English dictionary > precedente

  • 56 εὐθύς

    εὐθύς, εῖα, ύ, [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. [full] ἰθύς (q.v.: so always in Hom.and Hdt.),
    A straight, direct, whether vertically or horizontally, opp. σκολιός, καμπύλος, Pl.Tht. 194b, R. 602c, etc.; κατὰ τὸ εὐθὺ ἑστάναι stands still with reference to the vertical, of a spinning top, ib. 436e; εὐ. πλόος, ὁδοί, Pi.O.6.103, N.1.25, etc.;

    εὐθυτέρα ὁδός X.Cyr.1.3.4

    ;

    ὁδοὺς εὐθείας ἔτεμε Th.2.100

    ;

    ῥόμβος ἀκόντων Pi.O.13.93

    ; εὐθείᾳ (sc. ὁδῷ) by the straight road, Pl.Lg. 716a;

    εὐθεῖαν ἕρπε A.Fr. 195

    ; τὴν εὐ. E.Med. 384;

    ἐπ' εὐθείας D.S.19.38

    , Ascl.Tact.2.6, Plot.2.1.8; so also

    εἰς τὸ εὐ.βλέπειν X.Eq.7.17

    , etc.; πλήρης τοῦ εὐθέος tired of going straight forward, ib.14; ἡ ἐς τὸ εὐ. τῆς ῥητορικῆς ὁδός the direct road to.., Luc.Rh.Pr. 10; κατ' εὐθύ on level ground, LXX 3 Ki.21.23; but ἡ κατ' εὐ. τάσις in the direct line, Apollon.Cit.2; on the same side, Gal.8.62; also, opp. εἰς τὸ ἐντός, Plot.6.7.14.
    2 in moral sense, straightforward, frank, of persons,

    εὐθὺν χρὴ τὸν ἑταῖρον ἔμμεν καὶ μὴ σκολιὰ φρονεῖν Scol. 16

    ;

    κοινᾶνι παρ' εὐθυτάτῳ Pi.P.3.28

    ;

    ῥῆτραι Tyrt.4.6

    ;

    τόλμα Pi.O. 13.12

    ;

    δίκα Id.N.10.12

    ;

    κρῖνε δ' εὐθεῖαν δίκην A.Eu. 433

    , cf.

    Ἀρχ. Ἐφ. 1911.134

    ([place name] Gonni);

    ὁ εὐθὺς λόγος E.Hipp. 492

    ;

    τὸ εὐ. τε καὶ τὸ ἐλεύθερον Pl.Tht. 173a

    ; ἀπὸ τοῦ εὐθέος λέγειν to speak straight out, Th.3.43; ἐκ τοῦ εὐ. ὑπουργεῖν outright, openly, without reserve, Id.1.34; ἐκ τοῦ εὐ., opp. δι' αἰνιγμάτων, Paus.8.8.3: in fem.,

    τὴν εὐθεῖάν τινι συνειπεῖν Plu.Cic.7

    ;

    ἁπλῶς καὶ δι' εὐθείας Id.2.408e

    ; ἀπ' εὐθείας ib.57a, Fab.3; κατ' εὐθεῖαν by direct reasoning, Dam.Pr. 432; μηδὲν ἐξ εὐθείας παρέχει (an amulet) does no good directly, Sor.2.42.
    3 εὐθεῖα, , as Subst.,
    a (sc. γραμμή) straight line, Arist.APr. 49b35, al., Euc. 1 Def.7, al.; ἐπ' εὐθείας εἶναι lie in a straight line, Archim.Con.Sph.7, al.; ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν εὐ., ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς εὐ. ἐκτείνειν, in the same line, Plb. 3.113.2,3; ἐπὶ μίαν εὐ. ib.8: [comp] Comp.,

    εὐθυτέρα ἡ γραμμὴ γίνεται Arist. Mech. 855a24

    .
    b (sc. πτῶσις) nominative case, D.T.636.5, A.D. Pron.6.11, etc.; κατ' εὐθύ in the nominative, Arist.SE 182a3.
    B as Adv., [full] εὐθύς and [full] εὐθύ, the former prop. of Time, the latter of Place, Phryn.119, etc.
    I [full] εὐθύ, of Place, straight, usu. of motion or direction,

    εὐθὺ Πύλονδε

    straight to..,

    h.Merc.342

    ;

    εὐθὺ πρὸς τὰ νυμφικὰ λέχη S.OT 1242

    ; εὐ. [τὴν ἐπὶ] Βαβυλῶνος straight towards.., X.Cyr.5.2.37: and so c. gen., εὐ. τῶν κυρηβίων, εὐθὺ Πελλήνης, Ar.Eq. 254, Av. 1421;

    εὐ.τοῦ Διός Id. Pax68

    ;

    εὐ. τοὐρόφου Eup.47

    ;

    εὐ. τῆς σωτηρίας Ar. Pax 301

    , cf. Th.8.88, etc.; ἀποθανούμενος ᾔει εὐ. τοῦ δαιμονίου in opposition to.., Pl.Thg. 129a (s.v.l.); cf. ἰθύς.
    2 = ἁπλῶς, simply,

    καλεῖν Thphr.HP3.8.2

    , cf. 9.13.2.
    3 rarely of Time, Philoch.144, Arist.Rh. 1414b25, UPZ77.27 (ii B.C.), PGrenf.1.1.24 (ii B.C.), Aristeas 24, Luc.Nav.22.
    II [full] εὐθύς,
    1 of Time, straightway, forthwith, Pi.O.8.41;

    ὁ δ' εὐ. ὡς ἤκουσε A.Pers. 361

    ;

    ὁ δ' εὐ. ἐξῴμωξεν S.Aj. 317

    ;

    τὸ μὲν εὐ. τὸ δὲ καὶ διανοούμενον Th.1.1

    , cf. 5.3, 7.77; joined with other adverbial words,

    τάχα δ' εὐ. ἰών Pi.P.4.83

    ;

    εὐ. κατὰ τάχος Th.6.101

    ; εὐ. παραχρῆμα (v. sub παραχρῆμα)

    ; εὐ. ἀπ' αρχῆς Ar. Pax84

    (anap.);

    εὐ. ἐξ ἀρχῆς X.Cyr.7.2.16

    ; ἐξ ἀρχῆς εὐ. Arist.Pol. 1287b10;

    εὐ. κατ' ἀρχάς Pl.Ti. 24b

    ;

    ἀφ' ἑσπέρας εὐ. ἤδη Luc. Gall.1

    ; εὐ. ἐκ νέου, ἐκ παιδός, even from one's youth, Pl.R. 485d, 519a;

    εὐ. ἐκ παιδίου X.Cyr.1.6.20

    : with a part.,

    εὐ. νέοι ὄντες Th.2.39

    ;

    εὐ. ἥκων X.An.4.7.2

    ;

    εὐ. ἀπεκτονώς D.23.127

    ; τοῦ θέρους εὐ. ἀρχομένου just at the beginning of summer, Th.2.47; ἀρξάμενος εὐ. καθισταμένου [τοῦ πολέμου] from the very beginning of the war, Id.1.1; εὐ. ἀποβεβηκότι immediately on disembarking, Id.4.43; εὐ. γενομένοις at the moment of birth, Pl.Tht. 186b: metaph., at once, naturally, ὑπάρχει εὐθὺς γένη ἔχον τὸ ὄν Being falls at once into genera, Arist. Metaph. 1004a5, cf.Po. 1452a14: with Subst.,

    ἡ τῶν Ἰταλιωτῶν εὐθὺς φυγή Hdn.8.1.5

    .
    2 less freq. in a local relation, ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως εὐ. just above the city, Th.6.96; παρ' αὐτὴν εὐ. ὁ ἔσπλους ἐστίν directly past it (the mole), Id.8.90; ἐγγύτατα τούτου εὐ. ἐχομένη immediately adjoining this, ibid., cf. Theoc.25.23; εὐ. ἐπὶ τὴν γέφυραν Foed. ap. Th.4.118, cf. X.Cyr.7.2.1,2, 2.4.24, Ages.1.29; τὴν εὐ. Ἄργους κἀπιδαυρίας ὁδόν the road leading straight to Argos, E.Hipp. 1197 (condemned by Phot.);

    εὐ. Λυκείου Pherecr.110

    , cf. Arist.HA 498a32, etc.
    3 of Manner, directly, simply, v.l. in Pl.Men. 100a.
    4 like αὐτίκα 11: for instance, to take the first example that occurs,

    ὥσπερ ζῷον εὐθύς Arist.Pol. 1277a6

    , cf. Cael. 284b10, etc.;

    οἷον εὐθύς Cleom. 1.1

    , D.Chr.11.145.
    C regul. Adv. [full] εὐθέως, used just as εὐθύς, S.Aj.31, OC 994, E. Fr.31, Pl.Phd. 63a, etc.; αἰσθόμενος εὐθέως as soon as he perceived, Lys.3.11;

    ἐπεὶ εὐθέως ᾔσθοντο X.HG3.2.4

    ;

    εὐθέως παραχρῆμα Antipho 1.20

    , D.52.6.
    2 = εὐθύς B. 11.4, οἷον εὐθέως as for example, Plb.6.52.1,12.5.6 (dub. sens. in Hp.Art.55); so εὐ. alone, Ph.2.589. ( εὐθέως is the commoner form in later Greek, PCair.Zen.34.17 (iii B.C.), etc.)

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > εὐθύς

  • 57 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 58 прецедент

    1) General subject: case, cause, precedent, test case (дело, имеющее принципиальное значение для разрешения ряда аналогичных дел; дело по "пробному" иску, подаваемому для определения правовой позиции определённого круга лиц, не являющихся сторонами в деле; дело, на котором проверяетс), use case (тж. вариант использования, сценарий использования; 1) последовательность действий (транзакций) в диалоге пользователя и системы с получением реального результата; 2) в языке UML - с помощью прецедентов (на диаграммах прецедент изо), leading card
    2) Aviation: study case (случай или ситуация, которые имели место и были включены в базу данных)
    4) Ecology: baseline case
    5) Business: instance, res judicata
    6) Aviation medicine: antecedent event

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > прецедент

  • 59 пример

    1) General subject: compare, example, exemplification (иллюстративный), exemplum, exercise, exercise (арифметический и т.п.), exercitation, for instance, for-instance, foregoer, gauge, illustration, instance, lead, model, paradigm, piece, sample (образец, экземпляр), pattern, exhibit (в книге пример чего-либо, выделенный во врезку), leading card
    2) Mathematics: case, case study
    4) Architecture: monument
    5) Cinema: showpiece
    6) Information technology: specimen

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пример

  • 60 Т-142

    СБИВАТЬ/СБИТЬ С ТОЛКУ кого coll VP subj: human or abstr
    1. (more often pfv) to perplex s.o., throw s.o. into a state of (uneasy) confusion, make s.o. unable to see the situation clearly
    X сбил Y-a с толку = X confused (nonplussed, bewildered, muddled, disconcerted, derailed) Y
    X got Y confused (flustered) X got Y all mixed up (screwed up, shook up etc) X knocked Y off track (course) X rattled Y thing X threw Y off.
    Его рассуждения опять сбили Надю с толку (Дудинцев 1). His reasoning had again confused Nadia (1a).
    (Говорящий - мул) Молодец мой старик. Что мне в нём нравится, так это то, что никто его не может сбить с толку. Если уж он что-то сам решил, так пусть хоть всем селом навалятся на него, он всё равно будет делать по-своему (Искандер 3). (The speaker is а mule) Good for my old man. What I like is that no one can muddle him. Once he's made up his mind to something, even if the whole village puts pressure on him, he'll still do it his own way (3a).
    Гусев мне надоел, и я нарочно болтал разную ерунду, чтобы сбить его с толку (Войнович 5). I was fed up with Gusev and I was purposely babbling all sorts of nonsense to derail him (5a).
    «Да у тебя белая горячка, что ль! - заревел взбесившийся наконец Разумихин. - Чего ты комедии-то разыгрываешь! Даже меня сбил с толку...» (Достоевский 3). "Have you got brain fever or what?" Razumikhin bellowed, finally enraged. "What is this farce you're playing? You've even got me all screwed up..." (3c).
    «Когда вас спрашивают, вы должны отвечать», - тоном педагога сказал Радов. «Я вам вообще ничего не должен, - сказал я. - Если бы я пришёл вступать в Союз писателей, тогда был бы должен. А я пришёл с вами прощаться». Это их как-то сбило с толку... (Войнович 1). "When you're asked a question, you should answer it," said Radov in a teacherly tone of voice. "I don't have to do anything of the sort," I said. "I would if I were here trying to join the Writers' Union, but I'm here to say good-bye." Somehow that knocked them off course... (1a).
    Вы - не Достоевский», - сказала гражданка, сбиваемая с толку Коровьевым. «Ну, почём знать, почём знать», - ответил тот (Булгаков 9). "You are not Dostoevsky," said the woman, somewhat rattled by Koroviev's logic. "You never can tell, you never can tell," he answered (9a).
    2. by serving as a bad example or exerting some influence on s.o., to induce s.o. to change his behavior for the worse, drive s.o. to do sth. wrong
    X сбивает Y-a с толку - X is leading Y astray (into temptation, down the wrong path).
    Чёрт сбил с толку обоих чиновников: чиновники, говоря попросту, перебесились и перессорились ни за что (Гоголь 3). The Devil led the two officials astray: the officials, to put it plainly, went crazy and fell out with each other for no reason whatsoever (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Т-142

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  • Leading man — or leading gentleman is an informal term for the actor who plays a love interest to the leading actress in a film or play. A leading man is usually an all rounder; capable of singing, dancing, and acting at a professional level, but never… …   Wikipedia

  • Leading edge cuff — Leading edge cuffs are a fixed aerodynamic device employed on fixed wing aircraft to modify the airfoil used. They may be either factory installed or, more commonly, an after market modification.In most cases a leading edge cuff will “droop” the… …   Wikipedia

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