knowledge+link

   The continental European country with which Portugal has had the closest and most friendly relations since the Middle Ages and whose culture since early modern times has been the most important model for Portugal's culture. Beginning in the Reconquest, French groups assisted the Portuguese in fighting the Muslims, and Portugal's first royal dynasty was Burgundian. Various French religious orders settled in Portugal and brought new skills and ideas. Franco-Portuguese relations in diplomacy went through various phases after a virtual break between the two monarchies during the Hundred Years' War and Castile's campaigns to conquer Portugal up to the battle of Aljubarrota (1385), when France was the main ally of Castile. France gave Portugal vital assistance in the 16th and 17th centuries against Spanish aggression. French aid was given to Dom Antônio, Prior of Crato, who opposed Filipe's domination of Portugal, and to restoration Portugal during the War of Restoration (1640-68). With the important exception of the disastrous Napoleonic invasions and war (1807-11), Franco-Portuguese relations in diplomacy, trade, and culture were exceptionally good from the first quarter of the 19th century.

   In part as a response to unpopular Castilianization during Spain's domination, the Portuguese found French culture a comforting, novel foil and prestigious alternative. Despite Great Britain's dominance in matters commercial, diplomatic, and political under the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, French culture and politics came to enjoy primary importance in Portugal. Even in commerce, France was Portugal's third or fourth best customer during the 19th century. Especially between 1820 and 1960, French influence provided a major model for the well-educated.

   A brief list of some key political, literary, philosophical, and artistic ideas Portugal eagerly embraced is suggestive. King Pedro IV's 1826 Charter ( A Carta) was directly modeled on an early French constitution. French models of liberalism and socialism prevailed in politics; impressionism in art; romanticism and realism, Parnassian-ism, and symbolism in literature; positivism and Bergsonianism in philosophy, etc. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Portuguese language, including vocabulary and orthography (spelling), experienced extensive Frenchification. French became the second language of Portugal's elite, providing access to knowledge and information vital for the education and development of isolated Portugal.

   French cultural influences became pervasive and entered the country by various means: through the French invasions before 1811, trade and commerce, improved international communication and transportation, Portuguese emigration to France (which became a mass movement after 1950), and close diplomatic and intellectual relations. An example of the importance of French culture until recently, when British and American cultural influences have become more significant, was that works in French dominated foreign book sections in Portuguese bookstores. If Portugal retained the oldest diplomatic link in world history with Britain, its chief cultural model until recently was France. Until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the largest portion of Portugal's educated elite studying abroad resided in France and took French higher degrees. The pattern of Portuguese students in higher education abroad has diversified in the years since, and now a significant portion are studying in other European continental states as well as in Britain and the United States. Diplomatic posts in France rank high in the pecking order of Portugal's small foreign service.

bridge [brɪdʒ]

1 noun

(a) (structure) pont m;

∎ the engineers built or put a bridge across the river les ingénieurs ont construit ou jeté un pont sur le fleuve

(b) figurative (link) rapprochement m;

∎ building bridges between East and West efforts mpl de rapprochement entre l'Est et l'Ouest

(c) Nautical (of ship) passerelle f (de commandement)

(d) (of nose) arête f; (of glasses) arcade f

(e) Music (of stringed instrument) chevalet m

(f) (dentures) bridge m

(g) Cards bridge m;

∎ what about a game of bridge? et si on faisait un bridge?;

∎ do you play bridge? jouez-vous au bridge?;

∎ they're playing bridge ils bridgent

(h) (in billiards, snooker, pool) chevalet m

(i) Sport (in wrestling) pont m;

∎ to make a bridge ponter

(j) Computing (in network) pont m

2 compound-forming noun

Cards (party, tournament) de bridge

3 transitive verb

(river) construire ou jeter un pont sur;

∎ figurative a composer whose work bridged two centuries un compositeur dont l'œuvre est à cheval sur deux siècles;

∎ to bridge the generation gap combler le fossé entre les générations;

∎ in order to bridge the gap in our knowledge/in our resources pour combler la lacune dans notre savoir/le trou dans nos ressources

►► American Finance bridge loan prêt-relais m;

Cards bridge player bridgeur(euse) m,f;

British bridge roll petit pain m (au lait)

✾ Film 'The Bridge on the River Kwai' Lean 'Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï'

✾ Film 'A Bridge Too Far' Attenborough 'Un pont trop loin'

intimate

1 adjective ['ɪntɪmət]

(a) (friend, relationship) intime;

∎ we were never very intimate nous n'avons jamais été (des amis) intimes;

∎ we're on intimate terms with them nous sommes très amis, ils font partie de nos amis intimes

(b) (small and cosy) intime;

∎ an intimate little bar un petit bar intime;

∎ an intimate dinner for two un dîner en amoureux;

∎ an intimate (little) dinner party un dîner en tête-à-tête, un petit dîner à deux

(c) euphemism formal (sexually)

∎ they were intimate on more than one occasion ils ont eu des rapports (intimes) à plusieurs reprises;

∎ he admitted to having had intimate relations with her il a reconnu avoir eu des rapports avec elle

(d) (personal, private) intime;

∎ humorous spare me the intimate details! fais-moi grâce de tous ces détails!

(e) (thorough) profond, approfondi;

∎ she has an intimate knowledge of the field elle connaît le sujet à fond

(f) (close, direct) étroit;

∎ an intimate link un lien étroit

2 noun

['ɪntɪmət] intime mf

3 transitive verb ['ɪntɪmeɪt]

(a) (hint, imply) laisser entendre, insinuer;

∎ he intimated that he had had an affair with her il a laissé entendre qu'il avait eu une liaison avec elle;

∎ her speech intimated strong disapproval son discours laissait paraître son profond désaccord

(b) formal (make known → order) intimer; (→ one's intentions) signifier

the way in which somebody approaches the acquisition of knowledge and skills. Learning styles have been divided into four main types by Peter Honey and Alan Mumford, in their Manual of Learning Styles (1982). The types of learners are: the activist, who likes to get involved in new experiences and enjoys the challenges of change; the theorist, who likes to question assumptions and methodologies and learns best when there is time to explore links between ideas and situations; the pragmatist, who prefers practicality and learns best when there is a link between the subject matter and the job in hand and when he or she can try out what he or she has learned; and the reflector, who likes to take his or her time and think things through, and who learns best from activities where he or she can observe and conduct research. One person can demonstrate more than one learning style, and the category or categories that best describe somebody can be determined through use of a learning styles questionnaire.

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.

In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.

Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.

Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.

In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.

Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.

During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.

In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.

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See also: Pihl, Carl Abraham; Seguin, Marc

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology, Automotive engineering, Land transport

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The credit for the first design of sheep shears lies with James Higham, who patented the idea in 1868. However, its practical and commercial success lay in the work of a number of people, to each of whom Frederick Wolseley provides the connecting link.

One of three brothers, he emigrated to Australia in 1854 and worked in New South Wales for five years. In 1867 he produced a working model of mechanical sheep shears, but it took a further five years before he actually produced a machine, whilst working as Manager of a sheep station in Victoria. In the intervening period it is possible that he visited America and Britain. On returning to Australia in 1872 he and Robert Savage produced another working model in a workshop in Melbourne. Four years later, by which time Wolseley had acquired the "Euroka" sheep station at Walgett, they tested the model and in 1877 acquired joint patent rights. The machine was not successful, and in 1884 another joint patent, this time with Robert Pickup, was taken out on a cog-gear universal joint. Development was to take several more years, during which a highly skilled blacksmith by the name of George Gray joined the team. It is likely that he was the first person to remove a fleece from a sheep mechanically. Finally, the last to be involved in the development of the shears was another Englishman, John Howard, who emigrated to Australia in 1883 with the intention of developing a shearing machine based on his knowledge of existing horse clippers. Wolseley purchased Howard's patent rights and gave him a job. The first public demonstration of the shears was held at the wool stores of Goldsborough \& Co. of Melbourne. Although the hand shearers were faster, when the three sheep that had been clipped by them were re-shorn using the mechanical machine, a further 2 lb (900 g) of wool was removed.

Wolseley placed the first manufacturing order with A.P.Parks, who employed a young Englishman by the name of Herbert Austin. A number of improvements to the design were suggested by Austin, who acquired patents and assigned them to Wolseley in 1895 in return for shares in the company. Austin returned to England to run the Wolseley factory in Birmingham. He also built there the first car to carry the Wolseley name, and subsequently opened a car factory carrying his own name.

Wolseley resigned as Managing Director of the company in 1894 and died five years later.

[br]

1. n համայնական հող. ամայի տեղ. համայնական արոտավայր.

2. a ընդհանուր in common ընդհանուր, միատեղ. have nothing in common ոչ մի ընդհանուր բան չունենալ. out of the common արտասովոր. a common bathroom ընդհա նուր լողարան. by common consent ընդհանուր հա մաձայնությամբ. find common language ընդհանուր լեզու գտնել. the common good ընդհանուր բարօրություն. common noun քեր. հասարակ գո յա կան. (սովորական, լայնատարած) a common error հասարակ/սովորական սխալ. in common use շատ օգտա գործելի. It is common knowledge Հանրա հայտ է. (սովորական, հասարակ) the common people հասարակ մարդիկ. quite common weather բա վա կան սովորական եղանակ. common practice սո վո րա բար ընդունված. common sense առողջ դա տո ղու թյուն. common multiple մաթ. ընդհանուր բազ մա պա տկիչ. հմկրգ. common link ընդ հա նուր կա նալ. common software ստանդարտ ծրագրային ապա հո վում

 

автоматизированная система, управляющая
АСУ
Управляющая система, часть функций которой, главным образом функцию принятия решений, выполняет человек-оператор.
Примечание
В зависимости от объектов управления различают, например: АСУ П, когда объектом управления является предприятие; АСУ ТП, когда объектом управления является технологический процесс; ОАСУ, когда объектом управления является организационный объект или комплекс.
[Сборник рекомендуемых терминов. Выпуск 107. Теория управления.  Академия наук СССР. Комитет научно-технической терминологии. 1984 г.]

автоматизированная система управления
АСУ
Совокупность математических методов, технических средств (компьютеров, средств связи, устройств отображения информации и т. д.) и организационных комплексов, обеспечивающих рациональное управление сложным объектом (процессом) в соответствии с заданной целью. АСУ принято делить на основу и функциональную часть. В основу входят информационное, техническое и математическое обеспечение. К функциональной части относят набор взаимосвязанных программ, автоматизирующих конкретные функции управления (планирование, финансово-бухгалтерскую деятельность и др.). Различают АСУ объектами (технологическими процессами - АСУТП, предприятием - АСУП, отраслью - ОАСУ) и функциональными автоматизированными системами, например, проектирования, расчетов, материально-технического и др. обеспечения.
[ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]

автоматизированная система управления
АСУ
Система управления, в которой применяются современные автоматические средства обработки данных и экономико-математические методы для решения основных задач управления производственно-хозяйственной деятельностью. Это человеко-машинная система: в ней ряд операций и действий передается для исполнения машинам и другим устройствам (особенно это относится к так называемым рутинным, повторяющимся, стандартным операциям расчетов), но главное решение всегда остается за человеком. Этим АСУ отличаются от автоматических систем, т.е. таких технических устройств, которые действуют самостоятельно, по установленной для них программе, без вмешательства человека. АСУ подразделяются прежде всего на два класса: автоматизированные системы организационного управления и автоматизированные системы управления технологическими процессами (последние часто бывают автоматическими, первые ими принципиально быть не могут). Традиционно термин АСУ закрепился за первым из названных классов. Отличие АСУ от обычной, неавтоматизированной, но также использующей ЭВМ, системы управления показано на рис. А.1, а, б. Стрелками обозначены потоки информации. В первом случае компьютер используется для решения отдельных задач управления, например для производства плановых расчетов, результаты которых рассматриваются органом управления и либо принимаются, либо отвергаются. При этом необходимые данные собираются специально для решения каждой задачи и вводятся в компьютер, а потом за ненадобностью уничтожаются. Во втором случае существенная часть информации от объекта управления собирается непосредственно вычислительным центром, в том числе по каналам связи. При этом нет необходимости каждый раз вводить в компьютер все данные: часть из них (цены, нормативы и т. п.) хранится в ее запоминающем устройстве. Из вычислительного центра выработанные задания поступают, с одной стороны, в орган управления, а с другой (обычно через контрольное звено) — к объекту управления. В свою очередь информация, поступающая от объекта управления, влияет на принимаемые решения, т.е. здесь используется кибернетический принцип обратной связи. Это — АСУ. Принято рассматривать каждую АСУ одновременно в двух аспектах: с точки зрения ее функций — того, что и как она делает, и с точки зрения ее схемы, т.е. с помощью каких средств и методов эти функции реализуются. Соответственно АСУ подразделяют на две группы подсистем — функциональные и обеспечивающие. Создание АСУ на действующем экономическом объекте (в фирме, на предприятии, в банке и т.д.) — не разовое мероприятие, а длительный процесс. Отдельные подсистемы АСУ проектируются и вводятся в действие последовательными очередями, в состав функций включаются также все новые и новые задачи; при этом АСУ органически «вписывается» в систему управления. Обычно первые очереди АСУ ограничиваются решением чисто информационных задач. В дальнейшем их функции усложняются, включая использование оптимизационных расчетов, элементов оптимального управления. Степень участия АСУ в процессах управления может быть весьма различной, вплоть до самостоятельной выдачи компьютером, на основе получаемых им данных, оперативных управляющих «команд». Поскольку внедрение АСУ требует приспособления документации для машинной обработки, создаются унифицированные системы документации, а также классификаторы технико-экономической информации и т.д. Экономическая эффективность АСУ определяется прежде всего ростом эффективности самого производства в результате лучшей загрузки оборудования, повышения ритмичности, сокращения незавершенного производства и других материальных запасов, повышения качества продукции. РисА.1. Системы управления с использованием компьютеров а — неавтоматизированная, б — автоматизированная; I — управляющий центр; II — автоматизированная управляемая система (например, производство), III — контроль; тонкая черная стрелка — канал непосредственного управления компьютером некоторыми технологическими процессами (бывает не во всех АСУ); тонкая пунктирная стрелка показывает ту часть информации, которая поступает непосредственно в центр, минуя компьютер.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики

• автоматизированные системы
• экономика

Синонимы

• АСУ

EN

• ACS
• automated
• automated control system
• automated controlling system
• automated data management system
• automatized control system
• automatized management system
• computerized control system
• management information system
• MIS

 

административная информационная система
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• management information system
• MIS

 

индикация многоадресного вторичного состояния
Передается MCU оконечному устройству для информирования о том, что, поскольку другие оконечные устройства более высокой скорости участвуют в соединении конференц-связи, данное оконечное устройство не обязательно получит все сигналы, переданные этим оконечным устройствам (МСЭ-Т Н.230).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• multipoint indication secondary-status
• MIS

 

информационная система управления
ИСУ
Система, обеспечивающая получение прошлых, настоящих и предполагаемых данных о внутренних операциях и внешних событиях. Своевременно предоставляя информацию, необходимую для принятия решений, она поддерживает такие функции предприятия, как планирование, контроль и оперативное управление.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/uprav/index.html]

Тематики

• бухгалтерский учет

Синонимы

• ИСУ

EN

• management information system
• MIS

 

информационно-управляющая система
Формальная система обеспечения руководителей информацией, необходимой для принятия решений.
[ http://tourlib.net/books_men/meskon_glossary.htm]

Тематики

• менеджмент в целом

EN

• management information system
• MIS

 

несоответствие (линии)
(МСЭ-Т G.984.3).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• link mismatch
• MIS

 

управленческая информационная система
УИС
(ITIL Service Design)
Набор инструментов, данных и информации, который используется для поддержки процесса или функции. Примеры управленческой информационной системы – система управления доступностью, система управления подрядчиками и контрактами.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

система управленческая информационная
Система, состоящая из взаимосвязанных подсистем, которые выдают информацию, необходимую для управления фирмой, при этом бухгалтерская подсистема является наиболее важной, так как она играет ведущую роль в управлении потоком экономических данных и направлении их во всех подразделения фирмы, а также заинтересованным лицам вне фирмы.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/buh/index.html]

EN

management information system
MIS
(ITIL Service Design) A set of tools, data and information that is used to support a process or function. Examples include the availability management information system and the supplier and contract management information system. See also service knowledge management system.
[Словарь терминов ITIL® версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

Тематики

• бухгалтерский учет
• информационные технологии в целом

Синонимы

• УИС

EN

• management information system
• MIS