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  • 81 flojo

    adj.
    1 loose, non tight, not tight, slack.
    2 lax, relaxed.
    3 loose, droopy, flabby, limp.
    4 loose, not firm, waggly.
    5 lazy, slothful.
    6 unconvincing.
    m.
    1 lazy person, deadbeat.
    2 characterless person, sop, namby-pamby.
    * * *
    1 (suelto) loose; (no tensado) slack
    2 (débil) weak
    3 (perezoso) lazy, idle
    4 (mediocre) poor
    5 (poco activo) slack, slow
    ■ por la mañana trabajamos pero la tarde fue muy floja we worked hard in the morning, but the afternoon was very slack
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 lazybones, idler
    \
    estar flojo,-a en algo to be weak at something
    me la trae floja argot I couldn't give a toss
    * * *
    (f. - floja)
    adj.
    2) weak
    3) limp
    4) lazy
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [nudo, tuerca] loose; [cable, cuerda] slack
    2) (=débil) [persona] weak; [viento] light
    3) (=mediocre) [trabajo, actuación] poor, feeble; [estudiante, equipo] weak, poor
    4) [té, vino] weak
    5) [demanda, mercado] slack
    6) (=holgazán) lazy, idle
    7) LAm (=cobarde) cowardly
    * * *
    I
    - ja adjetivo
    1)
    a) <nudo/tornillo/vendaje> loose; < cuerda> slack

    me la trae floja — (Esp vulg) I don't give a shit (vulg)

    b) ( débil) weak
    c) < vientos> light
    d) <café/té> weak
    2) ( mediocre) <trabajo/examen> poor; <película/vino> second-rate; < estudiante> poor

    está flojo en física — he's weak in (AmE) o (BrE) at physics

    3) (Com, Econ) slack
    4) < persona> (fam) ( perezoso) lazy
    II
    - ja masculino, femenino
    a) (fam) ( perezoso) lazybones (colloq)
    b) (Col fam) ( cobarde) coward
    * * *
    = slacker, feeble, wobbly [wobblier -comp., wobbliest -sup.], lazybones, layabout, lazy [lazier -comp., laziest -sup.].
    Ex. The article is entitled 'No slackers here: SLA's youngest members have the vision and enthusiasm to shape the profession'.
    Ex. Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex. The conference had a wobbly start in 1997 but has since grown increasingly stronger and has had its best ever year with over 650 attendees.
    Ex. Many see his art as a vocation for lazybones and social misfits.
    Ex. There is no evidence that inherited wealth is in itself responsible for turning young people into useless layabouts.
    Ex. It is most likely to occur when a supervisor is careless or lazy about the rating or does not know the worker well.
    ----
    * andar por la cuerda floja = walk + the tightrope.
    * caminar por la cuerda floja = walk + the tightrope, walk + the tight wire.
    * cuerda floja = tightrope [tight-rope].
    * traérsela floja a Alguien = not give a shit.
    * * *
    I
    - ja adjetivo
    1)
    a) <nudo/tornillo/vendaje> loose; < cuerda> slack

    me la trae floja — (Esp vulg) I don't give a shit (vulg)

    b) ( débil) weak
    c) < vientos> light
    d) <café/té> weak
    2) ( mediocre) <trabajo/examen> poor; <película/vino> second-rate; < estudiante> poor

    está flojo en física — he's weak in (AmE) o (BrE) at physics

    3) (Com, Econ) slack
    4) < persona> (fam) ( perezoso) lazy
    II
    - ja masculino, femenino
    a) (fam) ( perezoso) lazybones (colloq)
    b) (Col fam) ( cobarde) coward
    * * *
    = slacker, feeble, wobbly [wobblier -comp., wobbliest -sup.], lazybones, layabout, lazy [lazier -comp., laziest -sup.].

    Ex: The article is entitled 'No slackers here: SLA's youngest members have the vision and enthusiasm to shape the profession'.

    Ex: Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex: The conference had a wobbly start in 1997 but has since grown increasingly stronger and has had its best ever year with over 650 attendees.
    Ex: Many see his art as a vocation for lazybones and social misfits.
    Ex: There is no evidence that inherited wealth is in itself responsible for turning young people into useless layabouts.
    Ex: It is most likely to occur when a supervisor is careless or lazy about the rating or does not know the worker well.
    * andar por la cuerda floja = walk + the tightrope.
    * caminar por la cuerda floja = walk + the tightrope, walk + the tight wire.
    * cuerda floja = tightrope [tight-rope].
    * traérsela floja a Alguien = not give a shit.

    * * *
    flojo1 -ja
    A
    1 ‹nudo/tornillo/vendaje› loose
    la cuerda está floja the rope is slack
    haces el punto muy flojo you knit very loosely
    me la trae floja ( vulg); I couldn't give a damn (sl), I couldn't give a shit o ( BrE) a toss ( vulg)
    2 (débil) weak
    3 ‹vientos› light
    soplarán vientos flojos del sur there will be light, southerly winds
    4 ‹café/té› weak
    B (mediocre) ‹trabajo/examen› poor; ‹película› second-rate; ‹estudiante› poor
    está flojo en física he's weak at physics
    hizo un examen muy flojo he did a very poor exam
    su expediente académico es flojo his academic record is poor
    este vino es muy flojo this wine is very poor quality o is second-rate
    C ( Com, Econ) slack
    el mercado estuvo flojo the market was slack
    D ‹persona›
    1 ( fam) (perezoso) lazy
    no terminó la carrera por flojo he didn't finish his degree because he was so lazy
    2 ( Col fam) (cobarde) cowardly
    flojo2 -ja
    masculine, feminine
    1 ( fam) (perezoso) lazybones ( colloq), lazy toad ( colloq hum)
    2 ( Col fam) (cobarde) coward
    * * *

     

    flojo
    ◊ -ja adjetivo

    1
    a) ‹nudo/tornillo/vendaje› loose;

    ‹cuerda/goma› slack
    b) ( débil) weak

    c) ‹ vientos› light

    d) ‹café/té› weak

    2 ( mediocre) ‹trabajo/examen› poor;
    ‹película/vino› second-rate;
    ‹ estudiante› poor;
    ◊ está flojo en física he's weak in (AmE) o (BrE) at physics

    3 ‹ persona› (fam) ( perezoso) lazy
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino (fam) ( perezoso) lazybones (colloq)
    flojo,-a adjetivo
    1 (tornillo, cuerda, etc) loose, slack
    2 (examen, trabajo) poor
    3 (vago, perezoso) lazy, idle
    ' flojo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    floja
    English:
    limp
    - loose
    - slack
    - sluggish
    - weak
    - depth
    - feeble
    - flabby
    - shaky
    - wobbly
    * * *
    flojo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [suelto] loose;
    esta falda me queda floja this skirt is too loose for me
    2. [débil] [persona] weak;
    [sonido] faint; [salud] poor; [viento] light; [bebida] weak
    3. [sin calidad, aptitudes] poor;
    una obra muy floja a very poorly written play;
    estar flojo en algo to be poor o weak at sth;
    el pianista ha estado un poco flojo hoy the pianist has been a bit off form today;
    tuvo una floja actuación he gave a poor performance;
    tus notas son muy flojas your Br marks o US grades are very poor
    4. [mercado, negocio] slack;
    las ventas están muy flojas sales are very slack
    5. Comp
    muy Fam
    me la trae floja Br I couldn't give a toss, US I couldn't give a rat's ass
    ♦ nm,f
    Andes Fam [holgazán] layabout, lazybones
    * * *
    adj
    1 lazada loose;
    me la trae floja pop I couldn’t give a damn fam
    2 café, argumento weak; vino without any body
    3 COM actividad slack
    4 novela etc weak, poor; redacción, montaje slack, sloppy
    5 L.Am. ( perezoso) lazy
    * * *
    flojo, -ja adj
    1) suelto: loose, slack
    2) : weak, poor
    está flojo en las ciencias: he's weak in science
    3) perezoso: lazy
    * * *
    flojo adj
    1. (poco fuerte, débil) weak
    2. (malo) poor / bad [comp. worse; superl. worst]
    3. (viento) light
    4. (tornillo, nudo) loose
    5. (goma, cuerda) slack

    Spanish-English dictionary > flojo

  • 82 hostigar

    v.
    1 to pester, to bother.
    2 to harass (military).
    3 to whip a horse.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ LLEGAR], like link=llegar llegar
    1 (azotar) to whip
    2 figurado (perseguir) to plague, persecute; (al enemigo) to harass
    3 figurado (molestar) to pester
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=molestar) to harass, plague, pester
    2) (=dar latigazos) to lash, whip
    3) LAm [+ comida] to surfeit, cloy
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( acosar) to bother, pester
    b) (Mil) to harass
    c) < caballo> to whip
    2) (Andes fam) comida/bebida to pall on
    * * *
    = harass, taunt, tease, twit, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], pressurise [pressurize, -USA], nobble, bear down on, harry.
    Ex. I have reason to believe that my boss, the head of reference, has been sexually harassing me.
    Ex. The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex. I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex. Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex. He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex. Shearer also made an arse of himself by perpetuating the myth of the noble English sportsman who never dives or pressurises referees.
    Ex. He was the best striker I ever saw, certainly before the injuries that nobbled him twice.
    Ex. And here was the war, implacably bearing down on us.
    Ex. They stayed there for the winter, and spent the succeeding three summers harrying the coasts of Ireland and Scotland, after which they returned to Norway.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( acosar) to bother, pester
    b) (Mil) to harass
    c) < caballo> to whip
    2) (Andes fam) comida/bebida to pall on
    * * *
    = harass, taunt, tease, twit, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], pressurise [pressurize, -USA], nobble, bear down on, harry.

    Ex: I have reason to believe that my boss, the head of reference, has been sexually harassing me.

    Ex: The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex: I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex: Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex: He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex: Shearer also made an arse of himself by perpetuating the myth of the noble English sportsman who never dives or pressurises referees.
    Ex: He was the best striker I ever saw, certainly before the injuries that nobbled him twice.
    Ex: And here was the war, implacably bearing down on us.
    Ex: They stayed there for the winter, and spent the succeeding three summers harrying the coasts of Ireland and Scotland, after which they returned to Norway.

    * * *
    hostigar [A3 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (acosar) to bother, pester
    lo hostigaba para que se enfrentara con el jefe she kept pestering him to confront the boss
    2 ( Mil) to harass
    3 ‹caballo› to whip
    B
    ( Andes fam) «comida/bebida» (empalagar, hartar): tanto pollo terminó por hostigarme I eventually got sick of o fed up of eating so much chicken ( colloq)
    esto me hostiga this is too sickly o sickly-sweet for me
    * * *

    hostigar ( conjugate hostigar) verbo transitivo
    1

    b) (Mil) to harass

    c) ‹ caballo› to whip

    2 (Andes fam) [comida/bebida] to pall on
    hostigar verbo transitivo
    1 (a una persona, a un enemigo) to harass
    2 (con un látigo, esp a un caballo) to whip
    ' hostigar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    harass
    - harry
    * * *
    1. [acosar] to pester, to bother
    2. [golpear] to whip
    3. Mil to harass
    4. Andes, CAm, Méx [sujeto: dulces]
    los bombones me hostigan I find chocolates sickly
    * * *
    v/t
    1 pester
    2 MIL harass
    3 caballo whip
    * * *
    hostigar {52} vt
    acosar, asediar: to harass, to pester

    Spanish-English dictionary > hostigar

  • 83 inestable

    adj.
    unstable.
    tiempo inestable changeable weather
    * * *
    1 unstable, unsteady
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ unstable, unsteady
    * * *
    a) <edificio/estructura> unstable
    b) <país/economía> unstable
    c) <carácter/matrimonio> unstable
    d) < tiempo> changeable, unsettled
    e) (Fís, Quím) unstable
    * * *
    = unsettled, instable, unstable, unfixed, wobbly [wobblier -comp., wobbliest -sup.], rocky [rockier -comp., rockiest -sup.], capricious, shaky [shakier -comp., shakiest -sup.].
    Ex. In this unsettled atmosphere, it is not surprising that enthusiasm for membership of the Community should tail off.
    Ex. There is also a further dilemma concerning formats such as film and audio which have tended to receive a lower profile in the library world (too awkward, too cluttered with copyright restrictions, too technically instable).
    Ex. The library automation marketplace is unstable, immature and unprofitable, causing vendors to fail.
    Ex. From incomplete networks, questions of quality control and copyright, to unfixed pricing policies, the route to fully electronic scientific communication has many pitfalls.
    Ex. The conference had a wobbly start in 1997 but has since grown increasingly stronger and has had its best ever year with over 650 attendees.
    Ex. The English is a little rocky on this lovely web site but we have it on good word that the original French is très bien.
    Ex. Panizzi introduced what seemed to his critics unwarranted and capricious complications calculated to make the catalog much more difficult for the librarian to prepare and the reader to use.
    Ex. The subdivision 'Discovery and Exploration' under geographic names reinforces the popularly held notion that the world outside Western Europe had no history -- and only a shaky hold on existence -- before it was 'discovered' by Western Europeans.
    * * *
    a) <edificio/estructura> unstable
    b) <país/economía> unstable
    c) <carácter/matrimonio> unstable
    d) < tiempo> changeable, unsettled
    e) (Fís, Quím) unstable
    * * *
    = unsettled, instable, unstable, unfixed, wobbly [wobblier -comp., wobbliest -sup.], rocky [rockier -comp., rockiest -sup.], capricious, shaky [shakier -comp., shakiest -sup.].

    Ex: In this unsettled atmosphere, it is not surprising that enthusiasm for membership of the Community should tail off.

    Ex: There is also a further dilemma concerning formats such as film and audio which have tended to receive a lower profile in the library world (too awkward, too cluttered with copyright restrictions, too technically instable).
    Ex: The library automation marketplace is unstable, immature and unprofitable, causing vendors to fail.
    Ex: From incomplete networks, questions of quality control and copyright, to unfixed pricing policies, the route to fully electronic scientific communication has many pitfalls.
    Ex: The conference had a wobbly start in 1997 but has since grown increasingly stronger and has had its best ever year with over 650 attendees.
    Ex: The English is a little rocky on this lovely web site but we have it on good word that the original French is très bien.
    Ex: Panizzi introduced what seemed to his critics unwarranted and capricious complications calculated to make the catalog much more difficult for the librarian to prepare and the reader to use.
    Ex: The subdivision 'Discovery and Exploration' under geographic names reinforces the popularly held notion that the world outside Western Europe had no history -- and only a shaky hold on existence -- before it was 'discovered' by Western Europeans.

    * * *
    1 ‹edificio› unstable; ‹estructura› unsteady, unstable
    2 ‹país/gobierno/economía› unstable
    3 ‹persona/carácter› unstable
    4 ‹tiempo› changeable, unsettled
    5 ( Fís, Quím) unstable
    * * *

    inestable adjetivo


    inestable adjetivo unstable, unsteady
    (tiempo) changeable
    ' inestable' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cambiante
    English:
    shakily
    - unsettled
    - unstable
    - unsteady
    - top
    * * *
    1. [construcción] unstable
    2. [régimen, economía] unstable
    3. [carácter] unstable
    4. [tiempo] changeable
    * * *
    adj situación, persona unstable; tiempo unsettled
    * * *
    : unstable, unsteady
    * * *
    1. (en general) unstable
    2. (tiempo) changeable

    Spanish-English dictionary > inestable

  • 84 recinto

    m.
    1 enclosure (zona cercada).
    2 enclosure marked off by definite limits, compound, room, enclosed area.
    * * *
    1 grounds plural, precincts plural, area
    \
    recinto comercial shopping centre (US center)
    recinto ferial fairground
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM (=cercado) enclosure; (=área) area, place; (=zona delimitada) precincts pl
    * * *

    el público abandonó el recinto — the public left the premises/building

    recinto ferial — ( de muestras) showground, exhibition site; ( de atracciones) fairground

    * * *
    = precinct, enclosure, compound, venue.
    Ex. No echo of so frightening a concept, 'class', ever lingers within the hushed precincts of our libraries.
    Ex. The popular department could be divided into 'interest areas' by book stacks, display units and interior landscaping, so as to assure a sense of identity and enclosure without inhibiting circulation between the areas.
    Ex. It is the best-preserved example of the architectural style of the Joseon Dynasty, as demonstrated by the designation of its compound as a world heritage site by UNESCO = Es el ejemplo mejor conservado del estilo arquitectónico de la Dinastía Joseon, como lo demuestra el hecho de que el edificio y su recinto hayan sido designados por la UNESCO como patrimonio de la humanidad.
    Ex. This article describes the 3 largest international book fairs: in Frankfurt, the children's book fair in Bologna, and the American Booksellers Association annual convention which has a different venue every year.
    ----
    * recinto cerrado = walled garden.
    * recinto ferial = fairground(s).
    * recinto protegido = walled garden.
    * * *

    el público abandonó el recinto — the public left the premises/building

    recinto ferial — ( de muestras) showground, exhibition site; ( de atracciones) fairground

    * * *
    = precinct, enclosure, compound, venue.

    Ex: No echo of so frightening a concept, 'class', ever lingers within the hushed precincts of our libraries.

    Ex: The popular department could be divided into 'interest areas' by book stacks, display units and interior landscaping, so as to assure a sense of identity and enclosure without inhibiting circulation between the areas.
    Ex: It is the best-preserved example of the architectural style of the Joseon Dynasty, as demonstrated by the designation of its compound as a world heritage site by UNESCO = Es el ejemplo mejor conservado del estilo arquitectónico de la Dinastía Joseon, como lo demuestra el hecho de que el edificio y su recinto hayan sido designados por la UNESCO como patrimonio de la humanidad.
    Ex: This article describes the 3 largest international book fairs: in Frankfurt, the children's book fair in Bologna, and the American Booksellers Association annual convention which has a different venue every year.
    * recinto cerrado = walled garden.
    * recinto ferial = fairground(s).
    * recinto protegido = walled garden.

    * * *
    el público abandonó el recinto ordenadamente the public left the premises/building in an orderly fashion
    recinto ferial (de muestras) showground, exhibition site; (de atracciones) fairground
    el recinto diplomático the grounds of the embassy
    un recinto pequeño donde los enterraban a small enclosure where they were buried
    la valla que rodea el recinto de la central the fence that surrounds the power station o that surrounds the grounds of the power station
    * * *

     

    recinto sustantivo masculino
    enclosure;
    ◊ el público abandonó el recinto the public left the premises/building;

    recinto ferial ( de muestras) showground, exhibition site;

    ( de atracciones) fairground
    recinto sustantivo masculino precincts
    recinto ferial, fairground
    ' recinto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cerrada
    - cerrado
    - ferial
    - penetrar
    - portal
    - cámara
    - desalojar
    - espacio
    - estacionamiento
    English:
    compound
    - enclosure
    - fairground
    - precinct
    * * *
    1. [zona cercada] enclosure;
    el recinto amurallado de la ciudad the walled part of the city
    2. [área] place, area;
    [alrededor de edificios] grounds;
    me dan miedo los recintos cerrados I'm frightened of enclosed spaces;
    le prohibieron el acceso a recintos deportivos he was banned from sports grounds;
    el recinto diplomático the embassy grounds
    recinto ferial fairground [of trade fair]
    * * *
    m
    1 premises pl
    2 área grounds pl
    * * *
    1) : enclosure
    2) : site, premises pl
    * * *
    1. (zona) area
    2. (cercado) enclosure

    Spanish-English dictionary > recinto

  • 85 triunfar

    v.
    1 to win, to triumph.
    2 to succeed, to be successful.
    Ricardo gana siempre Richard wins always.
    3 to triumph for.
    Me triunfó el chico My boy triumphed for me.
    * * *
    1 to triumph
    \
    triunfar en la vida to succeed in life
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VI
    1) (=ganar, vencer) to triumph, win
    2) (=tener éxito) to be successful, succeed

    triunfar en la vida — to succeed o be successful in life

    3) (Naipes) [jugador] to play a trump
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    a) (derrotar, ganar)

    triunfar SOBRE algo/alguien — to triumph over something/somebody

    triunfar EN algo: triunfó en el concurso she won the competition; México triunfó en los campeonatos — Mexico triumphed in the championships

    b) ( tener éxito) to succeed, be successful
    c) justicia/verdad/razón ( prevalecer) to prevail, win out (AmE) o (BrE) through
    d) ( en naipes)
    * * *
    = make + a success of, triumph, come up + trumps, prove + trumps, win + the day, prove + a win, hit + the big time, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    Ex. As his confidence grows, he begins to make a success of his scavenging, becoming an underground entrepreneur and an explorer of the world beneath the streets.
    Ex. With the right ingredients put together so that virtue triumphs and wickedness is punished a very satisfying story can be produced.
    Ex. The article 'Clumps come up trumps' reviews four clump projects now at the end of their funding period = El artículo "Los catálogos colectivos virtuales triunfan' analiza cuatro proyectos sobre catálogos colectivos virtuales que se encuentran al final de su período de financiación.
    Ex. This new software will prove trumps for Microsoft = Este nuevo software será un éxito para Microsoft.
    Ex. All argument in favour of the change was rejected by the library users and local esteem for the library won the day.
    Ex. These search methods sometimes prove a win.
    Ex. The word 'humongous' first darted onto the linguistic stage only about 1968 but hit the big time almost immediately and has been with us ever since.
    Ex. We already knew these Irish lads were among the best boy bands out there, but they really hit it out of the park with this romantic song.
    Ex. It was a risk, but early results seem to indicate that the duo has knocked it out of the park with the new version.
    ----
    * dar a Alguien una oportunidad de triunfar = give + Nombre + a fighting chance.
    * tener alguna posibilidad de triunfar = have + a fighting chance.
    * triunfar con = hit + a home run.
    * triunfar en el mundo = succeed in + the world.
    * triunfar en la vida = succeed in + life.
    * triunfar sobre = win out over.
    * una oportunidad de triunfar = a fighting chance.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    a) (derrotar, ganar)

    triunfar SOBRE algo/alguien — to triumph over something/somebody

    triunfar EN algo: triunfó en el concurso she won the competition; México triunfó en los campeonatos — Mexico triumphed in the championships

    b) ( tener éxito) to succeed, be successful
    c) justicia/verdad/razón ( prevalecer) to prevail, win out (AmE) o (BrE) through
    d) ( en naipes)
    * * *
    = make + a success of, triumph, come up + trumps, prove + trumps, win + the day, prove + a win, hit + the big time, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

    Ex: As his confidence grows, he begins to make a success of his scavenging, becoming an underground entrepreneur and an explorer of the world beneath the streets.

    Ex: With the right ingredients put together so that virtue triumphs and wickedness is punished a very satisfying story can be produced.
    Ex: The article 'Clumps come up trumps' reviews four clump projects now at the end of their funding period = El artículo "Los catálogos colectivos virtuales triunfan' analiza cuatro proyectos sobre catálogos colectivos virtuales que se encuentran al final de su período de financiación.
    Ex: This new software will prove trumps for Microsoft = Este nuevo software será un éxito para Microsoft.
    Ex: All argument in favour of the change was rejected by the library users and local esteem for the library won the day.
    Ex: These search methods sometimes prove a win.
    Ex: The word 'humongous' first darted onto the linguistic stage only about 1968 but hit the big time almost immediately and has been with us ever since.
    Ex: We already knew these Irish lads were among the best boy bands out there, but they really hit it out of the park with this romantic song.
    Ex: It was a risk, but early results seem to indicate that the duo has knocked it out of the park with the new version.
    * dar a Alguien una oportunidad de triunfar = give + Nombre + a fighting chance.
    * tener alguna posibilidad de triunfar = have + a fighting chance.
    * triunfar con = hit + a home run.
    * triunfar en el mundo = succeed in + the world.
    * triunfar en la vida = succeed in + life.
    * triunfar sobre = win out over.
    * una oportunidad de triunfar = a fighting chance.

    * * *
    triunfar [A1 ]
    vi
    1 (derrotar, ganar) triunfar SOBRE algo/algn to triumph OVER sth/sb
    triunfaron sobre sus rivales they triumphed over their rivals
    triunfar EN algo:
    triunfó en el concurso she won the competition
    con tres medallas de oro y dos de plata, México triunfó en estos campeonatos Mexico triumphed in these championships, winning three gold and two silver medals
    2 (tener éxito) to succeed, be successful
    3 «justicia/verdad/razón» (prevalecer) to prevail, win through
    por fin triunfó el sentido común at last common sense prevailed o won through
    4
    (en naipes): triunfan picas spades are trumps
    * * *

    triunfar ( conjugate triunfar) verbo intransitivo
    a) ( ganar) triunfar SOBRE algo/algn to triumph over sth/sb;



    c) [justicia/verdad/razón] ( prevalecer) to prevail, win out (AmE) o (BrE) through

    triunfar verbo intransitivo to triumph
    ' triunfar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    afanarse
    - destinado
    English:
    ahead
    - good
    - gratifying
    - succeed
    - triumph
    - mean
    - successful
    * * *
    1. [ejército, equipo, campeón, partido] to win, to triumph;
    nuestro partido triunfó en las elecciones our party won the elections
    2. [artista, músico] to succeed, to be successful;
    lo que quiere es triunfar en televisión her ambition is to make it o succeed in television
    3. [creencia] to prevail;
    [propuesta] to win through;
    al final triunfó la sensatez in the end common sense won the day o prevailed
    * * *
    v/i
    1 triumph, win
    2 en naipes ruff, trump
    * * *
    : to triumph, to win
    * * *
    1. (tener éxito) to succeed / to be successful
    2. (ganar) to win [pt. & pp. won]
    3. (derrotar) to beat [pt. beat; pp. beaten]
    4. (prevalecer) to triumph

    Spanish-English dictionary > triunfar

  • 86 uso

    m.
    1 use.
    hacer uso de to make use of, to use; (utilizar) to exercise (de prerrogativa, derecho)
    fuera de uso out of use, obsolete
    tener el uso de la palabra to have the floor
    uso de razón power of reason
    2 custom (costumbre).
    al uso fashionable
    al uso andaluz in the Andalusian style
    3 usage (linguistics).
    4 wear and tear (desgaste).
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: usar.
    * * *
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) use
    2) wear
    3) custom, usage
    * * *
    SF ABR Esp
    = Unión Sindical Obrera
    * * *
    a) (de producto, medicamento) use; (de máquina, material) use

    métodos de uso extendido en... — methods widely used in...

    de uso externo — (Farm) for external use only

    b) (de idioma, expresión) use

    una expresión sancionada por el uso — (frml) an expression that has gained acceptance through usage

    c) (de facultad, derecho)

    hacer uso de la palabra — (frml) to speak

    hacer uso y abuso de algo — ( de privilegio) to abuse something

    2) ( de prenda)
    3) (utilidad, aplicación) use
    4) ( usanza) custom
    * * *
    = deployment, disposition, exercise, take-up, usage, use, utilisation [utilization, -USA], utility, consumption, employment, uptake, wear, delivery.
    Ex. In the context of this report any such policy would have to accept that speedy response to current problems requires the deployment of resources in favour of innovative information-driven programmes.
    Ex. The process provides an effective means of controlling such serials until a final decision has been made regarding their disposition.
    Ex. A poorly structured scheme requires the exercise of a good deal of initiative on the part of the indexer in order to overcome or avoid the poor structure.
    Ex. One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.
    Ex. Changes in usage of terms over time can also present problems = Los cambios en el uso de los términos con el transcurso del tiempo también pueden presentar problemas.
    Ex. Systematic mnemonics is the use of the same notation for a given topic wherever that topic occurs.
    Ex. On occasions it is necessary to adopt an order or arrangement which leads to the efficient utilisation of space.
    Ex. Situations where subdivisions might have had some utility are served by the co-ordination of index terms at the search stage.
    Ex. The screen display formats required by cataloguing staff may be not at all suitable for public consumption.
    Ex. Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.
    Ex. The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.
    Ex. When in use moulds were subject to severe wear which resulted in noticeable deterioration of the surface.
    Ex. Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    ----
    * alfabetización en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.
    * aumento del uso = increased use.
    * bloque funcional para uso internacional = international use block.
    * bloque funcional para uso nacional = national use block.
    * con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].
    * con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.
    * condiciones de uso = terms of use.
    * condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.
    * con el uso = in use, with use.
    * conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.
    * cubrir un uso = address + use.
    * cuchillo de un solo uso = disposable knife.
    * dar buen uso a Algo = put to + good use.
    * dar un uso = put to + purpose.
    * dar uso = put to + use.
    * dar uso a = make + use of.
    * de doble uso = dual-use.
    * de muchos usos = all-purpose.
    * de pago según el uso = on a pay a you use basis, on a pay as you go basis.
    * de poco uso = low-use.
    * desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.
    * desgaste por el uso = wear and tear.
    * destrezas relacionadas con el uso de la información = information skills.
    * de un solo uso = disposable, single-use.
    * de uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * de uso cutáneo = use + topically.
    * de uso externo = for external use only.
    * de uso flexible = hop-on/hop-off.
    * de uso frecuente = frequently-used.
    * de uso general = general-use.
    * de uso interno = in-house [inhouse].
    * de uso múltiple = all-purpose.
    * de uso público = publicly available.
    * de uso tópico = use + topically.
    * encuesta sobre el uso del tiempo = time-use survey.
    * en pleno uso de + Posesivo + facultades físicas y mentales = of (a) sound mind, of (a) sound and disposing mind and memory, mentally fit, physically and mentally fit.
    * en pleno uso de + Posesivo + razón = mentally fit.
    * en uso = in use.
    * estadísticas de uso = usage statistics, use statistics.
    * estudio de uso = use study.
    * facilidad de uso = usability, user-friendliness, ease of use.
    * formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * frecuencia de uso = usage rate.
    * gastado por el uso = worn-out.
    * hábito de uso = usage pattern, use pattern.
    * hábito de uso, patrón de uso = usage pattern.
    * hacer buen uso de Algo = put to + good use.
    * hacer el mejor uso de = make + the best of.
    * hacer uso = put to + use.
    * hacer uso de = make + use of, draw on/upon, leverage, patronise [patronize, -USA], tap into, deploy.
    * hacer uso de influencias = pull + strings.
    * hacer uso de recursos = tap into + resources.
    * hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.
    * hacer uso personal = make + personal use.
    * haciendo uso de = by recourse to.
    * herramienta de uso de Internet = Internet appliance.
    * herramienta para el uso de la información = information appliance.
    * impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.
    * incremento del uso = increased use.
    * índice de uso = performance measure, output measure.
    * instrucciones de uso = use instruction.
    * licencia de uso = licence agreement.
    * mal uso = misuse, mishandling.
    * mediante el uso de los recursos = resource-based.
    * método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.
    * multiuso = multi-functional, multi-use [multiuse].
    * normas de uso = user policy.
    * ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).
    * pago según el uso = pay-per-view, pay-for-use.
    * páguese por el uso hecho = pay-as-you-go.
    * para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.
    * para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.
    * para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.
    * plato de un solo uso = disposable plate.
    * poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.
    * proteger Algo para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * recurrir al uso de = resort to + the use of.
    * rentabilizar el uso = maximise + use.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser de un solo uso = be a one-trip pony.
    * ser de uso general = be in general use, be generally available.
    * servilleta de un solo uso = disposable napkin.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sustancia de uso reglamentado = controlled substance.
    * sustancia de uso regulado = controlled substance.
    * tenedor de un solo uso = disposable fork.
    * uso a distancia = remote use.
    * uso compartido = sharing.
    * uso compartido de la información = information sharing.
    * uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.
    * uso compartido de recursos = resource sharing, time-sharing [timesharing].
    * uso de instrumentos = instrumentation.
    * uso de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.
    * uso de la colección = stock use.
    * uso de la letra cursiva = italicisation [italicization, -USA].
    * uso de las mayúsculas = capitalisation [capitalization, -USA].
    * uso de la tierra = land use.
    * uso de sustancias = substance use.
    * uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.
    * uso diario = everyday use.
    * uso doméstico = domestic use.
    * uso excesivo = prodigality, overuse.
    * uso excesivo de = greed for.
    * uso inadecuado = misuse, mistreatment.
    * uso indebido = misuse.
    * uso normal = normal usage.
    * uso óptimo de los recursos = value for money.
    * uso personal = personal use.
    * uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.
    * uso razonable = fair dealing, fair use.
    * uso remoto = remote use.
    * usos y costumbres = customs and habits.
    * usos y gratificaciones = uses and gratifications.
    * uso tópico = for external use only.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * usuario que hace poco uso del préstamo = light borrower.
    * usuario que hace uso del préstamo = borrower.
    * * *
    a) (de producto, medicamento) use; (de máquina, material) use

    métodos de uso extendido en... — methods widely used in...

    de uso externo — (Farm) for external use only

    b) (de idioma, expresión) use

    una expresión sancionada por el uso — (frml) an expression that has gained acceptance through usage

    c) (de facultad, derecho)

    hacer uso de la palabra — (frml) to speak

    hacer uso y abuso de algo — ( de privilegio) to abuse something

    2) ( de prenda)
    3) (utilidad, aplicación) use
    4) ( usanza) custom
    * * *
    = deployment, disposition, exercise, take-up, usage, use, utilisation [utilization, -USA], utility, consumption, employment, uptake, wear, delivery.

    Ex: In the context of this report any such policy would have to accept that speedy response to current problems requires the deployment of resources in favour of innovative information-driven programmes.

    Ex: The process provides an effective means of controlling such serials until a final decision has been made regarding their disposition.
    Ex: A poorly structured scheme requires the exercise of a good deal of initiative on the part of the indexer in order to overcome or avoid the poor structure.
    Ex: One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.
    Ex: Changes in usage of terms over time can also present problems = Los cambios en el uso de los términos con el transcurso del tiempo también pueden presentar problemas.
    Ex: Systematic mnemonics is the use of the same notation for a given topic wherever that topic occurs.
    Ex: On occasions it is necessary to adopt an order or arrangement which leads to the efficient utilisation of space.
    Ex: Situations where subdivisions might have had some utility are served by the co-ordination of index terms at the search stage.
    Ex: The screen display formats required by cataloguing staff may be not at all suitable for public consumption.
    Ex: Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.
    Ex: The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.
    Ex: When in use moulds were subject to severe wear which resulted in noticeable deterioration of the surface.
    Ex: Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    * alfabetización en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.
    * aumento del uso = increased use.
    * bloque funcional para uso internacional = international use block.
    * bloque funcional para uso nacional = national use block.
    * con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].
    * con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.
    * condiciones de uso = terms of use.
    * condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.
    * con el uso = in use, with use.
    * conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.
    * cubrir un uso = address + use.
    * cuchillo de un solo uso = disposable knife.
    * dar buen uso a Algo = put to + good use.
    * dar un uso = put to + purpose.
    * dar uso = put to + use.
    * dar uso a = make + use of.
    * de doble uso = dual-use.
    * de muchos usos = all-purpose.
    * de pago según el uso = on a pay a you use basis, on a pay as you go basis.
    * de poco uso = low-use.
    * desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.
    * desgaste por el uso = wear and tear.
    * destrezas relacionadas con el uso de la información = information skills.
    * de un solo uso = disposable, single-use.
    * de uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * de uso cutáneo = use + topically.
    * de uso externo = for external use only.
    * de uso flexible = hop-on/hop-off.
    * de uso frecuente = frequently-used.
    * de uso general = general-use.
    * de uso interno = in-house [inhouse].
    * de uso múltiple = all-purpose.
    * de uso público = publicly available.
    * de uso tópico = use + topically.
    * encuesta sobre el uso del tiempo = time-use survey.
    * en pleno uso de + Posesivo + facultades físicas y mentales = of (a) sound mind, of (a) sound and disposing mind and memory, mentally fit, physically and mentally fit.
    * en pleno uso de + Posesivo + razón = mentally fit.
    * en uso = in use.
    * estadísticas de uso = usage statistics, use statistics.
    * estudio de uso = use study.
    * facilidad de uso = usability, user-friendliness, ease of use.
    * formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * frecuencia de uso = usage rate.
    * gastado por el uso = worn-out.
    * hábito de uso = usage pattern, use pattern.
    * hábito de uso, patrón de uso = usage pattern.
    * hacer buen uso de Algo = put to + good use.
    * hacer el mejor uso de = make + the best of.
    * hacer uso = put to + use.
    * hacer uso de = make + use of, draw on/upon, leverage, patronise [patronize, -USA], tap into, deploy.
    * hacer uso de influencias = pull + strings.
    * hacer uso de recursos = tap into + resources.
    * hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.
    * hacer uso personal = make + personal use.
    * haciendo uso de = by recourse to.
    * herramienta de uso de Internet = Internet appliance.
    * herramienta para el uso de la información = information appliance.
    * impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.
    * incremento del uso = increased use.
    * índice de uso = performance measure, output measure.
    * instrucciones de uso = use instruction.
    * licencia de uso = licence agreement.
    * mal uso = misuse, mishandling.
    * mediante el uso de los recursos = resource-based.
    * método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.
    * multiuso = multi-functional, multi-use [multiuse].
    * normas de uso = user policy.
    * ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).
    * pago según el uso = pay-per-view, pay-for-use.
    * páguese por el uso hecho = pay-as-you-go.
    * para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.
    * para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.
    * para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.
    * plato de un solo uso = disposable plate.
    * poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.
    * proteger Algo para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * recurrir al uso de = resort to + the use of.
    * rentabilizar el uso = maximise + use.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser de un solo uso = be a one-trip pony.
    * ser de uso general = be in general use, be generally available.
    * servilleta de un solo uso = disposable napkin.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sustancia de uso reglamentado = controlled substance.
    * sustancia de uso regulado = controlled substance.
    * tenedor de un solo uso = disposable fork.
    * uso a distancia = remote use.
    * uso compartido = sharing.
    * uso compartido de la información = information sharing.
    * uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.
    * uso compartido de recursos = resource sharing, time-sharing [timesharing].
    * uso de instrumentos = instrumentation.
    * uso de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.
    * uso de la colección = stock use.
    * uso de la letra cursiva = italicisation [italicization, -USA].
    * uso de las mayúsculas = capitalisation [capitalization, -USA].
    * uso de la tierra = land use.
    * uso de sustancias = substance use.
    * uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.
    * uso diario = everyday use.
    * uso doméstico = domestic use.
    * uso excesivo = prodigality, overuse.
    * uso excesivo de = greed for.
    * uso inadecuado = misuse, mistreatment.
    * uso indebido = misuse.
    * uso normal = normal usage.
    * uso óptimo de los recursos = value for money.
    * uso personal = personal use.
    * uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.
    * uso razonable = fair dealing, fair use.
    * uso remoto = remote use.
    * usos y costumbres = customs and habits.
    * usos y gratificaciones = uses and gratifications.
    * uso tópico = for external use only.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * usuario que hace poco uso del préstamo = light borrower.
    * usuario que hace uso del préstamo = borrower.

    * * *
    /ˈuso/
    (en Esp) = Unión Sindical Obrera
    * * *

     

    Del verbo usar: ( conjugate usar)

    uso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    usó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    usar    
    uso
    usar ( conjugate usar) verbo transitivo

    ◊ ¿qué champú usas? what shampoo do you use?;

    uso algo/a algn de or como algo to use sth/sb as sth
    b) ( llevar) ‹alhajas/ropa/perfume› to wear;


    usarse verbo pronominal (en 3a pers) (esp AmL) ( estar de moda) [color/ropa] to be in fashion, to be popular;

    uso sustantivo masculino
    a) (de producto, medicamento, máquina) use;


    hacer uso de algo to use sth
    b) (de facultad, derecho):


    hacer uso de un derecho to exercise a right;
    desde que tengo uso de razón ever since I can remember;
    hacer uso de la palabra (frml) to speak
    c) ( de prenda):


    los zapatos ceden con el uso shoes give with wear
    usar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (hacer uso, emplear) to use: no uses mi maquinilla, don't use my razor
    siempre usa el mismo método, she uses always the same method
    2 (llevar ropa, perfume, etc) to wear
    II vi (utilizar) to use
    uso sustantivo masculino
    1 use
    (aplicación) se compró el ordenador, pero no le da ningún uso, he bought the computer, but he never makes use of it
    (modo de aplicación) instrucciones de uso, instructions for use
    uso externo/tópico, external/local application
    2 (costumbre) custom
    ' uso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    billón
    - cada
    - casarse
    - como
    - crema
    - cuchara
    - destartalar
    - destino
    - deterioro
    - doméstica
    - doméstico
    - escayola
    - espantosa
    - espantoso
    - estar
    - extendida
    - extendido
    - externa
    - externo
    - gasto
    - lindeza
    - misma
    - mismo
    - mortal
    - muerta
    - muerto
    - parecer
    - permitirse
    - poder
    - prerrogativa
    - pues
    - pura
    - puro
    - que
    - rozar
    - rozarse
    - sala
    - si
    - tal
    - tópica
    - tópico
    - universal
    - usar
    - utensilio
    - vaya
    - ver
    - verdadera
    - verdadero
    - vulgarización
    - vulgarizar
    English:
    abuse
    - afford
    - agree
    - antiallergenic
    - balloon
    - bed
    - blind
    - cease
    - continue
    - current
    - disposable
    - do
    - dog-eared
    - enjoy
    - ever
    - exclusively
    - feel
    - floor
    - fluoride
    - for
    - fuck
    - good
    - have
    - hear of
    - herself
    - himself
    - indeed
    - intend
    - internal
    - it
    - itself
    - just
    - lend
    - lie
    - listen
    - literally
    - misuse
    - myself
    - never
    - next
    - nice
    - not
    - oneself
    - only
    - ourselves
    - practice
    - practise
    - public
    - quite
    - ridesharing
    * * *
    USO ['uso] nf (abrev de Unión Sindical Obrera)
    = centre-right Spanish union
    * * *
    f abr (= Unión Sindical Obrera) Spanish trade union
    * * *
    uso nm
    1) empleo, utilización: use
    de uso personal: for personal use
    hacer uso de: to make use of
    2) : wear
    uso y desgaste: wear and tear
    3) usanza: custom, usage, habit
    al uso de: in the manner of, in the style of
    * * *
    uso n
    2. (ropa, etc) wearing

    Spanish-English dictionary > uso

  • 87 autant

    autant [otɑ̃]
    adverb
       a. ► autant de (quantité) as much ; (nombre) as many
    • intelligent, il l'est autant que vous he's just as intelligent as you are
       c. ( = tant)► autant de (quantité) so much ; (nombre) so many
    • vous invitez toujours autant de gens ? do you always invite so many people?
       d. ( = la même chose avec "en") the same
    • autant pour moi ! my mistake!
    • il a gagné, cela ne signifie pas pour autant qu'il est le meilleur he won, but that doesn't mean that he's the best► autant... autant
    • autant il aime les chiens, autant il déteste les chats he likes dogs as much as he hates cats► autant que possible as much as possible
    • écrivez-lui, d'autant (plus) que je ne suis pas sûr qu'il vienne demain you'd better write to him, especially as I'm not sure if he's coming tomorrow
    • d'autant plus ! all the more reason!
    * * *
    otɑ̃
    1.

    il n'a jamais autant neigé/plu — it has never snowed/rained so much

    essaie or tâche d'en faire autant — try and do the same

    autant je comprends leur chagrin, autant je déteste leur façon de l'étaler — as much as I understand their grief, I hate the way they parade it

    j'aime autant te dire qu'il n'était pas content — believe me, he wasn't pleased

    autant dire que la réunion est annulée — in other words the meeting is cancelled [BrE]

    autant que tu peux — ( comme tu peux) as much as you can; ( aussi longtemps que tu peux) as long as you can


    2.
    autant de déterminant indéfini

    autant de cadeaux/de gens — so many presents/people

    autant d'énergie/d'argent — so much energy/money


    3.
    d'autant locution adverbiale

    les salaires ont augmenté de 3% mais les prix ont augmenté d'autant — salaries have increased by 3% but prices have increased by just as much

    d'autant moins — even less, all the less

    d'autant plus heureux/grand que — all the happier/bigger as


    4.
    pour autant locution adverbiale gén for all that

    5.
    pour autant que locution conjonctive
    * * *
    otɑ̃ adv
    1) (absolu) (quantité) so much, (nombre) so many

    Je ne veux pas autant de gâteau. — I don't want so much cake.

    Je n'ai jamais vu autant de monde. — I've never seen so many people.

    n'importe qui aurait pu en faire autant — anyone could have done the same, anyone could have done as much

    autant que (quantité) — as much as, (nombre) as many as

    J'ai autant d'argent que toi. — I've got as much money as you have.

    J'ai autant d'amis que lui. — I've got as many friends as he has.

    Il est fort autant que courageux. — He is as strong as he is brave.

    Il va pleuvoir: autant partir. — It's going to rain: we may as well leave.

    autant dire que... — one might as well say that...

    Il n'est pas découragé pour autant. — Even so he's not discouraged.

    d'autant — accordingly, in proportion

    Elle est d'autant plus déçue qu'il le lui avait promis. — She's all the more disappointed since he had promised her.

    C'est d'autant moins pratique pour lui qu'il doit changer deux fois de train. — It's even less convenient for him since he has to change trains twice.

    * * *
    A adv comment peut-il manger/dormir autant? how can he eat/sleep so much?; il n'a jamais autant neigé/plu it has never snowed/rained so much; je t'aime toujours autant I still love you as much; essaie or tâche d'en faire autant try and do the same; je ne peux pas en dire autant I can't say the same; triste autant que désagréable as sad as it is unpleasant; autant elle est gentille, autant il peut être désagréable she's as nice as he's unpleasant; autant je comprends leur chagrin, autant je déteste leur façon de l'étaler as much as I understand their grief, I hate the way they parade it; cela m'agace autant que toi it annoys me as much as it does you; ma mère autant que mon père déteste voyager my mother hates travellingGB as much as my father does; je les hais tous autant qu'ils sont I hate every single one of them; je me moque de ce que vous pensez tous autant que vous êtes I don't care what any of you think; j'aime autant partir tout de suite I'd rather leave straight away, I'd just as soon leave straight away; j'aime autant ne pas attendre pour le faire I'd rather not wait to do it, I'd just as soon not wait to do it; j'aime autant te dire qu'il n'était pas content believe me, he wasn't pleased; autant dire que la réunion est annulée in other words the meeting is cancelledGB; autant parler à un mur you might as well be talking to the wall; donnez-m'en encore autant give me as much again; tout autant just as much; il risque tout autant de faire he equally runs the risk of doing; autant que faire se peut as much as possible, as far as possible; autant que je sache as far as I know; autant que tu peux/veux (comme tu peux/veux) as much as you can/like; (aussi longtemps que tu peux/veux) as long as you can/like; tu peux changer le motif autant que tu veux you can change the pattern as much as you like.
    B autant de dét indéf
    1 ( avec un nom dénombrable) autant de cadeaux/de gens/d'erreurs so many presents/people/mistakes; leurs promesses sont autant de mensonges their promises are just so many lies; il les considère comme autant de clients potentiels he considers them as so many potential customers; il y a autant de femmes que d'hommes there are as many women as (there are) men; je n'ai pas eu autant d'ennuis que lui I haven't had as many problems as he has;
    2 ( avec un nom non dénombrable) autant d'énergie/d'argent/de temps so much energy/money/time; autant de gentillesse/stupidité such kindness/stupidity; ce sera toujours autant de fait that'll be done at least; je n'ai pas eu autant de chance que lui I haven't had as much luck as he has, I haven't been as lucky as he has; je n'ai plus autant de force qu'avant I'm not as strong as I used to be; autant à boire qu'à manger as much to drink as to eat; je n'avais jamais vu autant de monde I'd never seen so many people; il y a autant de place qu'ici there's as much space as there is here; il a révélé autant de gentillesse que d'intelligence he showed as much kindness as he did intelligence.
    C d'autant loc adv cela va permettre de réduire d'autant les coûts de production this will allow an equivalent reduction in production costs; les salaires ont augmenté de 3% mais les prix ont augmenté d'autant salaries have increased by 3% but prices have increased by just as much; les informations seront décalées d'une heure et les émissions suivantes retardées d'autant the news will be broadcast an hour later than scheduled as will the following programmesGB; d'autant plus! all the more reason!; d'autant mieux! all the better, even better!; d'autant moins even less, all the less; d'autant moins contrôlable even less easy to control; il pouvait d'autant moins ignorer les faits que… it was all the more difficult for him to ignore the facts since…; n'étant pas jalouse moi-même je le comprends d'autant moins not being jealous myself I find it even harder to understand; d'autant que all the more so as; il était furieux d'autant (plus) que personne ne l'avait prévenu he was all the more furious as nobody had warned him; d'autant plus heureux/grand que… all the happier/bigger as…; une histoire d'autant moins vraisemblable que… a story all the more implausible since…; la mesure a été d'autant mieux admise que… the measure was all the more welcome since…
    D pour autant loc adv gén for all that; ( en début de phrase) but for all that; sans pour autant faire without necessarily doing; je ne vais pas abandonner pour autant I'm not going to give up for all that; sans pour autant tout modifier without necessarily changing everything; sans pour autant que les loyers augmentent without rents necessarily increasing.
    [otɑ̃] adverbe
    1. [marquant l'intensité]
    a. [que tu l'aimes] I like him as much as you do
    b. [que je t'aime] I like him as much as you
    2. [indiquant la quantité]
    3. (avec 'en') [la même chose]
    il a fini son travail, je ne peux pas en dire autant he's finished his work, I wish I could say as much ou the same
    4. (avec l'infinitif) [mieux vaut]
    autant revenir demain I/you etc. might as well come back tomorrow
    5. [mieux]
    6. (Belgique) [tant]
    ————————
    autant... autant locution correlative
    autant il est cultivé, autant il est nul en mathématiques he's highly educated, but he's no good at mathematics
    autant j'aime le vin, autant je déteste la bière I hate beer as much as I love wine
    ————————
    autant de locution déterminante
    [avec un nom non comptable] as much
    [avec un nom comptable] as many
    il y a autant d'eau/de sièges ici there's as much water/there are as many seats here
    autant d'hommes, autant d'avis as many opinions as there are men
    ————————
    autant dire locution adverbiale
    j'ai été payé 300 euros, autant dire rien I was paid 300 euros, in other words a pittance
    ————————
    autant dire que locution conjonctive
    trois heures dans le four, autant dire que le poulet était carbonisé! after three hours in the oven, needless to say the chicken was burnt to a cinder!
    l'ambassade ne répond plus, autant dire que tout est perdu the embassy's phones are dead, a sure sign that all is lost
    ————————
    autant que locution conjonctive
    1. [dans la mesure où] as far as
    2. [il est préférable que]
    autant que je vous le dise tout de suite... I may as well tell you straightaway...
    ————————
    d'autant locution adverbiale
    si le coût de la vie augmente de 2 %, les salaires seront augmentés d'autant if the cost of living goes up by 2%, salaries will be raised accordingly
    si l'on raccourcit la première étagère de cinq centimètres, il faudra raccourcir la deuxième d'autant if we shorten the first shelf by five centimetres, we'll have to shorten the second one by the same amount
    ————————
    d'autant mieux locution adverbiale
    pars à la campagne, tu te reposeras d'autant mieux you'll have a much better rest if you go to the country
    ————————
    d'autant mieux que locution conjonctive
    ————————
    d'autant moins que locution conjonctive
    ————————
    d'autant moins... que locution correlative
    ————————
    d'autant plus locution adverbiale
    ————————
    d'autant plus que locution conjonctive
    il vous écoutera d'autant plus qu'il vous connaît he'll listen to you, especially as ou particularly as he knows you
    d'autant plus... que locution correlative
    c'est d'autant plus stupide qu'il ne sait pas nager it's particularly ou all the more stupid given (the fact) that he can't swim
    ————————
    d'autant que locution conjonctive
    [vu que, attendu que] especially as, particularly as
    c'est une bonne affaire, d'autant que le crédit est très avantageux it's a good deal, especially as the terms of credit are very advantageous
    pour autant locution adverbiale
    la situation n'est pas perdue pour autant the situation isn't hopeless for all that, it doesn't necessarily mean all is lost
    il t'aime bien, mais il ne t'aidera pas pour autant just because he's fond of you (it) doesn't mean that he'll help you
    fais-le-lui remarquer sans pour autant le culpabiliser point it out to him, but don't make him feel guilty about it
    ————————
    pour autant que locution conjonctive

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > autant

  • 88 si

    I.
    si1 [si]
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━
    1. <
       a. if
    • s'il fait beau demain, je sortirai if it's fine tomorrow, I'll go out
    • si j'avais de l'argent, j'achèterais une voiture if I had any money, I would buy a car
    • tu viendras ? si oui, préviens-moi à l'avance are you coming? if so, tell me in advance
    • si seulement il venait/était venu if only he was coming/had come
    • si c'est ça, je m'en vais (inf) if that's how it is, I'm off (inf)
    • s'il a tant de succès c'est que... if he is so successful it's because...
       b. (interrogation indirecte) if, whether
    • il ignore si elle viendra he doesn't know whether or if she'll come (or not)
    • tu imagines s'il était fier ! you can imagine how proud he was!
    • si je veux y aller ? quelle question ! do I want to go? what a question!
    • si j'avais su ! if only I had known!
    • et s'il refusait ? and what if he refused?
    • si ses intentions étaient louables, l'effet de son discours a été désastreux while his motives were excellent, the results of his speech were disastrous
       e. (locutions) et si tu lui téléphonais ? how about phoning him?
    ► si ce n'est...
    • qui peut le savoir, si ce n'est lui ? if he doesn't know, who will?
    • si ce n'est elle, qui aurait osé ? who but she would have dared?
    • il n'avait rien emporté, si ce n'est quelques biscuits he had taken nothing with him apart from a few biscuits
    • elle va bien, si ce n'est qu'elle est très fatiguée she's quite well apart from the fact that she is very tired► si tant est que
    • ils sont sous-payés, si tant est qu'on les paie they are underpaid, if they are paid at all
    2. <
       a. (affirmatif) vous ne venez pas ? -- si/mais si aren't you coming? -- yes I am/of course I am
    • vous n'avez rien mangé ? -- si, une pomme haven't you had anything to eat? -- yes (I have), an apple
    • si, si, il faut venir oh but you must come!
    • il n'a pas voulu, moi si he didn't want to, but I did
    • il n'a pas écrit ? -- il paraît que si hasn't he written? -- yes, it seems that he has
    • je croyais qu'elle ne voulait pas venir, mais il m'a dit que si I thought she didn't want to come but he said she did
       b. ( = tellement) (modifiant un attribut, un adverbe) so ; (modifiant un épithète) such
    • il est stupide, non ? -- si peu ! (ironic) he's stupid, isn't he? -- and how! (inf)
    • on est parti en retard, si bien qu'on a raté le train we left late so we missed the train
    • si bête soit-il, il comprendra however stupid he is he will understand
       d. ( = aussi) as
    II.
    si2 [si]
    invariable masculine noun
    * * *
    Note: si adverbe de degré modifiant un adjectif a deux traductions en anglais selon que l'adjectif modifié est attribut: la maison est si jolie = the house is so pretty, ou épithète: une si jolie maison = such a pretty house
    Dans le cas de l'épithète il existe une deuxième possibilité, assez rare et littéraire, citée pour information: = so pretty a house

    I
    1. si
    nom masculin invariable if

    2.

    ‘tu ne le veux pas?’ - ‘si!’ — ‘don't you want it?’ - ‘yes I do!’

    mais si — yes, of course

    je suis heureux de visiter votre si jolie ville — I'm glad to visit your town, it's so pretty

    si bien que — ( par conséquent) so; ( à tel point que) so much so that


    3.
    conjonction (s' before il or ils)

    si ce n'est (pas) toi, qui est-ce? — if it wasn't you, who was it?, if not you, who?

    je me demande s'il viendra — I wonder if ou whether he'll come

    3) ( quand) if

    enfant, si je lisais, je n'aimais pas être dérangé — when I was a child I used to hate being disturbed if ou when I was reading

    si la France est favorable au projet, les autres pays y sont violemment opposés — whereas France is in favour [BrE] of the project, the other countries are violently opposed to it


    II si
    nom masculin invariable ( note) B; ( en solfiant) ti
    * * *
    abr nm
    See:
    * * *
    I.
    si nm inv ( note) B; ( en solfiant) ti.
    II.
    si
    ❢ Si adverbe de degré modifiant un adjectif a deux traductions en anglais selon que l'adjectif modifié est attribut: la maison est si jolie = the house is so pretty, ou épithète: une si jolie maison = such a pretty house. Dans le cas de l'épithète il existe une deuxième possibilité, assez rare et littéraire, citée pour information: = so pretty a house.
    A nm inv if; des si et des mais ifs and buts.
    B adv
    1 ( marquant l'affirmation) yes; ‘tu ne le veux pas?’-‘si!’ ‘don't you want it?’-‘yes I do!’; ‘ils n'ont pas encore vendu leur maison?’-‘il me semble que si’ ‘haven't they sold their house yet?’-‘yes, I think they have’; il n'ira pas, moi si he won't go, but I will; mais si yes, of course; ‘tu ne le veux pas?’-‘mais si’ ‘don't you want it?’-‘yes, of course I do’; si fort littér yes indeed;
    2 ( marquant l'intensité) so; ce n'est pas si simple it's not so simple; de si bon matin so early in the morning; de si bonne heure so early; c'est un homme si agréable he's such a pleasant man; vous habitez un si joli pays you live in such a lovely country; je suis heureux de visiter votre si jolie ville I'm glad to visit your town, it's so pretty; j'ai eu si peur que I was so afraid that; si bien que ( par conséquent) so; ( à tel point que) so much so that; elle n'a pas écrit, si bien que je ne sais pas à quelle heure elle arrive she hasn't written, so I don't know what time she's arriving; elle s'agitait en tous sens si bien qu'elle a fini par tomber she was flapping about all over the place, so much so that she fell over; tant et si bien que so much so that;
    3 ( pour marquer la comparaison) rien n'est si beau qu'un coucher de soleil there's nothing so beautiful as a sunset; est-elle si bête qu'on le dit? is she as stupid as people say (she is)?;
    4 ( pour marquer la concession) si loin que vous alliez nous saurons bien vous retrouver however far away you go ou no matter how far away you go, we will be able to find you; si intelligent qu'il soit or soit-il, il ne peut pas tout savoir as intelligent as he is ou however intelligent he is, he can't know everything; si pénible que soit la situation however hard the situation may be; si peu que ce soit however little it may be.
    C conj (s' before il or ils)
    1 ( marquant l'éventualité) if; si ce n'est (pas) toi, qui est-ce? if it wasn't you, who was it?; il n'a rien pris avec lui si ce n'est un livre et son parapluie he didn't take anything with him apart from ou other than a book and his umbrella; l'une des villes les plus belles, si ce n'est la plus belle one of the most beautiful cities, if not the most beautiful; personne n'a compris si ce n'est le meilleur de la classe nobody understood except the best pupil in the class; si ce n'était la peur d'être malade j'irais avec vous if it weren't for fear of getting ill I'd go with you; à quoi servent ces réunions si ce n'est à nous faire perdre notre temps? what purpose do these meetings serve other than to waste our time?; si c'est (comme) ça, je pars if that's how it is, I'm leaving; s'il vient demain et qu'il fait beau if he comes tomorrow and the weather's fine; lui seul peut trouver une solution, si solution il y a only he can find a solution, if there is one ou a solution; si oui if so; était-il à Paris? si oui avec qui? si non pourquoi? was he in Paris? if he was, who was he with? if he wasn't, why?; explique-moi tout si tant est que tu puisses le faire tell me everything, if you can do it that is; je ne sais pas s'il pourra nous prêter la somme avant dimanche, si tant est qu'il veuille bien nous la prêter I don't know if he will be able to lend us the money before Sunday, if he's willing to lend it to us at all (that is); si tant est qu'une telle distinction ait un sens if such a distinction makes any sense; c'est un brave homme s'il en est he's a brave man if ever there was one; c'était un homme cultivé s'il en fut he was an educated man if ever there was one;
    3 ( exprimant l'hypothèse dans le passé) if; si j'avais su qu'il était à Paris je l'aurais invité if I had known that he was in Paris I would have invited him; si j'avais eu l'argent if I had had the money;
    4 ( quand) if; s'il pleurait elle le prenait tout de suite dans ses bras if he cried she would pick him up straightaway; enfant, si je lisais, je n'aimais pas être dérangé when I was a child I used to hate being disturbed if ou when I was reading;
    5 ( dans une phrase exclamative) if only; si vous pouviez venir! if only you could come!, I wish you would come!; si au moins vous m'aviez téléphoné! if only you had phoned me!; si encore or enfin or seulement or même if only; si j'avais su! if only I'd known!, had I known!; vous pensez si j'étais content! you can imagine how happy I was!; si j'ai envie de partir? ah ça oui! do I want to leave? but of course I do!; et si je le rencontrais dans la rue! just imagine if ou just suppose I meet him in the street!;
    6 ( introduit la suggestion) si tu venais avec moi? how ou what about coming with me?, why don't you come with me?; si nous allions dîner au restaurant? how ou what about going out for dinner?; si tu venais passer le week-end avec nous? why don't you come and spend the weekend with us?; et s'il décidait de ne pas venir? and what if he decided not to come?; et si tu lui écrivais? why don't you write to him/her?;
    7 ( pour marquer l'opposition) whereas; si la France est favorable au projet, les autres pays y sont violemment opposés whereas France is in favourGB of the project, the other countries are violently opposed to it;
    8 ( introduit une interrogation indirecte) if, whether; je me demande s'il viendra I wonder if ou whether he'll come.
    I
    [si] adverbe
    1. [tellement - avec un adjectif attribut, un adverbe, un nom] so ; [ - avec un adjectif épithète] such
    je la vois si peu I see so little of her, I see her so rarely
    si... que so... that
    2. [exprimant la concession] however
    si aimable soit-il... however nice he may be...
    si dur que ça puisse paraître, je ne céderai pas however hard it may seem ou hard as it may seem I won't give way
    si vous le vexez si peu que ce soit, il fond en larmes if you upset him even the slightest bit, he bursts into tears
    3. [dans une comparaison]
    si... que as... as
    4. [en réponse affirmative] yes
    ça n'a pas d'importance — si, ça en a! it doesn't matter — it does ou yes it does!
    je ne veux pas que tu me rembourses — si, si, voici ce que je te dois I don't want you to pay me back — no, I insist, here's what I owe you
    tu ne vas quand même pas lui dire? — oh que si! still, you're not going to tell him, are you? — oh yes I am!
    ————————
    [si] conjonction (devant 'il' ou 'ils' s' [s])
    1. [exprimant une condition] if
    si tu veux, on y va we'll go if you want
    si tu ne réfléchis pas par toi-même et si ou que tu crois tout ce qu'on te dit... if you don't think for yourself and you believe everything people tell you...
    je ne lui dirai que si tu es d'accord I'll tell him only if you agree, I won't tell him unless you agree
    si tu oses...! [ton menaçant] don't you dare!
    avez-vous des enfants? si oui, remplissez le cadre ci-dessous do you have any children? if yes, fill in the box below
    2. [exprimant une hypothèse] if
    si tu venais de bonne heure, on pourrait finir avant midi if you came early we would be able to finish before midday
    s'il m'arrivait quelque chose, prévenez John should anything happen to me ou if anything should happen to me, call John
    ah toi, si je ne me retenais pas...! just count yourself lucky I'm restraining myself!
    si j'avais su, je me serais méfié if I had known ou had I known, I would have been more cautious
    3. [exprimant une éventualité] what if
    4. [exprimant une suggestion] what about
    5. [exprimant un souhait, un regret]
    ah, si j'étais plus jeune! I wish ou if only I were younger!
    6. [dans l'interrogation indirecte] if, whether
    dites-moi si vous venez tell me if ou whether you're coming
    7. [introduisant une complétive] if, that
    8. [introduisant une explication] if
    si quelqu'un a le droit de se plaindre, c'est bien moi! if anyone has reason to complain, it's me!
    9. [exprimant la répétition] if, when
    si je prends une initiative, elle la désapprouve whenever ou every time I take the initiative, she disapproves (of it)
    10. [exprimant la concession, l'opposition]
    si son premier roman a été un succès, le second a été éreinté par la critique though her first novel was a success, the second was slated by the critics
    11. [emploi exclamatif]
    tu penses s'il était déçu/heureux! you can imagine how disappointed/happy he was!
    si je m'attendais à te voir ici! well, I (certainly) didn't expect to meet you here ou fancy meeting you here!
    ————————
    [si] nom masculin invariable
    avec des si, on mettrait Paris en bouteille (proverbe) if ifs and buts were pots and pans, there'd be no trade for tinkers (proverbe)
    ————————
    si bien que locution conjonctive
    [de telle sorte que] so
    il ne sait pas lire une carte, si bien qu'on s'est perdus he can't read a map, and so we got lost
    si ce n'est locution prépositionnelle
    1. [pour rectifier] if not
    ça a duré une bonne heure, si ce n'est deux it lasted at least an hour, if not two
    2. [excepté] apart from, except
    tout vous convient? — oui, si ce n'est le prix is everything to your satisfaction? — yes, apart from ou except the price
    si ce n'était sa timidité, c'est un garçon très agréable he's a nice young man, if a little shy
    si ce n'est toi, c'est donc ton frère La Fontaine (allusion) if it's not you, then it must be your double ou your twin brother (humoristique)
    si ce n'est que locution conjonctive
    il n'a pas de régime, si ce n'est qu'il ne doit pas fumer he has no special diet, except that he mustn't smoke
    si tant est que locution conjonctive
    on se retrouvera à 18 h, si tant est que l'avion arrive à l'heure we'll meet at 6 p.m. provided (that) ou if the plane arrives on time
    II
    [si] nom masculin invariable
    [chanté] si, ti
    voir aussi link=fa fa

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > si

  • 89 lo mejor de lo mejor

    • creme de la creme
    • the best invention
    • the best part
    • the best thing
    • the best thing ever invented
    • the best thing there is
    • the best thing to do
    • The Cotton State
    • the cream of the crop
    • the elderly
    • The Empire State
    • the Ninth
    • the North
    • the people
    • the petition is denied
    • the pick of the lot
    • The Pine Tree State
    • the time of day
    • the topmost
    • the utmost
    • the very fact

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > lo mejor de lo mejor

  • 90 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 91 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

  • 92 من

    مِن \ by: (showing how sth. is done): We hold things by the handle. We know people by name. We learn by experience. We earn money by working. from: showing the time that sth. started: I waited from six o’clock till eight, showing where sth. began or was obtained Are men descended from monkeys? He read aloud from the newspaper, showing cause He suffered from stomach pains, showing the lower limit of costs, numbers, etc. New bicycles cost from $60 to $90 each, showing a change The price rose from 20 pence to 25 pence, showing difference I don’t know one from the other, showing the place that one has left He arrived from Glasgow. of: (after a noun) showing contents, amount, kind, etc.: a cup of coffee (a cup that contains coffee); a cupful of coffee (enough coffee to fill a cup); a pound of sugar (sugar that weighs a pound); a piece of bread (not a whole loaf), (after an adj. or verb) concerning; about: I’m sure of it. She’s afraid of mice, (after a verb) showing a cause He died of hunger, (after an adj.) showing who did sth. and how he did it It was kind of your father to invite me (Your father was kind...), (after a participle) showing how sth. is formed a dress made of silk. than: used in comparing two objects; here the second subject and verb are always left out: I like you better than him (I like you better than I like him), used in comparing two subjects; it is better to put in the second verb, although some writers leave it out He is taller than I (am). He runs faster than I (do). \ مِن أَجْل \ because of: as a result of: Because of his illness, he could not travel. for: because of: He jumped for joy. She was sent to prison for stealing. for sb. to do sth.: that sb. should do sth.: I’m anxious for him to pass his exams. sake, for the sake of, for sb.’s sake: for the desire of: Why ruin your health for the sake of a little pleasure?, for the good of; so as to help: Soldiers die for the sake of their county (or for their country’s sake). Don’t take any risks for my sake. towards: as a help to: He gave me $5 towards the cost of my bicycle. \ مِن أَجْل ذلك \ hence: (often with no verb) for this reason: My car broke down; hence my late arrival. \ مِن أحدث طِراز \ up to date: up to the present moment; modern; knowing or showing the latest facts: Give me an up-to-date report on political events in South America. \ مِن أَصْل \ out: from among: Ten out of the twenty people were late. \ مِن الأَفْضَل \ preferably: if possible: Any day suits me, but preferably not Sunday. \ مِن الأَفْضَل \ had better: would be wise to: You had better try again tomorrow. \ See Also الأَجْدى لِـ \ مِن الآن \ hence: from now: A week hence I shall be in Rome. \ مِن... إلى \ from... to...: (without a or the) showing passage of time, distance in space, or repeated action: He visits me from time to time. He went from house to house in search of work. \ مِن آن إلى آخر \ every now and again, every now and then: again and again, but with no regular space between. \ مِن الآن فَصَاعِدًا \ henceforth, henceforward: from now on; in future. on: onwards: From now on I shall be more careful. \ مِن البداية إلى النهاية \ through: passing from one side or place to another; making a continuous journey: a through train. \ مِن بَعْدُ \ since: after; during the period after: I saw him on Tuesday, but I haven’t seen him since. I’ve been thinking about him ever since. \ مِن بَعيد \ from afar: from a great distance. \ مِن بَين \ out of: from among: Ten out of the twenty people were late. \ مِن ثَمَّ \ subsequently: afterwards: He became ill in the winter, and subsequently died. \ مِن جَانِبٍ إِلَى آخر \ across: form one side to the other: Run across before a car comes. The river is half a mile across. over: so that a different side is upwards: Turn the page over. Roll the body over. \ مِن جَديد \ afresh: again; making a new beginning: Tear up this page and start afresh. \ مِن جَمِيع الجهَات \ around: on all sides (of); round; here and there: The boys were running around. A crowd gathered around me. \ مِن جَمِيع الوُجوه تقريبًا \ to all intents and purposes: in regard to all that matters: To all intents and purposes, the work is finished (though a few unimportant points remain to be dealt with). \ مِن جِهة \ in respect of, with respect to, respecting: concerning: a bill in respect of car repairs. on the part of: in the case of; so far as sb. is concerned: There was no mistake on her part (If there was a mistake, it was not hers). \ مِن جهة ومِن الجهة الأخرى \ on the one hand, on the other hand: comparing opposite facts or ideas; the first phrase is often left out: (On the one hand) you can live more cheaply in the country; on the other hand, work is harder to find there. \ مِن الحديد \ iron: made of iron; as strong as iron: an iron bar; an iron will. \ مِن حُسن التوفيق \ happily: fortunately: Happily, he was not hurt in the accident. a good job: a fortunate thing: It’s a good job that you crossed before the bridge fell. fortunately: adv. as the result of good fortune: He fell down but fortunately did not hurt himself. \ See Also لحسن الحظ (لِحُسْنِ الحَظّ)‏ \ مِن حَوْل \ around: on all sides (of); round; here and there: The boys were running around. A crowd gathered around me. \ مِن حَيْثُ شَخْصُهُ \ personally: as a person (in regard to character); socially: I like him personally, but I dislike his political ideas. \ مِن حِين لآخَر \ occasional: happening sometimes, but not regularly: We had an occasional quarrel. now and again, now and then: sometimes. \ مِن خِلال \ through: from one side to the other; from one end to the other: He drove a nail through (the board). A river ran through (the town). Water runs through pipes. I looked through the window, but I couldn’t see far through the mist. I read through my notes. \ مِن الدرجة الأولى \ first-class, first-rate: of the best quality: He is a first-class photographer. \ مِن سُخْرِية الأقدار \ ironic(al): (of events) like a cruel joke: It was ironical that she should break her leg just when she had at last got a job as a dancer. \ مِنَ الشرق \ eastern: belonging to the east. \ مِن صُنْعِ اليَد \ hand-made: made by hand, not by a machine: Hand-made shoes. \ مِن الضروريّ أن كما \ must: (p.t.. had to, neg.. needn’t, don’t/didn’t need to; don’t/didn’t have to) need to: You must go now, mustn’t you? Yes, I must. No, I needn’t go yet. \ مِن الطبيعيّ \ it goes without saying (that): naturally; of course: The invitation was sent to me; but it goes without saying that my wife is included. \ مِن الطراز القديم \ old-fashioned: (of people) holding on to old ideas and customs; (of things) not modern; no longer used. \ مِن طَرَف لآخر \ through: passing from one side or place to another; making a continuous journey: a through train. \ مِن عَجيب التَّقادِير \ ironic(al): (of events) like a cruel joke: It was ironical that she should break her leg just when she had at last got a job as a dancer. \ مِن عَلى ظهر السفينة \ overboard: over the side of a boat, and into the water: They jumped overboard when the ship was on fire. \ مِن غَيْر \ without: not with; not having: Without doubt, this is the best. I did it without his help. He took my bicycle without asking me. \ مِن غَيْر حَرَج \ freely: readily: They freely accepted my advice. \ مِنَ الفراء \ fur: animal skin, with the fur on it, used as clothing: a coat with a collar of fur; a fur hat. \ مِنَ الفِراش \ up: out of bed: I get up at 6.30 every morning. We stayed up very late last night. \ مِن فَضْلِك \ kindly: please!: kindly close the door!. please: (when asking) giving a polite order: Please stop that noise. A cup of coffee, please, asking for a favour or for permission Will you help me, please? Please, may I use your pen?. \ مِن فَوْق \ over: across, from one side of sth. to the other: He jumped over the fence. The gate was locked, so he climbed over. \ مِن فَوق سَطْح المَرْكَب \ overboard: over the side of a boat, and into the water: They jumped overboard when the ship was on fire. \ مِن قَبْل \ ago: before the present time: 100 years ago; a short while ago. already: before this time: She’s already married. before: at an earlier time (than): I have been here before. beforehand: before; early; in readiness: If you want your dinner early, warn the cook beforehand. \ مِن قِبَل \ by: (showing who or what did sth.): He was bitten by a dog. \ مِن قَلْبٍ مُخْلص \ heartily: thoroughly: I heartily agree with you. \ مِنَ المُؤسِف \ pity: (with a) an unfortunate fact or happening: It’s a pity that you can’t go with us to the cinema. \ مِنَ المُحَتَّم \ bound, (bind, bound) to: certain to: He’s bound to win. \ See Also المُؤَكَّد أَنّ \ مِنَ المُحْتَمَل \ likely: (usu. with very, most, more or quite) probably: She’s very likely right. well: (with may) very possibly; with good reason: He may well be late if the road is being repaired. \ مِن مُدّةٍ قريبة \ the other day: a few days ago: I met your son the other day. \ مِن المَرْتَبَة أو الدَّرَجة الثّانِية \ second-class: of the next level below that of top quality: The less comfortable second-class seats were much cheaper than the first-class ones. \ مِن المَفْروض أنّ \ be supposed to: to have a duty to; be expected to: You’re supposed to be working now, not playing. You’re not supposed to be here (You ought not be here). \ مِن مَكانٍ لآخَر \ about: from place to place in: We wandered about the town. \ مِن المُمْكِن \ could, (could not, couldn’t): (with an if clause, showing a possibility that depends on sth. else) would be able to: She could buy it if you lent her the money. possibly: perhaps: Possibly you can help. well: (with may) very possibly; with good reason: He may well be late if the road is being repaired.. \ مِنَ المُمْكِن أن \ could, (could not, couldn’t): (showing a simple possibility): You could telephone her (if you wanted to). might: expressing a weak possibility (future, present or past): She might do that tomorrow; she might be doing it at this moment; she might even have done it already (but I doubt that she has done it or ever will do it). \ مِنْ ناحية... مِنَ الناحية الأخرى \ on the one hand, on the other hand: comparing opposite facts or ideas; the first phrase is often left out: (On the one hand) you can live more cheaply in the country; on the other hand, work is harder to find there. \ مِن النّاحية النظريّة \ in theory: as an idea; according to ideas: Your plan may work in theory, but it will not work in practice. \ مِنَ النُّبَلاء \ earl: the title of a British nobleman. \ مِنَ النُّبَلاء \ noble: of high rank: a woman of noble birth. \ See Also الأشراف \ مِنْ نِتاج الوَطَن \ home-grown: (of food) grown in one’s own country, not in another country: home-grown vegetables. \ مِنْ نُسْخَتَين \ in duplicate: on two separate copies: Please complete this list in duplicate. \ مِنْ نَسْل \ descendant: sb. who is descended from a person: a descendant of Queen Victoria. \ See Also ذرية (ذُرِّيَّة)‏ \ مِنْ نَفْس البَلَد \ countryman, countrymen: (usu. fellow countryman) a person of the same nation as another. \ مِنْ نوع راق \ classical: of proved and lasting value: classical music. \ مَنْ هُم أَعْلَى مقَامًا \ betters, one’s betters: those who have more experience or higher rank than onself: Treat your betters with more respect. \ See Also أَرْفَع شَأنًا مِن \ مِن هُنَا \ away: (with verbs of movement) to a distance: Go away! We drove the dog away. by: past: Please let me (get) by. He smiled as he went by. \ مَن هو أَعْلَى دَرَجَةً \ superior: sb. of higher rank: You must obey your superiors. \ مِن واجبه أن \ up to: the duty of: It’s up to his father to punish him. \ مِن وَاحِد إلى آخَر \ over: across, from one person to another: She handed over the keys to a friend. \ مِن الواضح \ much: (in comparison; before most, etc.) without doubt; clearly: He is much the most experienced player in the team. \ مِن وَراءِ ظَهْرِه \ behind sb.’s back: when someone is not present: He tells untrue stories about me behind my back. \ مِن وَقْت لاِخَر \ now and again: sometimes. off and on, on and off: not continuously; at one time and another: It has been raining off and on the whole day. sometimes: at certain times but not always: Sometimes I win and sometimes I don’t. England sometimes has a hot summer, but not often.

    Arabic-English dictionary > من

  • 93 überhaupt

    Adv. (insgesamt) generally, on the whole, altogether; (eigentlich) actually; in Fragen: oft anyway; (überdies, außerdem) besides; überhaupt nicht not at all; (niemals) never; überhaupt nichts nothing (at all); überhaupt kein... no... at all, no... of any sort; sie hat ja überhaupt keine Kenntnisse she doesn’t know anything at all; du hast ja überhaupt keine Ahnung you have absolutely no idea; wenn überhaupt if at all; du hättest es überhaupt nicht tun sollen you shouldn’t have done it in the first place; gibt es überhaupt eine Möglichkeit? is there any chance at all?; dürfen die das überhaupt? are they actually allowed to do that?; kennst du ihn überhaupt? do you know him at all?; wer sind Sie / was wollen Sie überhaupt? who are you / what do you want anyway?; wer / wo etc. ist er überhaupt? who / where etc. is he anyway?; wissen Sie überhaupt, wen Sie vor sich haben? do you have any idea who you’re talking to?; hast du überhaupt schon was gegessen? have you actually had anything to eat yet?; er ist überhaupt sehr begabt of course, he 'is very talented (altogether); das hätte ich überhaupt gern gewusst I would have particularly liked to have known that; und überhaupt,... umg. (and) besides...; und überhaupt! umg. so there!
    * * *
    as a whole; at all; generally; altogether
    * * *
    über|haupt [yːbɐ'haupt]
    adv
    1) (= sowieso, im Allgemeinen) in general; (= überdies, außerdem) anyway, anyhow

    und überháúpt, warum nicht? — and after all or anyway, why not?

    er sagt überháúpt immer sehr wenig — he never says very much anyway or anyhow or at the best of times

    nicht nur Rotwein, sondern Wein überháúpt mag ich nicht — it's not only red wine I don't like, I don't like wine at all or full stop (esp Brit) or period

    2) (in Fragen, Verneinungen) at all

    überháúpt nicht — not at all

    ich denke überháúpt nicht daran mitzukommen — I've (absolutely) no intention whatsoever of coming along

    überháúpt nie — never (ever), never at all

    überháúpt kein Grund — no reason at all or whatsoever

    hast du denn überháúpt keinen Anstand? — have you no decency at all?

    das habe ich ja überháúpt nicht gewusst — I had no idea at all

    ich habe überháúpt nichts gehört — I didn't hear anything at all, I didn't hear a thing

    das steht in überháúpt keinem Verhältnis zu... — that bears no relationship at all or whatsoever to...

    3)

    (= erst, eigentlich) dann merkt man überháúpt erst, wie schön... — then you really notice for the first time how beautiful...

    waren Sie überháúpt schon in dem neuen Film? — have you actually been to the latest film?

    da fällt mir überháúpt ein,... — now I remember...

    wenn überháúpt — if at all

    wie ist das überháúpt möglich? — how is that possible?

    gibt es das überháúpt? — is there really such a thing?, is there really any such thing?

    was wollen Sie überháúpt von mir? (herausfordernd) — what do you want from me?

    wer sind Sie überháúpt? — who do you think you are?

    wissen Sie überháúpt, wer ich bin? — do you realize who I am?

    * * *
    1) (in any way: I don't like it at all.) at all
    2) (whatsoever; at all: I had nothing whatever to do with that.) what
    3) (at all: That's nothing whatsoever to do with me.) whatsoever
    * * *
    über·haupt
    [y:bɐˈhaupt]
    I. adv
    „das ist \überhaupt die Höhe!“ “this is insufferable!”
    ▪ \überhaupt kein(e, r) nobody/nothing/none at all
    \überhaupt kein Geld haben to have no money at all, to not have any money at all
    ▪ \überhaupt nicht not at all
    \überhaupt nicht kalt/heiß not at all cold/hot, not cold/hot at all
    es hat \überhaupt nicht weh getan it didn't hurt at all
    ▪ \überhaupt nichts nothing at all
    \überhaupt nichts [mehr] haben to have nothing [or not have anything] at all
    ▪ \überhaupt [noch] nie never [at all [or hum a. ever]]
    ▪ und \überhaupt,...? and anyway,...?
    ▪ wenn \überhaupt if at all
    Sie bekommen nicht mehr als Euro 4.200, wenn \überhaupt you'll get no more than 4,200 euros, if that
    II. part (eigentlich)
    was soll das \überhaupt? what's that supposed to mean?
    wissen Sie \überhaupt, wer ich bin? do[n't] you know [or realize] who I am?
    * * *
    1.
    1) (insgesamt, im allgemeinen) in general

    überhaupt keine Zeit haben — have no time at all; not have any time at all

    das kommt überhaupt nicht in Frage — it's quite or completely out of the question

    überhaupt nichts — nothing at all; nothing what[so]ever

    3) (überdies, außerdem) besides
    2.
    Partikel anyway

    wissen Sie überhaupt, mit wem Sie reden? — do you realize who you're talking to?

    * * *
    überhaupt adv (insgesamt) generally, on the whole, altogether; (eigentlich) actually; in Fragen: oft anyway; (überdies, außerdem) besides;
    überhaupt nicht not at all; (niemals) never;
    überhaupt nichts nothing (at all);
    überhaupt kein … no … at all, no … of any sort;
    sie hat ja überhaupt keine Kenntnisse she doesn’t know anything at all;
    du hast ja überhaupt keine Ahnung you have absolutely no idea;
    wenn überhaupt if at all;
    du hättest es überhaupt nicht tun sollen you shouldn’t have done it in the first place;
    gibt es überhaupt eine Möglichkeit? is there any chance at all?;
    dürfen die das überhaupt? are they actually allowed to do that?;
    kennst du ihn überhaupt? do you know him at all?;
    wer sind Sie/was wollen Sie überhaupt? who are you/what do you want anyway?;
    wer/wo etc
    ist er überhaupt? who/where etc is he anyway?;
    wissen Sie überhaupt, wen Sie vor sich haben? do you have any idea who you’re talking to?;
    hast du überhaupt schon was gegessen? have you actually had anything to eat yet?;
    er ist überhaupt sehr begabt of course, he 'is very talented (altogether);
    das hätte ich überhaupt gern gewusst I would have particularly liked to have known that;
    und überhaupt, … umg (and) besides …;
    und überhaupt! umg so there!
    * * *
    1.
    1) (insgesamt, im allgemeinen) in general

    überhaupt keine Zeit haben — have no time at all; not have any time at all

    das kommt überhaupt nicht in Frage — it's quite or completely out of the question

    überhaupt nichts — nothing at all; nothing what[so]ever

    3) (überdies, außerdem) besides
    2.
    Partikel anyway

    wissen Sie überhaupt, mit wem Sie reden? — do you realize who you're talking to?

    * * *
    adv.
    at all expr.
    generally adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > überhaupt

  • 94 dobrze

    Ⅰ adv. grad. 1. (właściwie, odpowiednio) [zachowywać się, ubierać] well
    - dobrze utrzymany ogród a well-kept garden
    - dobrze/lepiej płatna praca a well-/better-paid job
    - dobrze wychowane dziecko a well-behaved child
    - dobrze mi radzisz that’s good a. sound advice
    - dobrze postąpiłeś a. zrobiłeś you did the right thing
    - chciał dobrze, ale nie wyszło he meant well, but it didn’t work out
    - lepiej być nie może/mogło things a. it couldn’t be/couldn’t have been better
    - nie lepiej byłoby poczekać trochę (z tym)? wouldn’t it be better to wait a bit (with that)?
    - w nowej szkole szło mu całkiem dobrze he was doing quite well in the new school
    - dobrze ci w zielonym/tej sukience you look good in green/that dress
    - lepiej/najlepiej jej w niebieskim blue suits her better/best
    - dobrze wygląda w tym garniturze he looks good in that suit
    - równie a. zupełnie dobrze mógłby studiować w Paryżu he could just as well study in Paris
    - dobrze jest mieć inne rozwiązanie w zapasie it’s good a. advisable to have a back-up solution
    - jeśli dobrze pójdzie if all a. everything goes well
    - dobrze mówię?pot. am I right?
    - mieć dobrze w głowie to have one’s head screwed on the right way
    - nie mieć dobrze w głowie to be not right in the head pot.
    - najlepiej będzie, jeśli… it’ll be best if…
    - zrobił to najlepiej jak potrafił he did it as well as a. as best he could
    2. (umiejętnie) [gotować, śpiewać, grać] well
    - dobrze skrojony garnitur a well-tailored a. well-cut suit
    - dobrze się uczyć to be a good student, to do well at school
    - dobrze się znać na czymś to know quite a bit a. (quite) a lot about sth
    - dobrze mu wygarnęłapot. she gave him a good bawling-out a. rollicking GB
    - wszystko wie/wiedział lepiej he always knows/knew better
    - mówiła po niemiecku lepiej niż ja a. ode mnie she spoke German better than me
    3. (dokładnie) [pamiętać] well; [przeczytać] properly, right
    - dobrze się znamy we know each other well
    - on dobrze wie, co mu grozi he’s well aware of a. knows very well what could happen to him
    - dobrze wiesz, o co mi chodzi! you know very well what I mean!
    - trzeba by dobrze się zastanowić we/you need to think about it (very) carefully
    4. (zdrowo) [czuć się, wyglądać] well
    - przeszedł ciężką operację, ale już jest z nim dobrze he underwent a serious operation, but he’s recovered now a. he’s doing well now
    - urlop dobrze ci zrobi it’ll do you good to have a holiday
    - poranna gimnastyka dobrze mi robi morning exercise a. a morning workout does me (a power a. world of) good
    5. (miło) dobrze się bawić to have a good time
    - dobrze mi tutaj, nigdzie nie idę I’m fine right here, I’m not going anywhere
    - z nikim mi nie było tak dobrze, jak z tobą nobody ever made me feel as good as you did
    - tobie to dobrze, nie musisz chodzić do pracy you’re lucky, you don’t have to go to work
    - gdzie ci będzie lepiej niż tu? where would you be better off than here?
    6. (pozytywnie) [skończyć się, układać się] well
    - dobrze usposobiony człowiek a good-natured a. an amenable person
    - dobrze komuś życzyć to wish sb well
    - wszyscy wypowiadali się o nim bardzo dobrze everyone spoke very well of him
    - dobrze jest mieć sąsiadów it’s good to have neighbours
    - byłoby dobrze, gdyby zechciał się pan nią zająć it would be good if you could take care of her
    - on się żeni – to dobrze he’s getting married – good for him a. that’s good
    - uda im się wygrać, to dobrze, nie uda się, to drugie dobrze if they win, all well and good, and if they don’t, then it doesn’t matter a. then too bad
    - to nie jest dobrze widziane it isn’t done, it’s frowned upon
    - nie będzie dobrze widziane, jak przyjdziesz bez uprzedzenia it won’t go down (too) well if you turn up without warning
    - przychodzenie bez uprzedzenia nie jest dobrze widziane it isn’t the done thing a. it’s frowned upon to turn up without warning
    7. (bez wysiłku) well
    - bawełnę dobrze się prasuje cotton irons well a. is easy to iron
    - tę książkę dobrze się czyta this book is a good read, the book reads well
    Ⅱ adv. 1. pot. (bardzo) well pot.
    - jest dobrze po pierwszej/po północy it’s well past one/after midnight
    - wstać dobrze przed świtem to get up well before sunrise a. dawn
    - dobrze się naszukaliśmy tego domu we spent hours trying to find the right house
    2. Szkol. ocenił pracę na dobrze/dobrze plus a. z plusem/bardzo dobrze he gave the work a B/a B+/an A Ⅲ inter. 1. (zgoda) okay pot., all right
    - no, dobrze, zgadzam się well, all right, I agree
    - niech mi pan nie przerywa, dobrze? don’t interrupt me, okay?
    - jak tylko będę wiedział, zadzwonię, dobrze? I’ll call as soon as I find out, okay?
    - no dobrze, to nie pójdziemy okay, so we won’t go
    - no dobrze, (ale) nie musisz tak krzyczeć okay, you don’t have to shout like that
    - dobrze, dobrze! all right, all right!; okay, okay! pot.
    - dobrze, dobrze, już idę! okay, okay a. all right, all right, I’m going!/I’m coming
    - „ile razy mam ci mówić?” – „dobrze, dobrze!” ‘how many times do I have to tell you?’ – ‘okay, okay!’
    - dobrze, dobrze, zobaczymy, jak ty sobie poradzisziron. yeah, yeah, we’ll just (wait and) see how (well) you do pot., iron.
    2. (aprobata) good, right
    - „jak się nazywa stolica Urugwaju?” – „Montevideo” – „dobrze!” ‘what’s the capital of Uruguay?’ – ‘Montevideo’ – ‘right! a. good!’
    - dobrze, oby tak dalej well done, keep it up
    3. (przerwanie wypowiedzi) all right; okay pot.
    - no dobrze, ale pani tak mówi, bo nie chce być szczera all right a. okay, but, you’re saying that because you don’t want to be honest
    - dobrze, dobrze, pożartowaliśmy, a teraz do rzeczy all right a. okay, we’ve had our joke a. a laugh, let’s get down to business
    - dobrze już, nie płacz there, there a. there, now, don’t cry
    Ⅳ lepiej comp. 1. (raczej) rather
    - lepiej już wychodź, bo się spóźnisz you’d better go, or you’ll be late
    - lepiej się zastanów you’d better think about it
    - powiedzieli mu, żeby się lepiej przyznał they told him he’d better own up a. confess
    2. pot. (więcej) more
    - dziesięć lat albo i lepiej a. jak nie lepiej ten years or even more
    ■ dobrze zbudowany well-built
    - być dobrze z kimś pot. to be on good terms with sb
    - być z kimś (jak) najlepiej to be the best of friends a. on the best of terms with sb
    - być z kimś nie najlepiej to not be on very good terms with sb
    - wyjść na czymś dobrze/lepiej/najlepiej pot. to come off well/better/best out of sth
    - mieć się dobrze (być bogatym) to be well-off; (być zdrowym) to be a. feel well
    - mieć dobrze w głowie a. czubie to be well away a. far gone pot.
    - robić komuś dobrze euf. to make sb feel good euf.
    - jest z nią dobrze she’s fine
    - już jest z nią lepiej she’s feeling better now
    - było z nią nie najlepiej she wasn’t feeling too good
    - zrobiło mu się lepiej pot. he felt better
    - dobrze ci/mu/jej tak pot. it serves you/him/her right
    - nie ma tak dobrze pot. it doesn’t work like that a. that way, it’s not as simple a. easy as that
    - lepiej nie mówić pot. it doesn’t bear talking about
    - lepiej późno niż wcale a. nigdy przysł. better late than never przysł.
    * * *
    comp; lepiej; adv
    well; ( przyjmować) warmly, (sprzedać, kupić) at a profit

    dobrze! — O.K.!, all right!

    * * *
    int.
    all right!, fine!, OK!
    adv.
    1. (= prawidłowo, dokładnie, pozytywnie, umiejętnie, ładnie, zdrowo, życzliwie) well; dobrze ci tak mówić that's easy for you to say; dobrze coś sprzedać sell sth at a profit; dobrze komuś z oczu patrzy sb looks honest, sb looks like a good l. an honest person; dobrze komuś życzyć wish sb well; dobrze mu/ci tak! (it) serves him/you right!; dobrze odżywiony t. euf. well-fed; dobrze płatny well-paid; dobrze poinformowany well-informed; dobrze się bawić have fun, have a good time; dobrze się na czymś znać know sth well, know sth inside out, be knowledgeable about sth; dobrze się uczyć be a good student; dobrze ubrany well-dressed; dobrze wychowany well-mannered, well-behaved, well-brought-up; dobrze wyglądać look good; dobrze znany well-known; dobrze, że... it's a good thing (that)..., fortunately,...; coś komuś dobrze robi sth does sb good; jak l. jeśli wszystko dobrze pójdzie if all l. everything goes well; komuś dobrze poszło (w czymś) sb did well (at l. in sth); komuś się dobrze powodzi sb is well off, sb is doing well; komuś w czymś dobrze ( w stroju) sth suits sb (well), sth looks good on sb; ktoś ma się dobrze sb is (doing) well; wszystko dobre co się dobrze kończy all's well that ends well; znać się dobrze know each other well.
    2. (= znacznie) well; dobrze po północy well after midnight; dobrze ponad normę well above normal.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > dobrze

  • 95 atosigar

    v.
    1 to harass.
    2 to poison.
    María atosigó a su jefe contra él Mary poisoned her boss against him.
    3 to pester, to breathe down one's neck, to harass, to harry.
    El chico atosiga a su mamá The kid pesters his mom.
    * * *
    1 to harass, pester
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=envenenar) to poison
    2) (=importunar) to harass, plague, pester *; (=presionar) to rush, put pressure on, pressurize
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo ( importunar) to pester, hassle (colloq); ( presionar) to pressure (AmE), to pressurize (BrE)
    * * *
    = nobble, bear down on, harry.
    Ex. He was the best striker I ever saw, certainly before the injuries that nobbled him twice.
    Ex. And here was the war, implacably bearing down on us.
    Ex. They stayed there for the winter, and spent the succeeding three summers harrying the coasts of Ireland and Scotland, after which they returned to Norway.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo ( importunar) to pester, hassle (colloq); ( presionar) to pressure (AmE), to pressurize (BrE)
    * * *
    = nobble, bear down on, harry.

    Ex: He was the best striker I ever saw, certainly before the injuries that nobbled him twice.

    Ex: And here was the war, implacably bearing down on us.
    Ex: They stayed there for the winter, and spent the succeeding three summers harrying the coasts of Ireland and Scotland, after which they returned to Norway.

    * * *
    atosigar [A3 ]
    vt
    1 (importunar) to pester, hassle ( colloq)
    no hacía más que atosigarme con preguntas he did nothing but badger me with questions
    2 (presionar) to harass, to pressure ( AmE), to pressurize ( BrE), to hassle ( colloq)
    ( refl) ( Chi) to stuff oneself
    * * *

    atosigar ( conjugate atosigar) verbo transitivo ( importunar) to pester, hassle (colloq);
    ( presionar) to pressure (AmE), to pressurize (BrE)
    atosigar verbo transitivo to harass
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [con prisas] to harass;
    no me atosigues, que estaré listo en un instante stop rushing o harassing me, I'll be ready in a moment
    2. [con exigencias] to pester, to badger;
    los periodistas lo atosigaban con preguntas the journalists badgered him with questions
    * * *
    v/t pester
    * * *
    atosigar {52} vt
    : to harass, to annoy

    Spanish-English dictionary > atosigar

  • 96 duda

    f.
    1 doubt.
    poner algo en duda to call something into question
    sacar a alguien de la duda to remove somebody's doubts
    salir de dudas to set one's mind at rest
    sin duda without (a) doubt
    tengo mis dudas I have my doubts
    ¡la duda ofende! how could you doubt me!
    no cabe duda there is no doubt about it
    no te quepa duda don't doubt it, make no mistake about it
    2 acatalepsia.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: dudar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: dudar.
    * * *
    1 doubt
    \
    no hay duda there is no doubt
    no te quepa duda make no mistake about it
    poner algo en duda to question something
    sacar a alguien de dudas to dispel somebody's doubts
    salir de dudas to shed one's doubts
    sin duda no doubt, without a doubt
    sin la menor duda without the slightest doubt
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=incertidumbre) doubt

    queda la duda en pie sobre... — doubt remains about...

    • un hecho que no admite duda — an unquestionable fact

    • ante la duda, no lo hagas — if in doubt, don't

    • me asaltó la duda de si... — I was suddenly seized by a doubt as to whether...

    • no cabe duda de que... — there can be no doubt that...

    no me cabe la menor duda de que vamos a ganar — I have absolutely no doubt that we will win, there is absolutely no doubt in my mind that we will win

    • en caso de duda — if in doubt

    "en caso de duda, consulte a su farmacéutico" — "if in doubt, consult your pharmacist"

    • para desvanecer o disipar toda duda — in order to clear up any doubts, to banish all doubts

    • estar en duda, aún está en duda si él será el nuevo director — there's still some doubt as to o about whether he will be the new manager

    estoy en la duda sobre si me iré de vacaciones o no — I'm undecided o in two minds about whether to go on holiday or not

    • fuera de toda duda — beyond all doubt

    • sin lugar a duda(s) — without doubt, undoubtedly

    • poner algo en duda — to question sth, doubt sth

    no pongo en duda que sea verdad, pero... — I don't doubt that it's true, but...

    • sacar a algn de dudas o de la duda — to clear things up for sb

    • salir de dudas, pregúntaselo a él, así saldremos de dudas — ask him, then we'll know

    pues no salimos de dudas — we're none the wiser, then

    • sin duda — undoubtedly

    esta es, sin duda alguna, una de las mejores novelas que he leído — this is, without (any) doubt, one of the best novels I've read, this is undoubtedly one of the best novels I've read

    • sin sombra de duda — without a shadow of a doubt

    la duda ofende —

    ¿cómo que si te lo voy a devolver?, por favor, la duda ofende — what do you mean am I going to give it back to you?, how could you think otherwise?

    2) (=pregunta) question, query

    ¿queda alguna duda? — are there any queries?

    * * *
    1) (interrogante, sospecha) doubt

    expuso sus dudas sobre... — he expressed his reservations about...

    ¿tienen alguna duda? — are there any queries o questions?

    no cabe ninguna duda or la menor duda — there cannot be the slightest doubt

    sin duda or sin lugar a dudas — undoubtedly

    ante or en la duda, abstente — if in doubt, don't

    2) (estado de incertidumbre, indecisión)

    no sé que hacer, estoy en (la) duda — I don't know what to do; I'm of (AmE) o (BrE) in two minds about it

    * * *
    = doubt, reservation, qualm, perplex, quandary, equivocation.
    Ex. However, for others, the ideal status had not yet been achieved and there was doubt about the practical applicability of equity laws.
    Ex. Microforms are easy to use, although there were early reservations concerning the fact that users need to become familiar with any specific kind of microform and its reader.
    Ex. In the article 'Caveats, qualms, and quibbles: a revisionist view of library automation', a public librarian expresses his concern about computers in libraries and the lack of healthy scepticism in libraries when considering the likely benefits of automation.
    Ex. The article 'The print perplex' asserts that librarians must deal with a future of mixed print and digital material, since most books will never be in digital form.
    Ex. The increasing use and popularity of the Internet and phytomedicinals (medicinal herbs and medical botanics) have created a quandary for researchers, consumers and information professionals.
    Ex. We stand with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and other distinguished speakers in stating without equivocation that everyone has the right to freedom of expression.
    ----
    * arrojar dudas sobre = cast + doubt on, cast + doubt on.
    * con dudas = uncertainly.
    * confirmar las dudas = fulfil + doubts.
    * dar a Alguien el beneficio de la duda = give + Nombre + the benefit of the doubt.
    * demostrar sin lugar a dudas = prove + conclusively.
    * demostrar sin ninguna duda = demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * demostrar sin ningún género de duda = demonstrate + beyond (all) doubt, demonstrate + emphatically, demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * despertar dudas = stir + doubts.
    * disipar dudas = dispel + doubts.
    * duda en uno mismo = self-doubt.
    * duda, la = seed of doubt, the.
    * dudas = hesitation, misgiving, second thoughts.
    * dudas + asaltar = doubts + assail.
    * el beneficio de la duda = the benefit of the doubt.
    * empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.
    * en duda = in doubt.
    * en un mar de dudas = at sea.
    * estar en duda = be in question.
    * estar en un mar de dudas = feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * expresar dudas = express + doubts, express + reservations, express + misgivings, voice + misgivings, voice + reservations.
    * fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * generar dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * germen de la duda, el = seed of doubt, the.
    * haber poca duda de que = there + be + little doubt that.
    * la menor duda de que = no doubt whatsoever.
    * lleno de dudas = doubtful.
    * más allá de cualquier duda = beyond any doubt.
    * más allá de ninguna duda = beyond doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt.
    * más allá de toda duda = beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * no dejar duda = leave + little doubt.
    * no dejar ninguna duda = leave + no doubt.
    * no haber duda de que = there + be + no doubt that.
    * no haber duda (que) = there + be + no question (that).
    * no hay duda de que = undoubtedly.
    * no poner en duda = be unquestioned.
    * plantear dudas = raise + doubts.
    * plantearse dudas = have + second thoughts.
    * poner en duda = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on.
    * poner en duda la validez de = bring into + question the validity of.
    * poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.
    * por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * producir dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * que no se ha puesto en duda = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].
    * resolver las dudas = solve + Posesivo + doubts.
    * sembrar el germen de la duda = plant + the seed of doubt, sow + the seed of doubt.
    * sembrar la duda = plant + the seed of doubt, sow + the seed of doubt.
    * sin duda = doubtless, no doubt, of course, surely, to be sure, undoubtedly, indubitably, without a doubt, without doubt, no mistake, hands down.
    * sin duda alguna = without any doubt.
    * sin el menor asomo de duda = without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la más mínima duda = without the shadow of a doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la menor duda = no mistake, no doubt.
    * sin la menor sombra de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin lugar a dudas = conclusively, undeniably, unquestionably, without any doubt, by all accounts, no mistake, no doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to be sure.
    * sin ninguna duda = without question, without any doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, no mistake, no doubt.
    * sin ningún género de duda = without any doubt whatsoever.
    * sin ningún género de dudas = indisputably.
    * sin poner en duda la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspension of disbelief.
    * sin ponerlo en duda = uncritically.
    * sin ponerse en duda = unquestioned.
    * suscitar duda = shed + doubt.
    * suscitar dudas = raise + doubts.
    * tener dudas = be doubtful, have + misgivings, have + reservations (about), be suspicious.
    * tener dudas sobre = be ambivalent about.
    * * *
    1) (interrogante, sospecha) doubt

    expuso sus dudas sobre... — he expressed his reservations about...

    ¿tienen alguna duda? — are there any queries o questions?

    no cabe ninguna duda or la menor duda — there cannot be the slightest doubt

    sin duda or sin lugar a dudas — undoubtedly

    ante or en la duda, abstente — if in doubt, don't

    2) (estado de incertidumbre, indecisión)

    no sé que hacer, estoy en (la) duda — I don't know what to do; I'm of (AmE) o (BrE) in two minds about it

    * * *
    la duda
    (n.) = seed of doubt, the

    Ex: Of course just like any seed, the seed of doubt needs proper environment to grow.

    = doubt, reservation, qualm, perplex, quandary, equivocation.

    Ex: However, for others, the ideal status had not yet been achieved and there was doubt about the practical applicability of equity laws.

    Ex: Microforms are easy to use, although there were early reservations concerning the fact that users need to become familiar with any specific kind of microform and its reader.
    Ex: In the article 'Caveats, qualms, and quibbles: a revisionist view of library automation', a public librarian expresses his concern about computers in libraries and the lack of healthy scepticism in libraries when considering the likely benefits of automation.
    Ex: The article 'The print perplex' asserts that librarians must deal with a future of mixed print and digital material, since most books will never be in digital form.
    Ex: The increasing use and popularity of the Internet and phytomedicinals (medicinal herbs and medical botanics) have created a quandary for researchers, consumers and information professionals.
    Ex: We stand with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and other distinguished speakers in stating without equivocation that everyone has the right to freedom of expression.
    * arrojar dudas sobre = cast + doubt on, cast + doubt on.
    * con dudas = uncertainly.
    * confirmar las dudas = fulfil + doubts.
    * dar a Alguien el beneficio de la duda = give + Nombre + the benefit of the doubt.
    * demostrar sin lugar a dudas = prove + conclusively.
    * demostrar sin ninguna duda = demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * demostrar sin ningún género de duda = demonstrate + beyond (all) doubt, demonstrate + emphatically, demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * despertar dudas = stir + doubts.
    * disipar dudas = dispel + doubts.
    * duda en uno mismo = self-doubt.
    * duda, la = seed of doubt, the.
    * dudas = hesitation, misgiving, second thoughts.
    * dudas + asaltar = doubts + assail.
    * el beneficio de la duda = the benefit of the doubt.
    * empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.
    * en duda = in doubt.
    * en un mar de dudas = at sea.
    * estar en duda = be in question.
    * estar en un mar de dudas = feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * expresar dudas = express + doubts, express + reservations, express + misgivings, voice + misgivings, voice + reservations.
    * fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * generar dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * germen de la duda, el = seed of doubt, the.
    * haber poca duda de que = there + be + little doubt that.
    * la menor duda de que = no doubt whatsoever.
    * lleno de dudas = doubtful.
    * más allá de cualquier duda = beyond any doubt.
    * más allá de ninguna duda = beyond doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt.
    * más allá de toda duda = beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * no dejar duda = leave + little doubt.
    * no dejar ninguna duda = leave + no doubt.
    * no haber duda de que = there + be + no doubt that.
    * no haber duda (que) = there + be + no question (that).
    * no hay duda de que = undoubtedly.
    * no poner en duda = be unquestioned.
    * plantear dudas = raise + doubts.
    * plantearse dudas = have + second thoughts.
    * poner en duda = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on.
    * poner en duda la validez de = bring into + question the validity of.
    * poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.
    * por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * producir dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * que no se ha puesto en duda = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].
    * resolver las dudas = solve + Posesivo + doubts.
    * sembrar el germen de la duda = plant + the seed of doubt, sow + the seed of doubt.
    * sembrar la duda = plant + the seed of doubt, sow + the seed of doubt.
    * sin duda = doubtless, no doubt, of course, surely, to be sure, undoubtedly, indubitably, without a doubt, without doubt, no mistake, hands down.
    * sin duda alguna = without any doubt.
    * sin el menor asomo de duda = without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la más mínima duda = without the shadow of a doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la menor duda = no mistake, no doubt.
    * sin la menor sombra de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin lugar a dudas = conclusively, undeniably, unquestionably, without any doubt, by all accounts, no mistake, no doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to be sure.
    * sin ninguna duda = without question, without any doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, no mistake, no doubt.
    * sin ningún género de duda = without any doubt whatsoever.
    * sin ningún género de dudas = indisputably.
    * sin poner en duda la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspension of disbelief.
    * sin ponerlo en duda = uncritically.
    * sin ponerse en duda = unquestioned.
    * suscitar duda = shed + doubt.
    * suscitar dudas = raise + doubts.
    * tener dudas = be doubtful, have + misgivings, have + reservations (about), be suspicious.
    * tener dudas sobre = be ambivalent about.

    * * *
    A (interrogante, sospecha) doubt
    existen dudas con respecto a la autoría de este poema there are doubts regarding the authorship of this poem
    expuso sus dudas sobre la viabilidad del proyecto he expressed his doubts o reservations about the feasibility of the project
    tengo unas dudas para consultar con el profesor I have a few points I'd like to go over with the teacher
    me ha surgido una duda there's something I'm not sure about
    no logré disipar sus dudas I was unable to dispel his doubts
    ¿entendieron bien o tienen alguna duda? is that clear or are there any queries o questions?
    ¿crees que lo podrá hacer él? — tengo mis dudas do you think that he will be able to do it? — I have my doubts
    de pronto lo asaltó una duda suddenly he was seized by doubt
    no hay ni sombra de duda sobre su culpabilidad there can be no doubt about his guilt, there isn't a shadow of doubt that he's guilty
    nunca tuve la menor duda de que tenía razón I was never in any doubt that he was right, I never doubted that he was right
    su honestidad está fuera de (toda) duda his honesty is beyond (all) doubt
    de eso no cabe la menor duda there's absolutely no doubt about that
    no cabe ninguna duda or la menor duda there cannot be the slightest doubt
    no te quepa la menor duda make no mistake!
    que es buen médico no lo pongo en duda pero … I don't doubt that he's a good doctor, but …
    nadie pone en duda su capacidad para realizar el trabajo nobody questions o doubts his ability to do the job
    fue, sin duda, uno de los mejores escritores del siglo he was undoubtedly o without doubt one of the best writers of the century
    sin duda te lo has preguntado más de una vez no doubt you've asked yourself this more than once, I'm sure you've asked yourself this more than once
    sin lugar a dudas without doubt
    su manera de actuar no dejaba lugar a dudas the way he behaved left little room for doubt
    ¡la duda ofende! ( fam): ¿no habrás cogido tú el dinero? — ¡la duda ofende! you didn't take the money, did you? — how can you even think such a thing?
    por las dudas just in case
    ante or en la duda, abstente if in doubt, don't
    B
    (estado de incertidumbre, indecisión): estaba convencido, pero ya me has hecho entrar en (la) duda I was sure, but now you've made me wonder
    no sé si decírselo o no, estoy en (la) duda I don't know whether to tell him or not: I'm of ( AmE) o ( BrE) in two minds about it
    el resultado todavía está en duda the result still isn't certain o is still in doubt
    a ver si puedes sacarme de la duda do you think you can clear something up for me? o I wonder if you know o if you can tell me
    si estás en (la) duda no lo compres if you're not sure o if you're in any doubt, don't buy it
    * * *

     

    Del verbo dudar: ( conjugate dudar)

    duda es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    duda    
    dudar
    duda sustantivo femenino
    1 (interrogante, sospecha) doubt;
    ◊ expuso sus dudas sobre … he expressed his reservations about …;

    tengo unas dudas para consultar I have a few points I'd like to check;
    me ha surgido una duda there's something I'm not sure about;
    ¿tienen alguna duda? are there any queries o questions?;
    nunca tuve la menor duda de que tenía razón I never doubted that he was right;
    fuera de (toda) duda beyond (all) doubt;
    de eso no cabe la menor duda there's absolutely no doubt about that;
    lo pongo en duda I doubt it;
    sin duda or sin lugar a dudas undoubtedly;
    sin duda ya te lo habrás preguntado no doubt you'll have already asked yourself that question;
    para salir de dudas just to be doubly sure
    2 (estado de incertidumbre, indecisión):

    a ver si puedes sacarme de la duda do you think you can clear something up for me?;
    si estás en (la) duda no lo compres if you're not sure don't buy it
    dudar ( conjugate dudar) verbo transitivo
    to doubt;
    ◊ dudo que lo haya terminado I doubt if o whether he's finished it

    verbo intransitivo: duda entre comprar y alquilar she can't make up her mind whether to buy or rent;
    duda en hacer algo to hesitate to do sth;
    duda de algo/algn to doubt sth/sb
    duda sustantivo femenino doubt: la lectura le despertó esa duda, reading aroused that doubt in him
    su integridad está fuera de toda duda, her integrity is beyond question
    puso en duda la viabilidad del proyecto, he questioned the viability of the project
    ♦ Locuciones: sin (lugar a) duda, (ciertamente) es sin duda alguna el mejor producto del mercado, it's without question the best product on the market
    dudar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to doubt: no dudes de él, don't distrust him
    2 (estar indeciso) to hesitate [en, to]: dudaban entre comprarlo o no, they hesitated whether to buy it or not
    II verbo transitivo to doubt: dudo mucho que se disculpe, I very much doubt that he'll apologize

    ' duda' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acaso
    - caber
    - debatirse
    - despejar
    - desvanecerse
    - disipar
    - existir
    - inseguridad
    - plantear
    - poner
    - reconcomer
    - reparo
    - reserva
    - sombra
    - abrigar
    - aclarar
    - asaltar
    - bueno
    - consultar
    - dudar
    - entrar
    - entredicho
    - leve
    - perdurar
    - reflejar
    - resolver
    - seguro
    - titubeo
    English:
    benefit
    - burn out
    - cast
    - clinch
    - definitely
    - doubt
    - doubtless
    - if
    - illuminate
    - illumination
    - misgiving
    - pocket
    - positively
    - qualm
    - query
    - question
    - seed
    - settle
    - should
    - surely
    - uncertainty
    - vestige
    - well
    - bound
    - definite
    - doubtful
    - element
    - self-
    - shadow
    - undoubtedly
    * * *
    duda nf
    1. [inseguridad, indecisión] doubt;
    la duda se apoderó de él he was filled with doubt;
    ante la duda,… if in doubt,…;
    sacar a alguien de la duda to remove sb's doubts
    2. [cuestión, problema]
    ¿alguien tiene alguna duda? does anyone have any questions?, is there anything anyone's not clear about?;
    resolveré vuestras dudas al final de la clase I'll answer your questions o I'll go over anything you're not sure about at the end of the class;
    todavía me queda una duda, ¿por qué lo hizo? there's still one thing I don't understand, why did she do it?;
    me asalta una duda, ¿habré hecho bien en dejar a los niños solos? I can't help wondering whether I was right to leave the children on their own;
    queda la duda de qué habría pasado si… the doubt remains about what would have happened if…;
    salir de dudas to clear up doubts;
    pregúntale y así salimos de dudas ask him and that will settle the matter;
    con su detallada explicación salimos finalmente de dudas her detailed explanation finally cleared up our doubts
    3. [desconfianza, sospecha] doubt;
    expresó sus dudas sobre la oportunidad de celebrar un referéndum he expressed some doubt about whether it was a good idea to have a referendum;
    existen dudas sobre la autoría del atentado there is some doubt surrounding who was responsible for the attack;
    tengo mis dudas I have my doubts;
    nunca tuve la menor duda de que era inocente I never for one moment doubted that she was innocent, I never had the slightest doubt that she was innocent;
    estar fuera de toda duda to be beyond the slightest doubt;
    su inocencia está fuera de toda duda her innocence is not in question, there is no question that she is innocent;
    no cabe (la menor) duda there is (absolutely) no doubt about it;
    no cabe duda de que el tabaco es perjudicial para la salud there's no doubt that smoking is bad for your health;
    no te quepa (la menor) duda don't doubt it, make no mistake about it;
    no dejar lugar a dudas to leave no room for doubt;
    poner algo en duda to put sth in doubt;
    dice que ha resuelto el problema – lo pongo en duda she says she has solved the problem – I would doubt that o I rather doubt that;
    pongo en duda que pueda hacerlo en una semana I doubt he can do it in a week, I would question whether he can do it in a week;
    sin duda without (a) doubt;
    el avión es, sin duda, el medio de transporte más cómodo the plane is undoubtedly o without doubt the most comfortable form of transport;
    es, sin duda, la mejor lasaña que he probado nunca it is beyond a doubt o definitely the best lasagne I've ever had;
    ¿vendrás a la fiesta? – ¡sin duda! are you coming to the party? – of course!;
    sin duda alguna, sin alguna duda without (a) doubt;
    sin la menor duda without the slightest doubt;
    sin sombra de duda beyond the shadow of a doubt;
    ¡la duda ofende!: ¿te molestaría que invitáramos a mi madre? – la duda ofende would you mind if we invited my mother? – of course you can, there's no need to ask;
    no creía que fueras a acabar – ¡la duda ofende! I never thought you'd finish – well thank you very much!
    * * *
    f doubt;
    sin duda without doubt;
    poner en duda call into question;
    estar fuera de (toda) duda be beyond (any) doubt;
    no cabe la menor duda there is absolutely no doubt;
    salir de dudas get things clear;
    todavía tengo mis dudas I still have (my) doubts, I’m still dubious
    * * *
    duda nf
    : doubt
    no cabe duda: there's no doubt about it
    * * *
    duda n
    1. (en general) doubt
    2. question / query [pl. queries]
    ¡señor, tengo una duda! sir! I've got a query!

    Spanish-English dictionary > duda

  • 97 inseguro

    adj.
    1 insecure, in the air, dubious, groping.
    2 doubtful, worrisome.
    3 uncertain, doubtful, unlikely, improbable.
    4 unsafe, precarious.
    5 unsteady, waggling, waggly.
    * * *
    1 (sin confianza) insecure
    2 (que duda) uncertain
    3 (peligroso) unsafe
    * * *
    (f. - insegura)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=peligroso) [zona, negocio, conducción] unsafe
    2) (=sin confianza) insecure
    3) (=sin estabilidad) [paso, estructura] unsteady
    4) (=incierto) [clima] unpredictable; [persona] uncertain, unsure (de about, of)
    [futuro] insecure
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    a) ( falto de confianza) insecure
    b) (falto de firmeza, estabilidad) unsteady
    c) <situación/futuro> insecure
    d) <ciudad/barrio> unsafe, dangerous
    * * *
    = insecure, uncertainly, faltering, unsecured, unsafe, wobbly [wobblier -comp., wobbliest -sup.].
    Ex. The public library, then, faces the future from a somewhat insecure position.
    Ex. 'Look, you want to do this, don't you?' he coaxed her and she nodded uncertainly.
    Ex. In hindsight, it is easy to see a trajectory of inevitability that made MARC, the ISBDs, and AACR2 seem more the result of historical forces than the often faltering and separate steps they were in truth.
    Ex. This will leave you with the choice of locking out a bunch of users or leaving your network unsecured.
    Ex. However, the Internet is perceived as an unsafe medium for the valuable and sensitive information in business transactions.
    Ex. The conference had a wobbly start in 1997 but has since grown increasingly stronger and has had its best ever year with over 650 attendees.
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    a) ( falto de confianza) insecure
    b) (falto de firmeza, estabilidad) unsteady
    c) <situación/futuro> insecure
    d) <ciudad/barrio> unsafe, dangerous
    * * *
    = insecure, uncertainly, faltering, unsecured, unsafe, wobbly [wobblier -comp., wobbliest -sup.].

    Ex: The public library, then, faces the future from a somewhat insecure position.

    Ex: 'Look, you want to do this, don't you?' he coaxed her and she nodded uncertainly.
    Ex: In hindsight, it is easy to see a trajectory of inevitability that made MARC, the ISBDs, and AACR2 seem more the result of historical forces than the often faltering and separate steps they were in truth.
    Ex: This will leave you with the choice of locking out a bunch of users or leaving your network unsecured.
    Ex: However, the Internet is perceived as an unsafe medium for the valuable and sensitive information in business transactions.
    Ex: The conference had a wobbly start in 1997 but has since grown increasingly stronger and has had its best ever year with over 650 attendees.

    * * *
    1 (falto de confianza) insecure, unconfident
    2 (falto de firmeza, estabilidad) ‹persona› unsteady; ‹estructura› unsteady, unstable
    3 ‹situación/futuro› insecure
    4 ‹ciudad/barrio› unsafe, dangerous
    * * *

    inseguro
    ◊ -ra adjetivo


    b) (falto de firmeza, estabilidad) unsteady

    c) ‹situación/futuro› insecure

    d) ‹ciudad/barrio› unsafe, dangerous

    inseguro,-a adjetivo
    1 (sin confianza) insecure
    2 (vacilante) uncertain
    3 (peligroso) unsafe
    ' inseguro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bambolearse
    - insegura
    - incierto
    English:
    insecure
    - rocky
    - shaky
    - uneasy
    - unsafe
    - unsure
    - hesitant
    - unsteadily
    - unsteady
    * * *
    inseguro, -a adj
    1. [sin confianza] insecure
    2. [dudoso] uncertain (de about), unsure (de of o about)
    3. [no estable] unsafe, unstable
    4. [peligroso] unsafe
    * * *
    adj
    1 persona insecure
    2 estructura unsteady
    3 ( peligroso) dangerous, unsafe
    * * *
    inseguro, -ra adj
    1) : insecure
    2) : unsafe
    3) : uncertain
    * * *
    1. (persona, trabajo) insecure
    2. (lugar, coche) unsafe / not safe
    3. (paso, voz) unsteady [comp. unsteadier; superl. unsteadiest]
    4. (tiempo, futuro) uncertain

    Spanish-English dictionary > inseguro

  • 98 ponerse las pilas

    familiar to get one's act together
    * * *
    *to get one's act together, put one's skates on
    * * *
    (v.) = buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, put + Posesivo + skates on, get + Posesivo + skates on, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out
    Ex. He later said that injury was 'the best thing that ever happened' to him because he finally buckled down to study.
    Ex. So the Marxists will have to pull up their socks if they are to prevent the state from sliding back to the lawlessness one had seen prior to 1977.
    Ex. So it looks like we will have to put our skates on to get there on time.
    Ex. But the future is just around the corner and we have to get our skates on.
    Ex. This man isn't going to stop working, so those of you who can't work because of your 'disability' could do with pulling a finger out!.
    * * *
    (v.) = buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, put + Posesivo + skates on, get + Posesivo + skates on, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out

    Ex: He later said that injury was 'the best thing that ever happened' to him because he finally buckled down to study.

    Ex: So the Marxists will have to pull up their socks if they are to prevent the state from sliding back to the lawlessness one had seen prior to 1977.
    Ex: So it looks like we will have to put our skates on to get there on time.
    Ex: But the future is just around the corner and we have to get our skates on.
    Ex: This man isn't going to stop working, so those of you who can't work because of your 'disability' could do with pulling a finger out!.

    Spanish-English dictionary > ponerse las pilas

  • 99 pronunciado

    adj.
    1 pronounced, bold, marked.
    2 steep.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: pronunciar.
    * * *
    1→ link=pronunciar pronunciar
    1 (marcado) marked, pronounced
    * * *
    (f. - pronunciada)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ [acento] pronounced, strong; [curva] sharp; [facciones] marked, noticeable; [pendiente] steep; [tendencia] marked, noticeable
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) < curva> sharp, pronounced; < pendiente> steep, pronounced
    b) <facciones/rasgos> pronounced, marked
    c) < tendencia> marked, noticeable
    * * *
    = hyperbolic, pronounced, sharp [sharper -comp., sharpest -sup.], rich [richer -comp., richest -sup.], steep [steeper -comp., steepest -sup.].
    Ex. The best known of these empirical hyperbolic distributions in library context is that of Bradford.
    Ex. Nobody can predict exactly what will happen in the next decade but we can be sure that the impact of the computer will become ever more pronounced.
    Ex. 'I'll give it more thought,' she said with a sharp frown, resuming her former posture.
    Ex. So, in practice, instead of exploiting the rich coordination of natural language, most systems ignore these links between concepts and resort to picking words from text at random.
    Ex. The graph of the growth of the subject shows an initial flat, a steep climb, a small flat, and a rapid decline.
    ----
    * acento muy pronunciado = heavy accent.
    * con un filo más pronunciado = sharper-edged.
    * curva muy pronunciada = hairpin bend, hairpin curve, hairpin turn.
    * no pronunciado = undelivered.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) < curva> sharp, pronounced; < pendiente> steep, pronounced
    b) <facciones/rasgos> pronounced, marked
    c) < tendencia> marked, noticeable
    * * *
    = hyperbolic, pronounced, sharp [sharper -comp., sharpest -sup.], rich [richer -comp., richest -sup.], steep [steeper -comp., steepest -sup.].

    Ex: The best known of these empirical hyperbolic distributions in library context is that of Bradford.

    Ex: Nobody can predict exactly what will happen in the next decade but we can be sure that the impact of the computer will become ever more pronounced.
    Ex: 'I'll give it more thought,' she said with a sharp frown, resuming her former posture.
    Ex: So, in practice, instead of exploiting the rich coordination of natural language, most systems ignore these links between concepts and resort to picking words from text at random.
    Ex: The graph of the growth of the subject shows an initial flat, a steep climb, a small flat, and a rapid decline.
    * acento muy pronunciado = heavy accent.
    * con un filo más pronunciado = sharper-edged.
    * curva muy pronunciada = hairpin bend, hairpin curve, hairpin turn.
    * no pronunciado = undelivered.

    * * *
    1 ‹curva› sharp, pronounced; ‹pendiente› steep, pronounced
    2 ‹facciones/rasgos› pronounced, marked
    3 ‹tendencia› marked, noticeable
    * * *

    Del verbo pronunciar: ( conjugate pronunciar)

    pronunciado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    pronunciado    
    pronunciar
    pronunciado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    a) ‹ curva› sharp, pronounced;

    ‹ pendiente› steep, pronounced
    b) ‹facciones/rasgos› pronounced, marked


    pronunciar ( conjugate pronunciar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (Ling) to pronounce


    2 ( resaltar) to accentuate
    pronunciarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( dar una opinión) pronunciadose a favor/en contra de algo to declare oneself to be in favor of/against sth
    2 ( acentuarse) to become more marked, become more pronounced
    pronunciar verbo transitivo
    1 (una palabra) to pronounce
    2 (un discurso) to deliver, give
    3 (una sentencia) to pronounce
    ' pronunciado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    picada
    - sigla
    English:
    brogue
    - pronounced
    - wrongly
    * * *
    pronunciado, -a adj
    1. [facciones] pronounced
    2. [curva] sharp;
    [pendiente, cuesta] steep
    3. [tendencia] marked
    * * *
    pronunciado, -da adj
    1) : pronounced, sharp, steep
    2) : marked, noticeable

    Spanish-English dictionary > pronunciado

  • 100 suntuoso

    adj.
    sumptuous, grand, lavish, palatial.
    * * *
    1 sumptuous, magnificent
    * * *
    (f. - suntuosa)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ (=magnífico) sumptuous, magnificent; (=lujoso) lavish, rich
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo < palacio> magnificent, splendid; < decoración> sumptuous, lavish; < vestimentas> sumptuous, splendid
    * * *
    = sumptuous, lush, luxurious, luxury, plush, princely.
    Ex. Again, the convoy of 80 coaches, headed by a police escort, transported approximately 2800 conference participants to a sumptuous banquet.
    Ex. Near the hotel is the entrance to Mljet National Park with lush vegetation surrounding three inland lakes.
    Ex. The book has been described as 'an essay with illustrations' and a ' luxurious collector's edition'.
    Ex. This luxury seafront licensed hotel is 'one of the best places to stay in the world'.
    Ex. She was a beautiful woman living in a plush residence in Mayfair and notorious for her loose life.
    Ex. By my most delightful excursion was to Hamilton itself, one of the most princely places I have ever visited.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo < palacio> magnificent, splendid; < decoración> sumptuous, lavish; < vestimentas> sumptuous, splendid
    * * *
    = sumptuous, lush, luxurious, luxury, plush, princely.

    Ex: Again, the convoy of 80 coaches, headed by a police escort, transported approximately 2800 conference participants to a sumptuous banquet.

    Ex: Near the hotel is the entrance to Mljet National Park with lush vegetation surrounding three inland lakes.
    Ex: The book has been described as 'an essay with illustrations' and a ' luxurious collector's edition'.
    Ex: This luxury seafront licensed hotel is 'one of the best places to stay in the world'.
    Ex: She was a beautiful woman living in a plush residence in Mayfair and notorious for her loose life.
    Ex: By my most delightful excursion was to Hamilton itself, one of the most princely places I have ever visited.

    * * *
    ‹palacio› magnificent, splendid; ‹decoración› sumptuous, lavish; ‹vestimentas› sumptuous, splendid; ‹fiesta› lavish, sumptuous
    * * *

    suntuoso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    sumptuous;

    ‹ palacio› magnificent
    suntuoso,-a adjetivo sumptuous
    una suntuosa mansión, a magnificent mansion
    ' suntuoso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    rica
    - rico
    - suntuosa
    - magnífico
    English:
    lush
    - palatial
    - rich
    - sumptuous
    * * *
    suntuoso, -a adj
    sumptuous, magnificent
    * * *
    adj sumptuous
    * * *
    suntuoso, -sa adj
    : sumptuous, lavish

    Spanish-English dictionary > suntuoso

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