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81 faramineux
adj. 'lncredible', fantastic. Ça va vous coûter un prix faramineux: It'll cost you a bomb! Il a réussi un coup faramineux: He's pulled off the almost unbelievable! -
82 homme
n. m.1. Mon homme: My 'hubby', my 'better half', my husband.2. Messieurs les hommes (Underworld slang): The tough guys. (The appellation has 'macho' connotations within the milieu.)3. Homme-orchestre: 'Jackof-all-trades', character who can turn his hand to almost anything.4. Ça ne nourrit pas son homme (joc.): There's no money in it. -
83 milieu
n. m. Le milieu: The French underworld. (Strange as it may seem, the word has no real pejorative connotation and is accepted by members of the criminal fraternity as an almost complimentary appellation.) -
84 Bastille Day
14th July. Le quatorze Juillet The French national holiday, celebrating the fall of the Bastille during the French Revolution, on 14th July 1789. This date was not officially declared France's national day until almost a century later, in 1880. The day is traditionally celebrated by a flamboyant military parade along the Champs Elysées, in Paris, in the presence of the President of the Republic.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Bastille Day
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85 Cancoillotte
One of the most unusual of French cheeses, almost liquid, and produced only in the Franche Comté region..Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Cancoillotte
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86 Cohn Bendit, Daniel
Nicknamed " Danny le rouge". Cohn-Bendit was the most famous and charismatic of the leaders of the left-wing student uprising in 1 968, which almost toppled the government of General de Gaulle. After the events, Cohn-Bendit, who had dual French and German nationality, left France and settled in Germany, where he more recently achieved prominence as a Euro MP, and member of the German Green Party. He has been a MEP for both the French and the German Green parties, and was reelected in 2009, when he led the greens to a remarkable third place in the popular vote, within a few thousand votes of the Socialist party.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Cohn Bendit, Daniel
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87 Ecole Maternelle
Kindergarten: France has a strong tradition of pre-school education, and Ecoles Maternelles are open to pupils from the ages of 2 to 6 (the start of compulsory education). About a third of French children start going to kindergarten at the age of 2, and almost all children attend ecole maternelle between the ages of 3 and 6.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Ecole Maternelle
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88 Emmaüs, les Communautés d',
Associations for the reinsertion of long-term unemployed and social misfits, founded by Abbé Pierre, the Emmaüs Communities specialise in the collection and treatment of second-hand paraphernalia. Emmaüs centres will take almost anything, and either recycle it or else sell it; the centres are popular with bargain hunters and people looking for furniture and bric-à-brac at knockdown prices.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Emmaüs, les Communautés d',
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89 Extremism
Compared to most of its European neighbours, France is a country with a surprising level of tolerance of extremism. For instance, in the first round of the 2002 Presidential elections, virtually a third of all votes cast went to an extremist candidate in the first round of voting, on a turnout of 71% of the electorate. Almost 20% of votes went to the extreme right-wing Front National or ex-FN candidates, and 13.81% was split among four trotskyist or communist candidates. While this can be seen in part as a form of protest vote, or lack of confidence in mainstream political parties, it also illustrates the degree to which France remains a polarised society.Extremism has long historic roots in France, going back to absolutism and the collaboration of the Vichy régime on the one hand, and the excesses of the French Revolution on the other. However its current vigour can also be attributed to the fact that mainstream political parties in modern France, on the left and on the right, have done their bit to strenghten the position of extremist parties. Conservative parties have a long history of assimilating centre-left and socialist parties with the Communists and other far-left parties, while the Socialists have persistently sought to make political capital by portraying the mainstream conservative parties as the natural bedfellows of the far right. The paradoxical result has been to give credence and respectability to extremist parties and leaders such as Jean Marie Le Pen of the National Front, or Arlette Laguiller of Lutte Ouvrière.Furthermore, in their keenness to demonstrate even-handedness, French television stations and the media have persistently given coverage to charismatic politicians of the left and the right, turning people such as Le Pen, Laguiller or more recently Olivier Besancenot, into popular chat-show guests.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Extremism
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90 Foie gras
fattened goose-liver or duck-liver paté. Foie gras, the most famous of which is produced in the Périgord region, is an expensive delicacy. It is produced from the livers of geese or ducks, which have been force-fed ( gavés) with too much grain, before slaughter, in order to increase the size of the liver. The technique has been used for over 4000 years, but has recently been criticised on the grounds of animal cruelty, and a number of countries have banned the process. France produces almost 80% of the world's foie gras, but also imports it. Paté de foie gras is paté containing at least 50% of foie gras.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Foie gras
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91 HEC
The Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales, a grande école located in Paris, is France's top business school. Founded in 1881, it is now (since 2008) part of a larger organisation called "Paris Tech". HEC is run by the Paris Chamber of commerce (see CCI), and is reputed as one of the best business schools in the world, indeed classed top in the Financial Times European business schools league table in 2005, 2006 and 2007.HEC offers 380 places per year in its first year of study, and with almost 4,000 candidates per year is the Grande école with the most competitive entry. The degree course, which includes at least 20 weeks abroad, and an internship, lasts 3 years, meaning effectively that most students do not graduate until five years after their baccalaureate (2 years of prépa to prepare for entry, then 3 years of HEC once accepted). HEC also offers MBA qualifications. -
92 Képi
cylindrical cap worn as formal headwear by soldiers and gendarmes in France. As a form of headwear rarely found outside France or areas of French influence, the képi has become one of the iconic symbols of France. For instance almost all the famous photos and cartoons of General de Gaulle show him wearing his general's képi.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Képi
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93 Laïcité, la
Many people in France get passionate about the principle oflaïcité to a degree that their neighbours often find hard to understand. Laïcitélitterally translates as 'secularism', and refers to the principal of the separation of church and state, and the fact that there is no established religion in France. Most frequently, the term is nowadays used in two contexts, on the one hand as a reminder that there is no place for religious instruction in the state education system, and on the other to counter the development of Islamic fundamentalism.It has often been argued that the issue of laïcité arouses such heated passions among some of its activists inFrance, that it is almost a religion in its own right, a form of atheism.Passions over laïcité are a heritage of the years of the French Revolution, notably the time of the Terror, when religion was temporarily outlawed. The principle of laïcité in education was established in 1881 by the Jules Ferry law, and the separation of church and state finally established by law in 1905. While the Communist party, and other far left parties, are the most stalwart defenders of laicité in modern France, politicians of all parties, both left and right, regularly express their attachment to the principle. The principle oflaïcité is one that applies to public life, and does not infringe on the individual's right to practice religion.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Laïcité, la
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94 Libération
1) La Libération was the liberation of France from Nazi occupation in 1944.2) Libération, popularlarly referred to a Libé, is one of the major French national daily papers. It was founded in 1973 by a group of intellectuals, including Jean-Paul Sartre and Serge July, as a radical left-wing paper in the spirit of the 1968 protest movement. Originally the paper took no advertising, and was run on collectivist lines. In the 1990s, the paper moved towards the centre-left, where it remains to this day; however it has generally branded itself as being unattached to any party or power, free to voice its own opinions and criticism. By the early 2000's, Libération was coming up against financial problems, and faced an uncertain future; it was rescued in 2005 by financier Edouard de Rothschild, but since then the situation has remained tense; many of the paper's employees, including July and other leading journalists, have been fired or resigned in protest against a perceived erosion of editorial independence. In 2007, the paper had a circulation of 132,000, a fall of almost 25% in six years.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Libération
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95 Marianne
1. Marianne is to France what Britannia is to Britain, an allegorical female icon symbolic of the nation. The bust of Marianne, often capped with the revolutionary Phrygian bonnet, adorns many town halls and official buildings. Marianne is supposed to be the incarnation of the spirit of the French Revolution, which is still seen (rightly or wrongly) as being the defining moment in the development of the modern French nation. The image of Marianne has featured almost permanently on French postage stamps (definitive issues), as well as on many coins. In recent years, top models and film stars have posed as models for official sculptures of Marianne. They include Brigitte Bardot, Catherine Deneuve, Laetitia Casta and Evelyne Thomas.2. The name of a weekly newsmagazine founded in 1997. Marianne presents itself as being a magazine of the "radical centre", uncompromisingly opposed to both the left-wing "neo-gauchisme" and the right-wing "neo- libéralisme" (neoconservativism).Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Marianne
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96 Ouest France
France's biggest-selling daily newspaper, with a circulation of almost 800,000 - which puts it well ahead of any other French daily, whether regional or national. It is produced in Rennes, Brittany, and distributed in the Brittany, Normandy and Pays de la Loire regions of France. See article on Newspapers in France.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Ouest France
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97 PEEP
the Fédération des Parents d'élèves de l'Enseignement Public is the second largest parents association in the state education system in France, with some 300,000 members (2008). Though it has almost as many members, it has far fewer delegates elected to school boards than the largest federation, theFCPE. The PEEP is generally reputed to be a right-wing, or conservative parent's association.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > PEEP
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98 RTL
In the age of state monoploies over broadcasting, French listeners could tune into a number of stations that were not under government control because they were broadcast from just outside France. For listeners north eastern France, RTL was one of two popular stations; though thanks to the power of its transmitter in Luxembourg, RTL could actually be picked almost throughout the country. Today it is the most popular radio station in France. -
99 Sans papiers, les
expression used to refer to those who would be known as "illegal immigrants" in English-speaking countries. Sans papiers, literally people without papers, are aliens who are in France without having the required residence or work permits. Though accurate figures are impossible to establish, 2009 estimates put the number of sans-papiers in France at between 200,000 and 400,000. Recent governments have adopted increasingly firm policies with regard to the expulsion of illegal immigrants, but there has been no noticeable drop in the number of sans papiers in French cities. In 2009, French residency was granted to almost 7,000 sans papiers whose children were officially enrolled in school in France.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Sans papiers, les
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100 Seine
one of the longest rivers in France, 776 km in length from its source, near Langres in the Haute Marne department, to its mouth near le Havre, on the Channel coast. The catchment area of the seine and its tributaries covers almost a third of the surface of France; the principal tributaries are the Marne, the Oise, the Yonne and the Aube. The seine is navigable for 445 kilometres from its mouth, and is particularly busy in the area of Paris. The original city of Paris was built on or close to (historians are divided on the subject) two islands in the middle of the river, known today as the Ile de la Cité and the Ile Saint Louis.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Seine
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