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121 Jacquard, Joseph-Marie
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 7 July 1752 Lyons, Franced. 7 August 1834 Oullines, France[br]French developer of the apparatus named after him and used for selecting complicated patterns in weaving.[br]Jacquard was apprenticed at the age of 12 to bookbinding, and later to type-founding and cutlery. His parents, who had some connection with weaving, left him a small property upon their death. He made some experiments with pattern weaving, but lost all his inheritance; after marrying, he returned to type-founding and cutlery. In 1790 he formed the idea for his machine, but it was forgotten amidst the excitement of the French Revolution, in which he fought for the Revolutionists at the defence of Lyons. The machine he completed in 1801 combined earlier inventions and was for weaving net. He was sent to Paris to demonstrate it at the National Exposition and received a bronze medal. In 1804 Napoleon granted him a patent, a pension of 1,500 francs and a premium on each machine sold. This enabled him to study and work at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers to perfect his mechanism for pattern weaving. A method of selecting any combination of leashes at each shoot of the weft had to be developed, and Jacquard's mechanism was the outcome of various previous inventions. By taking the cards invented by Falcon in 1728 that were punched with holes like the paper of Bouchon in 1725, to select the needles for each pick, and by placing the apparatus above the loom where Vaucanson had put his mechanism, Jacquard combined the best features of earlier inventions. He was not entirely successful because his invention failed in the way it pressed the card against the needles; later modifications by Breton in 1815 and Skola in 1819 were needed before it functioned reliably. However, the advantage of Jacquard's machine was that each pick could be selected much more quickly than on the earlier draw looms, which meant that John Kay's flying shuttle could be introduced on fine pattern looms because the weaver no longer had to wait for the drawboy to sort out the leashes for the next pick. Robert Kay's drop box could also be used with different coloured wefts. The drawboy could be dispensed with because the foot-pedal operating the Jacquard mechanism could be worked by the weaver. Patterns could be changed quickly by replacing one set of cards with another, but the scope of the pattern was more limited than with the draw loom. Some machines that were brought into use aroused bitter hostility. Jacquard suffered physical violence, barely escaping with his life, and his machines were burnt by weavers at Lyons. However, by 1812 his mechanism began to be generally accepted and had been applied to 11,000 draw-looms in France. In 1819 Jacquard received a gold medal and a Cross of Honour for his invention. His machines reached England c.1816 and still remain the basic way of weaving complicated patterns.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFrench Cross of Honour 1819. National Exposition Bronze Medal 1801.Further ReadingA.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London.C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press.R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (covers the introduction of pattern weaving and the power loom).RLH -
122 Meikle, Andrew
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1719 Scotlandd. 27 November 1811[br]Scottish millwright and inventor of the threshing machine.[br]The son of the millwright James Meikle, who is credited with the introduction of the winnowing machine into Britain, Andrew Meikle followed in his father's footsteps. His inventive inclinations were first turned to developing his father's idea, and together with his own son George he built and patented a double-fan winnowing machine.However, in the history of agricultural development Andrew Meikle is most famous for his invention of the threshing machine, patented in 1784. He had been presented with a model of a threshing mill designed by a Mr Ilderton of Northumberland, but after failing to make a full-scale machine work, he developed the concept further. He eventually built the first working threshing machine for a farmer called Stein at Kilbagio. The patent revolutionized farming practice because it displaced the back-breaking and soul-destroying labour of flailing the grain from the straw. The invention was of great value in Scotland and in northern England when the land was becoming underpopulated as a result of heavy industrialization, but it was bitterly opposed in the south of England until well into the nineteenth century. Although the introduction of the threshing machine led to the "Captain Swing" riots of the 1830s, in opposition to it, it shortly became universal.Meikle's provisional patent in 1785 was a natural progression of earlier attempts by other millwrights to produce such a machine. The published patent is based on power provided by a horse engine, but these threshing machines were often driven by water-wheels or even by windmills. The corn stalks were introduced into the machine where they were fed between cast-iron rollers moving quite fast against each other to beat the grain out of the ears. The power source, whether animal, water or wind, had to cause the rollers to rotate at high speed to knock the grain out of the ears. While Meikle's machine was at first designed as a fixed barn machine powered by a water-wheel or by a horse wheel, later threshing machines became mobile and were part of the rig of an agricultural contractor.In 1788 Meikle was awarded a patent for the invention of shuttered sails for windmills. This patent is part of the general description of the threshing machine, and whilst it was a practical application, it was superseded by the work of Thomas Cubitt.At the turn of the century Meikle became a manufacturer of threshing machines, building appliances that combined the threshing and winnowing principles as well as the reciprocating "straw walkers" found in subsequent threshing machines and in conventional combine harvesters to the present day. However, he made little financial gain from his invention, and a public subscription organized by the President of the Board of Agriculture, Sir John Sinclair, raised £1,500 to support him towards the end of his life.[br]Bibliography1831, Threshing Machines in The Dictionary of Mechanical Sciences, Arts and Manufactures, London: Jamieson, Alexander.7 March 1768, British patent no. 896, "Machine for dressing wheat, malt and other grain and for cleaning them from sand, dust and smut".9 April 1788, British patent no. 1,645, "Machine which may be worked by cattle, wind, water or other power for the purpose of separating corn from the straw".Further ReadingJ.E.Handley, 1953, Scottish Farming in the 18th Century, and 1963, The Agricultural Revolution in Scotland (both place Meikle and his invention within their context).G.Quick and W.Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (gives an account of the early development of harvesting and cereal treatment machinery).KM / AP -
123 Radcliffe, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1761 Mellor, Cheshire, Englandd. 1842 Mellor, Cheshire, England[br]English inventor of the sizing machine.[br]Radcliffe was brought up in the textile industry and learned carding and spinning as a child. When he was old enough, he became a weaver. It was a time when there were not enough weavers to work up all the yarn being spun on the recently invented spinning machines, so some yarn was exported. Radcliffe regarded this as a sin; meetings were held to prohibit the export, and Radcliffe promised to use his best endeavours to discover means to work up the yarn in England. He owned a mill at Mellor and by 1801 was employing over 1,000 hand-loom weavers. He wanted to improve their efficiency so they could compete against power looms, which were beginning to be introduced at that time.His first step was to divide up as much as possible the different weaving processes, not unlike the plan adopted by Arkwright in spinning. In order to strengthen the warp yarns made of cotton and to reduce their tendency to fray during weaving, it was customary to apply an adhesive substance such as starch paste. This was brushed on as the warp was unwound from the back beam during weaving, so only short lengths could be treated before being dried. Instead of dressing the warp in the loom as was hitherto done, Radcliffe had it dressed in a separate machine, relieving the weaver of the trouble and saving the time wasted by the method previously used. Radcliffe employed a young man names Thomas Johnson, who proved to be a clever mechanic. Radcliffe patented his inventions in Johnson's name to avoid other people, especially foreigners, finding out his ideas. He took out his first patent, for a dressing machine, in March 1803 and a second the following year. The combined result of the two patents was the introduction of a beaming machine and a dressing machine which, in addition to applying the paste to the yarns and then drying them, wound them onto a beam ready for the loom. These machines enabled the weaver to work a loom with fewer stoppages; however, Radcliffe did not anticipate that his method of sizing would soon be applied to power looms as well and lead to the commercial success of powered weaving. Other manufacturers quickly adopted Radcliffe's system, and Radcliffe himself soon had to introduce power looms in his own business.Radcliffe improved the hand looms themselves when, with the help of Johnson, he devised a cloth taking-up motion that wound the woven cloth onto a roller automatically as the weaver operated the loom. Radcliffe and Johnson also developed the "dandy loom", which was a more compact form of hand loom and was also later adapted for weaving by power. Radcliffe was among the witnesses before the Parliamentary Committee which in 1808 awarded Edmund Cartwright a grant for his invention of the power loom. Later Radcliffe was unsuccessfully to petition Parliament for a similar reward for his contributions to the introduction of power weaving. His business affairs ultimately failed partly through his own obstinacy and his continued opposition to the export of cotton yarn. He lived to be 81 years old and was buried in Mellor churchyard.[br]Bibliography1811, Exportation of Cotton Yarn and Real Cause of the Distress that has Fallen upon the Cotton Trade for a Series of Years Past, Stockport.1828, Origin of the New System of Manufacture, Commonly Called "Power-Loom Weaving", Stockport (this should be read, even though it is mostly covers Radcliffe's political aims).Further ReadingA.Barlow, 1870, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London (provides an outline of Radcliffe's life and work).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a general background of his inventions). R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (a general background).D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (discusses the spread of the sizing machine in America).RLH -
124 SharePoint Maintenance Manager
"An administrative tool that examines a computer, server farm, or server cluster against an optimal set of procedures and functional principles for that configuration, and reports possible issues."English-Arabic terms dictionary > SharePoint Maintenance Manager
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125 live
/liv / * nội động từ - sống =as we live we will fight oppression and exploitation+ chừng nào còn chung sống chúng ta còn đấu tranh chống áp bức và bóc lột = Marx's name will live for ever+ tên của Mác sẽ sống mãi = Lenin's memory lives+ Lê-nin vẫn sống mâi trong tâm trí mọi người =long live communism+ chủ nghĩa cộng sản muôn năm - ở, trú tại =to live in Hanoi+ sống ở Hà nội - thoát nạn (tàu thuỷ) * ngoại động từ - sống =to live a quiet life+ sống một cuộc đời bình lặng - thực hiện được (trong cuộc sống) =to live one's dream+ thực hiện được giấc mơ của mình !to live by - kiếm sống bằng =to live by honest labour+ kiếm sống bằng cách làm ăn lương thiện !to live down - để thời gian làm quên đi, để thời gian làm xoá nhoà =live down one's sorrow+ để thời gian làm quên nỗi buồn - phá tan, làm mất đi bằng thái độ cư xử đứng đắn (thành kiến, lỗi lầm...) =to live down a prejudice against one+ bằng cách sống đứng đắn phá tan thành kiến của người ta đối với mình !to live in - ở nơi làm việc; ở ngay trong khu làm việc !to live on (upon) - sống bằng =to live on fruit+ sống bằng hoa quả =to live on hope+ sống bằng hy vọng !to live out - sống sót - sống qua được (người ốm) =the patient lives out the night+ bệnh nhân qua được đêm - sống ở ngoài nơi làm việc !to live through - sống sót, trải qua =to live through a storm+ sống sót sau một trận bão !to live up to - sống theo =to live up to one's income+ sống ở mức đúng với thu nhập của mình =to live up to one's reputation+ sống (cư xử) xứng đáng với thanh danh của mình =to live up to one's principles+ thực hiện những nguyên tắc của mình =to live up to one's word (promise)+ thực hiện lời hứa, giữ trọn lời hứa !to live with - sống với, sống chung với; chịu đựng, đành chịu (cái gì) !to live close - sống dè xẻn !to live in clover - (xem) clover !to live a double life - sống hai cuộc đời, đóng hai vai trò khác nhau trong cuộc sống !to live fast - (xem) fast !to live from hand to mouth - sống lần hồi, kiếm ngày nào ăn ngày nấy !to live hard - sống cực khổ !to live high - (xem) high !to live and let live - sống dĩ hoà vi quí, sống đèn nhà ai người ấy ráng, sống mũ ni che tai !to live in a small way - sống giản dị và bình lặng !to live well - ăn ngon[laiv] * tính từ - sống, hoạt động =to fish with a live bait+ câu bằng mồi sống -(đùa cợt) thực (không phải ở trong tranh hay là đồ chơi) =a live horse+ một con ngựa thực - đang cháy đỏ =live coal+ than đang cháy đỏ - chưa nổ, chưa cháy =live bomb+ bom chưa nổ =live match+ diêm chưa đánh - đang quay =a live axle+ trục quay - có dòng điện chạy qua =live wire+ dây có dòng điện đang chạy qua; (nghĩa bóng) người sôi nổi; người năng nổ; người cương quyết - tại chỗ, trong lúc sự việc xảy ra =a live broadcast+ buổi phát thanh tại chỗ (trận bóng đá...) - mạnh mẽ, đầy khí lực - nóng hổi, có tính chất thời sự =a live issue+ vấn đề nóng hổi, vấn đề có tính chất thời s
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