israélite

adj. Israeli, Israelite

n. Israeli, Israelite

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adj. Hebrew, Israelite, Jewish

n. Hebrew, Jew, Israelite, Yid, Levite, kike, sheeny

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adj. Jewish, Judaic, Israelite

n. Jew, Hebrew, Israelite

n (m / f) Israelite

adj Israelite

Israeli

Israelite

Israeli

Israelite

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-οῦ ⁺ ὁ N 2 12-9-12-0-13=46 Ex 34,13; Nm 3,10; 23,1.2.4(bis)

(pagan, illegitimate) altar (opp. of the Israelite θυσιαστήριον; often = במה) Hos 10,8; (legitimate, Israelite) altar Nm 3,10

*Jer 30,18(49,2) βωμοὶ αὐτῆς her altars-במותיה for MT בנתיה her daughters

cpr. βουνός

Cf. DANIEL, S. 1966, 26-31.40-43; DE WAARD 1981 560-561; WALTERS 1973, 196

-έως ⁺ ὁ N 3 313-284-90-89-124=900 Gn 14,18; 41,45.50; 46,20; 47,22

priest (Israelite) Lv 1,5; id. (non-Israelite, pagan) 2 Kgs 10,19

ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ μέγας high priest Lv 21,10

*Am 3,12 ἱερεῖς corr.? ερες = MT שׂער bed

Cf. DORIVAL 1994, 109; GRILLET 1997, 143-144; HARL 1999, 341; HARLÉ 1988, 28; LE BOULLUEC

1989, 281; THACKERAY 1909 37(Am 3,12); →NIDNTT; TWNT

πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ (Hom.+) acc. somet. πατέραν (ApcEsdr 2:6 p. 25, 26 Tdf.); voc. πάτερ; for this the nom. w. the art. ὁ πατήρ Mt 11:26; Mk 14:36; Lk 10:21b; Ro 8:15; Gal 4:6.—The vv.ll. πατήρ without the art. for the voc., in J 17:11, 21, 24, and 25 is regarded by B-D-F §147, 3 as a scribal error (but as early as II A.D. BGU 423, 11 has κύριέ μου πατήρ. Perh. even PPar 51, 36 [159 B.C.]). S. also W-S. §29, 4b and Mlt-H. 136; ‘father’.

① the immediate biological ancestor, parent

ⓐ male, father (of Noah Did., Gen. 165, 6) Mt 2:22; 4:21f; 8:21; 10:21; Mk 5:40; 15:21; Lk 1:17 (after Mal 3:23); J 4:53; Ac 7:14; 1 Cor 5:1; B 13:5 al. οἱ τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρες our physical fathers Hb 12:9a.

ⓑ male and female together as parents οἱ πατέρες parents (Pla., Leg. 6, 772b; Dionys. Hal. 2, 26; Diod S 21, 17, 2; X. Eph. 1, 11; 3, 3; Kaibel 227) Hb 11:23.—Eph 6:4; Col 3:21 (Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1089 of parents who are inclined to become λίην δύσζηλοι toward their children).

② one from whom one is descended and generally at least several generations removed, forefather, ancestor, progenitor, forebear: of Abraham (Jos., Ant. 14, 255 Ἀ., πάντων Ἑβραίων πατήρ; Just., D. 100, 3) Mt 3:9; Lk 1:73; 16:24; J 8:39, 53, 56; Ac 7:2b. Of Isaac Ro 9:10. Jacob J 4:12 (JosAs 22:5). David Mk 11:10; Lk 1:32. Pl. οἱ πατέρες the forefathers, ancestors (Hom. et al.; oft. LXX; En 99:14; PsSol 9:10; ParJer 4:10; Jos., Ant. 13, 297; Just., D. 57, 2 and 136, 3; Mel., P. 87, 654) Mt 23:30, 32; Lk 1:55; 6:23, 26; 11:47f; J 4:20; 6:31; Ac 3:13, 25; Hb 1:1; 8:9 (Jer 38:32); B 2:7 (Jer 7:22); 5:7; 14:1; PtK 2 p. 15, 6 (Jer 38:32).

③ one who provides moral and intellectual upbringing, father

ⓐ in a positive sense (Epict. 3, 22, 81f: the Cynic superintends the upbringing of all pers. as their πατήρ; Procop. Soph., Ep. 13; Ael. Aristid. 47 p. 425 D.: Pla. as τῶν ῥητόρων π. καὶ διδάσκαλος; Aristoxenus, Fgm. 18: Epaminondas is the ἀκροατής of the Pythagorean Lysis and calls him πατήρ; Philostrat., Vi. Soph. 1, 8 p. 10, 4 the διδάσκαλος as πατήρ) ἐὰν μυρίους παιδαγωγοὺς ἔχητε ἐν Χριστῷ, ἀλλʼ οὐ πολλοὺς πατέρας 1 Cor 4:15 (cp. GrBar 13:4 εἰς πνευματικοὺς πατέρας; on the subject matter ADieterich, Mithraslit. 1903, 52; 146f; 151; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 40: ‘he [the “mystes”] by these teachings becomes the parent of the novice. We find undoubted examples of πατήρ as a title in the Isis cult in Delos, in the Phrygian mystery communities, in the Mithras cult, in the worshipers of the θεὸς ὕψιστος and elsewh.’). Of Jesus ὡς πατὴρ υἱοὺς ἡμᾶς προσηγόρευσεν as a father he called us (his) sons 2 Cl 1:4 (cp. Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 19; ὁ Χριστὸς π. τῶν πιστευόντων ὑπάρχει Did., Gen. 106, 6.—ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ὁ π. [=founder] τῆς τοιαύτης διδασκαλίας Orig., C. Cels. 2, 44, 32).

ⓑ in a neg. sense of the devil (for patristic trad. s. Lampe s.v. πατήρ D)

α. as father of a group of Judeans J 8:44ab, as verdict on the sin of the opposition to God’s purpose in Jesus, not on the person (cp. descriptions of dissidents at Qumran, esp. 1QS and 1QH, w. focus on aspect of deception).

β. as father of lies (Celsus 2, 47 as π. τῆς κακίας) vs. 44c (on πατήρ in the sense of ‘originator’ cp. Caecil. Calact., Fgm. 127 ὁ π. τοῦ λόγου=the author of the book). On the view that in 44a and c there might be a statement about the father of the devil s. Hdb.³ ad loc. (NDahl, EHaenchen Festschr. ’64, 70–84 [Cain]).—LDürr, Geistige Vaterrschaft in: Herwegen Festschr. ’38, 1–30.

④ a title of respectful address, father

ⓐ as an honorary title (Diod S 21, 12, 2; 5; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 14, 2 πάτερ; 4 Km 2:12; 6:21; 13:14; Test Abr B 2 p. 106, 3 [Stone p. 60] καλὲ πάτερ; Jos., Ant. 12, 148; 13, 127; Just., D. 3, 7. Also PGen 52, 1; 5 κυρίῳ καὶ πατρὶ Ἀμινναίῳ Ἀλύπιος; UPZ 65, 3 [154 B.C.]; 70, 2; BGU 164, 2; POxy 1296, 15; 18; 1592, 3; 5; 1665, 2) Mt 23:9a; specif. in addressing the members of the High Council Ac 7:2a; cp. 22:1 (of Job in TestJob 53:3 ὁ πατὴρ τῶν ὀρφανῶν).

ⓑ as a designation of the older male members of a church (as respectful address by younger people to their elders Hom. et al. S. also a.) 1J 2:13, 14b.

⑤ revered deceased persons with whom one shares beliefs or traditions, fathers, ancestors

ⓐ generation(s) of deceased Christians 2 Pt 3:4; 1 Cl 23:3=2 Cl 11:2 (an apocryphal saying, at any rate interpreted in this way by the Christian writers). Christians of an earlier generation could also be meant in 1 Cl 30:7; 60:4; 62:2; 2 Cl 19:4. Yet it is poss. that these refer to

ⓑ the illustrious religious heroes of the OT, who are ‘ancestors’ even to gentile Christians, who are validated as Israelites (Just., D. 101, 1). In 1 Cor 10:1 Paul calls the desert generation of Israelites οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν (the ‘philosophers’ of earlier times are so called in Cleopatra 114f). Likew. Ro 4:12b Abraham ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν (on this s. c below). The latter is also so referred to Js 2:21; 1 Cl 31:2; likew. the patriarch Jacob 4:8.

ⓒ the ‘fatherhood’ can also consist in the fact that the one who is called ‘father’ is the prototype of a group or the founder of a class of persons (cp. Pla., Menex. 240e οὐ μόνον τῶν σωμάτων τῶν ἡμετέρων πατέρας ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἐλευθερίας; 1 Macc 2:54). Abraham who, when he was still uncircumcised, received the promise because of his faith, and then received circumcision to seal it, became thereby πατὴρ πάντων τῶν πιστευόντων διʼ ἀκροβυστίας father of all those who believe, though they are uncircumcised Ro 4:11 and likew. πατὴρ περιτομῆς father of those who are circumcised vs. 12a, insofar as they are not only circumcised physically, but are like the patriarch in faith as well. Cp. 4:16, 17 (Gen 17:5).

⑥ the supreme deity, who is responsible for the origin and care of all that exists, Father, Parent (Just., A II, 6, 2 τὸ δὲ πατὴρ καὶ θεὸς καὶ κτίστης καὶ κύριος καὶ δεσπότης οὐκ ὀνόματά ἐστιν, ἀλλʼ … προσφήσεις ‘the terms, father, god, founder, lord, and master are not names but … modes of address [in recognition of benefits and deeds])

ⓐ as the originator and ruler (Pind., O. 2, 17 Χρόνος ὁ πάντων π.; Pla., Tim. 28c; 37c; Stoa: Epict. 1, 3, 1; Diog. L. 7, 147; Maximus Tyr. 2, 10a; Galen XIX p. 179 K. ὁ τῶν ὅλων πατὴρ ἐν θεοῖς; Job 38:28; Mal 2:10; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 96 τῷ τοῦ κόσμου πατρί; 2, 6 τὸν ποιητὴν καὶ πατέρα τῶν ὅλων, Ebr. 30; 81, Virt. 34; 64; 179; 214; Jos., Ant. 1, 20 πάντων πατήρ; 230; 2, 152; 7, 380 πατέρα τε καὶ γένεσιν τῶν ὅλων; Herm. Wr. 1, 21 ὁ πατὴρ ὅλων … ὁ θεὸς κ. πατήρ; 30 al., also p. 476, 23 Sc. δεσπότης καὶ πατὴρ καὶ ποιητής; PGM 4, 1170; 1182; Just., A I, 45, 1 ὁ π. τῶν πάντων θεός; D. 95, 2 ὁ πατὴρ τῶν ὅλων; Ath. 27, 2; Iren.; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 46, 34; Hippolyt.; π. δὲ δὶα τὸ εἶναι πρὸ τῶν ὅλων Theoph. Ant. 1, 4 [p. 64, 8]) ὁ πατὴρ τῶν φώτων the father of the heavenly bodies Js 1:17 (cp. ApcMos 36 v.l. [MCeriani, Monumenta Sacra et Profana V/1, 1868] ἐνώπιον τοῦ φωτὸς τῶν ὅλων, τοῦ πατρὸς τῶν φώτων; 38).

ⓑ as ὁ πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9b (cp. Num 16:22; 27:16 and in En the fixed phrase ‘Lord of the spirits’).—SeePKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, p. 33, 1.

ⓒ as father of humankind (since Hom. Ζεύς is called πατήρ or πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε; Diod S 5, 72, 2 πατέρα δὲ [αὐτὸν προσαγορευθῆναι] διὰ τὴν φροντίδα καὶ τὴν εὔνοιαν τὴν εἰς ἅπαντας, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὸ δοκεῖν ὥσπερ ἀρχηγὸν εἶναι τοῦ γένους τῶν ἀνθρώπων=‘[Zeus is called] father because of his thoughtfulness and goodwill toward all humanity, and because, moreover, he is thought of as originator of the human race’, cp. 3, 61, 4; 5, 56, 4; Dio Chrys. 36 [53], 12 Zeus as π. τῶν ἀνθρώπων, not only because of his position as ruler, but also because of his love and care [ἀγαπῶν κ. προνοῶν]. Cp. Plut., Mor. 167d; Jos., Ant. 4, 262 πατὴρ τοῦ παντὸς ἀνθρώπων γένους. In the OT God is called ‘Father’ in the first place to indicate a caring relationship to the Israelite nation as a whole, or to the king as the embodiment of the nation. Only in late writers is God called the Father of the pious Israelite as an individual: Sir 23:1, 4; Tob 13:4; Wsd 2:16; 14:3; 3 Macc 5:7.—Bousset, Rel.³ 377ff; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 384–92; RGyllenberg, Gott d. Vater im AT u. in d. Predigt Jesu: Studia Orient. I 1925, 51–60; JLeipoldt, D. Gotteserlebnis Jesu 1927; AWilliams, ‘My Father’ in Jewish Thought of the First Century: JTS 31, 1930, 42–47; TManson, The Teaching of Jesus, ’55, 89–115; HMontefiore, NTS 3, ’56/57, 31–46 [synoptics]; BIersel, ‘D. Sohn’ in den synopt. Ev., ’61, 92–116).

α. as a saying of Jesus ὁ πατήρ σου Mt 6:4, 6b, 18b. ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν Mt 6:15; 10:20, 29; 23:9b; Lk 6:36; 12:30, 32; J 20:17c. ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῶν (=τῶν δικαίων) Mt 13:43. ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ ἐν (τοῖς) οὐρανοῖς (the synagogue also spoke of God as ‘Father in Heaven’; Bousset, Rel.³ 378) Mt 5:16, 45; 6:1; 7:11; Mk 11:25. ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος Mt 5:48; 6:14, 26, 32. Cp. 23:9b. ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ Lk 11:13. ὁ πατήρ σου ὁ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ (or κρυφαίῳ) Mt 6:6a, 18a.—For the evangelist the words πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς Mt 6:9 refer only to the relation betw. God and humans, though Jesus perh. included himself in this part of the prayer. The same is true of πάτερ ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου Lk 11:2 (for invocation in prayer cp. Simonides, Fgm. 13, 20 Ζεῦ πάτερ).—ELohmeyer, D. Vaterunser erkl. ’46 (Eng. tr. JBowden, ’65); TManson, The Sayings of Jesus, ’54, 165–71; EGraesser, Das Problem der Parusieverzögerung in den synopt. Ev. usw., Beih. ZNW 22, ’57, 95–113; AHamman, La Prière I, Le NT, ’59, 94–134; JJeremias, Das Vaterunser im Lichte der neueren Forschung, ’62 (Eng. tr., The Lord’s Prayer, JReumann, ’64); WMarchel, Abba, Père! La Prière ’63; also bibl. in JCharlesworth, ed., The Lord’s Prayer and Other Prayer Texts fr. the Greco-Roman Era ’94, 186–201.

β. as said by Christians (Sextus 59=222; 225 God as π. of the pious. The servant of Sarapis addresses God in this way: Sb 1046; 3731, 7) in introductions of letters ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν: Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3, cp. vs. 4; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; Phlm 3; 2 Th 1:2 (v.l. without ἡμῶν); without ἡμῶν 1 Ti 1:2 (v.l. with ἡμῶν); 2 Ti 1:2; Tit 1:4; 2J 3a (here vs 3b shows plainly that it is not ‘our’ father, but the Father of Jesus Christ who is meant).—πατὴρ ἡμῶν also Phil 4:20; 1 Th 1:3; 3:11, 13; 2 Th 2:16; D 8:2; 9:2f. τὸν ἐπιεικῆ καὶ εὔσπλαγχνον πατέρα ἡμῶν 1 Cl 29:1. Likew. we have the Father of the believers Ro 8:15 (w. αββα, s. JBarr, Abba Isn’t Daddy: JTS 39, ’88, 28–47; s. also JFitzmyer, Ro [AB] ad loc.); 2 Cor 1:3b (ὁ πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν; s. οἰκτιρμός); 6:18 (cp. 2 Km 7:14); Gal 4:6; Eph 4:6 (πατὴρ πάντων, as Herm. Wr. 5, 10); 1 Pt 1:17. ὁ οἰκτίρμων καὶ εὐεργετικὸς πατήρ 1 Cl 23:1. Cp. 8:3 (perh. fr. an unknown apocryphal book). πάτερ ἅγιε D 10:2 (cp. 8:2; 9:2f).

γ. as said by Judeans ἕνα πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν θεόν J 8:41b. Cp. vs. 42.

ⓓ as Father of Jesus Christ

α. in Jesus’ witness concerning himself ὁ πατήρ μου Mt 11:27a; 20:23; 25:34; 26:29, 39, 42, 53; Lk 2:49 (see ὁ 2g and Goodsp., Probs. 81–83); 10:22a; 22:29; 24:49; J 2:16; 5:17, 43; 6:40 and oft. in J; Rv 2:28; 3:5, 21. ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ πατρός μου 2 Cl 12:6 in an apocryphal saying of Jesus. ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ ἐν (τοῖς) οὐρανοῖς Mt 7:21; 10:32, 33; 12:50; 16:17; 18:10, 19. ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ οὐράνιος 15:13; 18:35 (Just., A I, 15, 8). Jesus calls himself the Human One (Son of Man), who will come ἐν τῇ δόξῃ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ 16:27; Mk 8:38. Abs. ὁ πατήρ, πάτερ Mt 11:25, 26; Mk 14:36 (s. GSchelbert, FZPhT 40, ’93, 259–81; response ERuckstuhl, ibid. 41, ’94, 515–25; response Schelbert, ibid. 526–31); Lk 10:21ab; 22:42; 23:34, 46 (all voc.); J 4:21, 23ab; 5:36ab, 37, 45; 6:27, 37, 45, 46a, 65 and oft. in J. Father and Son stand side by side or in contrast Mt 11:27bc; 24:36; 28:19; Mk 13:32; Lk 10:22bc; J 5:19–23, 26; 1J 1:3; 2:22–24; 2J 9; B 12:8. WLofthouse, Vater u. Sohn im J: ThBl 11, ’32, 290–300.

β. in the confession of the Christians π. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ Ro 15:6; 2 Cor 1:3a; Eph 1:3; Col 1:3; 1 Pt 1:3. π. τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 2 Cor 11:31. Cp. 1 Cor 15:24; Hb 1:5 (2 Km 7:14); Rv 1:6; 1 Cl 7:4; IEph 2:1; ITr ins 12:2; MPol 14:1; AcPl Ha 2, 33; 6, 34; AcPlCor 2:7 (cp. Just., D. 30, 3; 129, 1 al.).

ⓔ Oft. God is simply called (ὁ) πατήρ (the) Father (e.g. TestJob 33:9, s. DRahnenführer, ZNW 62, ’71, 77; ApcMos 35 τοῦ ἀοράτου πατρός; Just., D. 76, 3 al. On the presence or absence of the art. s. B-D-F §257, 3; Rob. 795) Eph 2:18; 3:14; 5:20; 6:23; 1J 1:2; 2:1, 15; 3:1; B 14:6; Hv 3, 9, 10; IEph 3:2; 4:2; IMg 13:2; ITr 12:2; 13:3; IRo 2:2; 3:3; 7:2; 8:2; IPhld 9:1; ISm 3:3; 7:1; 8:1; D 1:5; Dg 12:9; 13:1; AcPlCor 2:5, 19; MPol 22:3; EpilMosq 5. θεὸς π. Gal 1:1 (for the formulation Ἰ. Χρ. καὶ θεὸς πατήρ cp. Diod S 4, 11, 1: Heracles must obey τῷ Διὶ καὶ πατρί; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 35, 3 Λοξίας [=Apollo] καὶ Ζεὺς πατήρ); Phil 2:11; Col 3:17; 1 Th 1:1, 2 v.l.; 2 Pt 1:17; Jd 1; IEph ins a; ISm ins; IPol ins; MPol ins. ὁ θεὸς καὶ π. Js 1:27; Col 3:17 v.l.; MPol 22:1; ὁ κύριος καὶ π. Js 3:9.—Attributes are also ascribed to the πατήρ (Zoroaster acc. to Philo Bybl.: 790 Fgm. 4, 52 Jac. [in Eus., PE 1, 10, 52] God is π. εὐνομίας κ. δικαιοσύνης) ὁ πατὴρ τῆς δόξης Eph 1:17. πατὴρ ὕψιστος IRo ins. ὁ θεὸς καὶ πατὴρ παντοκράτωρ MPol 19:2.—B. 103. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

τελώνης, ου, ὁ (τέλος, ὠνέομαι or the related noun ὠνή ‘buying, purchasing’; Aristoph., Aeschin. et al.; ins, pap, ostraca) tax-collector, revenue officer (cp. τέλος 5; Goodsp., Probs. 28; on the semantic range of τελώνη s. New Docs 5, 103; cp. JVergote, Eos 48, ’56, 149–60, s. p. 149). The τελ. in the synoptics (the only part of our lit. where they are mentioned) are not the holders (Lat. publicani) of the ‘taxfarming’ contracts themselves, but subordinates (Lat. portitores) hired by them; the higher officials were usu. foreigners, but their underlings were, as a rule, taken fr. the native population. The prevailing system of tax collection afforded a collector many opportunities to exercise greed and unfairness. Hence tax collectors were particularly hated and despised as a class (s. these condemnatory judgments on the τελῶναι: Demochares [300 B.C.] 75 Fgm. 4 Jac. τελ. βάναυσος; Xeno Com. III 390 Kock πάντες τελῶναι ἅρπαγες; Herodas 6, 64; Diogenes, Ep. 36, 2; Lucian, Necyom. 11; Artem. 1, 23; 4, 42; 57; Heraclid. Crit., Reisebilder 7 p. 76, 6 Pfister; Ps.-Dicaearchus p. 143, 7 Fuhr.; Iambl. Erot. 34; Cicero, De Off. 1, 150; UPZ 113, 9; 16 [156 B.C.]; O. Wilck I 568f; PPrinc II, 20, 1ff [on this OReinmuth, ClPh 31, ’36, 146–62]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 93ff. Rabbinic material in Schürer I 374–76; Billerb. I 377f, 498f). A strict Israelite was further offended by the fact that tax-collectors had to maintain continual contact w. non-Israelites in the course of their work; this rendered an Israelite tax-collector ceremonially unclean. The prevailing attitude is expressed in these combinations: τελῶναι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοί (s. ἁμαρτωλός bβ) Mt 9:10f; 11:19; Mk 2:15, 16ab (RPesch, BRigaux Festschr., ’70, 63–87; cp. Theophr., Characters 6, 47); Lk 5:30; 7:34; 15:1 (JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31, 293–300). ὁ ἐθνικὸς καὶ ὁ τελώνης Mt 18:17. οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ πόρναι 21:31f. As typically selfish 5:46.—Lk 3:12 (Sb 8072, 6 [II A.D.] a prefect reprimands τελ. who demand τὰ μὴ ὀφιλόμενα αὐτοῖς); 5:29; 7:29. A Pharisee and a tax-collector Lk 18:10f, 13. Μαθθαῖος ὁ τελώνης Mt 10:3 (Jos., Bell. 2, 287 Ἰωάννης ὁ τελώνης). τελ. ὀνόματι Λευί Lk 5:27 (cp. Λευί 4).—Schürer I 372–76; JMarquardt, Staatsverw. II² 1884, 261ff; 289ff; AJones, Studies in Rom. Gov’t. and Law, ’60, 101–14; JDonahue, CBQ 33, ’71, 39–61; EBadian, Publicans and Sinners ’72; WWalker, JBL 97, ’78, 221–38; FHerrenbrück, ZNW 72, ’81, 178–94, Jesus und die Zöllner ’90; DBraud, Gabinus, Caesar, and the ‘publicani’ of Judaea: Klio 65, ’83, 241–44; MGoodman, The Ruling Class of Judaea ’87. S. κῆνσος.—Kl. Pauly V 1551; BHHW III 2245f.—New Docs 5, 103, also 8, 47–56. DELG s.v. τέλο and ὀνέομαι. Frisk s.v. τέλο and ὦνο. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ὕψιστος, η, ον (Pind., Aeschyl.+; loanw. in rabb.) superl. of the adv. ὕψι; no positive in use

① pert. to being the highest in a spatial sense, highest (Diog. L. 8, 31 ὁ ὕψιστος τόπος, acc. to Pythagoras, is the place to which Hermes conducts pure souls) τὰ ὕψιστα the highest heights=heaven (Job 16:19; Ps 148:1; PsSol 18:10; JosAs 22:9=מְרוֹמִים; cp. 1QM 14, 14; 17, 8) ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις grant salvation, (thou who art) in the highest heaven Mt 21:9; Mk 11:10 (Goodsp., Probs. 34f). δόξα ἐν ὑψ. Lk 2:14 (opp. ἐπὶ γῆς); 19:38 (w. ἐν οὐρανῷ, which means the same). ὁ ὕψιστος ἐν ὑψίστοις the Most High in the highest (heaven) 1 Cl 59:3 (cp. Is 57:15).

② pert. to being the highest in status, ὁ ὕψιστος the Most High of God, distinguished from lesser deities and other objects of cultic devotion (Ζεὺς ὕψιστος: Pind., N. 1, 60 [90]; 11, 2; Aeschyl., Eum. 28; CIG 498; 503; 1869 al.; Aristonous, in Coll. Alex. 1, 7 p. 163 [ACook, Zeus I/2, 1925, 876–89; CRoberts, TSkeat and ANock, The Gild of Zeus Hypsistos: HTR 29, ’36, 39–88, Gk. text of Sb 7835 cited in this article was not reprinted in Nock, Essays: s. New Docs 1, 28]. θεὸς ὕψιστος: ins fr. Cyprus in BCH 20, 1896 p. 361; Sb 589 [II B.C.]; 1323, 1 [II A.D.]; OGI 378, 1 [I A.D.] θεῷ ἁγίω ὑψίστῳ; 755, 1f τοῦ ἁγιωτάτου [θεοῦ ὑψί]στου σωτῆρος; 756, 3–4 τοῦ ἁγιατάτου θεοῦ ὑψίστου: PGM 4, 1068 ἱερὸν φῶς τοῦ ὑψίστου θεοῦ; 5, 46; 12, 63; 71; New Docs 1, 25 no. 5. Isis as ὑψ. θεός: IAndrosIsis [Kyrene] 7 p. 129 Peek. Also simply Ὕψιστος CIG 499; 502. Other ins and pap New Docs 1, 25–28. On the syncretistic communities of the σεβόμενοι θεὸν ὕψιστον cp. ESchürer, SBBerlAk 1897, 200–225, History III 169; FCumont, Hypsistos: Suppl. à la Rev. de l’instruction publique en Belgique 1897, Pauly-W. s.v. Hypsistos; Kl. Pauly II 129f; APlassart, Mélanges Holleaux 1913, 201ff; Clemen² 58–60. Whether Israelite influence is present cannot be established, for the use of ὕψιστος pervades Gr-Rom. texts [s. lit. cited above and Nock, Essays I 414–43; s. also New Docs 1, 25–29], but ‘God Most High’ certainly has a firm place in Israelite experience, and OT usage [LXX] would account for its use in the NT, coupled w. semantic opportunity provided by polytheistic formulation. Examples of usage across cultural lines include: OGI 96, 5–7 [III/II B.C.]; APF 5, 1913, p. 163 [29 B.C.] θεῷ μεγάλῳ μεγάλῳ ὑψίστω; En, TestAbr, Test12Patr, JosAs; ApcEsdr1, 2 p. 24, 5 Tdf.; ApcZeph; Philo, In Flacc. 46, Ad Gai. 278; 317; Jos., Ant. 16, 163; Ar. 15, 1; Just., D. 32, 3; 124, 1; the Jewish prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 352ff=LAE 416; SIG 1181, 1f]; CIJ I, 690, 727–30; SibOr 3, 519; 719; Ezek. Trag. 239 [in Eus., PE 9, 29, 14]; Philo Epicus: 729 Fgm. 3, 2 Jac. [Eus., PE 9, 24]; ὁ μέγας καὶ ὕψ. θεός Hippol., Ref. 9, 15, 1; ANock, CRoberts, TSkeat, HTR 29, 36, 39–88). ὁ θεὸς ὁ ὕψ. (cp. Theoph. Ant. 2, 3 [p. 100, 1]) Mk 5:7; Lk 8:28; Ac 16:17; Hb 7:1 (Gen 14:18). τὸν ὕψ. θεόν GJs 24:1. ὁ ὕψ. (TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 10 [Stone p. 22]; oft. Test12Patr; JosAs 8:10; ApcEsdr 1:2; Just., D. 32, 3. ἡ δύναμις τοῦ ὑ. Hippol., Ref. 6, 35, 7) Ac 7:48; 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8); 45:7; 52:3 (Ps 49:14). ὁ μόνος ὕψ. 59:3 (s. 1 above, end). Also without the art. (En 10:1; TestSim 2:5; TestLevi 8:15; Just., D. 124, 1 and 4; Mel., P. 98, 752 [w. art. Ps 17:14]) ὕψ. Lk 1:35, 76. υἱὸς ὑψίστου vs. 32 (of Christ; on the association of υἱὸς ὑψίστου and υἱὸς θεοῦ [vs. 34] cp. the Aramaic text 4QpsDan A^a [=4Q 246], JFitzmyer, NTS 20, ’73/74, 382–407 [esp. 391–94]); also GJs 11:3; in the pl. of humans (cp. Sir 4:10) Lk 6:35. πατὴρ ὕψ. IRo ins.—DNP V 821–23. DELG s.v. ὕψι. M-M. TW.

1) General subject: Balaam

2) Religion: Balaam (A non-Israelite prophet described in the Old Testament. Nm:22-24. The one who apostasized for the sake of material gain)

3) Geography: (остров) Valaam

1) General subject: Dave (мужское имя), David (мужское имя), Davy (мужское имя)

2) Religion: David (Second of the Israelite kings, after Saul, reigning с 1000 to с 962 ВС), Psalmist

1) Religion: Elisaios, Eliseus, Elisha ( In the Old Testament, Israelite prophet, the pupil of Elijah, and also his successor. 1Sm:19:19), Elisseus

2) Bible: Elisha (пророк)

1) Religion: Jezebel (The Phoenician wife of Ahab who according to the account in I and II Kings pressed the cult of Baal on the Israelite kingdom but was finally killed in accordance with Elijah's prophecy)

2) Bible: Jezebel

1) Religion: Jonah (An Israelite prophet who according to the account in the book of Johah resisted a divine call to preach repentance to the people of Nineveh, was swallowed and vomited by a great fish, and eventually carried out his mission), Jonas (= Jonah)

2) Bible: Jonah, Jonas