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is+it+as+late+as+that+

  • 21 to

    لِكَي \ in order that: so that; with the purpose that: We hurried in order that we should not arrive late. in order to: so as to; with the intention to: He saved his money in order to buy a bicycle. so as to: in order to: He hurried so as not to be late. so that, in order that: used for showing purpose: He helped me with the work so that we’d finish earlier. to: also so as to, in order to showing purpose: He did that (so as) to annoy me. with a view to: for the purpose of: I went there with a view to buying a house there.

    Arabic-English glossary > to

  • 22 with a view to

    لِكَي \ in order that: so that; with the purpose that: We hurried in order that we should not arrive late. in order to: so as to; with the intention to: He saved his money in order to buy a bicycle. so as to: in order to: He hurried so as not to be late. so that, in order that: used for showing purpose: He helped me with the work so that we’d finish earlier. to: also so as to, in order to showing purpose: He did that (so as) to annoy me. with a view to: for the purpose of: I went there with a view to buying a house there.

    Arabic-English glossary > with a view to

  • 23 leid tun

    leid|tun sep irreg irreg
    vi

    es tut jdm leid, dass... — sb is sorry that...

    es tut mir leid, dass ich so spät gekommen bin — I'm sorry for coming so late or (that) I came so late

    es tut mir nur leid, dass... — I'm only sorry that..., my only regret is that..., I only regret that...

    es tut uns leid, Ihnen mitteilen zu müssen... — we regret to have to inform you...

    es tut einem leid, zu sehen, wie... — it makes you feel sorry when you see how...

    er/sie tut mir leid — I'm sorry for him/her, I pity him/her

    er/sie kann einem léídtun — you can't help feeling sorry for him/her, you can't (help) but feel sorry for him/her

    du kannst einem léídtun — you really are to be pitied

    es kann einem léídtun, wenn... — you can't help feeling sorry when...

    es tut mir um ihn/darum leid — I'm sorry about him/that

    das wird dir noch léídtun — you'll regret it, you'll be sorry

    * * *
    (used when apologizing or expressing regret: I'm sorry (that) I forgot to return your book; Did I give you a fright? I'm sorry.) sorry

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > leid tun

  • 24 retarder

    retarder [ʀ(ə)taʀde]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
       a. ( = mettre en retard sur un horaire) to delay
       b. ( = mettre en retard sur un programme) [+ employé, élève] to hinder ; [+ opération, vendange, chercheur] to delay
       c. ( = remettre) [+ départ, moment, opération] to delay ; [+ date] to put back
       d. [+ montre, réveil] to put back
    2. intransitive verb
    [montre] to be slow ; (régulièrement) to lose time
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)taʀde
    1.
    1) ( par rapport à une heure convenue) to make [somebody] late

    être retardé — [train, avion] to be delayed

    2) ( par rapport à un emploi du temps) to hold [somebody] up
    3) ( reporter) to put off, to postpone [départ]
    4) ( reculer) to put back [réveil]

    2.
    verbe intransitif
    1) ( être en retard) [réveil] to be slow

    retarder sur son temps or son époque — to be behind the times

    3) ( ne pas être au courant) to be out of touch
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)taʀde
    1. vt
    1) [personne]

    être retardé par qch — to be delayed by sth, to be held up by sth

    J'ai été retardé par un coup de téléphone. — I was held up by a phone call.

    retarder qn de 3 mois — to set sb back 3 months, to delay sb 3 months

    2) [départ] delay, [date] postpone, put back

    retarder qch de 2 jours — to put sth back 2 days, to delay sth by 2 days

    3) [montre] to put back

    Je dois retarder la pendule d'une heure. — I've got to put the clock back an hour.

    2. vi
    1) [montre] to be slow

    Ma montre retarde. — My watch is slow.

    2)

    retarder sur son temps [personne] — to be behind the times, [idées] to be outdated

    * * *
    retarder verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( par rapport à une heure convenue) to make [sb] late; tu vas au théâtre, je ne veux pas te retarder I don't want to make you late for the theatreGB; dépêche-toi, tu vas nous retarder! hurry up, you're going to make us late!; être retardé [train, avion] to be delayed; le brouillard a retardé le décollage fog delayed take-off;
    2 ( par rapport à un emploi du temps) to hold [sb] up; je ne veux pas vous retarder I don't want to hold you up ou delay you; il a été retardé par un client/les embouteillages he was held up by a customer/the traffic; ça l'a retardé dans son travail/ses recherches this held up his work/his research; le mauvais temps a retardé les opérations de sauvetage the bad weather held up the rescue operation;
    3 ( reporter) to put off, to postpone [départ, opération]; il a retardé son départ de deux jours he put his departure off ou he postponed his departure for two days; elle retarde toujours le moment de prendre une décision she always puts off making decisions;
    4 ( reculer) to put back [réveil, horloge]; cette nuit n'oubliez pas de retarder vos montres d'une heure don't forget to put your watches back one hour tonight.
    B vi
    1 [pendule, réveil, montre] ( être en retard) to be slow; ( prendre de plus en plus de retard) to lose time; ma montre retarde de cinq minutes par jour my watch loses five minutes a day; ce réveil retarde de 20 minutes this alarm clock is 20 minutes slow; je retarde de cinq minutes my watch is five minutes slow;
    2 ( être rétrograde) retarder sur son temps or son époque to be behind the times; ils retardent de 50 ans! they're 50 years behind the times!;
    3 ( ne pas être au courant) to be out of touch; Léningrad? tu retardes, c'est Saint-Pétersbourg maintenant! Leningrad? you're out of touch, it's Saint Petersburg now!
    [rətarde] verbe transitif
    1. [ralentir - visiteur, passager] to delay, to make late
    [entraver - enquête, progrès, travaux] to delay, to hamper, to slow down (separable)
    2. [ajourner] to postpone, to put back (separable)
    3. [montre] to put back (separable)
    ————————
    [rətarde] verbe intransitif
    1. [montre] to be slow
    je retarde de quelques minutes (familier) I'm ou my watch is a few minutes slow
    ————————
    se retarder verbe pronominal intransitif

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > retarder

  • 25 so daß

    (with the result that: He got up very late, so that he missed the bus and was late for work.) so that

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > so daß

  • 26 aquello

    pron.
    that.
    no consiguió saber si aquello lo dijo en serio he never found out whether she meant those words o that seriously
    aquello de su mujer es una mentira all that about his wife is a lie
    * * *
    1 that, it
    \
    por aquello de so as not to
    * * *
    pron.
    that, that matter
    * * *
    PRON DEM INDEF that

    ¡no se te olvide aquello! — see you don't forget what I told you about o what I told you to do etc!

    aquello fue de miedo — * that was awful, wasn't that awful?

    * * *
    pronombre demostrativo (neutro)

    ¿qué es aquello que se ve allá? — what's that over there?

    * * *
    pronombre demostrativo (neutro)

    ¿qué es aquello que se ve allá? — what's that over there?

    * * *
    ( neutro):
    ¿qué es aquello que se ve allá? what's that over there?
    aquello que te dije el otro día what I told you the other day
    por fin abrieron las puertas y no sabes lo que fue aquello you can't imagine what it was like when they finally opened the doors
    * * *

    aquello pron dem ( neutro):
    ◊ ¿qué es aquello que se ve allá? what's that over there?;

    aquello que te dije el otro día what I told you the other day
    aquello pron dem neut that, it: aquello fue el colmo, that was the limit
    familiar por aquello de que no se enterara por otros, so that she wouldn't find out through other people

    ' aquello' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adiós
    - baño
    - campal
    - dilucidar
    - enterrar
    - mover
    - traste
    - apoteosis
    - historia
    - lo
    English:
    fate
    - folly
    - former
    - live through
    - shattered
    - sweat
    - that
    - matter
    - putter
    - stand
    * * *
    aquello pron demostrativo
    that;
    ¿has hecho aquello que te pedí? did you do what I asked you to?;
    no consiguió saber si aquello lo dijo en serio he never found out whether she meant what she said seriously;
    aquello de su mujer es una mentira all that about his wife is a lie
    * * *
    pron that
    * * *
    aquello pron, (neuter) : that, that matter, that business
    aquello fue algo serio: that was something serious
    * * *
    aquello pron that
    ¿te acuerdas de aquello que me dijiste? do you remember what you told me?

    Spanish-English dictionary > aquello

  • 27 чтобы

    1. in order for

    найти в себе мужество, чтобы … — to find courage to …

    из боязни, что …; чтобы не … — for fear of …

    2. in order that

    с тем; чтобы — in order that

    для того; чтобы — in order for

    с тем, чтобы — to the effect that

    3. in such a manner

    во чтобы то ни стало; конечно; безусловно — by all means

    я люблю, чтобы чай был горячий — I like my tea hot

    таким образом; так; чтобы — in such a manner

    служить для того, чтобы — are intended

    4. in such a way

    чтобы не сказать … — not to say …

    так, чтобы — in such a way as to

    5. in the effect that

    с целью; с тем; чтобы — with the view of

    до такой степени, чтобы — to the extent that

    6. instead
    7. so
    8. so that

    в том смысле; что; с тем; чтобы; так — in the effect that

    я за то, чтобы пойти домой — I vote that we go home

    с целью чтобы; для того чтобы — to the end that

    9. to the effect that

    не иметь времени, чтобы поговорить — to be too busy to talk

    чтобы выиграть, нужно набрать 25 очков — the game is 25

    слишком туп, чтобы понять — too opaque to understand

    10. without
    11. in which to

    он слишком горд, чтобы жаловаться — he is too proud to complain

    12. in order to; that

    желательно, чтобы … — it is to be wished that …

    13. not that

    мы торопились, чтобы не опоздать — we hurried so as not to be late

    14. that; to
    Синонимический ряд:
    для того чтобы (проч.) дабы; для того чтобы; затем чтобы; с тем чтобы

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > чтобы

  • 28 tum

        tum adv., of time    [3 TA-].—Of time past, then, at that time, in those times: placuit tum id mihi, T.: qui tum vexare cupiebant: vastae tum in his locis solitudines erant, L.: Caere, opulento tum oppido, L.: tum Staienus condemnatus est, i. e. in that trial.—In emphatic opposition to other advv. of time: tu nunc tibi Id laudi ducis quod tum fecisti inopiā? T.: quae tabula, tum imperio tuo revolsa, nunc a me tamen deportata est: Et tum sicca, prius creberrima fontibus, Ide, O.—Of time present (only in orat. obliq., for nunc), now, at this time, then: quando autem se, si tum non sint, pares hostibus fore? if they were not now so, L.—Of time future, then, in that case, if that be done, thereupon: Tum meae... Vocis accedet bona pars, H.: confer sudantes, ructantes... tum intelleges, etc.: agedum, dictatorem creemus... Pulset tum mihi lictorem, qui sciet, etc., L.—Of time indefinite, then, at such a time, in such circumstances, in this instance, if so: nam quid agimus, cum sevocamus animum?... quid, inquam, tum agimus, nisi, etc.?—Repeated, tum... tum, sometimes... sometimes, now... now, at one time... at another: tum hoc mihi probabilius, tum illud videtur: dictator tum appellare tum adhortari milites, L.—Of succession in time, then, thereupon, next, afterwards, forthwith: conlocari iussit hominem in aureo lecto... Tum ad mensam eximiā formā pueros iussit consistere: tum, prope iam perculsis aliis tribunis, A. Virginius Caesoni capitis diem dicit, L.—In a series, repeated, or with other advv. or conjj. varying the expression: ducem Hannibali unum e concilio datum (a Iove), tum ei ducem illum praecepisse ne respiceret, illum autem respexisse, tum visam beluam vastam, etc.: tum... alias... tum... alias: tum... tum... aliquando: tum... tum... aut... aut: modo... tum autem.—Fig., of succession in thought, and then, besides, also, moreover, again, further, on the other hand: Quot me censes homines iam deverberasse, Hospites tum civīs? as well as, T.: faciendum est igitur nobis ut... veteranorum, tum legionis Martiae quartaeque consensus... confirmetur.—After a general clause with cum, introducing a particular or emphatic assertion: cum... tum, as... so, while... also, not only... but also, as... so especially: Quom id mihi placebat, tum uno ore omnes omnia Bona dicere, T.: cum omnium rerum simulatio vitiosa est, tum amicitiae repugnat maxime: movet patres conscriptos cum causa tum auctor, L.—Cum, followed by tum vero, tum maxime, tum praecipue or tum inprimis, while... in particular, not only... but especially, while... above all, not only... but chiefly: cum haec sunt videnda, tum vero illud est hominis magni, etc.: cum infamia atque indignitas rei impediebat, tum maxime quod, etc., Cs.: cum multa non probo, tum illud inprimis quod, etc.— Cum, followed by tum certe, tum nimirum, tum etiam, tum quoque or tum praeterea, while... at least, as... so assuredly, both... and as well, not only... but moreover: at cum de plurimis eadem dicit, tum certe de maximis: cum memoriter, tum etiam amice, etc.: cum potestas maior, tum vir quoque potestati par, etc., L.—Referring to a temporal clause, with cum.—Of coincidence of definite time, tum... cum, or cum... tum, at the time when, at a time when, even when, already when: tum, quom gratum mihi esse potuit, nolui, T.: cum minime videbamur, tum maxime philosophabamur: tum mittendos legatos fuisse cum Perseus Graecas urbes obsideret, L.—Of succession in time, then, next, at once, forthwith: id cum Sulla fecisset, tum ante oppidum Nolam Samnitium castra cepit: cum muros defensoribus nudasset, tum Afros ad subruendum murum mittit, L.—Of indefinite time, tum... cum, or cum... tum, at the time when, at a time when, at such times as, whenever: omnis praedictio mali tum probatur cum ad praedictionem cautio adiungitur: tum cum sine pondere suci Mobilibus ventis arida facta volant, O.—With ubi, of succession in time, then, next, at once, forthwith: ubi eorum dolorem cognovi, tum meum animum in illos proposui: ubi spectaculi tempus venit, tum orta vis, L.—Of indefinite time, ubi... tum, whenever: Post ubi tempust promissa iam perfici, Tum coacti necessario se aperiunt, T.—With postquam or postea quam, of succession in definite time, then, at once: tum vero postquam res sociorum ante oculos prope suos ferri vidit, suum id dedecus ratus, etc., L.: posteaquam e portu piratae exierunt, tum coeperunt quaerere homines, etc., as soon as.—In indefinite time, then, always: postquam commoditas prava dicendi copiam consecuta est, tum malitia praevertere urbīs adsuevit.—With ut, ut... tum, or tum... ut, when, after, as soon as: ut vero accessit cohortatio... tum vero filium seduxit: ut vero aquam ingressi sunt, tum utique egressis rigere corpora, L.—With quando, tum... quando, or quando... tum, when, as soon as: utinam tum essem natus quando Romani dona accipere coepissent.—With dum, then, meanwhile: dum se glomerant... tum pondere turris Procubuit, V.—With quam diu, then, so long: qui, quam tibi amicus non modo tum fuerit quam diu tecum in provinciā fuit, verum, etc.—With a relative, then, at that time: Quā tempestate Paris Helenam innuptis iunxit nuptiis, Ego tum gravida expletis iam fui ad pariendum mensibus, C. poët.—With an abl absol., then, thereafter, at once: ut morte eius nuntiatā tum denique bellum confectum arbitraretur: ita rebus divinis peractis tum de bello dictator rettulit, L.—Fig., in a conclusion after cum or si, then, therefore, consequently, in that case: cum magnus numerus deesset, tum iste homo coepit, etc.: quid tum quaeso, si hoc pater resciverit? T.: Si quidem me amaret, tum istuc prodesset, T. —In particular phrases, iam tum, already at that time, as soon as that: iam tum erat suspitio Dolo malo haec fieri, T.: ut mihi iam tum divinasse ille videatur hanc urbem esse, etc.—Tum demum or tum denique, then only, then at length, then at last, not till then, as late as that: tum demum Liscus, quod antea tacuerat, proponit, Cs.: quo cum venerimus, tum denique vivemus.—Tum primum, tum primo, or tum deinde, then first, then for the first time, not till then: ludorum gratiā, quos tum primum anniversarios in circo facere constituisset: tum primo, L.: quas cum solus pertulisset, tum deinde comitia conlegae subrogando habuit, L.— Hic tum, at this point, just here, just then: hic tum iniectus est hominibus scrupulus.—With emphatic particles, tum vero, tum enim vero, or enim vero tum, then indeed, just then, at that crisis, then if not before, then: discedit a Melino Cluentia. tum vero illa egregia mater palum exsultare... coepit: Quae postquam frustra temptata rogumque parari... Sensit, Tum vero gemitūs... Edidit, O.—Tum quidem, at that time, thereupon, then at least: et tum quidem incolumis exercitum liberavit; post triennium autem, etc.—Ne tum quidem, not even then: num quis horum miser hodie? ne tum quidem, post spiritum extremum.—Tum maxime or tum cum maxime, especially at that time, chiefly then, just then, precisely at that time: quem provincia tum maxime exspectabat: regi, tum maxime captivos ex Illyrico vendenti, at that very time, L.—Etiam tum, even then, even at that time, even already, even yet: totum se Servilio etiam tum tradidit: Ipsa ego non longos etiam tum scissa capillos, not yet long, O.—Tum quoque, also then, then likewise, then as before, then too, then once more, even then: tum quoque homini plus tribui quam necessitati: tum quoque multis milibus Latinorum in civitatem acceptis, L.—Tum autem, and then, besides further, moreover, nay even, statim se ad hominis egentis, tum autem iudicis, familiaritatem se applicavit: tanta enim tempestas cooritur... tum autem nives proluit, etc., Cs.— Tum ipsum, at that very time, just then, even then: id quod aliquando posset accidere, ne tum ipsum accideret, timere.—Quid tum? what then? what next? what further?: dic; cras est mihi Iudicium. quid tum? T.: videsne abundare me otio? A. quid tum?
    * * *
    then, next; besides; at that time

    cum...tum -- not only...but also

    Latin-English dictionary > tum

  • 29 tunc

        tunc adv. demonstr., of time    [tum+ce].—Of time past, then, at that time, just then, on that occasion: ubi tunc eras?: tunc duces Nerviorum... conloqui sese velle dicunt, Cs.: iam Horatius secundam pugnam petebat. tunc clamore... adiuvant militem suum, just then, L.: urbs (Corinthus) erat tunc praeclara ante excidium, L.— Opposed to present time: eā lege quae tunc erat Sempronia, nunc est Cornelia: cur privati non damus remiges, sicut tunc dedimus? L.—Of time present, now, at this time (only in nar. obliq. for nunc): quod si consulatūs tanta dulcedo sit, iam tunc ita in animum inducant, consulatum captum ab tribuniciā potestate esse, L.—Of time future, then, at that time, in that event: tunc illud vexillum... coloniae Capuae inferetur; tunc contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur: Tunc piger ad nandum, tunc ego cautus ero, O.—Of succession in time, then, thereupon, forthwith, just afterwards, accordingly, consequently: Herodotus cum Romā revertitur, offendit eum mensem qui consequitur mensem comitialem. tunc Cephaloeditani decrerunt intercalarium XXXV dies longum: is finis pugnae equestris fuit. tunc adorti peditum aciem, nuntios mittunt, L.: animadversum est, extra consuetudinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompei progressum. tunc Caesar apud suos ‘Di<*> ferendum est’ inquit ‘iter,’ etc., Cs.: ipse quoque longinquo morbo est inplicatus, tunc adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritūs illi feroces ut, etc., L.—Fig., of succession in thought, cum... tunc (cf. cum... tum), while... in particular, both... and above all: Vivendum recte est cum propter plurima, tunc est Idcirco, etc., Iu.—Esp., referring to a temporal clause, with cum.—Of coincidence of definite time, tunc... cum, or cum... tunc, just at the time when, just when, then... when: quo damnato tunc, cum iudicia fiebant, HS IV milibus lis aestimata est: ille eo tempore paruit cum necesse erat; vos tunc paruistis cum paruit nemo, etc.: Infelix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt? Tunc decuit cum sceptra dabas, V. (Rib. tum): cum iam adpropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc iniecta trepidatio, L.—Of indefinite time, tunc... cum, at a time when, only when, whenever: ‘arbitror,’ quo nos etiam tunc utimur cum ea dicimus iurati, etc.— With ubi, then, at once, forthwith, thereupon: ad quod bellum ubi consules dilectum habere occipiunt, obstare tunc enixe tribuni, L.—With quando, whenever (rare), C.—With an abl absol., then, thereupon, forthwith: legatis auditis, tunc de bello referre sese Aemilius dixit, L.—Fig., in a conclusion after si, then, therefore, consequently, in that case: si se exstinxisset, tunc victorem ausurum, etc., L.—In particular phrases, iam tunc, even at that time, as soon as that: nisi iam tunc omnia negotia diligentissime confecissem.—Tunc demum, not until then, then only, then at last, as late as that: tunc demum nuntius missus ad tertiam legionem revocandam, L.: tunc demum pectora plangi Contigit, O.—Tunc primum, then for the first time, then first, not till then: quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est, S.: tunc primum circo, qui nunc maximus dicitur, designatus locus est, L.—Tunc vero, then indeed, just then, at that crisis: in perturbatos iam hostīs equos inmittunt. tunc vero Celtiberi omnes in fugam effunduntur, L.—Tunc quidem, at that time: et tunc quidem Perseus copias reduxit; postero die, etc., L.—Tunc cum maxime, just then, precisely at that time: hospitem tunc cum maxime utilia suadentem abstrahi iussit, Cu.—Tunc quoque, also then, then too, then likewise, then once morc, even then: Saepe legit flores; et tunc quoque forte legebat, O.: quin nisi... ingens accipienda clades fuerit. tunc quoque ad extremum periculi ventum est, even as it was, L.
    * * *
    then, thereupon, at that time

    Latin-English dictionary > tunc

  • 30 Mind

       It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)
       Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)
       The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)
       MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)
       [Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)
       Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)
       7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive Analyses
       Recent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....
       Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.
       In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.
       The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)
       Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.
    ... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind

  • 31 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

    [br]
    b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, England
    d. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England
    [br]
    English civil and mechanical engineer.
    [br]
    The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.
    From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).
    Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).
    The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.
    Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.
    As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.
    The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).
    The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

  • 32 ne

    "1. What...?: Ne dedin? What did you say? 2. What a...!/How...! (used as an intensifier before adjectives): Ne biçimsiz bir masa! What an ugly table! Ne soğuk! How cold it is! 3. whatever: Ahmet ne yaparsa Ayşe beğenir. Ayşe approves of whatever Ahmet does. 4. What...?: Bu ne kutusu? What´s this box for? Yarın ne dersin var? What lesson do you have tomorrow? 5. used as an intensifier: Dün rüzgâr ne esti ha! Yesterday the wind blew like all get-out. 6. used to express approval or disapproval: Bu ne kıyafet böyle? And just what sort of getup is this? Bu dünyada ne anneler var! This old world has some pretty wonderful/awful mothers in it! -ler used to indicate a quantity of things: Daha neler gördük, neler! We saw lots and lots of other things as well! Neler öğrendin? What things have you learned? -si used to show a connection: Sen İsmet´in nesisin? How are you kin to İsmet? O adam buranın nesi? What´s that man´s position here? -sine? What on earth does he need... for?: Otomobil onun nesine? What on earth does he need a car for? Altın kolye onun nesine? What on earth is she doing with a gold necklace? - akla hizmet ediyor? Why on earth is he doing such a thing? - âlâ! How nice! - âlâ memleket! What a fine kettle of fish!/What a wonderful state of affairs! (said sarcastically). - âlem used to express a feeling of astonishment tempered with affection: Ne âlem adam! What a crazy guy! O kadın ne âlemdir bir bilsen! That gal´s a character, I can tell you! - âlemdesiniz? How are things with you? - alıp veremiyor? 1. What is it he wants?/What´s he after? 2. /la/ What´s the problem between...?: Onunla ne alıp veremiyorsun? What´s the problem between you and her? (...) - arar! /da/ (Someone) is completely lacking in (something).: Onda para ne arar! He´s never got two cents to rub together. (Burada/Orada) - arıyor? What´s he doing here/there?/What does he want? - biçim used to show disapproval: Ne biçim adam yahu! What a jerk! Ne biçim sözlük! And this thing´s supposed to be a dictionary! - buyurdunuz? What did you say? - buyurulur? /a/ 1. What do you say to...?/What would you say to a...?: Soğuk bir limonataya ne buyurulur? What do you say to a cold lemonade?/Would you like a cold lemonade? 2. What do you have to say to...? (said tauntingly). - canı var ki? How can he do that? (He´s not got the physical strength.) - çare! What can one do?/It´s a hopeless situation. - çıkar? 1. What difference will it make one way or the other? 2. What´ll come of it? (Nothing!). 3. What can I/you expect to get out of it? - çiçektir biliriz. colloq. I know what a bad lot he is./I know just how nocount he is./I´ve got his number. - de olsa nevertheless, nonetheless. - dedim de...? Why on earth (didn´t I do something)?: Ne dedim de sana haber vermedim? Why on earth didn´t I inform you? - demek? 1. What does it mean?: Bu ne demek? What does this mean? 2. Just what does it mean? (said angrily): Ders ekmek ne demek? Just what do you mean by cutting a class? - demeye...? 1. Why...?: Buraya ne demeye geldin? Why have you come here? 2. used when questioning the meaning of something: O sözü ne demeye getirdi? Just what did she mean by that remark? -ler de neler, maydanozlu köfteler all manner of strange and outlandish things. - denir?/- dersin? colloq. What can you say?/There´s nothing you can say. - denli 1.... how much.... 2. However much.... 3. My, how...! - dersin? colloq. What do you think? - dese beğenirsin? colloq. You´ll never guess what he said to me./You won´t believe what he said to me./Just guess what she said!/Guess what she called me! - diye...? Why...?/For what purpose...?: Ne diye ben gideyim? Why should I be the one to go? Ne diye gideyim? What´s the point in my going?/For what purpose am I to go? - ekersen onu biçersin. proverb You reap what you sow. - fayda! colloq. What good can that do now?/What´s the good of it now?/It´s too late for that now. (...) - gezer! see ne arar! - gibi...? Wha

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > ne

  • 33 كي

    كَيْ \ so as to: in order to: He hurried so as not to be late. so that, in order that: used for showing purpose: He helped me with the work so that we’d finish earlier. to: also so as to, in order to showing purpose: He did that (so as) to annoy me.

    Arabic-English dictionary > كي

  • 34 so as to

    كَيْ \ so as to: in order to: He hurried so as not to be late. so that, in order that: used for showing purpose: He helped me with the work so that we’d finish earlier. to: also so as to, in order to showing purpose: He did that (so as) to annoy me.

    Arabic-English glossary > so as to

  • 35 so as to, in order to

    كَيْ \ so as to: in order to: He hurried so as not to be late. so that, in order that: used for showing purpose: He helped me with the work so that we’d finish earlier. to: also so as to, in order to showing purpose: He did that (so as) to annoy me.

    Arabic-English glossary > so as to, in order to

  • 36 to

    كَيْ \ so as to: in order to: He hurried so as not to be late. so that, in order that: used for showing purpose: He helped me with the work so that we’d finish earlier. to: also so as to, in order to showing purpose: He did that (so as) to annoy me.

    Arabic-English glossary > to

  • 37 trasnocharse

    VPR Méx
    * see VI
    * * *
    vpr
    Andes to stay up late;
    me trasnoché leyendo ese libro I stayed up late reading that book

    Spanish-English dictionary > trasnocharse

  • 38 С-396

    ПЕРЕД СМЕРТЬЮ HE НАДЫШИШЬСЯ (saying) you cannot do at the last moment what you did not do before, when there was more time: = you can't make up for lost time it's too late for that now.
    Перед трудными экзаменами Маша обычно занималась всю ночь, хотя и понимала, что перед смертью не надышишься. Before hard exams Masha typically studied all night, even though she knew that you can't make up for lost time

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-396

  • 39 перед смертью не надышишься

    [saying]
    =====
    ⇒ you cannot do at the last moment what you did not do before, when there was more time:
    - it's too late for that now.
         ♦ Перед трудными экзаменами Маша обычно занималась всю ночь, хотя и понимала, что перед смертью не надышишься. Before hard exams Masha typically studied all night, even though she knew that you can't make up for lost time

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > перед смертью не надышишься

  • 40 Bacalhau

    (Codfish)
       Since the 15th century, codfish has been the favorite national dish of the Portuguese. Voyages of the navigator Corte-Real to Newfoundland, North America, late in that century, aroused the Portuguese interest in consuming codfish, particularly in its dried and salted form. For centuries thereafter, Portuguese cod fishing fleets visited the Newfoundland banks and returned with their precious catches. During periods when Portugal's economic fortunes were low and when the necessary shipping was unavailable, the Portuguese arranged to have English fishermen obtain codfish. After 1835, an annual Portuguese codfish fleet visited Newfoundland again. Oddly enough, despite the traditional codfish fleet system, the national fleet usually acquired only 10-15 percent of the codfish required, and the remainder was supplied by Great Britain, Sweden, and Norway. Although the Portuguese codfish fleet off Newfoundland ceased operations in the 1970s, codfish remains as popular as ever, and much of the country's annual supply comes from abroad.
       The Portuguese love affair with bacalhau is at least 500 years old, and it gave rise to the traditional Portuguese description of this important part of their cuisine: "the faithful friend" ( o fiel amigo). Long ago, the Portuguese learned how to salt and sun-dry the codfish they had caught to preserve it. Before the age of refrigeration, the dried, salted codfish kept for months. Before being prepared for the table, the Portuguese soaked it for 24 hours in various changes of water. The soaking reconstitutes this fish and disposes of the excessive salt. Codfish dishes remain popular for many holiday and other celebrations, and it is said that there are 365 ways of cooking codfish, one for each day of the year. A popular, now traditional codfish dish is bacalhau d bras, which consists of thin strips of cod mixed with onions and thin strips of potato surrounded by eggs. An even more historic dish is bacalhau a Gomes de Sá, cooked in a casserole with thinly sliced potatoes, onions, and garnished with hardboiled eggs and black olives. The dish is named in honor of an Oporto codfish merchant, José Luís Gomes de Sá Junior, who developed the famous dish while working at a noted restaurant in his native Oporto.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Bacalhau

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