-
41 recognize
transitive verb2) (acknowledge) erkennen; anerkennen [Gültigkeit, Land, Methode, Leistung, Bedeutung, Dienst]be recognized as — angesehen werden od. gelten als
3) (admit) zugeben4) (identify nature of) erkennenrecognize somebody to be a fraud — erkennen, dass jemand ein Betrüger ist
* * *1) (to see, hear etc (a person, thing etc) and know who or what that person, thing etc is, because one has seen or heard him, it etc before: I recognized his voice/handwriting; I recognized him by his voice.) erkennen2) (to admit, acknowledge: Everyone recognized his skill.) anerkennen3) (to be willing to have political relations with: Many countries were unwilling to recognize the new republic.) anerkennen4) (to accept as valid, well-qualified etc: I don't recognize the authority of this court.) anerkennen•- academic.ru/60730/recognizable">recognizable- recognisable
- recognizably
- recognisably
- recognition* * *rec·og·nize[ˈrekəgnaɪz]vt1.▪ to \recognize sb/sth (identify) person, symptoms jdn/etw erkennenI never would have \recognized her ich hätte sie niemals erkannt; (know again) person, place jdn/etw wiedererkennen2. (demonstrate appreciation)▪ to \recognize sth etw anerkennen▪ to \recognize sb jdm Anerkennung zollen▪ to \recognize sth/sb etw/jdn anerkennento \recognize a country/regime/state ein Land/Regime/einen Staat anerkennento \recognize a union eine Gewerkschaft anerkennenhe refuses to \recognize the fact that he's getting older er weigert sich, die Tatsache anzuerkennen, dass er älter wird▪ to be \recognized as sth als etw gelten▪ to \recognize sb jdm das Wort erteilen5. COMPUT▪ to \recognize sth etw [wieder]erkennen* * *['rekəgnaɪz]vtyou wouldn't recognize him/the house etc — Sie würden ihn/das Haus etc nicht wiedererkennen
I wouldn't have recognized him in that disguise — ich hätte ihn in der Verkleidung nicht erkannt
she doesn't recognize me any more when she goes past — sie kennt mich nicht mehr, wenn sie mich trifft
3) (= be aware) erkennen; (= be prepared to admit) zugeben, eingestehenyou must recognize what is necessary — Sie müssen erkennen, was notwendig ist
I recognize that I am not particularly intelligent — ich gebe zu, dass ich nicht besonders intelligent bin
* * *recognize [ˈrekəɡnaız]A v/t1. (wieder)erkennen (by an dat)2. etwas (klar) erkennen3. jemanden, eine Schuld etc, auch POL eine Regierung etc anerkennen (as als):an internationally recognized scientist ein international anerkannter Wissenschaftler4. jemandes Dienste etc lobend anerkennen5. zugeben, einsehen ( beide:that dass):recognize defeat sich geschlagen geben6. jemanden (auf der Straße) grüßen7. Notiz nehmen von8. besonders US jemandem das Wort erteilenB v/i JUR besonders US sich vor Gericht schriftlich verpflichten (in zu)* * *transitive verb2) (acknowledge) erkennen; anerkennen [Gültigkeit, Land, Methode, Leistung, Bedeutung, Dienst]be recognized as — angesehen werden od. gelten als
3) (admit) zugeben4) (identify nature of) erkennenrecognize somebody to be a fraud — erkennen, dass jemand ein Betrüger ist
* * *(US) v.anerkennen v. (by, as) v.erkennen (an, als) v.wiedererkennen v. -
42 World War II
(1939-1945)In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). -
43 signal
signal ['sɪgnəl] ( British pt & pp signalled, cont signalling, American pt & pp signaled, cont signaling)1 noun(a) (indication) signal m;∎ to give sb the signal to do sth donner à qn le signal de faire qch;∎ he'll give the signal to attack il donnera le signal de l'attaque;∎ she gave the signal for us to leave elle nous a donné le signal de départ;∎ you're sending all the wrong signals if you want her to realize you're attracted to her si tu veux qu'elle comprenne que tu es attiré par elle, il faut que ton attitude le montre;∎ he's putting out a lot of confusing signals son attitude n'est pas claire;∎ it was the first signal (that) the regime was weakening c'était le premier signe de l'affaiblissement du régime;∎ the demonstration is a clear signal to the government to change its policy la manifestation signifie clairement que le gouvernement doit changer de politique;∎ to send smoke signals envoyer des signaux de fumée∎ radio signal signal m radio;∎ Radio station signal indicatif m (de l'émetteur)formal insigne;∎ you showed a signal lack of tact vous avez fait preuve d'une maladresse insigne(a) (send signal to) envoyer un signal à;∎ to signal sb faire signe à qn;∎ he signalled the plane forward il a fait signe au pilote d'avancer;∎ the brain signals the muscles to contract le cerveau envoie aux muscles le signal de se contracter∎ the parachutist signalled his readiness to jump le parachutiste fit signe qu'il était prêt à sauter;∎ the linesman signalled the ball out le juge de ligne a signalé que le ballon était sorti;∎ the cyclist signalled a left turn le cycliste a indiqué qu'il tournait à gauche(c) (announce, mark → beginning, end, change) marquer;∎ the speech signalled a radical change in policy le discours a marqué une réorientation politique radicale;∎ this signals the start of the rainy season cela indique le début ou c'est le signe du début de la saison des pluies;∎ her resignation signalled the beginning of the end sa démission a marqué le début de la fin∎ to signal to sb to do sth faire signe à qn de faire qch;∎ he signalled for the bill il a fait signe qu'il voulait l'addition;∎ she was signalling for us to stop elle nous faisait signe de nous arrêter(b) (send signal) envoyer un signal;∎ the satellite is still signalling le satellite émet ou envoie toujours des signaux(c) Cars (with indicator) mettre son clignotant; (with arm) indiquer de la main un changement de directionNautical signal book code m international des signaux;Railways signal box poste m de signalisation;signal communications télécommunications fpl, transmissions fpl;signal lamp (for making signals) lampe f ou projecteur m de signalisation; (serving as a signal) (lampe f) témoin m;American signal red vermillon m chinois;signal rocket fusée f de signalisation;American signal tower poste m d'aiguillage -
44 quasi-
преф.- quasi-contraband
- quasi-contract
- quasi-corporation
- quasi-crime
- quasi-criminal
- quasi-criminal offence
- quasi-delict
- quasi-delictual
- quasi-easement
- quasi-feudal
- quasi-feudal regime
- quasi-international
- quasi-international law
- quasi-judicial
- quasi-judicial agency
- quasi-judicial tribunal
- quasi-judicial powers
- quasi-larceny
- quasi-legislative
- quasi-legislative powers
- quasi-legislative measures
- quasi-military
- quasi-military formation
- quasi-military organization
- quasi-military unit
- quasi-monopoly pricing
- quasi-national
- quasi-national domicile
- quasi-negotiable instrument
- quasi-official
- quasi-official position
- quasi-personalty
- quasi-possession
- quasi-private
- quasi-private corporation
- quasi-promise
- quasi-protectorate
- quasi-public
- quasi-public nature
- quasi-public company
- quasi-realty
- quasi-regional
- quasi-regional organization
- quasi-retroactivity
- quasi-rule
- quasi-supranational
- quasi-tenant
- quasi-tort
- quasi-trustee -
45 Article 72
1. The joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation includes:a) providing for the correspondence of the constitutions and laws of the Republics, the charters and other normative legal acts of the territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous regions or autonomous areas to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal laws;b) protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen; protection of the rights of national minorities; ensuring the rule of law, law and order, public security, border zone regime; c) issues of possession, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources; d) delimitation of state property; e) nature utilization, protection of the environment and ensuring ecological safety; specially protected natural territories, protection of historical and cultural monuments; f) general issues of upbringing, education, science, culture, physical culture and sports; g) coordination of issues of health care; protection of the family, maternity, paternity and childhood; social protection, including social security; h) carrying out measures against catastrophes, natural calamities, epidemics, elimination of their aftermath; i) establishment of common principles of taxation and dues in the Russian Federation; j) administrative, administrative procedure, labour, family, housing, land, water, and forest legislation; legislation on subsoil and environmental protection; k) personnel of the judicial and law enforcement agencies; the Bar, notaryship; l) protection of traditional living habitat and of traditional way of life of small ethnic communities; m) establishment of common principles of organization of the system of bodies of state authority and local self-government; n) coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the subjects of the Russian Federation, fulfillment of international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation.2. Provisions of this Article shall be equally valid for the Republics, territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous regions or autonomous areas.__________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 72[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 72[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 72[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 72
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46 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging. -
47 elasticity
сущ.1) общ. эластичность; упругость (способность объекта или вещества вернуться в первоначальную форму после сжатия, сгибания или растяжения)The silk at the centre of the spider's web can stretch to 3 times its original length and this elasticity comes from long spirals in the configuration of the protein that makes up silk. — Шелковистые нити в центре паутины могут растягиваться до тройного размера своей изначальной длины; такая эластичность нитей объясняется наличием длинных спиралей в структуре белка, из которого состоят шелковистые нити.
Ant:demand elasticity, elasticity of demand, elasticity of substitution, elasticity of supply, export elasticity, income elasticity, price elasticity, supply elasticity, elasticity coefficient, elasticity of consumption, import elasticity2) общ. гибкость, приспособляемость (способность быстро и легко адаптироваться к окружающим условиям или к изменившимся обстоятельствам)import elasticity to changes in the international trade regime — приспособляемость импорта к изменению условий международной торговли.
Ant:demand elasticity, elasticity of demand, elasticity of substitution, elasticity of supply, export elasticity, income elasticity, price elasticity, supply elasticity, elasticity coefficient, elasticity of consumption, import elasticity3) эк. эластичностьAnt:demand elasticity, elasticity of demand, elasticity of substitution, elasticity of supply, export elasticity, income elasticity, price elasticity, supply elasticity, elasticity coefficient, elasticity of consumption, import elasticitySee:Price elasticity is equal to unity. — Ценовая эластичность равна единице.
See:demand elasticity, elasticity of demand, elasticity of substitution, elasticity of supply, export elasticity, income elasticity, price elasticity, supply elasticity, elasticity coefficient, elasticity of consumption, import elasticity
* * *
эластичность; см. elasticity of demandsupply;* * *. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
48 exchange rate
фин. обменный [валютный\] курс (цена одной денежной единицы, выраженная в денежных единицах другой страны)COMBS:
exchange rate between the US dollar and the British pound — обменный курс между американским долларом и британским фунтом
Syn:See:bilateral exchange rate, black market exchange rate, central exchange rates, double exchange rate, dual exchange rate, effective exchange rate, equilibrium exchange rate, fixed exchange rate, fixed-but-adjustable exchange rate, floating exchange rate, flexible exchange rate, foreign exchange rate, forward exchange rate, free exchange rate, green exchange rate, historical exchange rate, multilateral exchange rate, multiple exchange rate, nominal exchange rate, official exchange rate, parallel exchange rate, pegged exchange rate, purchasing power parity exchange rate, real exchange rate, semi-fixed exchange rate, single exchange rate, spot exchange rate, trade-weighted exchange rate, exchange rate agreement, exchange rate anchor, exchange rate band, exchange rate classification, exchange rate exposure, exchange rate futures, exchange rate gain, exchange rate index, exchange rate loss, Exchange Rate Mechanism, Exchange Rate Mechanism II, exchange rate overshooting, exchange rate parity, exchange rate peg, exchange rate policy, exchange rate risk, exchange rate spread, exchange rate stabilization, exchange rate targeting, exchange rate union, decline in exchange rate, hedging exchange rate exposure, intermediate exchange rate regime, par exchange rate, principal exchange rate linked securities, Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions, currency quotation, base currency, quoted currency, cross rate, peg 1. 3), adjustable peg, crawling peg, managed float, dirty float, clean float, optimum currency area, target zone, par value, exchange risk, exchange gain, exchange loss, base currency, quoted currency, assets approach, monetary approach, foreign investment rule, interest rate parity, Fisher effect, International Fisher effect, spot rate, forward rate
* * *
валютный (обменный) курс: цена одной денежной единицы, выраженная в денежных единицах другой страны (обычно за 1, 100 или 1000 единиц); цена, по которой обмениваются денежные единицы разных стран (в прошлом - также на золото); формируется на рынке или устанавливается в административном порядке; см. fixed exchange rate;* * *. Цена национальной валюты, выраженная через валюту другой страны . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валютацена денежной единицы одной страны, выраженная в денежных единицах других стран -
49 factors of war
пол. факторы войны (материальные и духовные возможности воюющих сторон, оказывающие воздействие на ход и исход войны; факторами войны могут быть: географическая среда, количественный и качественный состав населения, материальные и духовные силы общества, экономический и политический строй, социальные, классовые, национальные отношения, наука, моральный дух народа и армии, вооружение армии, ее численный состав, обученность и боевой опыт, организация войск и управление ими и т. д.)See: -
50 crisis
n (pl crises)to aggravate a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис
to be gripped by / to be in the midst of / to be locked in a crisis — быть охваченным кризисом
to bring about a crisis — вызывать кризис, служить толчком к началу кризиса
to create a crisis — создавать кризис / кризисное положение
to deepen a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис
to de-escalate / to defuse the crisis — сокращать масштабы кризиса, ослаблять кризис
to ease the crisis — сокращать масштабы кризиса, ослаблять кризис
to exacerbate a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис
to face a crisis — сталкиваться с кризисом; стоять на пороге кризиса
to ignite a crisis — вызывать кризис, служить толчком к началу кризиса
to limp / to lurch from one crisis to another — идти от кризиса к кризису
to resolve a crisis — преодолевать / разрешать кризис, справляться с кризисом
to settle / to solve a crisis — преодолевать / разрешать кризис, справляться с кризисом
to spark off / to trigger (off) a crisis — вызывать кризис, служить толчком к началу кризиса
- affected by the crisis - agrarian crisisto worsen a crisis — обострять / усугублять кризис
- agricultural crisis
- amidst the worst crisis
- artificial crisis
- balance-of-payments crisis
- bilateral crisis
- budget crisis
- cabinet crisis
- chronic crisis
- consequences of a crisis
- constitutional crisis
- crisis blew up
- crisis broke out
- crisis came to a head
- crisis continues unabated
- crisis erupted
- crisis flared
- crisis gripped the country
- crisis is brewing
- crisis is building up
- crisis is deepening by the hour
- crisis is reaching a climax
- crisis of confidence
- crisis of power
- crisis of the ruling regime
- crisis spills over into war
- current crisis
- cyclical crisis
- deep crisis
- deepening crisis
- deepening mood of crisis
- deep-seated crisis
- diplomatic solution to a crisis
- dire crisis
- ecological crisis
- economic crisis
- elimination of a crisis
- energy crisis
- every possible avenue has got to be explored to find a political solution to the crisis
- exchange crisis
- financial crisis
- fiscal crisis
- food crisis
- fuel crisis
- general crisis
- global crisis
- government crisis
- governmental crisis
- grave crisis
- Gulf crisis
- home crisis
- hostage crisis
- housing crisis
- imminent crisis
- impact of a crisis
- in a state of crisis - internal crisis
- internal political crisis
- international crisis
- intractable crisis
- looming crisis
- ministerial crisis
- monetary and financial crisis
- mounting crisis
- national crisis
- offset of the crisis
- oil crisis
- on the verge of a crisis
- peaceful outcome to a crisis
- periodic crisis
- perpetual crisis
- petroleum crisis
- phase of a crisis
- political crisis
- profound crisis
- protracted crisis
- raw-materials crisis
- recurrent crisis
- resolution of a crisis
- serious crisis
- settling of a crisis
- severe crisis
- signs of a crisis
- social crisis
- spiraling crisis
- underlying crisis
- unparalleled crisis
- way out of the crisis
- world crisis -
51 term
n1) срок (тюремного заключения, пребывания на посту и т.п.); предел; период2) термин; выражение3) pl условия; отношения•to abide by terms — выполнять / соблюдать условия
to accept the terms — принимать условия; соглашаться на условия
to agree to smb's terms — соглашаться на чьи-л. условия
to be on bad / good terms — быть в плохих / хороших отношениях
to be sworn in for a four-year term — быть приведенным к присяге для занятия поста на четырехлетний срок
to come to term with smb — договариваться с кем-л.
to come to term with what happened — примиряться с тем, что произошло
to complete one's term — отбыть наказание
to cut short smb's term — сокращать срок пребывания кого-л. у власти / в заключении
to dictate one's term — диктовать свои условия
to discuss smth in general terms — обсуждать что-л. в общем виде
to impose long prison terms — приговаривать кого-л. к длительным срокам тюремного заключения
to improve the terms of trade — улучшать / совершенствовать условия торговли
to outline the terms for smth — излагать условия чего-л.
to protest to smb in the strongest terms — заявлять кому-л. резкий протест
to sentence smb to a long prison term — приговаривать кого-л. к длительному тюремному заключению
to serve out the remainder of one's term as President — дослужить до конца срока в качестве президента
to set out the terms for smth — излагать условия чего-л.
- arbitration termto spell out one's terms for peace — излагать свои условия мира
- bid for a fourth term in office
- binding terms of contract
- ceasefire terms
- concessionaire terms
- couched in polite terms
- deferred payment terms
- disastrous entry terms
- early in smb's term
- easy terms
- equal terms
- expiration of the term of office
- expired term
- favorable terms
- fettering terms
- fixed term
- for an indefinite term
- harsh jail term
- harsh terms
- hostile terms
- humiliating peace terms
- in absolute terms
- in diplomatic terms
- in distinct term
- in dollar terms
- in general terms
- in military terms
- in monetary terms
- in money terms
- in no uncertain terms
- in numerical terms
- in per capita terms
- in percentage terms
- in physical terms
- in quantitative terms
- in real terms
- in restrained terms
- in strong terms
- in terms of figures
- in terms of gold
- in terms of money
- in terms of numbers
- in terms of percentage points
- in terms of production
- in terms of value
- in terms of
- in terms
- in the clearest terms
- in the long term
- in unequivocal terms
- in unmistakable terms
- in value terms
- initial term of a convention
- intermediate term
- long term
- mutually acceptable terms
- mutually advantageous terms
- on acceptable terms
- on advantageous terms
- on beneficial terms
- on conventional terms
- on easy terms
- on equal terms
- on even terms
- on favorable terms
- on hard terms
- on highly concessional interest terms
- on hire-purchase terms
- on lobby terms
- on low interest terms
- on most favored nation term
- on much easier terms
- on mutually advantageous terms
- on reasonable terms
- on soft terms
- on straight business terms
- on term of complete equality
- on terms
- on the usual trade terms
- one-sided terms
- out-of-court compensation terms
- peace terms
- political term
- preferential term for the supply of smth
- prior to the expiration of the term
- prison term
- prison terms ranging from five years to life
- probationary term
- prolongation of the term
- shipping terms
- short term
- smb's second / third term in office
- soft terms
- term in office ends in December
- term in office expires in December
- terms and conditions
- terms of a contract
- terms of a treaty
- terms of an agreement
- terms of delivery
- terms of existing international instruments
- terms of financing
- terms of interest
- terms of office
- terms of payment
- terms of reference
- terms of sale - terms of trade
- terms ranging from 18 months to 7 years
- terms required of smb
- tough terms
- trade terms
- trial term
- two-year term
- unacceptable terms
- under the terms of a clearing agreement
- under the terms of the peace plan
- under the terms of the treaty
- unexpired term
- usual terms -
52 establish
організовувати, створювати, утворювати, засновувати; доводити, встановлювати ( факт тощо)establish a prize for those who find the employer of a hired killer — встановлювати винагороду тому, хто знайде замовника вбивства
establish control over the general crime situation — встановлювати контроль за загальною ситуацією із злочинністю
establish the distance from which a weapon was fired — встановлювати відстань, з якої було зроблено постріл (постріли)
- establish a blockadeestablish the rules of examining territorial disputes between states — встановлювати порядок розгляду територіальних спорів між державами
- establish a claim
- establish a colony
- establish a commission
- establish a consulate
- establish a court system
- establish a credit
- establish a crime
- establish a judicial system
- establish a lead
- establish a minimum wage
- establish a monarchy
- establish a new ministry
- establish a new order
- establish a precedent
- establish a state
- establish a system of courts
- establish an alibi
- establish an official religion
- establish by evidence
- establish case
- establish one's case
- establish circumstantially
- establish control
- establish defence
- establish defense
- establish dictatorship
- establish diplomatic relations
- establish directly
- establish election districts
- establish guilt
- establish identity
- establish jurisdiction
- establish justice
- establish law
- establish liability
- establish machinery
- establish order
- establish ownership
- establish paternity
- establish presidency
- establish rules of procedure
- establish the fact of crime
- establish the identity
- establish the issue
- establish the truth -
53 establishment
створення, утворення, заснування, встановлення, запровадження; установа; норма, постанова, закон, кодекс законів; встановлення ( факту), доведення ( факту); штатний розклад (розпис); підприємство- Establishmentestablishment of the distance from which a weapon was fired — встановлення відстані, з якої (було) зроблено постріл (постріли)
- establishment clause
- establishment of a monarchy
- establishment of a new state
- establishment of maternity
- establishment of religion -
54 general
1) генерал2) загальний, загальнокримінальний; універсальний; головний, генеральний•- general administration
- general administrator
- general agency
- general agent
- general agreement
- general amnesty
- general and direct election
- general and direct elections
- general appearance
- general appointment
- general armistice
- general assembly
- General Assembly
- general assignment
- general assumpsit
- general authorities
- general authority
- general average
- general average contribution
- general average statement
- general average act
- general bequest
- general cargo
- general challenge
- general charge to the jury
- general clause
- general conditions
- general consumption tax
- General Council of the Bar
- general count
- general court-martial
- general credit of witness
- general creditor
- general crime
- general criminal amnesty
- general criminal intent
- general custom
- general customs rules
- general damage
- general damages
- general debate
- general debt
- general demurrer
- general denial
- general deposit
- general deputy
- general deputy sheriff
- general deterrence
- general devise
- general director
- general disability
- general discussion
- general dissolution
- general duty
- general election
- general elections
- general emparlance
- general endorsement
- general ethical principle
- general exception
- general execution
- general finding
- general government
- general guardian
- general ice clause
- general immoral character
- general imparlance
- general instruction
- general insurance
- general insurance conditions
- general intent
- general invalidity
- general issue
- general issue at trial
- general issue plea
- general judicial power
- general jurisdiction
- general laborer
- general labourer
- general law
- general legacy
- general legal capacity
- general legislation
- general level of taxation
- general liability
- general liability insurance
- general licence
- general lien
- general malice
- general meeting
- general moral character
- general mortgage bond
- general orders
- general ordnance
- general pardon
- general participation clause
- general partner
- general partnership
- general policy
- general policy conditions
- general power
- general power of attorney
- general practice attorney
- general prevention
- general principle
- general principles of law
- General Procurator's Office
- general property
- general provision
- general proxy
- general public
- general publication
- general recommendations
- general recorder
- general regime
- general release
- general relief
- general rent
- general representation
- general retainer
- general right
- general rule
- general secretariat
- general secretary
- general security
- general statute
- general strike
- general strike clause
- general submission
- general supervision
- general tariff
- general term
- general terms
- general theory of law
- general traverse
- general treaty
- general validity
- general verdict
- general waiver
- general warrant
- general words
- general worker -
55 legal
1) законна дія2) законний, легальний; заснований на законі; заснований на загальному праві, який регулюється загальним правом; легітимний; правовий; правознавчий; правомірний; правосудний; судовий; узаконений; юридичний•legal and administrative machinery for family support — правові і адміністративні заходи підтримки сім'ї
legal gap in protection afforded — прогалина у правовому захисті, що надається
- legal abortionlegal power to correct legal errors — надане законом право виправляти юридичні ( або судові) помилки
- legal abuse
- legal access
- legal accountability
- legal acquisition
- legal act
- legal action
- legal activities
- legal activities activity
- legal acts
- legal address
- legal administration
- legal advertisement
- legal advice
- legal advice bureau
- legal advice center
- legal advice centre
- legal advice office
- legal adviser
- legal advisor
- legal age
- legal agency
- legal agent
- legal aid
- legal aid agency
- legal aid bureau
- legal aid office
- legal aid order
- legal alien
- legal analogy
- legal analysis
- legal approach
- legal area
- legal argument
- legal arrest
- legal aspect
- legal assets
- legal assignment
- legal assistance
- legal assistant
- legal assumption
- legal author
- legal autonomy
- legal awareness
- legal bar
- legal barrier
- legal basis
- legal bill
- legal body
- legal bond
- legal boundary
- legal burden
- legal business
- legal cadres
- legal calendar
- legal capacity
- legal capital
- legal career
- legal case
- legal category
- legal cause
- legal certainty
- legal challenge
- legal changes
- legal charge
- legal check
- legal cheque
- legal circumstance
- legal citation
- legal claim
- legal closing time
- legal code
- legal coercion
- legal committee
- legal competence
- legal complexity
- legal concept
- legal condition
- legal confinement
- legal conflict
- legal conscience
- legal consequence
- legal consequences
- legal consideration
- legal construction
- legal consultation
- legal context
- legal continuity
- legal control
- legal controversy
- legal conviction
- legal-correctional process
- legal costs
- legal councilor
- legal councillor
- legal counsel
- legal counseling
- legal counselor
- legal counsellor
- legal crackdown
- legal crime
- legal culture
- legal currency
- legal custody
- legal custom
- legal decision
- legal deduction
- legal defect
- legal defence
- legal defense
- legal deficiency
- legal definition
- legal delinquency
- legal delivery
- legal demand
- legal deontology
- legal department
- legal dependence
- legal deposit copy
- legal deposit library
- legal descent
- legal details
- legal detention
- legal device
- legal difference
- legal disability
- legal disadvantage
- legal discretion
- legal discrimination
- legal dispute
- legal doctrine
- legal document
- legal documentation
- legal drinking
- legal drinking age
- legal drinking limit
- legal drug
- legal duty
- legal duty
- legal eagle
- legal eavesdropping
- legal education
- legal effect
- legal effectiveness
- legal efficacy
- legal enforcement
- legal enforcement of law
- legal enforcement procedure
- legal entity under public law
- legal entity
- legal environment
- legal equality
- legal equality of the sexes
- legal error
- legal essence
- legal estate
- legal ethics
- legal evaluation
- legal evidence
- legal excuse
- legal execution
- legal executive
- legal exemption
- legal expenses
- legal expenses insurance
- legal experience
- legal expert
- legal expertise
- legal explanation
- legal exposition
- legal fact
- legal father
- legal fees
- legal fetishism
- legal fiction
- legal field
- legal fight
- legal force
- legal form
- legal formality
- legal formula
- legal formulation
- legal foundation
- legal foundations
- legal frame
- legal framework
- legal framing
- legal fraud
- legal function
- legal gambler
- legal gambling
- legal gap
- legal glossator
- legal government
- legal ground
- legal groundwork
- legal guarantee
- legal guarantees
- legal guardian
- legal guilt
- legal hearing
- legal historian
- legal history
- legal holder
- legal holiday
- legal home
- legal humanism
- legal hypothesis
- legal identity
- legal immigration
- legal immunity
- legal implementation
- legal implication
- legal implications
- legal impossibility
- legal incapacity
- legal incident
- legal income
- legal incompetence
- legal information
- legal injury
- legal innovation
- legal innovation
- legal innovations
- legal insanity
- legal institution
- legal instruction
- legal instrument
- legal intent
- legal interest
- legal interest rate
- legal interpretation
- legal investigation
- legal investigator
- legal irregularity
- legal issue
- legal journal
- legal judge
- legal judgement
- legal judgment
- legal jurisdiction
- legal justice
- legal justification
- legal killer
- legal killing
- legal knowledge
- legal language
- legal liability
- legal lien
- legal limit
- legal limitation
- legal literature
- legal loophole
- legal lynching
- legal malice
- legal malpractice
- legal manufacture
- legal marriage
- legal matter
- legal maxim
- legal means
- legal means of social control
- legal measure
- legal mechanism
- legal medicine
- legal methodology
- legal minimum age of marriage
- legal minimum wage rate
- legal minimum wage rates
- legal minor
- legal monopoly
- legal monument
- legal mortgage
- legal mother
- legal name
- legal nationality
- legal negligence
- legal nihilism
- legal nomenclature
- legal norm
- legal notice
- legal notification
- legal notion
- legal object
- legal objection
- legal objective
- legal obligation
- legal observation method
- legal observer
- legal obstruction
- legal office
- legal office
- legal officer
- legal official
- legal operation
- legal opinion
- legal order
- legal organization
- legal owner
- legal parlance
- legal papers
- legal participation
- legal perjury
- legal permissibility
- legal permission
- legal person
- legal personality
- legal phenomenon
- legal philosopher
- legal philosophy
- legal picketing
- legal platform
- legal play
- legal point
- legal point of view
- legal policy
- legal portion
- legal position
- legal positivism
- legal positivist
- legal possession
- legal power
- legal practice
- legal practitician
- legal practitioner
- legal precept
- legal predecessor
- legal prerequisite
- legal presumption
- legal presumption of death
- legal principle
- legal privilege
- legal problem
- legal procedure
- legal procedure publicity
- legal procedures
- legal proceeding
- legal proceedings
- legal process
- legal profession
- legal profession member
- legal professional
- legal professional privilege
- legal prohibition
- legal proposition
- legal propriety
- legal prosecution
- legal protectee
- legal protection
- legal protection of software
- legal provision
- legal psychiatry
- legal purism
- legal purist
- legal qualification
- legal question
- legal rationale
- legal realism
- legal reality
- legal reasoning
- legal recognition
- legal recourse
- legal redress
- legal reference
- legal reform
- legal reformer
- legal regime
- legal regulation
- legal rehabilitation
- legal rehabilitation
- legal relations
- legal relationship
- legal relationships
- legal relative
- legal relativism
- legal relevance
- legal relief
- legal remedy
- legal representation
- legal representative
- legal reputation
- legal requirement
- legal reservation
- legal reserve
- legal residence
- legal resolution
- legal restraint
- legal restriction
- legal right-enforcing
- legal right
- legal rights
- legal risk
- legal rule
- legal safeguard
- legal safety
- legal sanction
- legal scholar
- legal science
- legal scientist
- legal search
- legal secretary
- legal security
- legal self-help
- legal sense
- legal sentence
- legal sentencing
- legal separation
- legal service
- legal services
- legal significance
- legal source
- legal specialist
- legal speech
- legal sphere
- legal spokesman
- legal spouse
- legal staff
- legal standard
- legal state
- legal statement
- legal statistics
- legal status
- legal status of a person
- legal step
- legal storage period
- legal strike
- legal structure
- legal studies
- legal subbranch
- legal sub-branch
- legal subject
- legal subjectivity
- legal submission
- legal subrogation
- legal succession
- legal successor
- legal suit
- legal system
- legal tapping
- legal technicality
- legal technician
- legal technique
- legal techniques
- legal tender
- legal tender note
- legal term
- legal termination
- legal termination of marriage
- legal territory
- legal test
- legal text
- legal theorist
- legal theory
- legal thinker
- legal thinking
- legal thought
- legal title
- legal tool
- legal topic
- legal tradition
- legal training
- legal transaction
- legal treasury note
- legal treatise
- legal treatment
- legal trial
- legal ubiquity
- legal uncertainty
- legal unit
- legal usage
- legal vacuum
- legal validity
- legal venue
- legal view
- legal viewpoint
- legal violence
- legal volition
- legal voter
- legal waiver
- legal wife
- legal wiretap
- legal wiretapping
- legal wording
- legal work
- legal writer
- legal writing
- legal wrong
- legal year -
56 ♦ community
♦ community /kəˈmju:nətɪ/n.1 comunità ( anche amm., relig., polit., ecol.); collettività; società: the French community in Turkey, la comunità francese in Turchia; a rural community, una comunità rurale; the international community, la comunità internazionale; to serve the community, servire la collettività2 [u] (leg.) comunione; comunanza: community of goods, comunione dei beni; community of interests, comunanza di interessi3 mondo; ambiente, ambienti: the academic community, il mondo universitario; the scientific community, la comunità scientifica; the business community, il mondo degli affari; gli ambienti commerciali4 (econ., stor.) – the Community (= the European Community), la Comunità (Europea); Community financing, finanziamento comunitario; Community law, diritto comunitario; Community workers, lavoratori comunitari● (TV) community antenna television, televisione ad antenna centralizzata □ community care, servizi (pl.) di assistenza socio-sanitaria; ( anche) affidamento ( di anziani, malati mentali, ecc.) alla comunità: to transfer to community care, deospedalizzare □ community centre, centro civico; centro sociale (o ricreativo) □ (TV) community channel, canale televisivo che trasmette programmi prodotti dagli abbonati; canale dell'accesso □ (fisc., stor., in GB) community charge, imposta locale pro capite (tassa introdotta nel 1990 dal Partito Conservatore e rimasta in vigore fino al 1993, meglio nota come ► «poll tax», ► poll /1/) □ ( USA) community chest, fondo di beneficenza □ (in USA) community college, istituto universitario con corsi di primo livello finanziato da autorità locali ( è frequentato spec. da adulti e lavoratori) □ (leg., in GB) community home, centro di accoglienza; casa di rieducazione; riformatorio □ community hospital, ospedale di zona □ community investments, investimenti sociali □ (econ.) community money (o community currency), valuta complementare con circolazione limitata a livello locale □ community paper, gazzettino locale □ community policing, sistema del poliziotto di quartiere □ (leg., in USA) community property, beni in regime di comunione □ community relations, rapporti tra comunità etniche, religiose, ecc. ( in una città, ecc.) □ (leg.) community service, lavori (pl.) socialmente utili □ community singing, canto in coro □ community worker, operatore socioculturale. -
57 currency
n ком. 1. валюта; гроші; 2. грошовий обіг; a валютний1. грошова одиниця будь-якої країни; ♦ напр.: українська гривня, американський долар, євро тощо; грошові знаки, що крім монет і банкнот включають чеки (cheque), векселі (bill of exchange), прості векселі (promissory note) тощо; 2. рух грошей у процесі виробництва, розподілу й обміну суспільного продукту і перерозподілу національного доходу; ♦ здійснюється через готівкові та безготівкові розрахунки═════════■═════════accounting currency валюта розрахунку; adjustable currency еластичний грошовий обіг • обіг, який автоматично пристосовується до потреб торгівлі; agreement currency клірингова валюта • міжнародний кліринг; appreciated currency переоцінена валюта • валюта із завищеним курсом • валюта, яка подорожчала; article 8 currency валюта статті 8 • валюта, яка вільно конвертується; automatic currency грошовий обіг • еластичний грошовий обіг • обіг, який автоматично пристосовується до потреб торгівлі; base currency базова валюта • валюта, відносно якої котируються інші валюти; blocked currency блокована валюта; cheap currency валюта з низькою купівельною спроможністю; common currency спільна валюта; continental currency валюта країн континентальної Європи; controlled currency регульована валюта; convertible currency конвертована валюта; counterfeit currency підроблена валюта • фальшиві гроші; credit currency кредитні гроші • валюта кредиту; decimal currency десяткова грошова система; deposit currency гроші банківського обороту • гроші на депозиті • депоновані гроші; depreciated currency знецінена валюта; depreciating currency валюта, яка знецінюється; devalued currency знецінена валюта; domestic currency місцева валюта • валюта даної країни; double currency подвійна валюта; elastic currency еластичний грошовий обіг • обіг, який автоматично пристосовується до потреб торгівлі; emergency currency платіжні кошти, які випускаються під час фінансової кризи; Eurocurrency; falling currency валюта, вартість якої знижується; fiat currencyies валюти, не забезпечені золотом; fiduciary currency гроші, не забезпечені металевим резервом; fluctuating currency валюта, курс якої коливається; forced currency гроші з примусовим курсом; foreign currency іноземна валюта • девізи; fractional currency розмінна монета • дрібні гроші; free currency вільно конвертована валюта; freely convertible currency вільно конвертована валюта; freely floating currency валюта з курсом, який вільно коливається; fully convertible currency вільно конвертована валюта; functional currency функціональна валюта; general asset currency банкноти без спеціального забезпечення; gold currency золота монета; green currency «зелена валюта»; hand-to-hand currency вільна готівка; hard currency тверда валюта; home currency місцева валюта; inconvertible currency валюта, яка не конвертується • неконвертована валюта; international currency міжнародна валюта; irredeemable currency неконвертована валюта; jointly floating currency валюта, курс якої коливається спільно з іншою валютою; key currency ключова валюта; lawful currency законна валюта • законні платіжні кошти; leading currency ключова валюта; local currency місцева валюта • локальна валюта; major currencyies основні валюти; managed currency регульована валюта; metallic currency металеві гроші; mixed currency змішана грошова система; national currency національна валюта; nonconvertible currency неконвертована валюта; overvalued currency валюта із завищеним курсом; paper currency паперові гроші • банкноти • обіг кредитних документів; pegged currency валюта, курс якої прив'язаний до валюти іншої країни; reference currency валюта, на якій базується валютне застереження • валюта, що служить як стандарт; regulated currency регульована валюта; reporting currency валюта звітності • валюта, в якій складається звіт; reserve currency резервна валюта; revalued currency переоцінена валюта; shaky currency нестійка валюта; silver currency срібні гроші; soft currency неконвертована валюта; sound currency тверда валюта; standard currency стандартна валюта; trading currency ключова валюта • оборотна валюта; transaction currency валюта розрахунку • валюта операцій; treasury currency гроші скарбниці; undervalued currency валюта із заниженим курсом; unstable currency нестійка валюта; vehicle currency ключова валюта; wildcat currency банкноти спекулятивних банків═════════□═════════conversion of currency конверсія валюти; currency account валютний рахунок; currency adjustment factor (CAF) коефіцієнт вивіреного валютного курсу; currency appreciation подорожчання валюти; currency area валютна зона; currency auction валютний аукціон; currency band межа коливання валютного курсу; currency barrier валютний бар'єр; currency basket валютний кошик; currency broker валютний брокер • валютний маклер; currency circulation грошовий обіг; currency clause валютне застереження; currency clearing валютний кліринг; currency code валютний код; currency compensation валютна компенсація; currency contract валютний контракт; currency convertibility конвертованість валюти; currency council валютна рада; currency dealing валютна операція; currency depreciation здешевлення валюти • знецінення валюти • девальвація валюти; currency devaluation девальвація валюти; currency earnings валютні надходження; currency exchange receipt квитанція обміну валюти; currency exchange regulation контроль обміну валюти; currency hedging страхування валютного курсу • хеджування валюти; currency in circulation паперові гроші й монети в обігу • грошова маса в обігу; currency market валютний ринок; currency movement коливання курсів валюти; currency of an account валюта рахунка; currency of borrowing валюта позики; currency of a contract валюта контракту; currency of credit валюта кредиту; currency of payment валюта платежу; currency option валютний опціон; currency option transaction операція валютного опціону; currency parity валютний паритет; currency pegged to the dollar валюта, курс якої прив'язаний до долара; currency policy валютна політика; currency purchase купівля валюти; currency ration квота обміну валюти; currency realignment вирівнювання валютних курсів; currency reform грошова реформа; currency regime валютна система; currency reserves запаси валюти; currency restriction валютне обмеження; currency risk валютний ризик; currency shortage брак валюти • нестача валюти; currency smuggling контрабандне перевезення валюти; currency speculation валютна спекуляція; currency statistics статистика грошового обігу; currency transaction валютна операція; currency unit валютна одиниця; to back the currency забезпечувати/забезпечити валюту • підтримувати/ підтримати валюту; to compute in currency обраховувати/обрахувати у валюті; to conserve on foreign currency зберігати/зберегти іноземну валюту; to control currency регулювати валюту; to convert currency конвертувати валюту; to debase currency знецінювати/ знецінити валюту; to depreciate currency знецінювати/знецінити валюту; to devaluate currency девальвувати валюту • знецінювати/знецінити валюту; to devalue currency девальвувати валюту • знецінювати/знецінити валюту; to dump currency викидати/викинути валюту на ринок; to exchange currency обмінювати/обміняти валюту; to pay in currency платити/заплатити валютою; to transfer currency переносити/перенести валюту -
58 customary
1. n юр. сборник местных правовых норм2. a обычный, привычныйat the customary hour — в обычный час, в обычное время
3. a юр. основанный на обычае или обычном правеcustomary estate — право, основанное на манориальном обычае
Синонимический ряд:1. common (adj.) common; everyday; familiar; frequent2. conventional (adj.) accepted; accustomed; chronic; conventional; general; habitual; normal; ordinary; orthodox; prevailing; regular; routine; set; simple; standard; stock; traditional; usual; wontedАнтонимический ряд:exceptional; uncommon; unusual -
59 Cinema
Portuguese cinema had its debut in June 1896 at the Royal Coliseum, Lisbon, only six months after the pioneering French cinema-makers, the brothers Lumiere, introduced the earliest motion pictures to Paris audiences. Cinema pioneers in Portugal included photographer Manuel Maria da Costa Veiga and an early enthusiast, Aurelio da Paz dos Reis. The first movie theater opened in Lisbon in 1904, and most popular were early silent shorts, including documentaries and scenes of King Carlos I swimming at Cascais beach. Beginning with the Invicta Film company in 1912 and its efforts to produce films, Portuguese cinema-makers sought technical assistance in Paris. In 1918, French film technicians from Pathé Studios of Paris came to Portugal to produce cinema. The Portuguese writer of children's books, Virginia de Castro e Almeida, hired French film and legal personnel in the 1920s under the banner of "Fortuna Film" and produced several silent films based on her compositions.In the 1930s, Portuguese cinema underwent an important advance with the work of Portuguese director-producers, including AntônioLopes Ribeiro, Manoel de Oliveira, Leitao de Barros, and Artur Duarte. They were strongly influenced by contemporary French, German, and Russian cinema, and they recruited their cinema actors from the Portuguese Theater, especially from the popular Theater of Review ( teatro de revista) of Lisbon. They included comedy radio and review stars such as Vasco Santana, Antônio Silva, Maria Matos, and Ribeirinho. As the Estado Novo regime appreciated the important potential role of film as a mode of propaganda, greater government controls and regulation followed. The first Portuguese sound film, A Severa (1928), based on a Julio Dantas book, was directed by Leitão de Barros.The next period of Portuguese cinema, the 1930s, 1940s, and much of the 1950s, has been labeled, Comédia a portuguesa, or Portuguese Comedy, as it was dominated by comedic actors from Lisbon's Theatre of Review and by such classic comedies as 1933's A Cancáo de Lisboa and similar genre such as O Pai Tirano, O Pátio das Cantigas, and A Costa do Castelo. The Portuguese film industry was extremely small and financially constrained and, until after 1970, only several films were made each year. A new era followed, the so-called "New Cinema," or Novo Cinema (ca. 1963-74), when the dictatorship collapsed. Directors of this era, influenced by France's New Wave cinema movement, were led by Fernando Lopes, Paulo Rocha, and others.After the 1974-75 Revolution, filmmakers, encouraged by new political and social freedoms, explored new themes: realism, legend, politics, and ethnography and, in the 1980s, other themes, including docufiction. Even after political liberty arrived, leaders of the cinema industry confronted familiar challenges of filmmakers everywhere: finding funds for production and audiences to purchase tickets. As the new Portugal gained more prosperity, garnered more capital, and took advantage of membership in the burgeoning European Union, Portuguese cinema benefited. Some American producers, directors, and actors, such as John Malkovich, grew enamored of residence and work in Portugal. Malkovich starred in Manoel de Oliveira's film, O Convento (The Convent), shot in Portugal, and this film gained international acclaim, if not universal critical approval. While most films viewed in the country continued to be foreign imports, especially from France, the United States, and Great Britain, recent domestic film production is larger than ever before in Portugal's cinema history: in 2005, 13 Portuguese feature films were released. One of them was coproduced with Spain, Midsummer Dream, an animated feature. That year's most acclaimed film was O Crime de Padre Amaro, based on the Eça de Queirós' novel, a film that earned a record box office return. In 2006, some 22 feature films were released. With more films made in Portugal than ever before, Portugal's cinema had entered a new era. -
60 East Timor
Colony of Portugal from the 16th century to December 1975, with an area of 40,000 square kilometers (18,989 square miles). East Timor is located on the eastern portion of the island of Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. From 1975 to August 1999, when it was forcibly annexed and occupied by Indonesia, until May 2002, when it achieved full independence, East Timor was, in effect, a ward of the United Nations.In the 16th century, the Portuguese established trading posts on the island, but for centuries few Portuguese settled there, and the "colony" remained isolated and neglected. After the Dutch won control of Indonesia, there was a territorial dispute with Portugal as to who "owned" what on the island of Timor. In 1859, this question was decided as the Dutch and Portuguese governments formally divided the island into a Dutch portion (west) and the Portuguese colony (east) and established the frontier. From the late 19th century to World War I, Portugal consolidated its control of East Timor by means of military campaigns against the Timorese tribes. In addition to colonial officials, a few Portuguese missionaries and merchants occupied East Timor, but few Portuguese ever settled there.East Timor's geographic location close to the north coast of Australia and its sharing of one island in the Dutch colony catapulted it into world affairs early in World War II. To forestall a Japanese invasion of Timor, a joint Dutch-Australian expedition landed on 17 December 1941; the Portuguese authorities neither resisted nor cooperated. In February 1942, when Japanese troops landed in Timor, the small allied force fled to the hills and later was evacuated to Australia. Japan occupied all of Timor and the remainder of the Dutch East Indies until Japan's surrender in September 1945. Portugal soon reassumed control.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, East Timorese nationalist parties hoped for rapid decolonization and independence with Lisbon's cooperation. But on 28 November 1975, before a preoccupied Portugal could work out a formal transfer of power, the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor (FRETILIN), then in control of the former colony's capital, declared independence, and, on 7 December 1975, Indonesian armed forces swiftly invaded, occupied, and annexed East Timor. In the following years, a tragic loss of life occurred. Portugal refused to recognize Indonesia's sovereignty over East Timor and claimed legal sovereignty before the United Nations.As Indonesia persistently and brutally suppressed Timorese nationalist resistance, world media attention focused on this still remote island. Several sensational international and Indonesian events altered the status of occupied East Timor, following the continuation of FRETILIN guerrilla resistance. In November 1991, world media disseminated information on the Indonesian forces' slaughter of East Timorese protesters at a cemetery demonstration in the capital of Dili. In 1996, two East Timorese, Bishop Belo and José Ramos Horta, each a symbol of East Timorese resistance and the desire for independence, shared the Nobel Peace Prize. Then, in 1998, in Indonesia, the Suharto regime collapsed and was replaced by a more democratic government, which in January 1999 pledged a free referendum in East Timor. On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held, and nearly 80 percent of the East Timorese voters voted for independence from Indonesia.However, Indonesian armed forces and militias reacted brutally, using intimidation, murder, mayhem, and razing of buildings to try to reverse the people's will. Following some weeks of confusion, a United Nations (UN) armed forces, led by Australia, took control of East Timor and declared it a UN protectorate, to last until East Timor was secure from Indonesian aggression and prepared for full independence. East Timor had changed from a Portuguese colony to an Indonesian protectorate/colony to a fledgling nation-in-the-making.The status of East Timor as a ward of the UN was made official on 25 October 1999, as the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor began to prepare the country for independence. Appalling conditions prevailed: 70 percent of the country's buildings had been destroyed and nearly half of the population of 800,000 had been driven out of East Timor into uneasy refuge in West Timor, under Indonesian control. A territory without an economy, East Timor lacked police, civil servants, schools, and government records.With UN assistance, general elections were held in the spring of 2002; the majority of parliamentary seats were won by FRETILIN, and José "Xanana" Gusmão was elected the first president. On 20 May 2002, East Timor became independent. World luminaries adorned the independence celebrations: UN secretary-general Kofi Annan, former U.S. president Bill Clinton, and other celebrities attended. But East Timor's travails continued with civil strife and uncertainty.
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