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international+boycott

  • 1 Office of Anti-boycott Compliance

    International trade: OAC

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Office of Anti-boycott Compliance

  • 2 международный бойкот

    Русско-английский политический словарь > международный бойкот

  • 3 бойкотировать (товары)

    4000 полезных слов и выражений > бойкотировать (товары)

  • 4 fama

    f.
    1 fame (renombre).
    tener fama to be famous o well-known
    2 reputation.
    buena/mala fama good/bad reputation
    tener fama de tacaño/generoso to have a name for being mean/generous
    * * *
    1 (renombre) fame, renown
    2 (reputación) reputation
    \
    de fama famous
    de fama mundial world-famous
    tener buena fama to have a good name
    tener mala fama to have a bad name
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) fame
    2) name
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=renombre) fame

    el libro que le dio fama — the book which made him famous, the book which made his name

    2) (=reputación) reputation
    3) (=rumor) report, rumour, rumor (EEUU)

    corre la fama de que... — it is rumoured o (EEUU) rumored that...

    * * *
    1)
    a) (renombre, celebridad) fame
    b) ( reputación) reputation

    tener buena/mala fama — to have a good/bad reputation

    cría fama y échate a dormir — ( hablando de buena fama) people think they can rest on their laurels; ( hablando de mala fama) once you have a bad reputation it is very difficult to get rid of it

    2) (Col) ( carnicería) butcher's
    * * *
    = record, reputation, fame, limelight, acclaim, visibility, notoriety, renown, glory days, kudos, cred.
    Nota: Palabra de moda formada por abreviación de credibility.
    Ex. She urges a boycott of California as a library conference venue until the state improves its current record of the worst school library provision in the US.
    Ex. Various publishers have reputations for specific styles, subject areas or works for specific audiences.
    Ex. Maybe when that young author looks back in a few years' time, she'll realize just how much more she got out of it than a bit of fun and fame.
    Ex. An enquirer upstaged by a virtuoso parade of knowledge may be unwilling to venture into the limelight again.
    Ex. In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.
    Ex. The new director considers that there is need for recruitment of librarians from all backgrounds into the profession and that librarianship needs higher visibility within society.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Ingratiating yourself to all and sundry or how I crawled my way to notoriety'.
    Ex. Deceased persons of high renown in these fields will also be included.
    Ex. The author of ' Glory days or the lure of scientific misconduct' looks at fabrication, falsification and plagiarism in scientific research.
    Ex. Authors who succeed in this category are people who do not worry too much about the lack of literary kudos, but who can write, and seem to enjoy writing, fairly simple stories for a wide audience whose pure enjoyment of the books is sufficient.
    Ex. That may be true, but then you have to get people to your site, which you won't do without cred.
    ----
    * adquirir fama = achieve + notoriety.
    * alcanzar la fama = rise to + stardom, reach + stardom.
    * atribuirse la fama = take + the credit (for).
    * buena fama = well respected, good repute, good reputation.
    * buscar la fama = grab at + a headline.
    * camino hacia la fama = road to stardom.
    * catapultarse a la fama = shoot to + fame, catapult to + fame.
    * con buena fama = respected.
    * con mala fama = disreputable.
    * cumbre de la fama, la = pinnacle of renown, the, pinnacle of fame, the.
    * de buena fama = of good repute.
    * de fama = of note.
    * de fama internacional = of international renown.
    * de fama mundial = world-renowned, internationally renowned, world-renown.
    * de la fama al olvido = riches to rags.
    * de mala fama = of bad repute, notorious.
    * describir el ascenso a la fama de = chart + the rise of.
    * evitar la fama = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * fama ajena = reflected glory.
    * fama + preceder = Posesivo + fame + precede + Nombre.
    * ganar fama = win + fame.
    * ganarse la fama de = earn + a reputation as.
    * lanzarse a la fama = shoot to + fame, catapult to + fame.
    * llevarse la fama = take + the credit (for).
    * mala fama = ill-repute, bad repute, bad reputation, ill reputation.
    * pináculo de la fama, el = pinnacle of fame, the, pinnacle of renown, the.
    * saltar a la fama = jump into + stardom.
    * salto a la fama = jump into stardom.
    * tener la fama de = have + a good record for.
    * tener mala fama por = hold in + disrepute, be infamous for.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (renombre, celebridad) fame
    b) ( reputación) reputation

    tener buena/mala fama — to have a good/bad reputation

    cría fama y échate a dormir — ( hablando de buena fama) people think they can rest on their laurels; ( hablando de mala fama) once you have a bad reputation it is very difficult to get rid of it

    2) (Col) ( carnicería) butcher's
    * * *
    = record, reputation, fame, limelight, acclaim, visibility, notoriety, renown, glory days, kudos, cred.
    Nota: Palabra de moda formada por abreviación de credibility.

    Ex: She urges a boycott of California as a library conference venue until the state improves its current record of the worst school library provision in the US.

    Ex: Various publishers have reputations for specific styles, subject areas or works for specific audiences.
    Ex: Maybe when that young author looks back in a few years' time, she'll realize just how much more she got out of it than a bit of fun and fame.
    Ex: An enquirer upstaged by a virtuoso parade of knowledge may be unwilling to venture into the limelight again.
    Ex: In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.
    Ex: The new director considers that there is need for recruitment of librarians from all backgrounds into the profession and that librarianship needs higher visibility within society.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Ingratiating yourself to all and sundry or how I crawled my way to notoriety'.
    Ex: Deceased persons of high renown in these fields will also be included.
    Ex: The author of ' Glory days or the lure of scientific misconduct' looks at fabrication, falsification and plagiarism in scientific research.
    Ex: Authors who succeed in this category are people who do not worry too much about the lack of literary kudos, but who can write, and seem to enjoy writing, fairly simple stories for a wide audience whose pure enjoyment of the books is sufficient.
    Ex: That may be true, but then you have to get people to your site, which you won't do without cred.
    * adquirir fama = achieve + notoriety.
    * alcanzar la fama = rise to + stardom, reach + stardom.
    * atribuirse la fama = take + the credit (for).
    * buena fama = well respected, good repute, good reputation.
    * buscar la fama = grab at + a headline.
    * camino hacia la fama = road to stardom.
    * catapultarse a la fama = shoot to + fame, catapult to + fame.
    * con buena fama = respected.
    * con mala fama = disreputable.
    * cumbre de la fama, la = pinnacle of renown, the, pinnacle of fame, the.
    * de buena fama = of good repute.
    * de fama = of note.
    * de fama internacional = of international renown.
    * de fama mundial = world-renowned, internationally renowned, world-renown.
    * de la fama al olvido = riches to rags.
    * de mala fama = of bad repute, notorious.
    * describir el ascenso a la fama de = chart + the rise of.
    * evitar la fama = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * fama ajena = reflected glory.
    * fama + preceder = Posesivo + fame + precede + Nombre.
    * ganar fama = win + fame.
    * ganarse la fama de = earn + a reputation as.
    * lanzarse a la fama = shoot to + fame, catapult to + fame.
    * llevarse la fama = take + the credit (for).
    * mala fama = ill-repute, bad repute, bad reputation, ill reputation.
    * pináculo de la fama, el = pinnacle of fame, the, pinnacle of renown, the.
    * saltar a la fama = jump into + stardom.
    * salto a la fama = jump into stardom.
    * tener la fama de = have + a good record for.
    * tener mala fama por = hold in + disrepute, be infamous for.

    * * *
    A
    1 (renombre, celebridad) fame
    alcanzar/conquistar la fama to achieve/win fame
    una marca de fama mundial a world-famous brand
    los vinos que han dado fama a la región the wines which have made the region famous
    2 (reputación) reputation
    tener buena/mala fama to have a good/bad reputation
    es un barrio de mala fama it's a disreputable area
    su fama de don Juan his reputation as a womanizer
    tiene fama de ser muy severo he has a reputation for being very strict
    cría fama y échate a dormir (hablando de mala fama) once you have a bad reputation it is very difficult to get rid of it, give a dog a bad name ( BrE colloq) (hablando de buena fama) people think they can rest on their laurels
    unos cobran la fama y otros cardan la lana (refiriéndose a un logro) I/you do all the work and he gets/they get all the credit; (refiriéndose a un error, una travesura) I always get the blame when you do/he does something wrong
    B ( Col) (carnicería) butcher's
    * * *

    fama sustantivo femenino
    a) (renombre, celebridad) fame;


    dar fama a algo/algn to make sth/sb famous


    tiene fama de ser severo he has a reputation for being strict;
    tiene fama de bromista he's well known as a joker
    fama sustantivo femenino
    1 (popularidad) fame, renown
    un pianista de fama mundial, a world-famous pianist
    2 (opinión pública) reputation: tiene fama de donjuán, he is known as a womanizer
    ♦ Locuciones: de fama, famous, renowned: un astrónomo de fama, a famous astronomer
    ' fama' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acreditar
    - consagración
    - empañar
    - engrandecer
    - ensuciar
    - honor
    - lingüista
    - oído
    - universal
    - adquirir
    - anhelar
    - aureola
    - buscar
    - camino
    - celebridad
    - cobrar
    - conquistar
    - crear
    - cúspide
    - gloria
    - inmaculado
    - internacional
    - llamado
    - mellar
    - menoscabar
    - mundial
    - nombre
    - perseguir
    English:
    bomb
    - disreputable
    - fame
    - glory
    - mean
    - name
    - renown
    - repute
    - rise
    - win
    - world-famous
    - dealing
    - infamous
    - itself
    - known
    - notorious
    - reputation
    - standing
    * * *
    fama nf
    1. [renombre] fame;
    un escritor/restaurante de fama a well-known o famous writer/restaurant;
    alcanzar la fama to achieve fame, to become famous;
    tener fama to be famous o well-known;
    salir en ese programa le ha dado mucha fama being on that programme has made her very well-known
    2. [reputación] reputation;
    buena/mala fama good/bad reputation;
    tener fama de tacaño/generoso to have a reputation o name for being mean/generous;
    su fama de excéntrico atrae a mucha gente his reputation for eccentricity attracts a lot of people;
    cría fama y échate a dormir build yourself a good reputation, then you can rest on your laurels
    3. Literario
    es fama que… [se dice que] it is said that…
    * * *
    f
    1 fame;
    de fama mundial world-famous
    2 ( reputación) reputation;
    tener mala fama have a bad reputation
    * * *
    fama nf
    1) : fame
    2) reputación: reputation
    3)
    de mala fama : disreputable
    * * *
    fama n (gloria) fame

    Spanish-English dictionary > fama

  • 5 Portuguese Communist Party

    (PCP)
       The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) has evolved from its early anarcho-syndicalist roots at its formation in 1921. This evolution included the undisciplined years of the 1920s, during which bolshevization began and continued into the 1930s, then through the years of clandestine existence during the Estado Novo, the Stalinization of the 1940s, the "anarcho-liberal shift" of the 1950s, the emergence of Maoist and Trotskyist splinter groups of the 1960s, to legalization after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 as the strongest and oldest political party in Portugal. Documents from the Russian archives have shown that the PCP's history is not a purely "domestic" one. While the PCP was born on its own without Soviet assistance, once it joined the Communist International (CI), it lost a significant amount of autonomy as CI officials increasingly meddled in PCP internal politics by dictating policy, manipulating leadership elections, and often financing party activities.
       Early Portuguese communism was a mix of communist ideological strands accustomed to a spirited internal debate, a lively external debate with its rivals, and a loose organizational structure. The PCP, during its early years, was weak in grassroots membership and was basically a party of "notables." It was predominantly a male organization, with minuscule female participation. It was also primarily an urban party concentrated in Lisbon. The PCP membership declined from 3,000 in 1923 to only 40 in 1928.
       In 1929, the party was reorganized so that it could survive clandestinely. As its activity progressed in the 1930s, a long period of instability dominated its leadership organs as a result of repression, imprisonments, and disorganization. The CI continued to intervene in party affairs through the 1930s, until the PCP was expelled from the CI in 1938-39, apparently because of its conduct during police arrests.
       The years of 1939-41 were difficult ones for the party, not only because of increased domestic repression but also because of internal party splits provoked by the Nazi-Soviet pact and other foreign actions. From 1940 to 1941, two Communist parties struggled to attract the support of the CI and accused each other of "revisionism." The CI was disbanded in 1943, and the PCP was not accepted back into the international communist family until its recognition by the Cominform in 1947.
       The reorganization of 1940-41 finally put the PCP under the firm control of orthodox communists who viewed socialism from a Soviet perspective. Although Soviet support was denied the newly reorganized party at first, the new leaders continued its Stalinization. The enforcement of "democratic centralism" and insistence upon the "dictatorship of the proletariat" became entrenched. The 1940s brought increased growth, as the party reached its membership apex of the clandestine era with 1,200 members in 1943, approximately 4,800 in 1946, and 7,000 in 1947.
       The party fell on hard times in the 1950s. It developed a bad case of paranoia, which led to a witch hunt for infiltrators, informers, and spies in all ranks of the party. The lower membership figures who followed the united antifascist period were reduced further through expulsions of the "traitors." By 1951, the party had been reduced to only 1,000 members. It became a closed, sectarian, suspicious, and paranoiac organization, with diminished strength in almost every region, except in the Alentejo, where the party, through propaganda and ideology more than organizational strength, was able to mobilize strikes of landless peasants in the early 1950s.
       On 3 January 1960, Álvaro Cunhal and nine other political prisoners made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison and fled the country. Soon after this escape, Cunhal was elected secretary-general and, with other top leaders, directed the PCP from exile. Trotskyite and Maoist fractions emerged within the party in the 1960s, strengthened by the ideological developments in the international communist movement, such as in China and Cuba. The PCP would not tolerate dissent or leftism and began purging the extreme left fractions.
       The PCP intensified its control of the labor movement after the more liberal syndical election regulations under Prime Minister Mar- cello Caetano allowed communists to run for leadership positions in the corporative unions. By 1973, there was general unrest in the labor movement due to deteriorating economic conditions brought on by the colonial wars, as well as by world economic pressures including the Arab oil boycott.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the PCP enjoyed a unique position: it was the only party to have survived the Estado Novo. It emerged from clandestinity as the best organized political party in Portugal with a leadership hardened by years in jail. Since then, despite the party's stubborn orthodoxy, it has consistently played an important role as a moderating force. As even the Socialist Party (PS) was swept up by the neoliberal tidal wave, albeit a more compassionate variant, increasingly the PCP has played a crucial role in ensuring that interests and perspectives of the traditional Left are aired.
       One of the most consistent planks of the PCP electoral platform has been opposition to every stage of European integration. The party has regularly resisted Portuguese membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and, following membership beginning in 1986, the party has regularly resisted further integration through the European Union (EU). A major argument has been that EU membership would not resolve Portugal's chronic economic problems but would only increase its dependence on the world. Ever since, the PCP has argued that its opposition to membership was correct and that further involvement with the EU would only result in further economic dependence and a consequent loss of Portuguese national sovereignty. Further, the party maintained that as Portugal's ties with the EU increased, the vulnerable agrarian sector in Portugal would risk further losses.
       Changes in PCP leadership may or may not alter the party's electoral position and role in the political system. As younger generations forget the uniqueness of the party's resistance to the Estado Novo, public images of PCP leadership will change. As the image of Álvaro Cunhal and other historical communist leaders slowly recedes, and the stature of Carlos Carvalhas (general secretary since 1992) and other moderate leaders is enhanced, the party's survival and legitimacy have strengthened. On 6 March 2001, the PCP celebrated its 80th anniversary.
        See also Left Bloc.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Portuguese Communist Party

  • 6 Economy

       Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.
       For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.
       Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.
       Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.
       During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.
       After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Economy

  • 7 бойкот

    4000 полезных слов и выражений > бойкот

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