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81 приёмник обнаружения и анализа сигналов РЭС
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > приёмник обнаружения и анализа сигналов РЭС
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82 приёмник радио-и радиотехнической разведки
Engineering: electronic intelligence, search and analysis receiverУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > приёмник радио-и радиотехнической разведки
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83 разведывательный анализ сил и средств противника
Military: intelligence threat analysisУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > разведывательный анализ сил и средств противника
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84 разведывательный центр анализа характера непосредственной угрозы
Military: intelligence threat analysis centerУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > разведывательный центр анализа характера непосредственной угрозы
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85 фирма по исследованию рынка
1) Advertising: market analysis firm, market-intelligence company2) Marketology: market-research firm (англ. термин взят из статьи в Wall Street Journal)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > фирма по исследованию рынка
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86 центр разведывательного анализа сил и средств противника
Military: intelligence threat analysis centerУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > центр разведывательного анализа сил и средств противника
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87 центр управления сбором и анализом данных радио-и радиотехнической разведки
Engineering: signal intelligence control and analysis centerУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > центр управления сбором и анализом данных радио-и радиотехнической разведки
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88 электронная разведка, поиск и классификация
Engineering: electronic intelligence, search and analysisУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > электронная разведка, поиск и классификация
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89 Marktgerechtigkeit
Marktgerechtigkeit
staple right (privilege), franchise, (Konformität) conformity with the market;
• Marktgeschehen beherrschen to dominate trading;
• Marktgesundung recovery (revitalization) of the market;
• Marktgewicht selling weight;
• Marktgleichgewicht equilibrium of an industry;
• Marktgröße market volume (size);
• Markthalle trade hall, covered market, market house (Br.);
• Markthändler marketeer, market dealer;
• Markthelfer shop (warehouse, US) porter;
• Marktimage market image;
• Marktinformation market inquiry;
• umfassende Marktinformationen market intelligence;
• Marktintegration market integration;
• Marktintervention direct intervention in the economy;
• Marktkenner (Effekten) stock-market observer, security analyst (US);
• Marktkenntnis market knowledge (analysis);
• [profunde] Marktkenntnis [in-depth] market knowledge;
• Marktklima atmosphere of the market;
• Marktkomplex market nexus. -
90 प्रत्यय
pratyaya
proof, ascertainment Mn. MBh. etc. ( pratyayaṉ-gam, to acquire confidence, repose confidence in MBh. ;
astyatrapratyayomama, that is my conviction Kathās. ;
kahpratyayo'tra, what assurance is there of that? ib.);
conception, assumption, notion, idea KātyṠr. Nir. Ṡaṃk. etc.;
(with Buddhists andﾠ Jainas) fundamental notion orﾠ idea (- tva n.) Sarvad. ;
consciousness, understanding, intelligence, intellect (in Sāṃkhya = buddhi);
analysis, solution, explanation, definition L. ;
ground, basis, motive orﾠ cause of anything MBh. Kāv. etc. (in med.) = nimitta, hetu etc. Cat. ;
(with Buddhists) a co-operating cause;
the concurrent occasion of an event as distinguished from its approximate cause;
an ordeal Kāty. ;
want, need Kāraṇḍ. ;
fame, notoriety Pāṇ. 8-2, 58 ;
a subsequent sound orﾠ letter Prāt. ;
an affix orﾠ suffix to roots (forming verbs, substantives, adjectives andﾠ all derivatives) Prāt. Pāṇ. ;
an oath L. ;
usage, custom L. ;
religious meditation L. ;
a dependant orﾠ subject L. ;
a householder who keeps a sacred fire L. ;
- kara ( R.), - kāraka ( Pañcat.), kāraṇa ( Ṡak.) mfn. one who awakens confidence, trustworthy;
- kārin mfn. id. L. ;
( iṇī) f. a seal, signet L. ;
- tattva-prakāṡikā f. N. of wk.;
- tva n. (cf. above) the being a cause, causality Sarvad. ;
- dhātu m. the stem of a nominal verb Pat. ;
- prativacana n. a certain orﾠ distinct answer, Sak. ;
- mauktika-mālā f. N. of wk.;
- lopa m. (in gram.) elision of an affix;
- sarga m. (in Sāṃkhya) the creation which proceeds from Buddha;
- svara m. (in gram.) an accent on an affix;
-ayâ̱tma mfn. causing confidence R. (v.l. pratyag-ātma);
-ayâ̱dhi m. a pledge which causes confidence in regard to a debt L. ;
-ayâ̱nta-ṡabda-kṛid-anta-vyūha m. N. of wk.
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91 информация информаци·я
information; (сообщение) report; (новости) news; (цифровая) dataвести сбор информации, собирать информацию — to collect / to gather information
выведывать информацию у кого-л. — to draw information from smb.
вымарывать / исключать (из документа и т.п.) не подлежащую оглашению информацию — to sanitize
давать / предоставлять информацию — to give / to provide / to furnish information
засекречивать информацию — to make information secret, to classify information амер.
обрабатывать информацию (в кибернетике) — to process information / data
опровергать информацию — to refute / disprove information
передавать информацию — to convey / to hand over information
получать информацию — to receive / to get / to gain / to obtain information
предоставлять информацию — to give / to provide / to furnish information
скрывать / утаивать информацию — to hold back / to keep back / to withhold information
военная информация — military information / data
квалифицированная / компетентная информация, информация, полученная от специалистов / экспертов — expert information
коммерческая информация — business data, commercial information
конфиденциальная информация — confidential information; tip-off разг.
новая информация (к сообщению в прессе, по радио и т.п.) — follow-up
новейшая / последняя информация — up-to-date / up-to-the minute information
патентная информация, информация, являющаяся собственностью фирмы (конструкторская, производственная, технологическая) — proprietary information
полная информация — complete / copious information
правдивая информация — true / truthful information
разведывательная информация — surveillance information, intelligence information / data
рекламная информация — advertizing information, publicity
секретная информация — secret / classified information; inside information амер.
поделиться секретной информацией — to spill / to hand (out) the dope
совершенно секретная информация — top-secret informafion; highly-classified information амер.
соответствующая действительности информация — reliable information, information reflecting the facts of reality
быстрый рост информации — information burst / explosion
информация из надёжных источников (для опубликования в газете без ссылки на эти источники) — dope story
информация, полученная из первых рук — first-hand information
информация, полученная с помощью спутников — sattelite information
главный / основной источник информации — prime source of information
обмен информацией — exchange of information; information exchanges
обработка информации — information handling / processing; (в кибернетике) data processing
органы / средства массовой информации (пресса, радио, телевидение) — mass media
работники органов массовой информации (печати, радио, телевидения и т.п.) — media men
поток информации — information flow, flow of information
Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > информация информаци·я
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92 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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