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  • 41 половой член

    1) General subject: cock
    2) Medicine: coles, penis, phallus, priapus, tentum
    4) Australian slang: old teller
    6) Jargon: meat puppet, restless dragon (Дословно - неустающий дракон. Примечание - кто-то сильно льстит сам себе.), (ср. "пуденциал" в романе "Кысь" Т.Толстой) endowment, private, peen, braun, bulge, hilt
    7) Taboo: Anglican length (особ. большого размера), Athenaeum, Cyclops, Irish root, Jezebel, John, John Thomas, Johnson, Little Willie (особ. маленького мальчика), Perce, Percy, Randy Rupert, Rupert, Wolver, almond, arbor vitae (от лат. "древо жизни"), arm, baby-maker, bacon bazooka, bald-headed hermit, banana, bat, bean, bean-tosser, beard-jammer, beaver cleaver, beaver leaver, beef, beef bayonet, bell-rope, best leg of three, bicho (из испанского), big bamboo, big daddy, bingey, bit of hard (см. hard-on; эрегированный), bit of snug, blow stick, blowtorch, bog bamboo, business, button worker (см. button), captain, chanticleer, cheesy wheelbarrow, chopper, cock (особ. эрегированный), cock-opener, copper stick, corey, corn beef cudgel, crack-haunter, cracksman, crank, cranny-hunter, cream-stick, cuckoo, cucumber, dang, dearest member, derrick, dick, diddle, dik, dildo, dingle-dangle, dink, dipstick, dirk, dolly, dong, doob, dork, drumstick, dummy, eighty-ninety, enob (перевертыш от bone q.v), eye opener, fallos, fiddle-bow (см. fiddle), fishing-rod, flip-flap, flute, fool-maker, fornicating engine, fornicator, four-nine-three-eleven, fuckmeat, fuckpole, fuckstick, gap-stopper, gardener, generating tool, giggle-stick, girl-catcher, girlometer, goose's neck, gooser, gravy-giver, grinding tool, gristle, gully raker, gun, gut-stick, hair-divider, hambone, hammer, handstaff, hang down, hermit, holy iron (игра слов на hole q.v.), holy poker (игра слов на hole, poker и poke somebody), honker, hootchee, horn (особ. эрегированный), hot dog, instrument, jack, jack in the box, jak, jang, jerking iron, jigger, jiggling bore, jing-jang (см. jang), joint, jones, joy knob, joy-stick, key, kidney-scraper, knock, knocker, ladies' delight, ladies' lollipop, lamp of life, lance, langolee, leather-stretcher, little Davy, little brother (см. little sister), little finger, live rabbit, live sausage (см. sausage), living flute, lollipop, lullaby, lung-disturber (см. kidney-wiper), man Thomas, man-root, marrowbone, matrimonial peacemaker, meat, meaty flesh, member, (лат.) membrum virile, mickey, middle finger, mole, mouse, mutton dagger (см. meat), needle, nimrod, nippy, old Adam, old blind Bob, old horney, old man, old root, one-eyed milkman, one-holed flute, organ, pax-wax, pecker (в Великобритании обозначает нос), pecnoster (игра слов на pecker и pater noster), pee-pee, peg, pen, pencil, pendulum (см. dingle dangle), pestle (см. mortar), peter, pickle, piece, pike staff, pile-driver, pin, pinga (из испанского), pintle, piss-maker, pisser, pistol, piston, pizzle (обыч. животного), plonker, pointer, poker, pole, poontanger, pork sword, power, private property, pudding (особ. в связи с мастурбацией), pulse, pump, pump-handle, putz, quim-stake, quim-wedge, rammer, ranger, raw meat, reamer, rector, rector of the females, red cap, red-hot poker, rod, roger, rolling pin, roly-poly, rooster, root, sausage, schlong (из идиш), schmuck, sexing piece, shaft, she, shit-disturber, shotgun, silent flute, sky-scraper, snorker, spindle, spout, staff, stem, stern-post, stick, sting, sucker, sugar-stick, sweet meat, tadger, tail, tail-end, tail-pike, tallywag, tallywhacker, thing, thingumbob, tickler, timothy (особ. у ребенка), todger, tommy, tonge, tool, tosh, tossle, touch-trap, trouser trout, truncheon, tube, turkey neck, wag (особ. ребенка), wang, wanger, weapon, wee-poh, weiner, whammer, whang, whanger, whistle (особ. у ребенка), wiener (особ. в расслабленном состоянии), wigga-wagga, willie (особ. детский), winkie, winkle, wire, wriggling pole, yang (от китайского ying-yang инь и ян), yutz, zubrick (из арабского), zucchini, lunch box, ramrod
    8) Scuba diving: crotch

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > половой член

  • 42 Brown, Joseph Rogers

    [br]
    b. 26 January 1810 Warren, Rhode Island, USA
    d. 23 July 1876 Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, USA
    [br]
    American machine-tool builder and co-founder of Brown \& Sharpe.
    [br]
    Joseph Rogers Brown was the eldest son of David Brown, who was modestly established as a maker of and dealer in clocks and watches. Joseph assisted his father during school vacations and at the age of 17 left to obtain training as a machinist. In 1829 he joined his father in the manufacture of tower clocks at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and two years later went into business for himself in Pawtucket making lathes and small tools. In 1833 he rejoined his father in Providence, Rhode Island, as a partner in the manufacture of docks, watches and surveying and mathematical instruments. David Brown retired in 1841.
    J.R.Brown invented and built in 1850 a linear dividing engine which was the first automatic machine for graduating rules in the United States. In 1851 he brought out the vernier calliper, the first application of a vernier scale in a workshop measuring tool. Lucian Sharpe was taken into partnership in 1853 and the firm became J.R.Brown \& Sharpe; in 1868 the firm was incorporated as the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company.
    In 1855 Brown invented a precision gear-cutting machine to make clock gears. The firm obtained in 1861 a contract to make Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machines and gave up the manufacture of clocks. At about this time F.W. Howe of the Providence Tool Company arranged for Brown \& Sharpe to make a turret lathe required for the manufacture of muskets. This was basically Howe's design, but Brown added a few features, and it was the first machine tool built for sale by the Brown \& Sharpe Company. It was followed in 1862 by the universal milling machine invented by Brown initially for making twist drills. Particularly for cutting gear teeth, Brown invented in 1864 a formed milling cutter which could be sharpened without changing its profile. In 1867 the need for an instrument for checking the thickness of sheet material became apparent, and in August of that year J.R.Brown and L.Sharpe visited the Paris Exhibition and saw a micrometer calliper invented by Jean Laurent Palmer in 1848. They recognized its possibilities and with a few developments marketed it as a convenient, hand-held measuring instrument. Grinding lathes were made by Brown \& Sharpe in the early 1860s, and from 1868 a universal grinding machine was developed, with the first one being completed in 1876. The patent for this machine was granted after Brown's sudden death while on holiday.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven: Yale University Press; repub. 1926, New York and 1987, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications Inc. (further details of Brown \& Sharpe Company and their products).
    R.S.Woodbury, 1958, History of the Gear-Cutting Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press ——, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
    ——, 1960, History of the Milling Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Brown, Joseph Rogers

  • 43 устройство

    2) Computers: drive, machinery
    3) Medicine: apparatus, attachment, unit
    4) Military: block, box, implement
    6) Agriculture: apparatus (см.тж. unit)
    7) Construction: contrivance, installation of flooring, tray
    8) Mathematics: a means for, computer, contraption
    9) Religion: order, polity
    11) Economy: fitment
    12) Automobile industry: convenience, mechanism
    13) Diplomatic term: system (политическое и т.п.)
    14) Forestry: instrument
    15) Metallurgy: mean
    16) Telecommunications: engine
    17) Electronics: storage device
    19) Information technology: communication device
    21) Astronautics: set up
    22) Mechanic engineering: tackle
    23) Metrology: agency, instrumentality
    24) Patents: apparatus (патентоспособными объектами являются устройства, способы, вещества, а не аппараты, машины, методы и т.д.), appliance (напр. электрическое), installment
    25) Business: disposal
    26) Drilling: design, gadget, motion
    29) Robots: prototype hardware
    31) Makarov: app ( apparatus), apparatus (приспособление, механизм), apparatus (приспособление, механизм и т.п.), arrangement (конструкция, расположение), arrangement (приспособление, механизм), arrangement (расположение), arrangement device (приспособление, механизм и т.п.), design (конструкция), design (конструкция, расположение), device (приспособление, механизм), equipment (приспособление, механизм), equipment (приспособление, механизм и т.п.), facility (приспособление, механизм), facility (приспособление, механизм и т.п.), gear (приспособление, механизм), gear (приспособление, механизм и т.п.), ink monitoring apparatus, maker, means (приспособление, механизм), means (приспособление, механизм и т.п.), mechanism (механическое), provision, setup (расположение)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > устройство

  • 44 Testament

    Testament n RECHT will, testament • ohne Testament RECHT intestate
    * * *
    n < Recht> will, testament ■ ohne Testament < Recht> intestate
    * * *
    Testament
    testament, last will, devise, (letztwillige Verfügung) testamentary paper (instrument);
    • kraft Testamentes by will;
    • später abgefasstes Testament later will;
    • anfechtbares Testament flaw in a will;
    • nicht beglaubigtes Testament unattested will;
    • notariell beglaubigtes Testament notarial will, secret (closed) testament;
    • Berliner Testament [etwa] double will;
    • eigenhändiges Testament holographic will (testament);
    • mündlich und vor Zeugen errichtetes Testament nuncupative will;
    • notariell errichtetes Testament notarial will;
    • ordnungsgemäß errichtetes Testament properly executed will;
    • in zwei Urschriften errichtetes Testament duplicate will;
    • formloses Testament privileged (informal) will;
    • gefälschtes Testament surreptitious will;
    • verloren gegangenes Testament lost will;
    • gegenseitiges Testament double (counter, reciprocal, mutual) will, mutual testament;
    • geheimes [notariell errichtetes] Testament mystic (closed) will;
    • eigenhändig geschriebenes (handschriftliches) Testament holographic testament (will);
    • gültiges Testament genuine (valid) will;
    • jüngeres Testament later will;
    • ungültiges Testament invalid will;
    • untergeschobenes Testament forged will;
    • verschlossenes Testament sealed will;
    • widerrufenes Testament cancelled will;
    • [jederzeit] widerrufliches Testament ambulatory will;
    • Testament zugunsten der Familie officious will;
    • Testament gerichtlich abändern to vary the terms of a will;
    • Testament anfechten to dispute (contest, oppose) a will;
    • Testament aufheben (Gericht) to revoke a will;
    • unvollständiges Testament auslegen to construe an unskilfully drawn will;
    • j. in seinem Testament bedenken to mention (include, remember) s. o. in one’s will;
    • j. bei der Abfassung seines Testaments beeinflussen to use undue influence with the maker of a will;
    • Gültigkeit eines Testaments bestreiten to dispute (contest) a will;
    • Gültigkeit eines Testaments beweisen to establish a disputed will;
    • Testament für kraftlos (ungültig) erklären to invalidate a will;
    • Testament eröffnen to open (read out) a will;
    • Testament errichten to make a will;
    • notarielles Testament errichten to register a will;
    • rechtsgültiges Testament errichten to execute a will;
    • Testament fälschen to fabricate a will;
    • Testament hinterlegen to deposit a will;
    • widerrufenes Testament wieder aufleben lassen to revive a will;
    • Testament durch das Nachlassgericht eröffnen lassen to have a will proved;
    • sein Testament machen to write (make) one’s will, to put one’s affairs in order;
    • Gültigkeit eines bestrittenen Testaments nachweisen to establish a disputed will;
    • ohne ein Testament zu hinterlassen sterben to die intestate (without making a will);
    • Testament umstoßen to revoke a will;
    • Testament unterschieben to forge a will;
    • Testament unterschlagen (unterdrücken, verheimlichen) to suppress a will;
    • jem. im Testament 1000 Dollar vermachen to have s. o. down in one’s will for 1000 Dollars;
    • Testament vollstrecken to carry out the provisions of a will;
    • gefälschtes Testament vorlegen to produce a forged will;
    • Testament zur Bestätigung (zwecks Erbscheinerteilung) vorlegen to admit a will to probate, to propound a will;
    • in einem Testament bedacht werden to benefit by a will;
    • Testament widerrufen to cancel (countermand, revoke) a will.

    Business german-english dictionary > Testament

  • 45 otorgante

    adj.
    1 authorizing, granting, conferring, giving, awarding.
    2 granting, awarding, conferring, giving.
    f. & m.
    1 granter, donor, grantor, giver, maker.
    2 the party that signs and executes any public instrument.
    * * *
    1 (de un premio) awarding

    Spanish-English dictionary > otorgante

  • 46 मुद्रा _mudrā

    मुद्रा [मुद्-रक्]
    1 A seal, an instrument for sealing or stamping; especially a seal-ring, signet-ring; अनया मुद्रया मुद्रयैनम् Mu.1; नाममुद्राक्षराण्यनुवाच्य परस्परमवलोकयतः Ś.1; बभौ मरुत्वान् विकृतः स-मुद्रः Bk.1.19 (fig. also); इति प्रायो भावाः स्फुरदवधिमुद्रामुकुलिताः Bh.2.114.
    -2 A stamp, print, mark, impression; चतुःसमुद्रमुद्रः K. 191; सिन्दूरमुद्राङ्कितः (बाहुः) Gīt.4.
    -3 A pass, pass- port (as given by a seal-ring); अगृहीतमुद्रः कटकान्निष्कामसि Mu.5; गृहीतमुद्रः सलेखः पुरुषो गृहीतः Mu.5; शाहसूनोः शिवस्यैषा मुद्रा भद्राय राजते (wording on Śivājee's seal).
    -4 A stamped coin, coin, piece of money.
    -5 A medal.
    -6 An image, a sign, badge, token.
    -7 Shutting, closing, sealing; सैवौष्ठमुद्रा स च कर्णपाशः U.6.27; क्षिपन्निद्रा- मुद्रां मदनकलहच्छेदसुलभाम् Māl.2.12 'removing the seal of sleep' &c.
    -8 A mystery.
    -9 (In Rhet.) The expres- sion of things by their right names.
    -1 N. of certain positions of the fingers practised in devotion or reli- gious worship; योजनात् सर्वदेवानां द्रावणात् पापसंहतेः । तस्मान्मुद्रेति सा ख्याता सर्वकामार्थसाधनी Tantrasāra; Dk.2.2.
    -11 A particular branch of education (reckoning by the fingers).
    -12 A dance accordant with tradition.
    -13 A lock, stopper.
    -14 A nymph; बभौ मरुत्वान् विकृतः स- मुद्रः Bk.1.19.
    -15 "Parched grain" in the form of rice, paddy etc. (Yoginī Tantra, Ch.VI quoted in Woodroffe, Śakti and Śākta, 571).
    -16 Particular lines, marks; माता पुत्रः पिता भ्राता भार्या मित्रजनस्तथा । अष्टापदपदस्थाने दक्ष मुद्रेव लक्ष्यते ॥ Mb.12.298.4.
    -17 Type or block for printing.
    -Comp. -अक्षरम् 1 a letter of the seal.
    -2 a type (a modern use).
    -अङ्क, -अङ्कित a. stamped with a seal, sealed, stamped.
    -अधिपः the keeper of the seal; the officer in charge of the fort; ततो मुद्राधिपो मुख्यः कौक्षेयकसहायवान् Parṇāl.3.37.
    -अध्यक्षः superintendent of pass-ports; Kau. A.1.1.1.
    -कारः a maker of seals.
    -मार्गः an opening believed to exist in the crown of the head through which the soul is said to escape at death; cf. ब्रह्मरन्ध्र.
    -यन्त्रम् a press, a printing-press (a modern formation).
    -रक्षकः the keeper of the seals.
    -राक्षसम् N. of a drama by Viśākha-datta.
    -लिपिः an alphabet of written charac- ters; मुद्रालिपिः शिल्पलिपिर्लिपिर्लेखनिसंभवा । गुण्डिका घुणसंभूता लिपयः पञ्चधा मताः ॥
    -स्थानम् the place (on the finger) for a seal-ring; Ś.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > मुद्रा _mudrā

  • 47 प्रणेतृ


    pra-ṇetṛí
    m. a leader, guide RV. etc. etc. (Ved. with gen. orﾠ acc.;

    Class. gen. orﾠ comp.);
    a maker, creator MBh. Hariv. ;
    an author, promulgator of a doctrine MBh. Pur. ;
    a performer orﾠ one who plays a musical instrument L. ;
    one who applies (a clyster) Car. ;
    - mat mfn. containing the notion of leading AitBr.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > प्रणेतृ

  • 48 मधुकार


    mádhu-kāra
    m. « honey-maker», a bee BhP. ;

    (ī) f. a female bee R. ;
    a partic. wind-instrument Saṃgīt.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > मधुकार

  • 49 सूचि


    sūci
    sūcī́
    f. (prob. to be connected with sūtra, syūta etc. fr. siv, « to sew» cf. sūkshma;

    in R. once sūcinā instr.), a needle orﾠ any sharppointed instrument (e.g.. « a needle used in surgery», « a magnet» etc.) RV. etc. etc.;
    the sharp point orﾠ tip of anything orﾠ any pointed object Kāv. Car. BhP. ;
    a rail orﾠ balustrade Divyâ̱v. ;
    a small doorbolt L. ;
    « sharp file orﾠ column», a kind of military array
    (accord. toﾠ Kull. on Mn. VII, 187, « placing the sharpest andﾠ most active soldiers in front») Mn. MBh. Kām. ;
    an index, table of contents (in books printed in India;
    cf. - pattra below);
    a triangle formed by the sides of a trapezium produced till they meet Col.;
    a cone, pyramid ib. ;
    (in astron) the earth's disc in computing eclipses ( orﾠ « the corrected diameter of the earth») Sūryas. ;
    gesticulation, dramatic action L. ;
    a kind of coitus L. ;
    sight, seeing (= dṛishṭi) L. ;
    m. (only sūci) the son of Nishāda andﾠ a Vaiṡyā L. ;
    a maker of winnowing baskets etc. (cf. sūnā) L. ;
    sūcī
    f. (= sūcī), in comp.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > सूचि

  • 50 सूची


    sūci
    sūcī́
    f. (prob. to be connected with sūtra, syūta etc. fr. siv, « to sew» cf. sūkshma;

    in R. once sūcinā instr.), a needle orﾠ any sharppointed instrument (e.g.. « a needle used in surgery», « a magnet» etc.) RV. etc. etc.;
    the sharp point orﾠ tip of anything orﾠ any pointed object Kāv. Car. BhP. ;
    a rail orﾠ balustrade Divyâ̱v. ;
    a small doorbolt L. ;
    « sharp file orﾠ column», a kind of military array
    (accord. toﾠ Kull. on Mn. VII, 187, « placing the sharpest andﾠ most active soldiers in front») Mn. MBh. Kām. ;
    an index, table of contents (in books printed in India;
    cf. - pattra below);
    a triangle formed by the sides of a trapezium produced till they meet Col.;
    a cone, pyramid ib. ;
    (in astron) the earth's disc in computing eclipses ( orﾠ « the corrected diameter of the earth») Sūryas. ;
    gesticulation, dramatic action L. ;
    a kind of coitus L. ;
    sight, seeing (= dṛishṭi) L. ;
    m. (only sūci) the son of Nishāda andﾠ a Vaiṡyā L. ;
    a maker of winnowing baskets etc. (cf. sūnā) L. ;
    sūcī
    f. (= sūcī), in comp.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > सूची

  • 51 λῠρα

    λῠ́ρα
    Grammatical information: f.
    Meaning: `lyre', four(seven)stringed instrument, like the cithara (h. Merc. 423; Zumbach Neuerungen 11);
    Other forms: Ion. λύρη
    Compounds: compp., e.g. λυροποιός `lyre-maker' (Pl.), ἀντί-λυρος `like the lyre' (S.).
    Derivatives: Diminut. λύριον (Ar.), λυρίς (Hdn. Gr.); further λυρικός `belonging to the lyre, lyre-player' (Phld., Plu.); λυρίζω `play the lyre' (Chrysipp.; cf. Schwyzer 736; for it mostly κιθαρίζω, s.v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 167 n. 1) with λυριστής `lyreplayer' (Plin.), - ίστρια f. (sch.), - ισμός `playing the lyre' (sch.).
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
    Etymology: Technical LW [loanword] from the Mediterr. area; cf. on κιθάρα. IE etymologies in Fick 2, 237 (s. Bq and WP. 2, 406). Acc. to Grošelj, Živa Ant. 5,329. here also λυρτός, Epeirotic word for σκύφος (Seleuc. ap. Ath. 11, 500b), very uncertain. - Lat. LW [loanword] lyra; OHG līra \> Leier etc.
    Page in Frisk: 2,146

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λῠρα

  • 52 Arnold, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 1735/6 Bodmin (?), Cornwall, England
    d. 25 August 1799 Eltham, London, England
    [br]
    English clock, watch, and chronometer maker who invented the isochronous helical balance spring and an improved form of detached detent escapement.
    [br]
    John Arnold was apprenticed to his father, a watchmaker, and then worked as an itinerant journeyman in the Low Countries and, later, in England. He settled in London in 1762 and rapidly established his reputation at Court by presenting George III with a miniature repeating watch mounted in a ring. He later abandoned the security of the Court for a more precarious living developing his chronometers, with some financial assistance from the Board of Longitude. Symbolically, in 1771 he moved from the vicinity of the Court at St James's to John Adam Street, which was close to the premises of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures \& Commerce.
    By the time Arnold became interested in chronometry, Harrison had already demonstrated that longitude could be determined by means of a timekeeper, and the need was for a simpler instrument that could be sold at an affordable price for universal use at sea. Le Roy had shown that it was possible to dispense with a remontoire by using a detached escapement with an isochronous balance; Arnold was obviously thinking along the same lines, although he may not have been aware of Le Roy's work. By 1772 Arnold had developed his detached escapement, a pivoted detent which was quite different from that used on the European continent, and three years later he took out a patent for a compensation balance and a helical balance spring (Arnold used the spring in torsion and not in tension as Harrison had done). His compensation balance was similar in principle to that described by Le Roy and used riveted bimetallic strips to alter the radius of gyration of the balance by moving small weights radially. Although the helical balance spring was not completely isochronous it was a great improvement on the spiral spring, and in a later patent (1782) he showed how it could be made more truly isochronous by shaping the ends. In this form it was used universally in marine chronometers.
    Although Arnold's chronometers performed well, their long-term stability was less satisfactory because of the deterioration of the oil on the pivot of the detent. In his patent of 1782 he eliminated this defect by replacing the pivot with a spring, producing the spring detent escapement. This was also done independendy at about the same time by Berthoud and Earnshaw, although Earnshaw claimed vehemently that Arnold had plagiarized his work. Ironically it was Earnshaw's design that was finally adopted, although he had merely replaced Arnold's pivoted detent with a spring, while Arnold had completely redesigned the escapement. Earnshaw also improved the compensation balance by fusing the steel to the brass to form the bimetallic element, and it was in this form that it began to be used universally for chronometers and high-grade watches.
    As a result of the efforts of Arnold and Earnshaw, the marine chronometer emerged in what was essentially its final form by the end of the eighteenth century. The standardization of the design in England enabled it to be produced economically; whereas Larcum Kendall was paid £500 to copy Harrison's fourth timekeeper, Arnold was able to sell his chronometers for less than one-fifth of that amount. This combination of price and quality led to Britain's domination of the chronometer market during the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    30 December 1775, "Timekeepers", British patent no. 1,113.
    2 May 1782, "A new escapement, and also a balance to compensate the effects arising from heat and cold in pocket chronometers, and for incurving the ends of the helical spring…", British patent no. 1,382.
    Further Reading
    R.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (provides an overview).
    V.Mercer, 1972, John Arnold \& Son Chronometer Makers 1726–1843, London.
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Arnold, John

  • 53 Cubitt, William

    [br]
    b. 1785 Dilham, Norfolk, England
    d. 13 October 1861 Clapham Common, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English civil engineer and contractor.
    [br]
    The son of a miller, he received a rudimentary education in the village school. At an early age he was helping his father in the mill, and in 1800 he was apprenticed to a cabinet maker. After four years he returned to work with his father, but, preferring to leave the parental home, he not long afterwards joined a firm of agricultural-machinery makers in Swanton in Norfolk. There he acquired a reputation for making accurate patterns for the iron caster and demonstrated a talent for mechanical invention, patenting a self-regulating windmill sail in 1807. He then set up on his own as a millwright, but he found he could better himself by joining the engineering works of Ransomes of Ipswich in 1812. He was soon appointed their Chief Engineer, and after nine years he became a partner in the firm until he moved to London in 1826. Around 1818 he invented the treadmill, with the aim of putting prisoners to useful work in grinding corn and other applications. It was rapidly adopted by the principal prisons, more as a means of punishment than an instrument of useful work.
    From 1814 Cubitt had been gaining experience in civil engineering, and upon his removal to London his career in this field began to take off. He was engaged on many canal-building projects, including the Oxford and Liverpool Junction canals. He accomplished some notable dock works, such as the Bute docks at Cardiff, the Middlesborough docks and the coal drops on the river Tees. He improved navigation on the river Severn and compiled valuable reports on a number of other leading rivers.
    The railway construction boom of the 1840s provided him with fresh opportunities. He engineered the South Eastern Railway (SER) with its daringly constructed line below the cliffs between Folkestone and Dover; the railway was completed in 1843, using massive charges of explosive to blast a way through the cliffs. Cubitt was Consulting Engineer to the Great Northern Railway and tried, with less than his usual success, to get the atmospheric system to work on the Croydon Railway.
    When the SER began a steamer service between Folkestone and Boulogne, Cubitt was engaged to improve the port facilities there and went on to act as Consulting Engineer to the Boulogne and Amiens Railway. Other commissions on the European continent included surveying the line between Paris and Lyons, advising the Hanoverian government on the harbour and docks at Hamburg and directing the water-supply works for Berlin.
    Cubitt was actively involved in the erection of the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851; in recognition of this work Queen Victoria knighted him at Windsor Castle on 23 December 1851.
    Cubitt's son Joseph (1811–72) was also a notable civil engineer, with many railway and harbour works to his credit.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1851. FRS 1830. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1850 and 1851.
    Further Reading
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cubitt, William

  • 54 Hipp, Matthäus

    [br]
    b. 25 October 1813 Blaubeuren, Germany
    d. 3 May 1893 Zurich, Switzerland
    [br]
    German inventor and entrepreneur who produced the first reliable electric clock.
    [br]
    After serving an apprenticeship with a clock-maker in Blaubeuren, Hipp worked for various clockmakers before setting up his own workshop in Reutlingen in 1840. In 1842 he made his first electric clock with an ingenious toggle mechanism for switching the current, although he claimed that the idea had occurred to him eight years earlier. The switching mechanism was the Achilles' heel of early electric clocks. It was usually operated by the pendulum and it presented the designer with a dilemma: if the switch made a firm contact it adversely affected the timekeeping, but if the contact was lightened it sometimes failed to operate due to dirt or corrosion on the contacts. The Hipp toggle switch overcame this problem by operating only when the amplitude of the pendulum dropped below a certain value. As this occurred infrequently, the contact pressure could be increased to provide reliable switching without adversely affecting the timekeeping. It is an indication of the effectiveness of the Hipp toggle that it was used in clocks for over one hundred years and was adopted by many other makers in addition to Hipp and his successor Favag. It was generally preferred for its reliability rather than its precision, although a regulator made in 1881 for the observatory at Neuchâtel performed creditably. This regulator was enclosed in an airtight case at low pressure, eliminating errors due to changes in barometric pressure. This practice later became standard for observatory regulators such as those of Riefler and Shortt. The ability of the Hipp toggle to provide more power when the clock was subjected to an increased load made it particularly suitable for use in turret clocks, whose hands were exposed to the vagaries of the weather. Hipp also improved the operation of slave dials, which were advanced periodically by an electrical impulse from a master clock. If the electrical contacts "chattered" and produced several impulses instead of a single sharp impulse, the slave dials would not indicate the correct time. Hipp solved this problem by producing master clocks which delivered impulses that alternated in polarity, and slave dials which only advanced when the polarity was changed in this way. Polarized impulses delivered every minute became the standard practice for slave dials used on the European continent. Hipp also improved Wheatstone's chronoscope, an instrument that was used for measuring very short intervals of time (such as those involved in ballistics).
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary doctorate, University of Zurich 1875.
    Further Reading
    Neue deutsche Biographie, 1972, Vol. 9, Berlin, pp. 199–200.
    "Hipp's sich selbst conrolirende Uhr", Dinglers polytechnisches Journal (1843), 88:258– 64 (the first description of the Hipp toggle).
    F.Hope-Jones, 1949, Electrical Timekeeping, 2nd edn, London, pp. 62–6, 97–8 (a modern description in English of the Hipp toggle and the slave dial).
    C.A.Aked, 1983, "Electrical precision", Antiquarian Horology 14:172–81 (describes the observatory clock at Neuchâtel).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Hipp, Matthäus

  • 55 Su Song (Su Sung)

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 1020 China
    d. 1101 China
    [br]
    Chinese astronomer and maker of a mechanical clock.
    [br]
    Su Song had a model armillary sphere in his home, which enabled him to study and understand the instrument, but he could not receive an imperial command to make a full-size one before holding an official position. This he attained, and he moved in high official circles in Imperial China; his official appointments included Ambassador, Minister of State and Deputy Imperial Tutor. At the same time he was an outstanding astronomer and calendrical scientist. With the assistance of Han Gonglian, he constructed a water-driven mechanical escapement clock and clocktower in 1088, which he described in detail in his Xin Yi Xian Fa Yao, completed in 1094; this book was noteworthy for illustrations of the armillary sphere and its component parts. The tower included an armillary sphere and celestial globe with clock drive. By applying clockwork to the observational side of the sphere, Su Song anticipated the clockwork drive of the telescope introduced by Robert Hooke six centuries later.
    Su Song was also the pharmaceutical naturalist of the Tu Jing Ben Cao of 1061.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1094, Xin Yi Xian Fa Yao.
    Further Reading
    J.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959–86, Vols III, pp. 208, 361–6; VI. 1, 140, 174, 227, 252, 281, 335, 475, 477;
    Heavenly Clockwork, 1960, pp. 2–60, 64, 68, 70, 93–4, 115–18, 123–4, 133, 160, 162;
    Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West, 1970, pp. 9, 6–7, 11–12, 91, 130–1, 192, 210ff., 221–3, 235, 280, 406.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Su Song (Su Sung)

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