instituted

अश्वः [अश्नुते अध्वानं व्याप्नोति, महाशनो वा भवति Nir.; अश्-क्वन् Uṇ.1.149]

1 A horse; the horses are said to have 7 breeds:- अमृताद् बाष्पतो वह्नेर्वेदेभ्यो$ण़्डाच्च गर्भतः । साम्नो हयानामुत्पत्तिः सप्तधा परिकीर्तिता ॥

-2 A symbolical expression for the number 'seven' (that being the number of the horses of the Sun) सूर्याश्वैर्मसजस्तताः सगुरवः शार्दूलविक्रीडितम् V. Ratn.

-3 A race of men (horselike in strength); काष्ठतुल्यवपुर्धृष्यो मिथ्याचारश्च निर्भयः । द्वादशाङ्गुलमेढ्रश्च दरिद्रस्तु हयो मतः ॥

-श्वौ (du.) A horse and a mare.

-श्वाः horses and mares. [cf. L. equus; Gr. hippos; Zend aspa; Pers. asp.]

-Comp. -अक्षः N. of a plant देवसर्षप.

-अजनी a whip अश्वाजनि प्रचेतसो$श्वान् त्समत्सु चोदय Rv.6.75.13.

-अधिक a. strong in cavalry, superior in horses.

-अध्यक्षः a guardian of horses, commander of horse-cavalry.

-अनीकम् a troop of horse- men, cavalry.

-अरिः a buffalo.

-अवरोहकः N. of a tree अश्वगन्धा.

-आयुर्वेदः veterinary science concerning hores.

-आरूढ a. mounted, sitting on horse-back.

-आरोह a. riding or mounted on horse. (

-हः)

1 a horseman, rider.

-2 one who is fighting.

-3 a ride.

(-हा), -आरोहकः N. of the plant अश्वगन्धा.

-आरोहणीयम् Horsemen, cavalry. इदानीमश्वारोहणीयं क्व गतम् Pratijñā. 1.

-आरोहिन् a. mounted or riding on horseback.

-इषित a. hurried along by horses.

- उरस a. broad-chested like a horse. (

-सम्) the chief or principal horse.

-कन्दा, -कन्दिका N. of a plant अश्वगन्धा.

-कर्णः, -कर्णकः 1 a kind of tree (Vatica Robusta; Mar. साग, राळ) Rām.1.24.15; Māl.9.

-2 the ear of a horse.

-3 a term in surgery for a particular fracture of the bones. (

-र्णः) N. of a mountain.

-कुटी a stable for horses; Pt.5.

-कुशल, -कोविद a. skilled in managing horses.

-क्रन्दः 1 N. of a bird.

-2 a general of the army of the gods.

-खरजः [अश्वश्च खरी च अश्वा च खरश्च वा ताभ्यां जायते पुंवद्भावः Tv.] a kind of horse, mule.

-खुरः 1 a horse's hoof.

-2 a kind of perfume. (

-रा) N. of the plant अपराजिता.

-गति f.

1 the pace of a horse.

-2 N. of a metre containing four lines of sixteen syllables in each.

-गन्धा [अश्वस्य गन्ध एकदेशो मेढ्रमिव मूलमस्याः] N. of a plant Physalis Flexuosa Lin; ˚तैलम् a kind of oil.

-गुप्तः N. of a Buddhist teacher.

-गोयुगः, -गम् a pair of horses.

-गोष्ठम् a stable.

-ग्रीवः 1 N. of a demon who was a foe of Viṣṇu.

-घासः a pasture for horses.

-घासकायस्थः An officer in charge of the fodder for the horses Rāj. T.3.489.

-घोषः N. of a Buddhist writer.

-घ्नः [अश्वं हन्ति अमनुष्यकर्तृकत्वात्]

1 a horse-bane.

-2 N. of a kind of Oleander, Nerium Odorum Ait. (Mar. पांढरी कण्हेर)

-चक्रम् 1 a collection of horses.

-2 a kind of wheel.

-चर्या Taking care of a horse; तस्या- श्वचर्यां काकुस्थ दृढधन्वा महारथः (अंशुमानकरोत्) Rām.1.396-7.

-चलनशाला a riding house.

-चिकित्सकः, -वैद्यः a far- rier, a veterinary surgeon.

-चिकिसा farriery, veteri- nary science.

-चेष्टितम् 1 the motion of horses.

-2 an omen, auspicious or inauspicious.

-जघनः a kind of centaur; a creature having his lower limbs like those of a horse.

-जित् a. gaining horses by conquest. Rv.2.21.1; पवस्व गोजिदश्वजित् Rv.9.59.1.

-जीवनः gram.

-तीर्थम् N. of a place of pilgrimage near Kānyakubja on the Gaṅgā; अदूरे कान्यकुब्जस्य गङ्गायास्तीर- मुत्तमम् । अश्वतीर्थं तदद्यापि मानैवः परिचक्ष्यते ॥ Mb.13.4.17

-द a. giving horses; Ms.4.231.

-दंष्ट्रा the plant Tribulus Lanuginosus (गोक्षुर, Mar. गोखरू).

-दाः, -दावन् m. giving horses. अरिष्टो येषां रथो व्यश्वदावन्नीयते Rv.5.18. 3.

-दूतः a riding messenger.

-नदी N. of a river.

-नाथः one who has the charge of a drove of grazing horses; a horse herd.

-निबन्धिकः a groom, a horse- fastener.

-निर्णिज् a. Ved. decorated or embellished with horses, गोअर्णसि त्वाष्ट्रे अश्वनिर्णिजि Rv.1.76.3.

-पः Ved. a groom; Vāj.3.11.

-पतिः 1 lord of horses Rv.8.21.3.

-2 N. of several persons; of a king of Madra and father of Sāvitri.

-पर्ण a. [अश्वानां पर्णं गमनं यत्र]

1 having horses (as a chariot); Rv.1.88.1.

-2 a cloud (that penetrates everywhere).

-पालः, -पालकः, -रक्षः a horse-groom.

-पुच्छी N. of the tree माषपर्णी Glycine Debilis. (Mar. रान उडीद).

-पृष्ठम् horse back.

-पेशस् a. decorated or embellished with horses; ये स्तोतृभ्यो गोअग्रामश्वपेशसम् Rv.2.1.16.

-बन्धः a groom.

-बन्धन a. used for fastening horses. (

-नम्) fastening of horses.

-बला N. of a vegetable (Mar. मेथी).

-बालः 1 a kind of reed, Saccharum Spontaneum Lin. (Mar. बोरू).

-2 the tail or hair of a horse.

-बुध्न a. Ved. based on horses, standing on horses, i. e. on a carriage drawn by horses; अस्य पत्मन्नरुषीरश्ववुध्ना Rv.1.8.3.

-बुध्य a. Ved. based on horses, having its origin in horses (wealth); distinguished by horses Rv.1.121. 14.

-भा lightning.

-मन्दुरा A stable of horses.

-महिषिका [अश्वमहिषयोर्वैरं वुन्] the natural enmity be- tween a horse and a buffalo.

-मारः, -मारकः, -हन्तृ m. 'horse-destroying', a kind of Oleander, Nerium Odorum Ait. (Mar. पांढरी कण्हेर).

-मालः a kind of serpent.

-मुख a. [अश्वस्य मुखमिव मुखमस्य] having the head or face of a horse. (

-खः) a horse-faced creature, a Kinnara or celestial chorister; (according to others) a kind of demigod distinct from the preceding. (

-खी) a Kinnara woman; भिन्दन्ति मन्दां गतिमश्वमुख्यः Ku.1.11.

-मुक् m. a horse-stealer.

-मेधः [अश्वः प्रधानतया मेध्यते हिंस्यते$त्र, मेध् हिंसने घञ्] a horse-sacrifice; यथाश्वमेधः क्रतुराट् सर्वपापापनोदनः Ms.11.26. [In Vedic times this sacrifice was performed by kings desirous of offspring; but subsequently it was performed only by kings and implied that he who instituted it, was a conqueror and king of kings. A horse was turned loose to wander at will for a year, attended by a guardian; when the horse entered a foreign country, the ruler was bound either to submit or to fight. In this way the horse returned at the end of a year, the guardian obtaining or enforcing the submission of princes whom he brought in his train. After the successful return of the horse, the rite called Asva- medha was performed amidst great rejoicings. It was believed that the performance of 1 such sacrifices would lead to the attainment of the seat or world of Indra, who is, therefore, always repre- sented as trying to prevent the completion of the hundredth sacrifice. cf. Rv.1.162-163 hymns; Vāj.22 seq.]

˚काण्डम् N. of the thirteenth book of the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa.

-मेधिक, -मेधीय a. fit for a horse-sacrifice, or relating to it. (

-कः, -यः) a horse fit for the Aśvamedha sacrifice. (

-कम्) the fourteenth parvan in the Mahābhārata; ततो$श्वमेधिकं पर्व प्रोक्तं तच्च चतुर्दशम् Mb.

-युज् a.

1 yoking the horses; वयोवृधो अश्वयुजः परिज्रयः Rv.5.54.2.

-2 having horses yoked to it (as a carriage); रथेनाश्वयुजा Rām.

-3 born under the constellation अश्वयुज्. (f.)

1 N. of a constellation, the head of Aries.

-2 the first lunar mansion.

-3 the month of Āśvina.

-4 a chariot having horses.

-यूपः the post to which the sacrificial horse was bound; ये अश्वयूपाय तक्षति Rv.1.162.6.

-योग a.

1 causing the yoking of horses.

-2 joining or reaching as quickly as horses; उत न ईं मतयो$श्वयोगाः Rv.1.186.7.

-रक्षः the keeper or rider of a horse, a groom.

-रथः a carriage drawn by horses. (

-था) N. of a river near गन्धमादन.

-रत्नम्, -राजः the best or lord of horses; i. e. उच्चैःश्रवस्.

-राधस् a. Ved. furnishing horses; शुम्भन्त्यश्वराधसः Rv.1.21.2.

-रिपुः A buffalo; Bhāvaprakāśa.

-रोधकः N. of a plant (अंश्वमार); see अश्वघ्न.

-लक्षणम् a sign or mark of a horse.

-ललितम् N. of a species of the Vikṛiti metre.

-लाला a kind of snake.

-लोमन् n. horse-hair; a kind of snake.

-वक्त्रः = अश्वमुख q. v.; a Kinnara or Gandharva.

-वडवम् a stud of horses and mares; P.II.4.12,27. mares.

-वदनः = ˚मुख.

-वहः a horseman.

-वाजिन् a. Having the strength of a horse; स मातरिश्वा विभुरश्ववाजी Mb.13.158.2.

-वारः, -वालः, -वारकः [अश्वं वारयति उप. स.] a horseman, groom; दुःखेन निश्चक्रमुरश्ववाराः Śi.3.66.

-वारणम् N. of the Bos Gavaeus (गवय).

-वाहः, -वाहकः [अश्वं वाहयति चालयति] a horseman.

-विक्रयिन् a. a horse-dealer.

-विद् a.

1 skilled in taming or managing horses.

-2 [अश्वं विन्दते विद्-क्विप्] procuring horses; उत नो गोविद- श्ववित् Rv.9.55.3. (m.)

1 a jockey.

-2 an epithet of Nala.

-वृषः a stallion; वडवेतराभवदश्ववृष इतरः Bṛi. Up.1.4.4.

-वैद्यः a farrier.

-व्रतम् N. of sāman.

-शकृत् n.,

-शकम् Ved.

1 excrements of a horse, horse-dung.

-2 N. of a river.

-शङ्कुः a pillar to tie a horse.

-शाला a stable;

-शावः a colt, a foal.

-शास्त्रम् 1 manual or text-book of veterinary science;

-2 N. of the work of Nakula.

-शिरस् a. having the head of a horse, an epithet of Nārāyaṇa. (n.)

1 a horse's head.

-2 N. of a Dānava.

-शृगालिका [अश्वशृगालयोर्वैरं द्वन्द्वाद् वैरे वुन्] the natural enmity between a horse and a jackal.

-षङ्गवम् a set or team of six horses.

-सधर्मन् a. Resembling horses in work; अश्वसधर्माणो हि मनुष्याः नियुक्ताः कर्मसु विकुर्वते । Kau. A.2.9.

-सनि, -षा, -सा a. Ved. (P.VIII.3.11 and Mbh.) gaining or procuring horses, giving horses; यस्ते$अश्वसनिर्भक्षो Vāj.8. 12.

-सादः, -सादिन् m. a horseman, a rider, a horse- soldier; पूर्वं प्रहर्ता न जघान भूयः प्रतिप्रहाराक्षममश्वसादी R.7. 47; Vāj.3-13.

-सारथ्यम् coachmanship, charioteer- ship, management of horses and chariots; सूतानाम- श्वसारथ्यम् Ms.1.47.

-सूक्तिन् N. of the author of the hymns Rv.8.14.15.

-सूत्रम् A text book of the management of horses.

-सूनृत a. Ved.

1 praised sincerely for (the gift of) horses; cf. Rv.5.79,1-1.

-2 whose praise for (giving) horses is agreeable and true.

-सेनः 1 N. of a king.

-2 N. of a Nāga.

-3 N. of the father of the twentythird Arhat of the present Avasarpiṇī.

-स्तोमीय a. relating to the praise of the sacrificial horse. N. of the Ṛigvedic hymn 1. 162.

-स्थान a. born in a stable. (

-नम्) a stable or stall for horses; Y.1.279.

-हन्तृ a. killing a horse, (

-ता) N. of a fragrant plant.

-हय a. [अश्वेन हिनोति गच्छति हि कर्तरि अच्]

1 driving or spurring a horse, riding a horse; प्रत्यर्धिर्यज्ञानामश्वहयो रथानाम् Rv.1.26. 5.

-2 to be traversed by a horse; समस्य हरिं हरयो मृजन्त्यश्वहयैरनिशितं नमोभिः Rv.9.96.2.

-हारकः a horse- stealer; पङ्गुतामश्वहारकः Ms.11.51.

-हृदयम् [अश्वस्य हृदय- मनोगतभावादि]

1 the desire or intention of a horse.

-2 a kind of veterinary science.

-3 horsemanship; अश्वहृदये निवेश्यात्मानम् K.8.

-या N. of the Apsaras रम्भा.

चरित्रम् [चर् इत्र]

1 Behaviour, habit, conduct, prac- tice, acts, deeds.

-2 Performance, observance.

-3 His- tory, life, biography, account, adventures.

-4 Nature, disposition.

-5 Duty, established or instituted obser- vance; Ms.2.2,9.7.

-6 A foot, leg.

-7 Going.

-त्रा The tamarind tree.

-Comp. -बन्धकः a friendly pledge.

जनमेजयः N. of a celebrated king of Hastināpura, son of Parīkṣit, the grandson of Arjuna. [His father died, being bitten by a serpent; and Janamejaya, determined to avenge the injury, resolved to exterminate the whole serpent-race. He accordingly instituted a serpent sacrifice, and burnt down all serpents except Takṣaka, who was saved only by the intercession of the sage Astika, at whose request the sacrifice was closed.. It was to this king that Vaiśampāyana related the Mahābhārata, and the king is said to have listened to it to expiate the sin of killing a Brāhmaṇa.].

स्थापित p. p. [स्था-णिच्-क्त]

1 Placed, fixed, located, deposited.

-2 Founded, instituted.

-3 Set up, raised, erected.

-4 Directed, regulated, ordered, enacted.

-5 Determined, settled, ascertained.

-6 Appointed to, entrusted with any duty, post &c.

-7 Wedded, mar- ried; Māl.1.5.

-8 Firm, steady.

n. completion of the ceremonies of marriage; sacrament, (Christianity) religious ceremony or ritual believed to have been instituted by Jesus and viewed as a symbol of grace (such as baptism, matrimony, etc.); Holy Communion, holy bread

n. accomplishment, achievement, attainment; sacrament, (Christianity) religious ceremony or ritual believed to have been instituted by Jesus and viewed as a symbol of grace (such as baptism, matrimony, etc.); Holy Communion, holy bread

n. sacrament, (Christianity) religious ceremony or ritual believed to have been instituted by Jesus and viewed as a symbol of grace (such as baptism, matrimony, etc.); Holy Communion, holy bread

or -AT or -T, a negative suffix to verbs, peculiar to Iceland and a part, at least, of Norway. Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry and laws, so as almost to form a complete negative voice. In the 1st pers. a personal pronoun k (g) = ek is inserted before the negative suffix, in the 2nd pers. a t or tt. As a rule the pron. as thus repeated; má-k-at-ek, non possum; sé-k-at-ek, non video; hef-k-at-ek, non habeo; skal-k-at-ek; vil-k-at-ek, nolo; mon-k-at-ek, non ero, etc.: 2nd pers. skal-t-at-tu; mon-t-at-tu; gaf-t-at-tu, non dabas: and after a long vowel a tt, mátt-at-tu, sátt-at-tu; so almost invariably in all monosyllabic verbal forms; but not so in bisyllabic ones, máttir-a-þú, non poteras: yet in some instances in the 1st pers. a pronominal g is inserted, e. g. bjargi-g-a-k, verbally servem ego non ego; höggvi-g-a-k, non cædam; stöðvi-g-a-k, quin sistam; vildi-g-a-k, nolui; hafði-g-a-k, non babui; mátti-g-a-k, non potui; görði-g-a-k, non feci: if the verb has gg as final radical consonants, they change into kk, e. g. þikk-at-ek = þigg-k-at-ek, nolo accipere. In the 3rd pers. a and at or t are used indifferently, t being particularly suffixed to bisyllabic verbal flexions ending in a vowel, in order to avoid an hiatus,—skal-at or skal-a, non erit; but skolo-t, non sunto: forms with an hiatus, however, occur,—bíti-a, non mordat; renni-a, ne currat; skríði-a, id.; leti-a, ne retardet; væri-a, ne esset; urðu-a, non erant; but bíti-t, renni-t, skríði-t, urðu-t are more current forms: v. Lex. Poët. The negative suffix is almost peculiar to indic., conj., and imperat. moods; the neg. infin. hardly occurs. Nothing analogous to this form is to be found in any South-Teutonic idiom; neither do there remain any traces of its having been used in Sweden or Denmark. A single exception is the Runic verse on a stone monument in Öland, an old Danish province, now Swedish, where however the inscriptions may proceed from a Norse or Icel. hand. The Runic inscriptions run thus, sa’r aigi flo, who did not fly, old Icel. ‘flo-at,’ Baut. 1169. Neither does it occur in any Norse prose monuments (laws): but its use may yet be inferred from its occurrence in Norse poets of the 10th century, e. g. the poets Eyvind and Thiodolf; some of which instances, however, may be due to their being transmitted through Icel. oral tradition. In Bragi Gamli (9th century) it occurs twice or thrice; in the Haustlöng four times, in Ynglingatal four times, in Hákonarmál once (all Norse poems of the 10th century). In Icel. the suffixed negation was in full force through the whole of the 10th century. A slight difference in idioms, however, may be observed: Völuspá, e. g., prefers the negation by né (using vas-at only once, verse 3). In the old Hávamal the suffix abounds (being used thirty-five times), see the verses 6, 10, 11, 18, 26, 29, 30, 34, 37–39, 49, 51, 52, 68, 74, 88, 113–115, 126–128, 130, 134, 136, 147, 149, 151, 153, 159. In Skírnismál, Harbarðsljóð, Lokasenna—all these poems probably composed by the same author, and not before the 10th century—about thirty times, viz. Hbl. 3, 4, 8, 14, 26, 35, 56; Skm. 5, 18, 22; Ls. 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 30, 36, 42, 47, 49, 56, 60, 62. Egil (born circa 900, died circa 990) abounds in the use of the suffixed neg. (he most commonly avails himself of -at, -gi, or né): so, too, does Hallfred (born circa 968, died 1008), Einar Skálaglam in Vellekla (circa 940–995), and Thorarin in the Máhlíðingavísur (composed in the year 981); and in the few epigrams relating to the introduction of Christianity in Icel. (995–1000) there occur mon-k-að-ek, tek-k-at-ek, vil-k-at-ek, hlífði-t, mon-a, es-a; cp. the Kristni S. and Njala. From this time, however, its use becomes more rare. Sighvat (born circa 995, died 1040) still makes a frequent but not exclusive use of it. Subsequent poets use it now and then as an epic form, until it disappeared almost entirely in poetry at the middle or end of the 13th century. In the Sólarljóð there is not a single instance. The verses of some of our Sagas are probably later than the Sagas themselves; the greatest part of the Völsungakviður are scarcely older than the 11th century. In all these -at and conj. eigi are used indifferently. In prose the laws continued to employ the old forms long after they were abolished in common prose. The suffixed verbal negation was used,

α. in the delivering of the oath in the Icel. Courts, esp. the Fifth Court, instituted about the year 1004; and it seems to have been used through the whole of the Icel. Commonwealth (till the year 1272). The oath of the Fifth (High) Court, as preserved in the Grágás, runs in the 1st pers., hefka ek fé borit í dóm þenna til liðs mér um sök þessa, ok ek monka bjóða, hefka ek fundit, ok monka ek finna, hvárki til laga né ólaga, p. 79; and again p. 81, only different as to ek hefka, ek monka (new Ed.): 3rd pers., hefirat hann fé; borit í dóm þenna ok monat hann bjóða, ok hefirat hann fundit, ok monat hann tinna, 80, 81; cp. also 82, and Nj. l. c. ch. 145, where it is interesting to observe that the author confounds the ist and 3rd persons, a sign of decay in grammatical form.

β. the Speaker (lögsögumaðr), in publicly reciting and explaining the law, and speaking in the name of the law, from the Hill of Laws (lögberg), frequently employed the old form, esp. in the legal words of command es and skal (yet seldom in plur.): erat in the dictatorial phrases, erat skyldr (skylt), non esto obligatus; erat landeigandi skyldr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 17; erat hinn skyldr, 21; yngri maðr era skyldr at fasta, 35; enda erat honum þá skylt at …, 48; erat þat sakar spell, 127; era hinn þá skyldr at lýsa, 154; erat hann framar skyldr sakráða, 216; ok erat hann skyldr at ábyrgjask þat fé, 238; ok erat hann skyldr, id.; ok erat sakar aðili ella skyldr, ii. 74; erat hinn skyldr við at taka, 142; erat manni skylt at taka búfé, 143; enda erat heimting til fjár þess, 169; era hann þá skyldr at taka við í öðru fé nema hann vili, 209; ok erat þeim skylt at tíunda fé sitt, 211; ok erat hann skyldr at gjalda tíund af því, 212; erat kirkjudrottinn þá skyldr, 228; ef hann erat landeigandi, i. 136. Skalat: skalat maðr eiga fó óborit, i. 23; skalat homum þat verða optar en um siun, 55; skalat maðr ryðja við sjálfan sik, 62; skalat hann þat svá dvelja, 68; skalat hann til véfangs ganga, 71; skalat aðilja í stefnuvætti hafa, 127; ok skala hann gjalda fyrir þat, 135; ok skalat hann með sök fara, 171; enda skalat hann fleirum baugum bœta, 199; skalat hann skilja félagit, 240; skalat hann meiri skuld eiga en, ii. 4; skalat þeim meðan á brott skipta, 5; skalat hann lögvillr verða, svá, 34; skalat hon at heldr varðveita þat fé, 59; í skalat enn sami maðr þar lengr vera, 71; ok skala honum bæta þat, 79; skalat fyl telja, 89; skalat hann banna fiskför, 123; skalat hann lóga fé því á engi veg, 158; skalat drepa þá menn, 167; skalat svá skipta manneldi, 173; skalat maðr reiðast við fjórðungi vísu, 183. Plur.: skolut menn andvitni bera ok hér á þingi, i. 68; skolut mál hans standast, 71; skolut þeir færi til vefangs ganga en, 75, etc. etc. Other instances are rare: tekrat þar fé er eigi er til (a proverb), i. 9; ok um telrat þat til sakbóta, ok of telrat þá til sakbóta ( it does not count), 178; ef hann villat ( will not) lýsa sár sitt, 51; ok ræðrat hann öðrum mönnum á hendr þann úmaga, 248; ræðrat sá sínum ómögum á hendr, ii. 18; verðrat honum at sakarspelli and verðrat honum þat at s., i. 63; verðrat honum þat at sakarvörn, 149; kömrat hann öðru við, ii. 141; þarfat hann bíða til þess, i. 70; ok skilrat hann frá aðra aura, ii. 141, i. 136. Reflexive form: kömskat hann til heimtingar um þat fé, he loses the claim to the money, ii. 180, etc. All these instances are taken from the Kb. (Ed. 1853). Remarkable is also the ambiguity in the oath of Glum (see Sir Edm. Head, Viga-Glum, pp. 102, 103, note, I. c.), who, instead of the plain common formal oath—vask-at-ek þar, vák-at-ek þar, rauðk-at-ek þar odd ok egg—said, vask at þar, vák at þar, rauðk at þar. He inverted the sense by dropping the intermediate pronominal ek between the verb and þar, and pronouncing ‒ ‒́ instead of ‒́ ⏑. It further occurs in some few proverbs: varat af vöru, sleikði um þvöru, Fs. 159; veldrat sá er varir, Nj. 61 (now commonly ekki veldr sá er v., so in Grett.); erat héra at borgnara þótt hœna beri skjöld, Fms. vii. 116; era hlums vant kvað refr, dró hörpu á ísi, 19: also in some phrases, referred to as verba ipsissima from the heathen age—erat vinum líft Ingimundar, Fs. 39; erat sjá draumr minni, Ld. 128. Thorodd employs it twice or thrice: því at ek sékk-a þess meiri þörf, because í do not see any more reason for this, Skálda 167; kannka ek til þess meiri ráð en lítil, I do not know, id.; mona ( will not) mín móna ( my mammy) við mik göra verst hjóna, 163. In sacred translations of the 12th century it occurs now and then. In the Homilies and Dialogues of Gregory the Great: monatþu í því flóði verða, thou shalt not; esa þat undarligt þótt, it is not to be wondered at; hann máttia sofna, he could not sleep; moncaþ ek banna, I shall not mind, Greg. 51, 53; vasal kall heyrt á strætum, was not, Post. 645. 84; nú mona fríðir menn hér koma, Niðrst. 623. 7. In later writers as an archaism; a few times in the Al. (MS. A. M. 519), 3, 5, 6, 44, 108; and about as many times in the MS. Eirspennill (A. M. 47, fol.) [Etymon uncertain; that at is the right form may be inferred from the assimilation in at-tu, and the anastrophe in t, though the reason for the frequent dropping of the t is still unexplained. The coincidence with the Scottish dinna, canna is quite accidental.]

n. [þing], mod. form alþing, by dropping the inflective i; the gen., however, still remains unchanged, alþingis. The parliament or general assembly of the Icel. Commonwealth, invested with the supreme legislative and judicial power, consisting of the legislative lögrétta (q. v.), and the courts, v. dómr, fimtardómr, fjórðungsdómar; v. also goði, goðorð, lügsögumaðr, lögsaga, lögberg, and many other words referring to the constitution and functions of the alþingi. It was founded by Ulfljot about A. D. 930, Ib. ch. 3; and reformed by Thord Gellir A. D. 964, who instituted the courts and carried out the political divisions of Icel. into goðorð, fjórðungar, and þing, ch. 5. In the years 1272 and 1281 the alþing, to some extent, changed its old forms, in order to comply with the new state of things. In the year 1800 it was abolished altogether. A kind of parliament, under the old name alþingi, was again established in the year 1843, and sat at Reykjavík. Before the year 930 a general assembly was held in Kjalarnes, whence it was removed under the name of alþingi to the river Öxará, near to the mountain Ármannsfell. The much-debated passage in Hænsaþ. S. ch. 14—en þingit var þá undir Ármannsfelli—therefore simply means that the events referred to happened after the removal of the Kjalarnesping. The parliament at first met on the Thursday beginning the tenth week of the summer, which fell between the 11th and the 17th of June; by a law of the year 999 its opening was deferred to the next following Thursday, between the 18th and 24th of June, old style; after the union with Norway, or after A. D. 1272 or 1281, the time of meeting was further deferred to June 29. July 2 (Vis. B. V. M.) is hence called Þing-Maríumessa. The parliament lasted for a fortnight; the last day of the session, called vápnatak, because the weapons having been laid aside during the session were again taken (cp. Engl. wapentake), thus fell on the first or second Wednesday in July. As to the rules of the alþingi, vide esp. the first chapter of the Þ. Þ. Grág. (Kb.) i. p. 38 sqq. The most eventful years in the history of the alþingi are, A. D. 930 (foundation), 964 (reform), 1000 (introduction of Christianity), 1004 (institution of the Fifth Court), 1024 (repudiation of the attempt of the king of Norway to annex Iceland), 1096 (introduction of tithes), 1117 (first codification of laws), 1262–1264 (submission to the king of Norway), 1272 and 1281 (new codes introduced). In the year 1338 there was no alþing held because of civil disturbances, eytt alþingi ok þóttu þat údærni, Ann. s. a., Grág. (Þ. Þ.) Íslend. bók, Kristni S., Njála, Sturl., Árna b. S., Ó. H. (1853), ch. 114; of modern writers, vide esp. Maurer, Entsteh. des Ísl. Staates; Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal; some of the Introductions by Jón Sigurðsson in D. I., esp. that to the Gamli Sáttmáli of the year 1262.

COMPDS: alþingisdómr, alþingisför, alþingishelgun, alþingislof, alþingismál, alþingisnefna, alþingisreið, alþingissátt, alþingissáttarhald, alþingissekt, alþingissektarhald.

(-s, -ar), m.

1) opinion, judgement (dómr um dauðan hvern);

2) judicial decision, decree, judgement, sentence; stríðr dómr, a severe judgement; réttlátr í dómum, impartial as judge; segja upp dóm, to pronounce (pass) sentence;

3) court (of judicature), the body of judges; ganga í dóm, to go into court, take one’s seat in court; setja dóm, to set the court, to let the judges take their seats; sitja í dómi, to sit in judgement or in court; nefna dóm, to nominate (appoint) the judges; sœkja mál í dóm, to prosecute a lawsuit in court; hleypa upp dómi, to break up the court by force; bera fé í dóm, to bribe the court; ryðja dóm, to challenge the court; mál ferr í dóm, a case goes into court;

4) state, condition; heiðinn dómr, heathenism; kristinn dómr, the Christian faith;

5) heilagr dómr, helgir dómar, relic, relics;

6) in compds., -dom, -head, -hood (guðdómr, Godhead, manndómr, manhood, konungdómr, kingdom, &c.).

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m. [Goth. dôms, which occurs once, but not in Ulf., who only uses the word in compds, and renders κρίσις and κριτής by siaua; A. S. dôm; Engl. doom and the termin. -dom; O. H. G. tom; known in Germ. only from the termin. - tum (-thum)].

I. a court of judgment, the body of judges, or the ‘court’ itself; the Icel. law of the Commonwealth distinguishes between several bodies of judges; in parliament there were Fjórðungs-dómar, ‘Quarter Courts,’ one for each of the political quarters of the country, Breiðfirðinga-d. or Vestfirðinga-d. for the West, Rangæinga-d. for the South, Eyfirðinga-d. or Norðlendinga-d. for the North, and Austfirðinga-d. for the East; these courts were instituted by Thord Gellir A. D. 964: at a later date a fifth High Court, called Fimtar-domr, the Fifth Court, was erected about A. D. 1004; vide Nj. ch. 98, Íb. ch. 8, Grág., esp. Þ. Þ. in the first chapters, and many passages in the Sagas, esp. Nj., Sturl.; and of mod. authors, Konrad Maurer in his essay, Die Entstehung des Icel. Staates, Ed. 1852, Dasent’s Introd. to Burnt Njal;—the treatise of Maurer is an indispensable guide in matters of the Fimtar-dómr. There are other courts on record, e. g. dyra-dómr, a court at the door of the defendant, vide Eb. ch. 18 and N. G. L.; nú skal dóm setja fyrir durum verjanda, en eigi á bak húsi; hann (viz. the plaintiff) skal setja dóm sinn eigi nær húsi en svá, at verjandi (the defender) megi setja sinn dóm milli dura ok dóms hans ok aka hlassi viðar milli dóms ok dura (vide dæma), N. G. L. i. 22: technical law-phrases as to the courts, setja dóm, to set the court, let the judges take their seats; dómar fara út, the courts ‘fare out,’ i. e. open; færa út dóm, dóma-útfærsla, i. e. the opening of the courts, Grág. i. 27,—the judges went out in a body in procession and took their seats; ryðja dóm, to challenge the court, Nj.; ganga at dómi, to go into court; nefna dóm, to name the judges (dóm-nefna); sitja í dómi, to sit in court; mál ferr í dóm, a case goes into court; hleypa upp dómi, to break up the court by force; bera fé í dóm, to bribe the court; dóms-afglapan, vide afglapan;—for all these phrases, vide Grág., Þ. Þ. in the first chapters, Nj., esp. ch. 140 sqq., Eg. ch. 57, N. G. L. i, Gþl. This sense is now almost obsolete, but it remains in the Manx demster and Scot. doomster.

II. doom, judgment, sentence, and this may be the original sense; dóms-atkvæði, dóms-orð, and dóms-uppsaga mean doom, sentence, as pronounced by the presiding judge, Nj., H. E. ii. 115, Sks. 159, Band. 6, Grág. i. 3, 83; dóma-dagr, doomsday, the day of judgment; Norna-dómr, the doom of the Norns, their weird, fate, Ýt. 23, Fm. 11; skapa-dómr, id.

β. judgment, opinion.

III. denoting state, condition, age, in words such as heiðin-dómr, Kristin-dómr, the heathen, Christian age, faith; konung-dómr, a kingdom; biskups-dómr, a bishopric, etc.; hefja ór heiðnum dómi, to lift out of heathendom, baptize, Sighvat.

2. helgir dómar, relics, Bs., H. E., Grág. ii. 165, Fms. i. 230, v. 143, Gpl. 70:—but helgidómr, Old Engl. halidom, Germ. heiligthum: leyndr d., mystery, μυστήριον of the N. T.; leynda dóma himnaríkis, Matth. xiii. 11; þenna leyndan dóm, Rom. xi. 25; sjáið, að eg segi yðr leyndan dóm, 1 Cor. xv. 51.

3. in many compds = Engl. -dom, -hood, -head; Guð-dómr, Godhead; mann-dómr, manhood,

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1) old (f. vinátta, f. mjóðr);

2) ancient; fornir menn, the men of old; f. siðr, the old (heathen) custom, religion; f. átrúnaðr, the old creed, heathenism; f. í skapi, inclined to old, or heathen, ways; hann var f. mjök, he was a great wizard; at fornu, til, forna, formerly, in times fast.

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adj. [Ulf. fairnis = παλαιός; A. S. fyrn; Hel. furn; Swed. forn; lost in Engl.]:—old; forn vinátta, Eg. 729; forn fjándskapr, old enmity, Nj. 49; forn rök, Ls. 25; fornt vín, old wine, Pr. 472; en forna fold, the old earth, Hým. 24; forn timbr, the old timbers, Akv. 42: inn forni fjándi, the old fiend, Satan, 686 C. 2; forn jötunn, the old giant, Hým. 13; fornar tóptir, old abodes. Gm. 11: stores preserved from the past year are called forn, forn mjöðr, old mead, Skm. 37; fornari hey, K. Þ. K. 163.

2. with the notion of old, worn, rotten, or the like; byrðings-segl várt hið forna, Fms. iv. 259; forn mörr, Bjarn. 29 (in a verse).

3. old, in temp. sense; in the Icel. Commonwealth the old priesthoods were called forn goðorð and forn goðorðsmaðr, an old priest, opp. to the priesthoods instituted along with the Fifth Court, which were termed ‘new.’

4. time-honoured, old; forn lög, forn lands-siðr, Bs. i. 682.

5. at fornu, formerly, in times past, Eg. 767, K. Á. 152, D. I. i. 635; til forna, id., cp. Dan. til forn.

6. in old writers forn is often used of the heathen times with the old mythical lore; forn siðr, the old ( heathen) rite, Fb. i. 215; fornir menn, the men of old, Eb. 132; á fornum skjöldum, on shields of old, Edda 87; fornar frásagnir, old tales, Hkr. pref.; forn-menn, forn-tíðindi, forn-sögur, the men, lore, or saws of the olden age, (forn-fræði, id.; forn-spjöll); forn átrúnaðr, forn trúa, the old creed, heathenism; forn-kveðit mál or hið forn-kveðna is a standing phrase for an ‘old saw,’ proverb, the Sagas passim, and vide below.

β. metaph. old, i. e. versed in old lore or witchcraft; hann var forn mjök ( he was a great wizard) ok hafði jafnan úti setið, Orkn. 234; fróð ok forn í skapi, Ísl. ii. 332, Fb. i. 250 (forneskja).

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1) payment, tribute (rare);

2) recompense, return; æ sér til gildis gjöf ( see gjald 4);

3) repute, esteem (þegar þér komist í g. við höfðingja);

4) feast banquet (þá gengu Æsir at g. sínu);

5) guild, brotherhood.

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n. [gjalda; Ulf. gild = tribute, Luke xx. 22, Mark xii. 14; A. S. gild; Hel. geld; Frank. chalta; Germ. geld = money; it remains in Old Engl. weregild]:—payment, tribute; this sense is very rare, as gjald (q. v.) is the common word; chiefly used in compds, as nef-gildi, head-tax; baug-gildi, q. v.; skatt-gildi, a tax; skulda-gildi, payment of debts, Grág. i. 302.

2. recompense; in the saying, æ sér til gildis gjöf (mod. æ sér gjöf til gjalda), Hom. 146.

3. value; al-gildi, full-g., hálf-g., whole, full, half value; ið-gilði or í-gildi, equivalence; hon er karlmanns-ígildi.

β. worth, value, esteem; the phrase, vera í miklu, litlu, engu gildi, to be in great, small, no repute; án Drottins ráða er aðstoð manns í engu minsta gildi, Pass. 9. 2: freq. in mod. usage, but rare in old writers, þegar ér komizt í gildi við höfðingja eðr kærleika, Finnb. 266.

II. a banquet, feast, [cp. Dan. gilde; so called from the fee paid?], Eg. 20 sqq., Edda 45, 57, Fb. i. 283, Gþl. 178, freq. in old poems; the poetical mead is called Gauta g., Kormak; or gildi Grjótaldar, the cheer of the Giants; gefa úlfum gildi, to feast the wolves, Lex. Poët.; to this seems to belong the passage in Vsp. 27, hvárt skyldi Æsir afrað gjalda eðr skyldi goðin öll gildi eiga, where the eiga gildi means to hold a feast, with the notion of making a league or peaceful agreement, as opp. to gjalda afrað (q. v.), to pay tribute as a badge of submission.

III. in a technical sense, a guild, throughout England and Scandinavia during the Middle Ages; the first guilds in Norway were instituted by king Olave (1066–1093), Ólafr konungr lét setja Mikla-gildi í Níðarósi, ok mörg önnur í kaupstöðum, en áðr vóru hvirfings-drykkjur ( but before there were drinking-bouts), Fms. vi. 440: the guilds were secular brotherhoods or trades’ unions (and often became political clubs); they assumed the names of saints or sacred things, as Kross-g., Cross-guild; Ólafs-g., St. Olave’s guild (in Norway); Knúts-g., St. Canute’s guild (in Denmark), and so on: in Icel. this sense rarely occurs, mælti at einhverr vildis-manna ætti at hefja gildit, Sturl. i. 20; ok var gildit at Ólafs messu hvert sumar, 23; cp. also gildis-fundr, m. a guild-meeting, mentioned in Sturl. i. 58; and gildis-bændr, m. pl. guild-franklins, guild-brothers, 23, (about the middle of the 12th century); but guilds never took root in Icel.: gildis-skáli, a, m. a guild-hall, Fms. viii. 160, ix. 22, D. N. passim: gildis-tíð, n. a guild-term, Fms. viii. 151.

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