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1 DEYJA
* * *(dey; dó, dóum; dáinn), v. to die (deyr fé, deyja frændr); hann dó af eitri, ór sárum, he died of poison, from wounds; á deyjanda degi, on one’s dying day, on one’s deathbed of a limb (dó fótleggrinn allr); of inanimate things, dáinn arfr, an inheritance left to the heir.* * *pret. dó, 2nd pers. dótt, later dóst, pl. dó, mod. dóu; part. dáinn; pres. dey, 2nd pers. deyr (in mod. familiar use deyrð): pret. subj. dæi; in the south of Icel. people say dæði, inserting a spurious ð; old poems with neg. suffix, deyr-at, dó-at; a weak pret. form deyði ( died) occurs in the Ann. 1400–1430, and was much used in biographies of later centuries, but is borrowed from Dan. döde, unclassical and unknown in the spoken tongue; Icel. always say dó: [the root is akin to dá, q. v., Gr. θάνατος, etc.; Ulf. uses a part. divans, by which he sometimes renders the Gr. θνητός, φθαρτός; undivans = αθάνατος, αφθαρτος; undivanei = αθανασία; but the Gr. θνήσκειν he renders not by divan but by ga-sviltan; Hel. uses dôjan, but rarely; the A. S. seems not to know the word, but uses sviltan, whereas in Icel. svelta means to starve, die of hanger; the Engl. perhaps borrowed the verb to die from the Scandin., whereas to starve (used by Chaucer = Germ. sterben) now means to die of hunger or cold]:—to die: deyr fé, deyja frændr, Hm. 76; hann dó af eitri, 623. 27; er þat sögn manna, af hón hafi af því dáit, Korm. 164; hann dó ór sárum, Fs. 120; þeir dó allir, Landn. 294; dó þar undir ellifu naut, Bs. i. 320; hann dó litlu síðarr, Fms. i. 108; þat áttu eptir sem erfiðast er, ok þat er at d., Nj. 56: betra er at d. með sæmð en lifa með skömm, Orkn. 28: the proverb, deyja verðr hverr inn sinn, omnes una manet nox: the allit. phrase, á deyjanda degi, Ld. 106, Grág. ii. 207, Hkr. iii. 50: eccl., dauða deyja, Gen. iii. 3, Matth. xv. 4, ‘let him die the death,’ Engl. A. V.; d. góðum, illum dauða, to die a good, bad death, etc.: it sometimes has in it a curious sense of motion, hann kaus at d. í Mælifell, Landn. 192; þeir Selþórir frændr dó í Þórisbjörg, 78; trúði at hann mundi deyja í fjallit, Eb. 7 new Ed., v. l., where it means to die (i. e. pass by death) into the fell, i. e. they believed that after death they would pass into the fell; cp. hinnig deyja ór Helju halir, Vþm. 43.β. medic. to die, of a limb, Pr. 239.γ. of inanimate things; dáinn arfr, a law phrase, a dead inheritance, i. e. left to the heir, Gþl. 263; hence dánar-fé, dánar-arfr, q. v. -
2 ÉL
from ala.* * *n., spelt iel, Edda (Kb.) 72, Fms. xi. 136; él, Hom. 109; gen. dat. pl. éla, élum; mod. élja; éljum, inserting j; [cp. Dan. iling]:—a snow-shower; the proverb, öll él linna um síðir, every ‘él’ comes to an end; él eitt mun vera, ok skyldi langt til annars slíks, Nj. 200; þá görði él mikit ok illviðri, Fms. i. 175; élum ok hreggi, x. 135, xi. 136, 137; drífu-él, Orkn. 414; meðan él dró á, 396; í éli einnar stundar, 656 B. 12; él augna (poët.), tears, Edda 72.β. metaph. a shock, uproar, Hom. 109: a hot fight, ok verðr et harðasta él, Fms. xi. 32. élja-drög, n. pl. (qs. élja-dróg, f. ?), streaks of snow-showers seen far off, etc. -
3 FEYJA
ð, in mod. usage inserting g, feygja, [cp. fúinn], to let decay, go to ruin; hann feyr (mod. feygir) hús niðr fyrir óræktar sakir, he lets the house decay, Gþl. 332. -
4 for-ellri
or foreldri, n., later forellrar, mod. foreldrar, m. pl. (inserting d); masc. foreldrar occurs Nj. 224; forellar (eliding the r), Fms. x. (Ágrip), 410, 413, 418; [Germ. vorältern]:—forefathers, elders, ancestors, in old writers always in this sense; feðr ok forellri. Stj. 240, Fms. i. 34; úlikir sínu forellri, 195; um þat bregðr mér til forellris míns, vii. 64; enir fyrri forellrar várir, Ó. H. 69; frændr ok forellrar, id.; frænda ok forellra, Fms. i. 33; sumir hans forellrar, viii. 101; faðir ok forellar, x. 418:—eccl. predecessors, H. E. i. 512. forellris-menn, m. pl. forefathers, Fms. ix. 334, Fas. i. 351, Stj. 63, 139, Barl. passim.II. in mod. usage, parents, and only in masc. pl. foreldrar; this sense occurs as early as the N. T. (vide feðgin), but is unknown to older writers. -
5 FRJÁLS
* * *a.2) free, unhindered (láta e-n fara frjálsan); eiga. e-t at frjálsu, to possess freely, without restraint.* * *adj., dat. and gen. sing. fem. and gen. pl. frjálsi, frjálsar, and frjálsa in old writers, but mod. frjálsri, frjálsrar, frjálsra, inserting r, [a contracted form from fri-hals; Ulf. freihals; O. H. G. frihals; the A. S. freols is prob. Scandin., as it is not used in old poetry: frjáls therefore properly means ‘free-necked,’ a ring round the neck being a badge of servitude; but the Icel. uses the word fri only in the compound frjáls, which is lost in Dan., though it remains in Swed. frälse and ufrälse man; the mod. Dan. and Swed. fri is borrowed from the Germ. frei, and so is the Icel. frí:—Ulf. renders ἐλευθερία by freihals, but ἐλεύθερος by freis]:—free, opp. to bondsman; frjáls er hverr er frelsi er gefit, N. G. L. i. 32; ef þræll getr barn við frjálsi konu, Grág. (Kb.) i. 224; skal þik bæta sem frjálsan mann, Nj. 57: metaph. free, unhindered, láta e-n fara frjálsan, Fms. i. 15: of property, frjálst forræði, eign, yfirráð, free, full possession, D. N. passim; skógar frjálsir af ágangi konunnga ok íllræðis-manna, Fs. 20: neut., eiga … at frjálsu, to possess freely, without restraint, Fms. xi. 211, Jb. 187, Ó. H. 92; með frjálsu, unhindered, Hrafn. 24. -
6 HÁR
* * *I)(há, hátt), a.2) tall (hár maðr vexti);3) superl. at the highest pitch; meðan hæst væri vetrar, sumars, in the depth of winter, in the height of summer;4) high, glorious; hæstu hátíðir, the highest feasts;(gen. hás, pl. háir), m. thole.n. hair (jarpr á hár).m. dog-fish.* * *1.adj., fem. há, neut. hátt, vide Gramm. p. xix; compar. hæri or hærri, superl. hæstr; hæðstr and hærstr, which are found in old printed books, are bad forms; for the inflexions, (which vary much, sometimes inserting f or v, sometimes not,) see the references below; in mod. usage the v is usually dropped, but the cases are bisyllabic, e. g. háir, háar, háa, háum, instead of the old hávir, hávar, háva, háfum or hám; the definite form in old writers is hávi or háfi, in mod. hái: [Ulf. hauhs = ὑψηλός; A. S. heah; Engl. high; O. H. G. hoh; Hel. hoh; Germ. hoch; old Frank, hag or hach; Swed. hög; Dan. höj; all of them with a final guttural, which in mod. Dan. has been changed into j; the final labial f or v, which in olden times was so freq. before a vowel, may be compared to laugh, rough, etc. in mod. Engl.; the g remains in the cognate word haugr]:—high; stiga sex álna háfan, Vm. 129; í hám fjalla-tindum, Edda 144 (pref.); á háfum fjöllum, Skálda 181; há fjöll, Getsp.; á hám gálga, Fsm. 45; á bekk hám, Akv. 2; hár bylgjur, Edda (Ht.); á borg inni há, Am. 18; á há fjalli, Gm. 17, Bs. i. 26 (in a verse); enar hæstu fjalla hæðir, Stj. 59; hár turn, Hkr. iii. 63; skaptið var eigi hæra, en …, Eg. 285 (of a spear); hátt hlaup, a high leap, i. e. from a high place, Fms. i. 166; hæri en grön er vex á hæsta fjalli, Hom. 152; hávar bárur, Gh. 13: hávar unnir, Skv. 2. 16; háfan garð, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hávu grasi, Hm. 120; but há grasi. Gm. 17; upp-háfa skúa, high boots, Fms. vii. 321: phrases, bera hæra skjöld, hlut, to carry the highest shield, lot, Fas. i. 383, Ld. 322.2. tall; hárr maðr vexti ( tall of stature), manna hæstr, very tall, Fms. i. 155; hárr maðr ok harðvaxinn, vii. 321.3. a metrical term; syllables in rhyme having the same consonants and quantity of vowels are jafn-háfar, in the same strain; kvattú svá? ‘gröm skömm’ eigi eru þær hendingar jafn háfar; ‘hrömm skömm’ þat væri jafnhátt, Fms. vi. 386.II. metaph. high, sublime, glorious; hærri tign, Fms. i. 214; enir hæstu Guðs postular, 625. 82; í hærra haldi, Fms. vii. 112; margar ræður þvílíkar eða enn hæri, or still sublimer, Sks. 635; hljóta háfan sigr, a glorious victory, Merl. 2. 69; háfan ávöxt, Mar. kv. 17; hæstu daga, hæstu hátíðir, the highest days or feasts (hátíð), Fms. x. 22.2. at the highest pitch; meðan hæstir eru stormar um vetrinn, Sks. 46; at hann væri kyrr meðan hæst væri vetrar, in the depth of winter, Fms. ix. 480; meðan hæst væri sumars, in the height of summer, Lv. 43; hátt vetrar megin, Sks.; cp. há-degi, há-vetr, há-sumar (below).3. loud; blása hátt (a trumpet), Vsp. 47; brestr hár, Fms. xi. 10, Glúm. 375; mæla hátt, to speak loud, Nj. 33; ok söng í hátt, it gave a loud sound, 83; kveða við hátt ok öskurliga, Fms. v. 164; þó þetta væri eigi hátt talat í fyrstu, ix. 250; æpa hátt, Sks. 653; hafa hátt, to make a noise; cp. gráta hástöfum (below), há-vaði (below); hón verðr há við, she became clamorous, excited, Ísl. ii. 350; hlæja hátt, to laugh loud, Skv. 2. 15.III. a mythol. pr. name, both Hár and Hávi, Edda; Hávi and Hár are names of Odin the High, whence Háva-mál, n. pl. the name of a poem, the Sayings of the High.2. prefixed in the pr. names Há-kon, Há-leygr, Há-rekr, Há-mundr, Há-steinn, Há-varðr, Há-varr; and in local names, Háfa-fell, etc.IV. neut. as adverb; geisa hátt, Edda 146 (pref.); skín hann nú því hærra, Fms. v. 241; unna e-m hærra en öðrum, to love one higher (more) than another, Sturl. i. 198; taka e-n hátt, to make much of one, Bs. i. 727; stökkva hátt, to make a high leap, look high, Fær. 57; sitja skör hærra en aðrir, a step higher, Fms. i. 7.B. COMPDS: háaltari, hábakki, hábakkaflæðr, hábeinn, hábjarg, hábogaðr, háborð, hábrók, hábrókan, hábrókask, hádegi, hádegisskeið, háeyrr, háfeti, háfjall, háflæðr, háfæta, háfættr, háhestr, hákirkja, háleggr, háleikr, háleitliga, háleitligr, háleitr, háliga, háligr, hálimar, hámessa, hámessumál, hámælgi, hámæli, hámæltr, hánefjaðr, hánefr, hápallr, háreysti, háreystr, hásalir, hásegl, háseymdr, háskeptr, háskóli, hástaðr, hástafir, hásteint, hástigi, hásumar, hásumartími, hásæti, hásætisborð, hásætiskista, hásætismaðr, hásætisstóll, hátalaðr, hátimbra, hátíð, hátíðaraptan, hátíðardagr, hátíðarhald, hátíðisdagr, hátíðiskveld, hátíðliga, hátíðligr, hávaði, hávaðamaðr, hávaðamikill, hávaðasamr, hávarr, háværr, háværð, hávegir, hávella, hávetr, hávetri.2.mod. háfr, m. [Germ. hai], a dog-fish, squalus acanthius, Skálda 162. In compds há- marks fish of the shark kind, as há-karl (q. v.), a shark, carcharias, Ann.: há-kerling, f. = hákarl: há-meri, f. squalus glaucus: há-mús, f. chimaera monstrosa, Linn.; also called geirnyt, Eggert Itin. 360: há-skerðingr, m. = hákarl, Edda (Gl.), Grág. ii. 337, 359, Pm. 69: háskerðinga-lýsi, n. shark’s oil, H. E. i. 395: háfs-roð, n. shark’s skin, shagreen.3.m., acc. há, pl. háir, a thole, Am. 35, Grett. 125, Fas. i. 215, Þiðr. 313; whence há-benda, u, f. = hamla, q. v.; há-borur, f. pl., q. v.; há-reiðar, f. pl. rowlocks, prop. ‘thole-gear,’ synonymous with hamla; inn féll (sjór) um söxin ok háreiðarnar, Sturl. iii. 66, (Cd. Brit. Mus., Cd. Arna-Magn. háborurnar); leggja árar í háreiðar, to lay the oars in the rowlocks, Fms. xi. 70 (v. 1. to hömlur), 101, x. 285; lágu þar árar í háreiðum, Eg. 360 (v. l. to hömlu-böndum), Lex. Poët.: há-seti, a, m. a ‘ thole-sitter,’ oarsman, opp. to the captain or helmsman, Grág. i. 90, N. G. L. i. 98, Landn. 44, Fbr. 62 new Ed., Fms. vi. 239, 246: há-stokkar, m. pl. the gunwale, Bs. i. 385, 390.β. in poetry a ship is called há-dýr, n., há-sleipnir, m. the horse of rowlocks.4.n. [A. S. hær; Engl. hair; Germ. har; Dan.-Swed. hår; Lat. caesaries]:— hair, including both Lat. crines and capilli, Skálda 162, Nj. 2, Sks. 288; fara ór hárum, to change the hair, of beasts, passim; eitt hár hvítt eðr svart, Matth. v. 36; höfuð-hár, the hair of the head; lík-hár, the hair on the body, breast, or hands of men, opp. to the head; úlfalda-hár, iii. 4; hross-hár, horse-hair; hunds-hár, kattar-hár.COMPDS: háralag, hárslitr.☞ For the hair of women, see Nj. ch. 1, 78, 117, Landn. 2, ch. 30, Edda 21, passim; of men, Nj. ch. 121, Ld. ch. 63, and passim. -
7 HVERFA
* * *I)(hverf; hvarf, hurfum; horfinn), v.1) to have a circular or rotatory motion, turn round (himinn hverfr);with acc. of the place, himin hverfa þau skulu hverjan dag, they shall wheel round the heaven every day, of the sun and moon;2) to be lost to sight (hverfa at sýn); to disappear, vanish (hverfa af himni heiðar stjörnur);e-m hverfr e-t, one loses a thing (Mávi hurfu sauðir nökkurir);síðan hvarf hann þeim, he vanished out of their sight;3) with preps. and advs.:hverfa af at gera e-t, to leave off doing a thing;hverfa aptr, to turn back, return;aptr hverfr lygi, þá er sönnu mœtir, a lie recoils before the truth;hverfa at e-m, to throng around one (þá hurfu þegar at honum allir ok fögnuðu honum);hverfa at e-u, to turn to, to adopt (hverfa at e-u ráði);hverfa brott, to disappear;hverfa eptir e-m, to follow one;hverfa frá e-u, to turn away from;gørðu-t far festa, áðr þeir frá hyrfi, they did not moor the boat before they turned away; to leave off (nú skal þar til taka, sem fyrr var frá horfit);hverfa í sundr, to part;hverfa til e-s, to turn (go) to one, or to a place (hlæjandi Guðrún hvarf til skemmu); esp. to go to one and take leave (Gunnar hverfr til allra manna, er hann er búinn); to fall to one’s lot, accrue to one (þótti stór heill til hans horfit hafa);hverfa um e-t, to encircle, surround (hverfa um hodd goða);hverfa undan e-m, to be withdrawn from, lost to one (hvarf ríki í Noregi undan Dana konungum);4) horfinn, pp.(-ða, -ðr), v.1) to turn a thing (in a certain direction);hverfa e-m hugi (acc. pl.), to change a person’s mind;2) hverfa e-u um e-t, to enclose with a thing;vera hverfðr útan um e-t, to encircle a thing.* * *pret. hvarf, pl. hurfu; subj. hyrfi; part, horfinn; in mod. pronunciation inserting the v throughout, hvurfu, hvyrfi, hvorfinn; akin to horfa, q. v.: [Ulf. hwairban = περιπατειν; A. S. hweorfan; O. H. G. hwerban; Germ. werben]:— to turn round; hverfanda hvel, Hm. 73 (see hvel); nú mátt þú engi veg þess hverfa ( thou canst turn to no side) at Guðs miskunn sé ekki fyrir þér, Hom. 156; h. í móðurátt, föðurátt, to devolve upon, of right or duty, Grág. i. 177, 237; hafa horfit í Guðdóm, 625. 59; hverfa af lífi, to depart from life, die, Stor. 10: with acc. of place, himin hverfa þau skulu hverjan dag, they shall pass round the heaven every day, of the sun and moon, Vþm. 23.2. with prep.; h. aptr, to turn back, return, Fms. vii. 298, x. 231, Stj. 606, Hom. 98; to recoil, aptr hverfr lygi þá er sönnu mætir, a lie recoils before the truth, Bs. i. 639; h. aptr til sin, to recover one’s senses, Mar.; hurfu at því ráði allir þrændir, all the Th. turned that way, took that part, Fms. i. 18, vii. 206; þá hurfu menn þegar at honum, thronged around him, xi. 193: h. af, to leave off; þá hvarf af Pálnatóka þyngd öll, i. e. P. recovered, Fms. xi. 69; þegar er þú vilt af h. at unna Ólafi, Hkr. ii. 322. h. frá e-u, to turn from, cut short, leave off; þar var fyrr frá horfit Konunga-tali, Fms. i. 139; nú verðr þess at geta er ver hurfum frá, Rd. 171 (of episodes in a story); taka þar til er hinn hvarf frá, Grág. i. 139; áðr frá hyrfi, áðr sundr hyrfi, before they parted, Am. 34, 35: h. eptir, to follow; frændr hans ok vinir þeir er eptir honum hurfu, Fms. iv. 287; eptir honum hurfu margir menn, Ver. 47: h. með e-m, to turn with one, follow, Grág. i. 8, 9; þá hurfu saman fjórir tigir, gathered together, 655 xvi. B. 4: h. til e-s, to turn towards a place, Hým. 17, Gh. 7; to turn to one and take leave, Fms. vii. 224, Am. 44: h. undan, to be withdrawn, lost; hvarf ríki í Noregi undan Dana-konungum, Fms. xi. 183; þat ríki er undan var horfit, 42: h. um, to encircle, surround, (um-hverfis = all around); innan garðs þess er hverfr um akr eða eng, Gþl. 136; þær hverfa um hodd goða, Gm. 27.II. metaph. to turn out of sight, disappear, be lost, stolen, or the like; maðrinn hvarf þar, there the man was lost from sight, Nj. 95, 275; stjörnur hverfa af himni, Vsp. 57: to disappear, skip hvarf, Landn. 305; ef skip hverfr, Grág. 1. 215; hverfi féit or hirzlu hans, 401; motrinn var horfinn ( stolen), Ld. 206; Steinólfi hurfu (St. lost) svín þrjú, Landn. 126; Ingimundi hurfu svín tíu, 177; see hvarf.III. part. horfinn: 1. surrounded; björn horfinn i híði, much the same as híðbjörn (see híð), Gþl. 444; horfinn foldar beinum, Ýt. 19; bærinn var h. mönnum, surrounded by men, Sturl. ii. 144, Orkn. 112.β. vera vel vinum horfinn, to be well backed by friends, Nj. 268; vel um horfit ( in good condition), þar stóð naust ok var vel um horfit, Háv. 48; whence the mod. phrase, vel um-horfs, in a good state.2. abandoned, forsaken; heillum horfinn, forsaken by luck (horfin-heilla), Fs. 48; héraði horfinn, bereft of a dwelling in the district, Sturl. iii. 255; sok horfinn, having lost the suit, Nj. 234; mun bann eigi horfinn heimsóknum við mik, he has not left off attacking me, Sturl. iii. 228; eigi ertú enn horfinn í fyrirsátunum við mik, Þórð. 41 new Ed.; þögn horfinn, bereft of silence, i. e. noisy, Gs. 3. -
8 SJÚGA
* * ** * *or better súga, Stj. 270, cp. lúka for ljúka, but in mod. usage inserting a j; pres. sýgr; pret. saug, saugt (mod. saugst), saug, pl. sugu; subj. sygi; part. soginn; a pret. só, Landn. 235, Fs. 176; 2nd pers. sótt, Hom. (St.); cp. smó, ló, from smjúga, ljúga: [A. S. sûcan; Engl. suck; Germ. saügen; Dan. suge; Lat. sugere]:—to suck; sæll er sá kviðr es þik bar ok þat brjóst es þú sótt, Hom. (St.); sveinninn saug hana dauða, Fs. 144 (só hana dauða, 176 l. c.); var björninn at ok só ór þeim blóðit, Landn. l. c.; þær hafa pípu með hverri þær súga, Stj. 270; þeir átu safa ok sugu birkju-við, Fms. viii. 33; þú hefir opt sár sogin, Hkv. 1. 36; s. brjóst konu, Mar.; lík öldum kálfi sál mín saug, Hallgr.; sýg ek ór söltum ægi sylg, Fms. vi. (in a verse); þar saug Níðhöggr nái fram-gengna, Vsp.
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