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  • 21 промышленные инновации

    Research and development: industrial innovation

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > промышленные инновации

  • 22 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 23 dinámico

    adj.
    dynamic, energetic.
    * * *
    1 dynamic
    * * *
    (f. - dinámica)
    adj.
    * * *
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo dynamic
    * * *
    = aggressive, dynamic, brisk [brisker -comp., briskest -sup.], fluid, proactive [pro-active], time-dependent, organic, dynamical, time-variant, vibrant, breezy [breezier -comp., breeziest -sup.], spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], fast and furious, energetic.
    Ex. During his tenure, OSU was recognized for the aggressive approach the library staff adopted with respect to publicizing OSU's many bibliographical services and encouraging patrons' use of them.
    Ex. A data base must respond to a dynamic reality in which terms, 'strain, crack and sometimes break under the burden, under the tension, slip, slide, perish, decay with imprecision, will not stay in place, will not stay still'.
    Ex. The classic example quoted by Jourard is the brisk, super-efficient nurse, whose manner appears to be something that she puts on when she dons her uniform.
    Ex. Literary language is vital, shifting, fluid; it looks constantly for new structures, new combinations that create new meanings.
    Ex. Compiling information of this nature requires a proactive and not a reactive approach to the task.
    Ex. This paper studies time-dependent (dynamical) aspects of scientific activities, as expressed in research publications.
    Ex. Innovation in organisations is a continuous and organic process.
    Ex. This paper studies time-dependent ( dynamical) aspects of scientific activities, as expressed in research publications.
    Ex. A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, nonvolatile collection of data in support of management's decision making process.
    Ex. All these issues were successfully addressed by rearranging study, reference, and stack areas and enclosing a small office to create a more vibrant, reference oriented library environment.
    Ex. This knowing sequel to the breezy glamor of 'Ocean's Eleven' provides more thieves, more heists, more twists, more locations, and more playfulness than the original.
    Ex. A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex. He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex. The pace was fast and furious and the noise was non-stop.
    Ex. She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    ----
    * dinámica de trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * dinámica social = social dynamics.
    * entrar en la dinámica = enter + the fray.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo dynamic
    * * *
    = aggressive, dynamic, brisk [brisker -comp., briskest -sup.], fluid, proactive [pro-active], time-dependent, organic, dynamical, time-variant, vibrant, breezy [breezier -comp., breeziest -sup.], spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], fast and furious, energetic.

    Ex: During his tenure, OSU was recognized for the aggressive approach the library staff adopted with respect to publicizing OSU's many bibliographical services and encouraging patrons' use of them.

    Ex: A data base must respond to a dynamic reality in which terms, 'strain, crack and sometimes break under the burden, under the tension, slip, slide, perish, decay with imprecision, will not stay in place, will not stay still'.
    Ex: The classic example quoted by Jourard is the brisk, super-efficient nurse, whose manner appears to be something that she puts on when she dons her uniform.
    Ex: Literary language is vital, shifting, fluid; it looks constantly for new structures, new combinations that create new meanings.
    Ex: Compiling information of this nature requires a proactive and not a reactive approach to the task.
    Ex: This paper studies time-dependent (dynamical) aspects of scientific activities, as expressed in research publications.
    Ex: Innovation in organisations is a continuous and organic process.
    Ex: This paper studies time-dependent ( dynamical) aspects of scientific activities, as expressed in research publications.
    Ex: A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, nonvolatile collection of data in support of management's decision making process.
    Ex: All these issues were successfully addressed by rearranging study, reference, and stack areas and enclosing a small office to create a more vibrant, reference oriented library environment.
    Ex: This knowing sequel to the breezy glamor of 'Ocean's Eleven' provides more thieves, more heists, more twists, more locations, and more playfulness than the original.
    Ex: A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex: He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex: The pace was fast and furious and the noise was non-stop.
    Ex: She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    * dinámica de trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * dinámica social = social dynamics.
    * entrar en la dinámica = enter + the fray.

    * * *
    dynamic
    * * *

    dinámico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    dynamic
    dinámico,-a adjetivo dynamic

    ' dinámico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dinámica
    English:
    aggressive
    - brisk
    - dynamic
    - breezy
    - high
    - spry
    * * *
    dinámico, -a adj
    1. [del movimiento, la dinámica] dynamic
    2. [activo] dynamic;
    necesitamos ejecutivos dinámicos y emprendedores we need dynamic and enterprising executives
    * * *
    adj fig
    dynamic
    * * *
    dinámico, -ca adj
    : dynamic
    * * *
    dinámico adj dynamic

    Spanish-English dictionary > dinámico

  • 24 poner en duda

    (v.) = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, cast + doubt on, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on
    Ex. The only difference is the cataloger doesn't have to sit down and challenge himself, select one entry over the other, and say that this person is more responsible than another person for the work.
    Ex. A small but signifiant portion of the scientific literature is being flawed by the appearance of fraudulently produced research.
    Ex. If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex. Poor standards of cataloguing in the past render many examples of retrospective music bibliography suspect.
    Ex. It is a source of innovation and strength, but it blurs traditional distinctions and can unsettle professional convictions.
    Ex. His article casts doubt on the future of local technical libraries in the new economic climate.
    Ex. Because enumerative bibliography was not always the well organized craft it has now become many retrospective bibliographies produced in former times must be regarded with suspicion.
    Ex. Significant changes made in many libraries because of limited funds now put in doubt the long-term value of the report.
    Ex. Some of the work discussed in chapter 28 may seem to call into question the value of this research.
    Ex. The overlap between the top titles in periodical lists ranked in order of use is so low that the inconsistency sheds doubt on the value of such lists.
    Ex. In this culture, girls must be virgins at marriage & must not demonstrate overt pleasure at the beginning of the marriage lest their virginity be thrown into doubt.
    Ex. Such low figures throw doubt on the applicability of US findings to the UK situation.
    * * *
    (v.) = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, cast + doubt on, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on

    Ex: The only difference is the cataloger doesn't have to sit down and challenge himself, select one entry over the other, and say that this person is more responsible than another person for the work.

    Ex: A small but signifiant portion of the scientific literature is being flawed by the appearance of fraudulently produced research.
    Ex: If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex: Poor standards of cataloguing in the past render many examples of retrospective music bibliography suspect.
    Ex: It is a source of innovation and strength, but it blurs traditional distinctions and can unsettle professional convictions.
    Ex: His article casts doubt on the future of local technical libraries in the new economic climate.
    Ex: Because enumerative bibliography was not always the well organized craft it has now become many retrospective bibliographies produced in former times must be regarded with suspicion.
    Ex: Significant changes made in many libraries because of limited funds now put in doubt the long-term value of the report.
    Ex: Some of the work discussed in chapter 28 may seem to call into question the value of this research.
    Ex: The overlap between the top titles in periodical lists ranked in order of use is so low that the inconsistency sheds doubt on the value of such lists.
    Ex: In this culture, girls must be virgins at marriage & must not demonstrate overt pleasure at the beginning of the marriage lest their virginity be thrown into doubt.
    Ex: Such low figures throw doubt on the applicability of US findings to the UK situation.

    Spanish-English dictionary > poner en duda

  • 25 contratiempo

    m.
    1 mishap (accidente).
    2 setback, set-back, difficulty, mishap.
    * * *
    1 (contrariedad) setback, hitch; (accidente) mishap
    \
    a contratiempo MÚSICA on the offbeat
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=revés) setback, reverse; (=accidente) mishap, accident
    2) (Mús)
    * * *
    masculino ( problema) setback, hitch; ( accidente) mishap

    sufrir or tener un contratiempo — to have a setback/a mishap

    * * *
    = mishap, setback, adversity, misfortune, hiccup, mischance, problem, misadventure.
    Ex. The operations staff makes special backup copies of the catalogs in the network, reconstructs the files in case of a serious mishap, enters new system logon names, assigns authorization levels, and so forth.
    Ex. This article traces the beginning of library automation in Denmark, outlining the plans and setbacks which were experienced.
    Ex. But adversity is fertile ground for innovation, and for this reason librarians should consider adopting from the entrepreneurial model.
    Ex. The economic misfortunes of the decade had removed much of the opposition to the working classes using public libraries.
    Ex. The book 'The Last Hiccup of the Old Demographic Regime' examines the impact of epidemics and disease on population growth in the late seventeenth century.
    Ex. Lawyers find it problematic to consult psychologists, partly because psychological research may turn up unfavorable data through sheer mischance, eg, an invalid sample.
    Ex. When the cataloguer turns to the description of a piece of music a common problem will be the absence of a title page to be used as the chief source of information.
    Ex. This is a wholly truthful account of her various discoveries and misadventures recounted, to the best of her recollection, in four parts.
    ----
    * contratiempos = pitfalls and potholes.
    * sin contratiempos = smoothly.
    * si no hay ningún contratiempo = all being well.
    * sufrir un contratiempo = suffer + bruises.
    * * *
    masculino ( problema) setback, hitch; ( accidente) mishap

    sufrir or tener un contratiempo — to have a setback/a mishap

    * * *
    = mishap, setback, adversity, misfortune, hiccup, mischance, problem, misadventure.

    Ex: The operations staff makes special backup copies of the catalogs in the network, reconstructs the files in case of a serious mishap, enters new system logon names, assigns authorization levels, and so forth.

    Ex: This article traces the beginning of library automation in Denmark, outlining the plans and setbacks which were experienced.
    Ex: But adversity is fertile ground for innovation, and for this reason librarians should consider adopting from the entrepreneurial model.
    Ex: The economic misfortunes of the decade had removed much of the opposition to the working classes using public libraries.
    Ex: The book 'The Last Hiccup of the Old Demographic Regime' examines the impact of epidemics and disease on population growth in the late seventeenth century.
    Ex: Lawyers find it problematic to consult psychologists, partly because psychological research may turn up unfavorable data through sheer mischance, eg, an invalid sample.
    Ex: When the cataloguer turns to the description of a piece of music a common problem will be the absence of a title page to be used as the chief source of information.
    Ex: This is a wholly truthful account of her various discoveries and misadventures recounted, to the best of her recollection, in four parts.
    * contratiempos = pitfalls and potholes.
    * sin contratiempos = smoothly.
    * si no hay ningún contratiempo = all being well.
    * sufrir un contratiempo = suffer + bruises.

    * * *
    (problema) setback, hitch; (accidente) mishap
    sufrimos or tuvimos un pequeño contratiempo en el camino we had a little mishap on the way
    * * *

    contratiempo sustantivo masculino ( problema) setback, hitch;
    ( accidente) mishap;
    sufrir or tener un contratiempo to have a setback/a mishap
    contratiempo sustantivo masculino setback, hitch
    ' contratiempo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    golpe
    - tropiezo
    - varapalo
    - complicación
    - faena
    - percance
    - revés
    English:
    hang on
    - hang-up
    - hiccough
    - hiccup
    - hitch
    - mishap
    - setback
    - upset
    * * *
    [accidente] mishap; [dificultad] setback;
    me ha surgido un contratiempo y no voy a poder acudir a problem has come up and I won't be able to attend;
    el fallo judicial supone un enorme contratiempo the court's ruling means an enormous setback
    * * *
    m setback, hitch
    * * *
    1) percance: mishap, accident
    2) dificultad: setback, difficulty
    * * *
    1. (revés) setback
    2. (accidente) problem

    Spanish-English dictionary > contratiempo

  • 26 gerifalte

    m.
    1 gerfalcon (ave).
    2 bigwig (person).
    * * *
    1 (ave) gerfalcon, gyrfalcon
    \
    estar como un gerifalte / vivir como un gerifalte to live like a lord
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=persona) important person, bigwig *

    estar o vivir como un gerifalte — to live like a king o lord

    2) (=ave) gerfalcon
    * * *
    1) (Zool) gyrfalcon
    2) ( persona importante) bigwig (colloq)
    * * *
    = honcho, head honcho, boss [bosses, -pl.], chief honcho, gaffer.
    Ex. Of course, no one but a few honchos at IBM and Oracle know the real answer.
    Ex. Only 17 percent of head honchos say research and development (R&D) drives innovation in their business, a new study has found.
    Ex. The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.
    Ex. 'We should be more sympathetic and persuasive with the chief honchos'.
    Ex. Watford gaffer believes his team's home games hold the key to their ability to survive in the Premiership.
    * * *
    1) (Zool) gyrfalcon
    2) ( persona importante) bigwig (colloq)
    * * *
    = honcho, head honcho, boss [bosses, -pl.], chief honcho, gaffer.

    Ex: Of course, no one but a few honchos at IBM and Oracle know the real answer.

    Ex: Only 17 percent of head honchos say research and development (R&D) drives innovation in their business, a new study has found.
    Ex: The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.
    Ex: 'We should be more sympathetic and persuasive with the chief honchos'.
    Ex: Watford gaffer believes his team's home games hold the key to their ability to survive in the Premiership.

    * * *
    A ( Zool) gyrfalcon
    * * *
    1. [ave] gyrfalcon
    2. Fam [persona] bigwig
    * * *
    m ZO gyrfalcon; fam
    bigwig fam

    Spanish-English dictionary > gerifalte

  • 27 información científica y técnica

    Ex. The importance of scientific and technical information (STI) to the research and development (R&D) and technological innovation processes is generally recognized.
    * * *

    Ex: The importance of scientific and technical information (STI) to the research and development (R&D) and technological innovation processes is generally recognized.

    Spanish-English dictionary > información científica y técnica

  • 28 jefe

    adj.
    chief, top.
    m.
    1 boss, principal, chief, manager.
    2 chief, chieftain, leader, ringleader.
    3 boss, woman in charge, headwoman, top woman.
    4 boss.
    * * *
    nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 boss, head, chief
    2 COMERCIO (hombre) manager; (mujer) manageress
    3 PLÍTICA leader
    4 MILITAR officer in command
    interjección ¡jefe!
    1 familiar waiter!
    1 familiar the old lady, the wife
    \
    jefe de estación station master
    jefe de Estado Head of State
    jefe de Estado Mayor Chief of Staff
    jefe de redacción editor in chief
    jefe de ventas sales manager
    jefe supremo commander-in-chief
    * * *
    (f. - jefa)
    noun
    1) boss
    2) head
    * * *
    jefe, -a
    SM / F
    1) (=superior) boss; (=director) head; (Pol) leader; (Com) manager; (Mil) officer in command; [de tribu] chief

    ¿quién es el jefe aquí? — who's in charge around here?

    jefe/a civil — Caribe registrar

    jefe/a de almacén — warehouse manager/manageress

    jefe/a de bomberos — fire chief, chief fire officer

    jefe/a de cabina — (Aer) chief steward/stewardess

    jefe/a de camareros — head waiter/waitress

    jefe/a de cocina — head chef

    jefe/a de equipo — team leader

    jefe/a de estación — station master, station manager

    jefe/a de estado — head of state

    jefe/a de estado mayor — chief of staff

    jefe/a de estudios — (Escol) director of studies

    jefe/a de filas — (Pol) party leader

    jefe/a de máquinas — (Náut) chief engineer

    jefe/a de márketing — marketing manager

    jefe/a de obras — site manager

    jefe/a de oficina — office manager/manageress

    jefe/a de personal — personnel manager

    jefe/a de pista — ringmaster

    jefe/a de plató — (Cine, TV) floor manager

    jefe/a de producción — production manager

    jefe/a de protocolo — chief of protocol

    jefe/a de realización — (Cine, TV) production manager

    jefe/a de redacción — editor-in-chief

    jefe/a de sala — head waiter/waitress

    jefe/a de taller — foreman

    jefe/a de tren — guard, conductor (EEUU)

    jefe/a de ventas — sales manager

    jefe/a ejecutivo/a — chief executive

    jefe/a supremo/a — commander-in-chief

    2) [como apelativo]

    ¡oiga jefe! — hey!, mate! *

    sí, mi jefe — esp LAm yes, sir o boss

    * * *
    - fa masculino, femenino, jefe masculino y femenino
    a) ( superior) boss
    b) ( de empresa) manager; ( de sección) head; ( de tribu) chief
    c) (Pol) leader
    d) ( como apelativo) buddy (AmE colloq), mate (BrE colloq)
    e) jefes masculino plural (fam) ( padres) folks (pl) (colloq)
    * * *
    = boss [bosses, -pl.], chief, employer, chief honcho, top official, top position, head honcho, honcho, gaffer, leader.
    Ex. The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.
    Ex. He subsequently served as chief of that Division, chief of the Serial Record Division, Assistant Director for Cataloging of the Processing Department, Director of the Processing Department, and Assistant Librarian of Processing Services.
    Ex. But we have an obligation to these students, to their future employers and colleagues, to society in general and to ourselves to ensure that our 'processing' makes an important difference.
    Ex. 'We should be more sympathetic and persuasive with the chief honchos'.
    Ex. Some who felt that many of the top officials in libraries and professional organizations were men.
    Ex. In spite of the preponderance of women in the profession 44 of 61 top positions are held by men.
    Ex. Only 17 percent of head honchos say research and development (R&D) drives innovation in their business, a new study has found.
    Ex. Of course, no one but a few honchos at IBM and Oracle know the real answer.
    Ex. Watford gaffer believes his team's home games hold the key to their ability to survive in the Premiership.
    Ex. The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.
    ----
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * editor jefe = editor-in-chief.
    * jefa de oficina de correos = postmistress.
    * jefe de cocina = chef.
    * jefe de escuadrón = squadron leader.
    * jefe de espías = spymaster.
    * jefe de estado = head of state, chief of state.
    * jefe de facturación = billing clerk.
    * jefe de la tribu = tribal chief.
    * jefe del estado mayor = Chief of Staff.
    * jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).
    * jefe de los servicios de información = chief information officer (CIO).
    * jefe del servicio de catalogación = cataloguing head.
    * jefe del servicio de referencia = reference head.
    * jefe de milicia = warlord.
    * jefe de oficina = office manager.
    * jefe de oficina de correos = postmaster.
    * jefe de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer, staff manager.
    * jefe de personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * jefe de policía = chief constable, police chief.
    * jefe de prensa = press officer.
    * jefe de recursos humanos = human resource manager.
    * jefe de sección = section head.
    * jefe de taller = overseer.
    * jefe militar = army official, army officer.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * ser el jefe = be in charge, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * * *
    - fa masculino, femenino, jefe masculino y femenino
    a) ( superior) boss
    b) ( de empresa) manager; ( de sección) head; ( de tribu) chief
    c) (Pol) leader
    d) ( como apelativo) buddy (AmE colloq), mate (BrE colloq)
    e) jefes masculino plural (fam) ( padres) folks (pl) (colloq)
    * * *
    = boss [bosses, -pl.], chief, employer, chief honcho, top official, top position, head honcho, honcho, gaffer, leader.

    Ex: The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.

    Ex: He subsequently served as chief of that Division, chief of the Serial Record Division, Assistant Director for Cataloging of the Processing Department, Director of the Processing Department, and Assistant Librarian of Processing Services.
    Ex: But we have an obligation to these students, to their future employers and colleagues, to society in general and to ourselves to ensure that our 'processing' makes an important difference.
    Ex: 'We should be more sympathetic and persuasive with the chief honchos'.
    Ex: Some who felt that many of the top officials in libraries and professional organizations were men.
    Ex: In spite of the preponderance of women in the profession 44 of 61 top positions are held by men.
    Ex: Only 17 percent of head honchos say research and development (R&D) drives innovation in their business, a new study has found.
    Ex: Of course, no one but a few honchos at IBM and Oracle know the real answer.
    Ex: Watford gaffer believes his team's home games hold the key to their ability to survive in the Premiership.
    Ex: The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * editor jefe = editor-in-chief.
    * jefa de oficina de correos = postmistress.
    * jefe de cocina = chef.
    * jefe de escuadrón = squadron leader.
    * jefe de espías = spymaster.
    * jefe de estado = head of state, chief of state.
    * jefe de facturación = billing clerk.
    * jefe de la tribu = tribal chief.
    * jefe del estado mayor = Chief of Staff.
    * jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).
    * jefe de los servicios de información = chief information officer (CIO).
    * jefe del servicio de catalogación = cataloguing head.
    * jefe del servicio de referencia = reference head.
    * jefe de milicia = warlord.
    * jefe de oficina = office manager.
    * jefe de oficina de correos = postmaster.
    * jefe de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer, staff manager.
    * jefe de personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * jefe de policía = chief constable, police chief.
    * jefe de prensa = press officer.
    * jefe de recursos humanos = human resource manager.
    * jefe de sección = section head.
    * jefe de taller = overseer.
    * jefe militar = army official, army officer.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * ser el jefe = be in charge, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

    * * *
    jefe -fa
    masculine, feminine
    1 (superior) boss
    aquí el jefe soy yo I'm the boss here, I'm in charge here
    2 (de una sección, un departamento) head
    4 (de un partido, una banda) leader
    5 (como apelativo) buddy ( AmE colloq), mate ( BrE colloq), guv ( BrE colloq dated)
    6 jefes mpl ( fam) (padres) folks (pl) ( colloq), parents (pl)
    Compuestos:
    jefe/jefa de bomberos
    fire chief
    jefe/jefa de cocina
    chef
    jefe/jefa de departamento
    head of department
    jefe/jefa de estación
    stationmaster
    jefe/jefa de Estado
    head of state
    jefe/jefa de Estado Mayor
    Chief of Staff
    jefe/jefa de estudios
    director of studies
    jefe/jefa de filas
    group leader
    jefe/jefa de gobierno
    (primer ministro) prime minister; (presidente) president
    jefe/jefa de la guerrilla
    guerrilla leader
    jefe/jefa de la oposición
    leader of the opposition
    jefe/jefa de la policía
    chief of police
    jefe/jefa de los espías
    spymaster
    jefe/jefa de máquinas
    chief engineer
    jefe/jefa de negociado
    head of section, head of department
    jefe/jefa de oficina
    chief clerk, office manager
    jefe/jefa de personal
    personnel manager
    jefe/jefa de planta
    floor manager
    jefe/jefa de producción
    production manager
    jefe/jefa de producto
    product manager
    jefe/jefa de redacción
    editor-in-chief
    jefe/jefa de sección
    section head
    jefe/jefa de seguridad
    chief of security
    jefe/jefa de taller
    supervisor, foreman
    jefe/jefa de tren
    head conductor, train manager ( BrE)
    jefe/jefa de ventas
    sales manager
    * * *

     

    jefe
    ◊ -fa sustantivo masculino, femenino, jefe sustantivo masculino y femenino

    a) ( superior) boss;


    jefe de personal/ventas personnel/sales manager;
    jefe de redacción editor-in-chief

    ( de sección) head;
    ( de tribu) chief
    c) (Pol) leader;

    jefe de Estado/gobierno head of state/government

    jefe,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino
    1 boss
    Com manager
    jefe de estación, station master
    jefe de informativos, news editor
    jefe de personal, personnel manager
    jefe de redacción, editor-in-chief
    jefe de ventas, sales manager
    2 (líder) leader: es el jefe de la tribu, he's the chief of the tribe
    jefe de Estado, Head of State
    3 Mil comandante en jefe, commander-in-chief
    ' jefe' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arder
    - bailar
    - bebida
    - cabestro
    - congraciarse
    - definitivamente
    - encima
    - faltar
    - gastar
    - gusano
    - jefa
    - mondarse
    - patrón
    - patrona
    - patrono
    - quemada
    - quemado
    - redactor
    - redactora
    - sapo
    - sheriff
    - tal
    - trinar
    - abajo
    - canciller
    - citar
    - comandante
    - condición
    - enfermero
    - facultar
    - mandar
    - pensar
    - plantear
    - quedar
    - rabiar
    - robar
    - salir
    - ver
    English:
    absence
    - abuse
    - anybody
    - approachable
    - around
    - ask for
    - bluster
    - boss
    - busywork
    - by
    - by-product
    - chancellor
    - chief
    - chieftain
    - clear
    - comeback
    - cow
    - deal with
    - departmental
    - deputy
    - discount
    - doormat
    - edit
    - even
    - expect
    - forceful
    - foreman
    - forge
    - frustrated
    - grievance
    - guard
    - head
    - higher-up
    - imagine
    - in
    - initially
    - leader
    - manager
    - marshal
    - mate
    - of
    - pass over
    - pat
    - pool
    - postmaster
    - promise
    - Secretary of State
    - sister
    - staff nurse
    - take over
    * * *
    jefe, -a nm,f
    1. [persona al mando] boss;
    [de empresa] manager, f manageress; [líder] leader; [de tribu, ejército] chief; [de departamento] head; Mil
    en jefe in-chief;
    Méx Fam
    como jefe: entró a la oficina como jefe he walked into the office as if he owned the place
    jefe de bomberos fire chief;
    jefe de compras purchasing manager;
    jefe de estación stationmaster;
    jefe de Estado head of state;
    jefe del estado mayor chief of staff;
    jefe de estudios director of studies;
    Dep jefe de fila(s) team leader [driver or cyclist];
    jefe de gabinete chief of staff;
    jefe de gobierno prime minister;
    una reunión de jefes de gobierno a meeting of heads of government;
    jefe de policía police chief, chief of police, Br chief constable;
    jefe de prensa press officer;
    jefe de producción production manager;
    jefe de producto product line manager;
    jefe de protocolo chief of protocol;
    jefe de proyecto project manager;
    jefe de redacción editor-in-chief;
    jefe de sección departmental head o chief;
    jefe de ventas sales manager
    2. Fam [como apelativo]
    pregúntale al jefe qué se debe ask the guy for the bill;
    jefe, pónganos dos cervezas give us two beers, Br guv o US mac
    3. Méx Fam [padre, madre] old man, f old girl
    4. Esp Fam
    mis jefes [mis padres] my folks
    * * *
    m, jefa f de departamento, organización head; ( superior) boss; POL leader; de tribu chief
    :
    mi jefe my dad fam ;
    mi jefa my mom fam
    * * *
    jefe, -fa n
    1) : chief, head, leader
    jefe de bomberos: fire chief
    2) : boss
    * * *
    jefe n
    1. (superior) boss [pl. bosses]
    3. (de un partido, de una asociación) leader

    Spanish-English dictionary > jefe

  • 29 mandamás

    f. & m.
    1 boss, chief, leader, top man.
    2 bossy chief, bossy person.
    * * *
    1 familiar bigwig, boss
    * * *
    SMF INV boss *, bigwig *
    * * *
    masculino y femenino (pl mandamás or - mases) (fam) big boss (colloq), bigwig (colloq)
    * * *
    = chief honcho, boss [bosses, -pl.], head honcho, honcho, bossy boots, gaffer, leader.
    Ex. 'We should be more sympathetic and persuasive with the chief honchos'.
    Ex. The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.
    Ex. Only 17 percent of head honchos say research and development (R&D) drives innovation in their business, a new study has found.
    Ex. Of course, no one but a few honchos at IBM and Oracle know the real answer.
    Ex. With the kids tucked into bed, bossy boots left to fill her empty life with some cocktails.
    Ex. Watford gaffer believes his team's home games hold the key to their ability to survive in the Premiership.
    Ex. The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.
    ----
    * ser el mandamás = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * * *
    masculino y femenino (pl mandamás or - mases) (fam) big boss (colloq), bigwig (colloq)
    * * *
    = chief honcho, boss [bosses, -pl.], head honcho, honcho, bossy boots, gaffer, leader.

    Ex: 'We should be more sympathetic and persuasive with the chief honchos'.

    Ex: The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.
    Ex: Only 17 percent of head honchos say research and development (R&D) drives innovation in their business, a new study has found.
    Ex: Of course, no one but a few honchos at IBM and Oracle know the real answer.
    Ex: With the kids tucked into bed, bossy boots left to fill her empty life with some cocktails.
    Ex: Watford gaffer believes his team's home games hold the key to their ability to survive in the Premiership.
    Ex: The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.
    * ser el mandamás = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

    * * *
    (pl mandamás or - mases) ( fam)
    big boss ( colloq), bigwig ( colloq)
    * * *

    mandamás mf bigshot
    * * *
    Fam Br big boss, US head honcho
    * * *
    m/f inv fam
    big shot fam
    * * *
    mandamás nmf, pl - mases fam : boss, bigwig, honcho

    Spanish-English dictionary > mandamás

  • 30 Europäische Agentur für Gesundheitsschutz und Sicherheit am Arbeitsplatz

    Europäische Agentur für Gesundheitsschutz und Sicherheit am Arbeitsplatz
    European Agency for Health and Safety at Work;
    Einheitliche Europäisch Akte (EEA) (Europäische Kommission) Single European Act (SEA);
    Europäischer Aktionsplan zur Förderung von Innovationen European action plan to promote innovation;
    Europäisches Amt für Betrugsbekämpfung European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF);
    Europäisches Amt für humanitäre Hilfe European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO);
    Europäische Arbeitnehmerrechte European employee rights;
    Europäische Atomenergiegesellschaft (EAEG) European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM);
    Europäischer Ausrichtungs- und Garantiefonds für die Landwirtschaft (EAGFL) European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF);
    Europäische Auszeichnungen für Umweltqualität European awards for environmental quality;
    Europäische Bank für Wiederaufbau und Entwicklung (EBWE) European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD);
    Europäische Bankenvereinigung European Bank Federation (EBF);
    Europäische Beschäftigungs- und Sozialpolitik European employment and social policy;
    Europäische Beschäftigungsstrategie European employment strategy;
    Europäischer Betriebsrat European works council;
    Europäische Binnentransportorganisation European Central Inland Transport Organization;
    Europäischer Börsenindex Eurosyndicate index;
    Europäischer Bürgerbeauftragter European Ombudsman;
    Europäische Einigung European integration;
    Europäischer Entwicklungsfonds (EEF) European Development Fund (EDF);
    Europäische Exekutiven European executive bodies;
    Europäischer Fonds European Fund (EF);
    Europäischer Fonds für Regionalentwicklung (regionale Entwicklung) (EFRE) European Regional Development Fund (ERDF);
    Europäische Forschungsinfrastrukturen European research infrastructures;
    Europäisches Forschungsinstitut für Raumordnung und Städteplanung European Research Institute for Regional and Urban Planning;
    Europäische Forschungsprojekte European research projects;
    Europäische Freihandelszone (EFTA) European Free Trade Association (EFTA);
    Europäischer Führerschein European driving licence (Br.) (license, US);
    Europäisches Fürsorgeabkommen European Convention on Social and Medical Assistance;
    Europäischer Gedanke Europeanism;
    Europäische Gemeinschaft European Community (EC);
    Europäische Politische Gemeinschaft (EPG) European Political Community;
    Europäische Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl European Coal and Steel Community;
    aus Kreisen in der Europäisch Gemeinschaft verlautet (EU) Community sources say;
    gegen Anordnungen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft verstoßen (EU) to contravene Community regulations;
    der Europäischen Gemeinschaftsorganisation beitreten to enter into the European Communities;
    Europäische Gemeinschaftsregion Common Market territory;
    Europäisches Gericht erster Instanz European Court of First Instance;
    Europäischer Gerichtshof (EuGH)European Court of Justice (ECJ);
    Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte European Court of Human Rights (ECHR);
    Europäischer Gesamtdurchschnitt overall European average;
    Europäische Gesellschaft für Physik European Physical Society (EPS);
    Europäischer Gewerkschaftsbund (EGB) European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC);
    Europäisches Gipfeltreffen des sozialen Dialogs European Social Dialogue Summit;
    Europäisches Gleichstellungsrecht European equal opportunities legislation;
    Europäische Gleichstellungsrechte European equal opportunities rights;
    Europäische Grenzregion Europe’s border region;
    Europäische Identität stärken to reinforce the European identity;
    Europäischer Informationsdienst für den lokalen Verkehr European local transport information service (ELTIS);
    Europäische Integration European integration;
    Europäisch wirtschaftliche Interessenvereinigung European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG);
    Europäische Investitionsbank (EIB) European Investment Bank (EIB);
    Europäische Kernenergieagentur (EKA) European Nuclear Energy Agency (ENEA);
    Europäisches Komitee für Normung European Committee for Coordination of Standards;
    Europäischer Kommissar European Commissioner;
    Europäisch Kommission für Menschenrechte European Commission of Human Rights;
    Europäische Kommunalkonferenz European Conference of Local Authorities;
    Europäische Konferenz der Verwaltungen für Post und Telekommunikation European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations;
    Europäisches Landwirtschaftsmodell European model of agriculture;
    Europäische Marktordnung European Market Regulations;
    Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK) European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), European Rights Convention;
    Europäisches Niederlassungsabkommen European Convention on Establishment;
    Europäische Normung European Standards;
    Europäische Organisation von Marktforschungsinstituten European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research (ESOMAR);
    Europäische Organisation für Raumforschung European Space Research Organization (ESTEC);
    Europäische Organisation für Satellitenübertragungen European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (EUTELSAT);
    Europäische Organisation zur Sicherung der Luftfahrt European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation;
    Europäische Organisation für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC);
    Europäisches Parlament (EP) European Parliament (EP);
    Europäisches Patentamt European Patent Office;
    Europäische Patentorganisation European Patent Organization;
    Europäische Polizeibehörde European police force;
    Europäische Produktivitätszentrale European Productivity Agency (EPA);
    Europäischer Rat European Council;
    Europäische Raumordnungsministerkonferenz European Conference of Regional Planning Ministers;
    Europäische Rechnungseinheit European Unit of Account;
    Europäische Rechnungs- und Währungseinheit European accounting and currency unit;
    Europäischer Rechnungshof European Court of Auditors;
    Europäisches Referenzlabor für Luftverschmutzung European Reference Laboratory on Atmospheric Pullution (ERLAP);
    Europäisches Rundfunkabkommen European Broadcasting Agreement;
    Europäischer Sozialfonds (ESF) European Social Fund (ESF);
    Europäisches Sozialmodell European social model;
    Europäische Sozialvorschriften European social provisions;
    Europäischer Stabilitätspakt Pact on Stability in Europe;
    Europäischer Stellenvermittlungsservice European job placement agency;
    Europäisches Übereinkommen über die obligatorische Haftpflichtversicherung für Kraftfahrzeuge European Convention on compulsory insurance against civil liability in respect of motor vehicles;
    Europäische Übereinkunft über die internationale Patentklassifikation European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention;
    Europäische Umweltagentur European Environment Agency;
    Europäisches Umweltzeichen European eco-label;
    Europäische Union (EU) European Union (EU);
    Europäische Verbraucherberatung (Wien) European Consumer Centre;
    Europäische Vereinigung der Finanzmaklergesellschaften European Federation of Financial Analysts Societies (EFFAS);
    Europäische Verkehrsministerkonferenz European Conference of Ministers of Transport;
    Europäische Verteidigungsgemeinschaft (EVG) European Defence Community (EDC);
    Europäisches Währungsabkommen European Monetary Agreement (EMA);
    Europäische Währungseinheit European currency unit (ECU);
    Europäisches Währungsinstitut (EWI) European Monetary Institute (EMI);
    Europäisches Währungssystem (EWS) European Monetary System (EMS);
    Europäische Währungsunion (EWU) European Monetary Union (EMU);
    Europäischer Währungsverbund European currency float;
    Europäisches Wiederaufbauprogramm European Recovery Program(me) (ERP);
    Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft European Economic Community (EEC), Euromarket, European Common Market (Br.);
    der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft beitreten to join the Common Market;
    Europäischer Wirtschaftsraum (EWR) European Economic Area (EEA);
    Europäische Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion European Economic and Monetary Union;
    Europäische Woche für Wissenschaft und Technologie European Science and Technology Week;
    Europäische Zahlungsunion European Payments Union (EPU);
    Europäisches Zentralbankensystem (EZBS) European System of Central Banks (ESCB);
    Europäischr Zentralverband der öffentlichen Wirtschaft European Centre for Public Enterprise (CEEP);
    Europäisches Zentrum für technische und wissenschaftliche Analysen (CSTE) European Technical and Scientific Centre (ETSC);
    Europäische Zollunion European Customs Union;
    Europäisches Zukunftsbild entwerfen to envisage a Europe of the future;
    Europäische Politische Zusammenarbeit (EPZ) European Political Cooperation (EPC);
    Europäische Zusammenarbeit zur Erweiterung des Wissens European cooperation in the pursuit of knowledge.

    Business german-english dictionary > Europäische Agentur für Gesundheitsschutz und Sicherheit am Arbeitsplatz

  • 31 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 32 Zentrum

    Zentrum n 1. GEN focus; 2. IND (AE) center, (BE) centre außerhalb der Stadt gelegenes Zentrum V&M (AE) out-of-town center, (BE) out-of-town centre
    * * *
    n 1. < Geschäft> focus; 2. < Ind> center (AE), centre (BE)
    * * *
    Zentrum
    (Handel) emporium, (Mittelpunkt) focus, hub, (pol.) center (US), centre (Br.), (Stadtkern) centre (Br.), downtown (US);
    industrielles Zentrum hub of industry;
    Zentrum für Forschung und Innovation im Bildungswesen Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI);
    Zentrum des Handels commercial center, emporium, center of commerce, staple, entrepôt, mart;
    Zentrum von Konzernversicherungsgesellschaften captive center;
    im Zentrum des Interesses stehen to be the focus of attention.

    Business german-english dictionary > Zentrum

  • 33 venture management

    Gen Mgt
    the collaboration of various sections within an organization to encourage an entrepreneurial spirit, increase innovation, and produce successful new products more quickly. Venture management is used within large organizations to create a small-firm, entrepreneurial atmosphere, releasing innovation and talent from promising employees. It cuts out bureaucracy and bypasses traditional management systems. The collaboration is generally between research and development, corporate planning, marketing, finance, and purchasing functions.

    The ultimate business dictionary > venture management

  • 34 Monro, Philip Peter

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 27 May 1946 London, England
    [br]
    English biologist, inventor of a water-purification process by osmosis.
    [br]
    Monro's whole family background is engineering, an interest he did not share. Instead, he preferred biology, an enthusiasm aroused by reading the celebrated Science of Life by H.G. and G.P.Wells and Julian Huxley. Educated at a London comprehensive school, Monro found it necessary to attend evening classes while at school to take his advanced level science examinations. Lacking parental support, he could not pursue a degree course until he was 21 years old, and so he gained valuable practical experience as a research technician. He resumed his studies and took a zoology degree at Portsmouth Polytechnic. He then worked in a range of zoology and medical laboratories, culminating after twelve years as a Senior Experimental Officer at Southampton Medical School. In 1989 he relinquished his post to devote himself fall time to developing his inventions as Managing Director of Hampshire Advisory and Technical Services Ltd (HATS). Also in 1988 he obtained his PhD from Southampton University, in the field of embryology.
    Monro had meanwhile been demonstrating a talent for invention, mainly in microscopy. His most important invention, however, is of a water-purification system. The idea for it came from Michael Wilson of the Institute of Dental Surgery in London, who evolved a technique for osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions, of particular use in treating infants suffering from diarrhoea in third-world countries. Monro broadened the original concept to include dried food, intravenous solutions and even dried blood. The process uses simple equipment and no external power and works as follows: a dry sugar/salts mixture is sealed in one compartment of a double bag, the common wall of which is a semipermeable membrane. Impure water is placed in the empty compartment and the water transfers across the membrane by the osmotic force of the sugar/salts. As the pores in the membrane exclude all viruses, bacteria and their toxins, a sterile solution is produced.
    With the help of a research fellowship granted for humanitarian reasons at King Alfred College, Winchester, the invention was developed to functional prototype stage in 1993, with worldwide patent protection. Commercial production was expected to follow, if sufficient financial backing were forthcoming. The process is not intended to replace large installations, but will revolutionize the small-scale production of sterile water in scattered third-world communities and in disaster areas where normal services have been disrupted.
    HATS was awarded First Prize in the small business category and was overall prize winner in the Toshiba Year of Invention, received a NatWest/BP award for technology and a Prince of Wales Award for Innovation.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1993, with M.Wilson and W.A.M.Cutting, "Osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions", Tropical Doctor 23:69–72.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Monro, Philip Peter

  • 35 Moulton, Alexander

    [br]
    b. 9 April 1920 Stratford-on-Avon
    [br]
    English inventor of vehicle suspension systems and the Moulton bicycle.
    [br]
    He spent his childhood at The Hall in Bradfordon-Avon. He was educated at Marlborough College, and in 1937 was apprenticed to the Sentinel Steam Wagon Company of Shrewsbury. About that same time he went to King's College, Cambridge, where he took the Mechanical Sciences Tripos. It was then wartime, and he did research on aero-engines at the Bristol Aeroplane Company, where he became Personal Assistant to Sir Roy Fedden. He left Bristol's in 1945 to join his family firm, Spencer \& Moulton, of which he eventually became Technical Director and built up the Research Department. In 1948 he invented his first suspension unit, the "Flexitor", in which an inner shaft and an outer shell were separated by an annular rubber body which was bonded to both.
    In 1848 his great-grandfather had founded the family firm in an old woollen mill, to manufacture vulcanized rubber products under Charles Goodyear's patent. The firm remained a family business with Spencer's, consultants in railway engineering, until 1956 when it was sold to the Avon Rubber Company. He then formed Moulton Developments to continue his work on vehicle suspensions in the stables attached to The Hall. Sponsored by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and the Dunlop Rubber Company, he invented a rubber cone spring in 1951 which was later used in the BMC Mini (see Issigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine): by 1994 over 4 million Minis had been fitted with these springs, made by Dunlop. In 1954 he patented the Hydrolastic suspension system, in which all four wheels were independently sprung with combined rubber springs and damper assembly, the weight being supported by fluid under pressure, and the wheels on each side being interconnected, front to rear. In 1962 he formed Moulton Bicycles Ltd, having designed an improved bicycle system for adult use. The conventional bicycle frame was replaced by a flat-sided oval steel tube F-frame on a novel rubber front and rear suspension, with the wheel size reduced to 41 cm (16 in.) with high-pressure tyres. Raleigh Industries Ltd having refused his offer to produce the Moulton Bicycle under licence, he set up his own factory on his estate, producing 25,000 bicycles between 1963 and 1966. In 1967 he sold out to Raleigh and set up as Bicycle Consultants Ltd while continuing the suspension development of Moulton Developments Ltd. In the 1970s the combined firms employed some forty staff, nearly 50 per cent of whom were graduates.
    He won the Queen's Award for Industry in 1967 for technical innovation in Hydrolastic car suspension and the Moulton Bicycle. Since that time he has continued his innovative work on suspensions and the bicycle. In 1983 he introduced the AM bicycle series of very sophisticated space-frame design with suspension and 43 cm (17 in.) wheels; this machine holds the world speed record fully formed at 82 km/h (51 mph). The current Rover 100 and MGF use his Hydragas interconnected suspension. By 1994 over 7 million cars had been fitted with Moulton suspensions. He has won many design awards and prizes, and has been awarded three honorary doctorates of engineering. He is active in engineering and design education.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Queen's Award for Industry 1967; CBE; RDI. Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
    Further Reading
    P.R.Whitfield, 1975, Creativity in Industry, London: Penguin Books.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Moulton, Alexander

  • 36 Предписывающее агентство Австралии по интеллектуальной собственности

    General subject: IP Australia (Входит в Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research ( DIISR), но финансово независимо от него и имеет некоторую степень свободы в других вопросах. Включае)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Предписывающее агентство Австралии по интеллектуальной собственности

  • 37 Троицкий институт инновационных и термоядерных исследований

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Троицкий институт инновационных и термоядерных исследований

  • 38 Центральная научно-исследовательская лаборатория отраслевых инновационных технологий

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Центральная научно-исследовательская лаборатория отраслевых инновационных технологий

  • 39 научно-внедренческая компания

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > научно-внедренческая компания

  • 40 научно-внедренческая фирма

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > научно-внедренческая фирма

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