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1 must
[mʌst] 1. aux vb(necessity, obligation)I must do it — muszę to zrobić; ( prohibition)
you mustn't do it — nie wolno ci tego robić; ( probability)
he must be there by now — musi już tam być, pewnie już tam jest; (suggestion, invitation)
you must come and see me — (koniecznie) musisz mnie odwiedzić; (guess, assumption)
2. nI must have made a mistake — musiałam się pomylić; ( indicating sth unwelcome)
* * *1. negative short form - mustn't; verb1) (used with another verb to express need: We must go to the shops to get milk.) musieć2) (used, usually with another verb, to suggest a probability: They must be finding it very difficult to live in such a small house.) musieć3) (used, usually with another verb, to express duty, an order, rule etc: You must come home before midnight; All competitors must be under 15 years of age.) musieć2. noun(something necessary, essential, or not to be missed: This new tent is a must for the serious camper.) konieczność -
2 past
[pɑːst] 1. prep( in front of) obok +gen; ( beyond) (be) za or poza +instr; (go) za or poza +acc; ( later than) po +loc2. adj( previous) government poprzedni; week, month ubiegły, miniony; experience wcześniejszy; ( LING) przeszły3. nten/quarter past eight/midnight — dziesięć/kwadrans po ósmej/północy
to run past (sb/sth) — przebiegać (przebiec perf) obok (kogoś/czegoś)
in the past — w przeszłości ( LING) w czasie przeszłym
* * *1. adjective1) (just finished: the past year.) ubiegły2) (over, finished or ended, of an earlier time than the present: The time for discussion is past.) miniony3) ((of the tense of a verb) indicating action in the past: In `He did it', the verb is in the past tense.) (czas) przeszły2. preposition1) (up to and beyond; by: He ran past me.) obok2) (after: It's past six o'clock.) po3. adverb(up to and beyond (a particular place, person etc): The soldiers marched past.) obok4. noun1) (a person's earlier life or career, especially if secret or not respectable: He never spoke about his past.) przeszłość2) (the past tense: a verb in the past.) czas przeszły•- the past -
3 present
['prɛznt] 1. adj 2. n 3. vtprize wręczać (wręczyć perf); difficulty, threat stanowić; person, information przedstawiać (przedstawić perf); radio/tv programme prowadzić (poprowadzić perf)to present sth to sb, to present sb with sth — wręczać (wręczyć perf) coś komuś
to present sb to — przedstawiać (przedstawić perf) kogoś +dat
to give sb a present — dawać (dać perf) komuś prezent
to be present at — być obecnym na +loc
* * *I ['preznt] adjective1) (being here, or at the place, occasion etc mentioned: My father was present on that occasion; Who else was present at the wedding?; Now that the whole class is present, we can begin the lesson.) obecny2) (existing now: the present moment; the present prime minister.) obecny3) ((of the tense of a verb) indicating action now: In the sentence `She wants a chocolate', the verb is in the present tense.) teraźniejszy•- the present
- at present
- for the present II [pri'zent] verb1) (to give, especially formally or ceremonially: The child presented a bunch of flowers to the Queen; He was presented with a gold watch when he retired.) wręczyć2) (to introduce: May I present my wife (to you)?) przedstawiać3) (to arrange the production of (a play, film etc): The Elizabethan Theatre Company presents `Hamlet', by William Shakespeare.) przedstawiać4) (to offer (ideas etc) for consideration, or (a problem etc) for solving: She presents (=expresses) her ideas very clearly; The situation presents a problem.) przedstawiać5) (to bring (oneself); to appear: He presented himself at the dinner table half an hour late.) stawić się•- presentable
- presentation
- present arms III ['preznt] noun(a gift: a wedding present; birthday presents.) prezent -
4 progressive
[prə'grɛsɪv]adj( enlightened) postępowy; gradual postępujący* * *[-siv]1) (developing and advancing by stages: a progressive illness.) postępowy, postępujący2) (using, or favouring, new methods: progressive education; The new headmaster is very progressive.) postępowy3) ((grammar) (also continuous) (of a verb tense or form) indicating an activity that is, was, or will be continuing at some period of time: The progressive form of a verb is be + verb-ing (= be + present participle) (eg is working, was waiting, have been dancing).) ciagły -
5 future
['fjuːtʃə(r)] 1. adj 2. nprzyszłość f; ( LING) czas m przyszłyin the near/foreseeable future — w najbliższej/przewidywalnej przyszłości
- futures* * *['fju: ə] 1. noun1) ((what is going to happen in) the time to come: He was afraid of what the future might bring; ( also adjective) his future wife.) przyszłość2) ((a verb in) the future tense.) czas przyszły2. adjective((of a tense of a verb) indicating an action which will take place at a later time.) przyszły -
6 turn
[təːn] 1. n( rotation) obrót m; ( in road) zakręt m; ( change) zmiana f; ( chance) kolej f; ( performance) występ m; ( inf) ( of illness) napad m2. vthandle przekręcać (przekręcić perf); key przekręcać (przekręcić perf), obracać (obrócić perf); steak, page przewracać (przewrócić perf); wood, metal toczyć3. vi( rotate) obracać się (obrócić się perf); ( change direction) skręcać (skręcić perf); ( face in different direction) odwracać się (odwrócić się perf); milk kwaśnieć (skwaśnieć perf)it gave me quite a turn ( inf) — to mnie nieźle zaszokowało (inf)
"no left turn" — "zakaz skrętu w lewo"
in turn — ( in succession) po kolei; (indicating consequence, cause etc) z kolei
to take turns (at) — zmieniać się (zmienić się perf) (przy +loc)
at the turn of the century — u schyłku wieku, na przełomie wieków
to take a turn for the worse — przybierać (przybrać perf) zły obrót
his health/he has taken a turn for the worse — jego stan pogorszył się, pogorszyło mu się (inf)
Phrasal Verbs:- turn in- turn off- turn on- turn out- turn up* * *[tə:n] 1. verb1) (to (make something) move or go round; to revolve: The wheels turned; He turned the handle.) obracać (się)2) (to face or go in another direction: He turned and walked away; She turned towards him.) obrócić się3) (to change direction: The road turned to the left.) skręcić4) (to direct; to aim or point: He turned his attention to his work.) zwrócić5) (to go round: They turned the corner.) objechać, obejść6) (to (cause something to) become or change to: You can't turn lead into gold; At what temperature does water turn into ice?) obrócić (się), przemieniać (się)7) (to (cause to) change colour to: Her hair turned white; The shock turned his hair white.) stać się, zmienić kolor na2. noun1) (an act of turning: He gave the handle a turn.) obrót2) (a winding or coil: There are eighty turns of wire on this aerial.) zwój3) ((also turning) a point where one can change direction, eg where one road joins another: Take the third turn(ing) on/to the left.) zakręt4) (one's chance or duty (to do, have etc something shared by several people): It's your turn to choose a record; You'll have to wait your turn in the bathroom.) kolej5) (one of a series of short circus or variety acts, or the person or persons who perform it: The show opened with a comedy turn.) numer•- turnover
- turnstile
- turntable
- turn-up
- by turns
- do someone a good turn
- do a good turn
- in turn
- by turns
- out of turn
- speak out of turn
- take a turn for the better
- worse
- take turns
- turn a blind eye
- turn against
- turn away
- turn back
- turn down
- turn in
- turn loose
- turn off
- turn on
- turn out
- turn over
- turn up -
7 would
[wud]aux vb1) ( conditional)if you asked him he would do it — gdybyś go poprosił, zrobiłby to
if you had asked him he would have done it — gdybyś go (wtedy) poprosił, zrobiłby to
2) (in offers, invitations, requests)would you ask him to come in? — (czy) mógłbyś go poprosić (, żeby wszedł)?
3) ( in indirect speech)I said I would do it — powiedziałam, że to zrobię
4) ( emphatic)you WOULD say that, wouldn't you! — musiałeś to powiedzieć, prawda?
5) ( insistence)she wouldn't give in — nie chciała się poddać, nie dawała za wygraną
6) ( conjecture)7) ( indicating habit)* * *[wud]short forms - I'd; verb1) (past tense of will: He said he would be leaving at nine o'clock the next morning; I asked if he'd come and mend my television set; I asked him to do it, but he wouldn't; I thought you would have finished by now.)2) (used in speaking of something that will, may or might happen (eg if a certain condition is met): If I asked her to the party, would she come?; I would have come to the party if you'd asked me; I'd be happy to help you.)3) (used to express a preference, opinion etc politely: I would do it this way; It'd be a shame to lose the opportunity; I'd prefer to go tomorrow rather than today.)4) (used, said with emphasis, to express annoyance: I've lost my car-keys - that would happen!)•- would-be- would you
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