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  • 81 sui

    sŭi ( gen.), dat. sibī̆, acc. and abl. se or sese, sing. and plur. (old dat. sibei, C. I. L. 1, 38; 1, 1056;

    1, 1180 et saep.: sibe,

    ib. 1, 1267; 5, 300; cf. Quint. 1, 7, 24; and v. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 180 sq.; on the quantity of the final i, v. Ritschl, Opusc. 2, p. 632 sqq.; old acc. sed, C. I. L. 1, 196, 13 sq.; 1, 197, 21; strengthened acc. sepse = se ipse, Cic. Rep. 3, 8, 12; cf. Sen. Ep. 108, 32:

    semet,

    Hor. S. 1, 6, 78; Liv. 2, 12, 7; 2, 44, 8 al.), pron. of 3d pers. in recipr. and reflex. sense [Sanscr. sva-, svajam-, self; Gr. he, We, sphe (hou, hoi, he); cf. suus, old Lat. sovos; v. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 396; Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 54], of himself, of herself, of itself, of themselves; one another, each other, etc.; him, her, it, them; and, as subj. of inf., he, she, it, they (on the use of se or sese in acc., cf.: ut se dicamus, cum aliquem quid in alium fecisse ostendimus, ut puta: ille dicit se hoc illi fecisse;

    cum autem in se ipsum, tunc dicamus sese, velut: dixit sese hoc sibi fecisse,

    Charis. 1, 15, p. 86 P.; but the distinction is not commonly observed; the two forms being used indifferently, except that sese is preferred where there is emphasis, especially at the beginning or end of a clause, or in reference to a preceding ipse; v. infra; and cf. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 182 sqq.).
    I.
    Prop., as pron. reflex., of an object considered as receiving or affected by its own act, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
    A.
    In all clauses, referring to the grammatical subject of the clause.
    1.
    As direct obj. of verb:

    dedistine gladium, qui se occideret?

    Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 92:

    artis eloquar quem ad modum se expediant,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 10:

    se in plagas conicere,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

    numquam erit alienis gravis qui suis se concinnat levem,

    id. ib. 3, 2, 58: se aperiunt, Ter. And. 4, 1, 8:

    adplicat ad Chrysidis patrem se,

    id. ib. 5, 4, 22:

    si is posset ab ea sese avellere,

    id. Hec. 4, 1, 39:

    hi se ad nos adplicant,

    id. Heaut. 2, 4, 13:

    per eos, ne causam diceret, se eripuit,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 4:

    cum ferrum se inflexisset,

    id. ib. 1, 25:

    praecipites fugae sese mandabant,

    id. ib. 2, 24:

    si se telo defenderet fur,

    Cic. Mil. 3, 9:

    Catoni licuit Tusculi se in otio delectare,

    id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:

    solum igitur quod se ipsum movet, numquam ne moveri quidem desinit,

    id. ib. 6, 25, 27:

    statim homo se erexit,

    id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60:

    majores acceperamus se a Gallis auro redemisse,

    Liv. 22, 59, 7:

    in montem sese recipere,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 25; 1, 26; Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 63:

    ad inpedimenta se conferre,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 26:

    sese alicui ad pedes proicere,

    id. ib. 1, 31:

    se gerere,

    to behave, Cic. Agr. 2, 19, 53:

    sic se res habet, ut, etc.,

    id. de Or. 2, 67, 271; id. Fin. 1, 7, 25; 5, 10, 27 sq.:

    quod uxor sua ex fico se suspendisset,

    Quint. 6, 3, 88. — Strengthened by ipse, nom.:

    hic se ipsus fallit,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 15:

    ut se ipse diliget,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

    ipse enim se quisque diligit,

    id. Lael. 21, 80:

    ita non modo superiores, sed etiam se ipse correxerat,

    id. Or. 52, 176:

    omne animal se ipsum diligit,

    id. Fin. 5, 9, 24:

    neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset,

    Nep. Paus. 4, 3:

    miles se ipse interfecit,

    Tac. H. 3, 51; 4, 11:

    ne, ignorando regem, semet ipse aperiret quis esset,

    Liv. 2, 12, 7:

    nec sese ipsi gravant,

    Quint. 1, 12, 10.—Sometimes acc.:

    inperator qui se ipsum non continet,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 13, 38:

    quid est enim se ipsum colligere, nisi, etc.,

    id. Tusc. 4, 36, 78; 1, 23, 53:

    ut quidam imperatores se ipsos dis inmortalibus devoverent,

    id. N. D. 2, 3, 10:

    quod si se ipsos illi nostri liberatores e conspectu nostro abstulerunt,

    id. Phil. 2, 44, 114:

    admovisse semet ipsos lateri suo,

    Curt. 7, 1, 14:

    gladio se ipsam transfixit,

    Vell. 2, 26, 3.—In gerund. construction:

    ne sui in perpetuum liberandi occasionem dimittant,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 38; 3, 6; 4, 34:

    principes sui conservandi causa profugerunt,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

    maximam causam ad se inundandam terra praestabit,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 29, 4.—
    2.
    As indirect obj.:

    animo servit, non sibi,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 27:

    sapiens ipsus fingit fortunam sibi,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 84:

    ne ibi diffregisset crura aut cervices sibi,

    id. Mil. 3, 1, 126:

    nil aliud nisi quod sibi soli placet consulit,

    id. Trin. 2, 3, 4:

    quaerunt sibi liberos,

    id. Ps. 1, 1, 21:

    aurum habeat sibi,

    id. Mil. 4, 2, 108:

    illum multae sibi expetessunt,

    id. ib. 4, 6, 16:

    tum me convivam solum abducebat sibi,

    Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 17:

    non sibi soli postulat, etc.,

    id. ib. 3, 2, 27:

    nunc sibi uxorem expetit,

    id. And. 3, 2, 40:

    is sibi legationem ad civitates suscepit,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

    neque sibi homines feros temperaturos existimabat, quin exirent, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 33:

    hoc sibi nomen adrogare,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 33, 50; 1, 5, 9:

    alia sunt tamquam sibi nata,

    id. Fin. 3, 19, 63:

    proposita sibi morte,

    id. Sest. 21, 48; id. Fin. 5, 11, 31:

    ne, illo cunctante, Numidae sibi consulant,

    Sall. J. 62, 1:

    ut populum Romanum sibi desumerent hostem,

    Liv. 7, 20, 5:

    Turnus, praelatum sibi advenam aegre patiens,

    id. 1, 2:

    petebant ut regis sui filiam matrimonio sibi jungeret,

    Curt. 8, 1, 9:

    nemo sibi tantummodo errat,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 1, 4:

    locum sibi ad formam sui exsculpsit,

    id. Q. N. 4, 3, 4.—With ipse:

    ipse tantos sibi spiritus sumpserat,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 33 fin.:

    nec ipsi sibi exemplo sunt,

    Cic. Lael. 21, 80:

    iste, quasi praeda sibi advecta, ducit,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 25, § 64:

    Junius necem sibi ipse conscivit,

    id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:

    voluntarium non sibimet ipse solum, sed etiam funeri suo exilium indixit,

    Liv. 39, 52, 9:

    proinde consulant sibi ipsi,

    Just. 16, 4, 15:

    avaritia, quae quicquid omnibus abstulit, sibi ipsi neget,

    Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 6; cf. Cic. Marc. 5, 13. —
    3.
    After substt., adjj., etc.:

    omnino est amans sui virtus,

    Cic. Lael. 26, 98:

    ut sit sui similis,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 7:

    omnem naturam esse servatricem sui,

    Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 26:

    cum videret, si non paruisset, dissimilem se futurum sui,

    id. Phil. 9, 3, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 19, 43: nihil malo quam et me mei similem esse et illos sui, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 16, A, 2:

    habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui,

    Cic. Cat. 4, 9, 19:

    potens sui,

    Hor. C. 3, 29, 41:

    nihil est tam incontinens sui,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 6:

    quod sibi obsit, quia sit sibi inimicus,

    Cic. Fin. 5, 10, 28: inimicus ipse [p. 1795] sibi putandus est, id. ib.:

    cum ipsi homines sibi sint per se cari,

    id. ib. 5, 13, 38:

    Medus infestus sibi,

    Hor. C. 3, 8, 19:

    crescit indulgens sibi hydrops,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 13; cf.:

    nec enim utilius quicquam est quam sibi utilem fieri,

    Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 5:

    Campanus se digna probra in insontem jacere,

    Liv. 25, 18, 8:

    (mundus) se ipse consumptione alebat sui,

    Cic. Univ. 6:

    cum multa adsoleat veritas praebere vestigia sui,

    Liv. 40, 54, 8:

    caecus amor sui,

    Hor. C. 1, 18, 14:

    sui contemptor,

    Quint. 12, 1, 20:

    in spem sui bonam adducitur,

    Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 3:

    (aer) ima sui parte maxime varius est,

    id. Q. N. 2, 11, 1:

    ipsa (virtus) pretium sui,

    id. Vit. Beat. 9, 4:

    neque est quod existimes illum vilem sibi fuisse: pretium se sui fecit,

    id. Ben. 1, 9, 1:

    saepe taedio laboris ad vilitatem sui compelluntur ignavi,

    Curt. 5, 9, 7:

    nemo non benignus est sui judex,

    Sen. Ben. 2, 26, 1:

    Romanus in ipso fine vitae vindex sui exstitit,

    Val. Max. 3, 2, 11:

    equestris ordinis juventus omnibus annis bis urbem spectaculo sui celebrabat,

    id. 2, 2, 9; cf. with ipse:

    utpote ipsa sui appellatione virorum majestati debitum a feminis reddens honorem,

    id. 2, 1, 7. —
    4.
    With prepp.:

    qui admisit in se culpam,

    Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 6:

    culpam ut ab se segregent,

    id. ib. 1, 2, 42:

    segregat ab se omnis,

    id. Mil. 4, 6, 17; 4, 6, 62:

    me ad se deduxit,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 121; 3, 1, 118; id. Ps. 3, 2, 6:

    quae me non excludit ab se, sed apud se occludet domi,

    id. Men. 4, 2, 108:

    habet aliud (negotium) magis ex se et majus,

    Ter. And. 5, 4, 51:

    et fingunt quandam inter se nunc fallaciam,

    id. ib. 1, 3, 15:

    duxit secum virginem,

    id. Eun. 2, 1, 23; Cic. Att. 5, 17, 3; Liv. 35, 30; 43, 18:

    ex se generare,

    Quint. 1, 1, 36: — pro se quisque = unusquisque, every one, each one singly, etc., freq. in Livy (cf. suus, II. D. 2.):

    Pro se quisque id quod quisque potest... Edit,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 76:

    pro se quisque alius agnum inmolabat, alius pullum,

    Sen. Q. N. 4, 6, 2:

    pro se quisque sedulo Faciebant,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 74:

    cum pro se quisque tenderet ad portas,

    Liv. 6, 3; 6, 8; 1, 9; 1, 59;

    2, 6: — Boiosque receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 5 fin.:

    exercitum ante se mittit,

    id. ib. 1, 21:

    supra se collocare,

    id. ib. 1, 24:

    ex materia in se omnia recipiente mundum factum esse,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

    litteras ad se ab amico missas protulit,

    id. Phil. 2, 4, 7:

    praedam prae se agentes,

    Liv. 5, 45; 38, 21:

    quam (rem publicam) exercitus, quantum in se fuit, prodebat,

    id. 2, 43; 9, 40; Nep. Iphic. 3, 4; cf. id. Hann. 12, 2 (v. infra, II. B. 2.):

    quibus poterat sauciis ductis secum,

    Liv. 4, 39.—Rarely referring to subj. inf.:

    nam dicere apud eum de facinore... cum per se ipsum consideres, grave est,

    Cic. Deiot. 2, 4:

    non quia per se beatum est malo caruisse,

    Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 6. —
    5.
    With inf. pass. in obj.-clause:

    ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1:

    quibus (nominibus) illae res publicae sese appellari velint,

    id. ib. 1, 33, 50:

    qui se minus timidos existimari volebant,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 39, 6.—
    6.
    As predicate ( = suus, II. B. 2. d; very rare):

    quisquis est deus, si modo est alius... totus est sensuus, totus visuus, totus audituus, totus animae, totus animi, totus sui,

    in his own power, independent, Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 14. —
    B.
    Referring to a logical subject, other than the grammatical subj. of the clause.
    1.
    To a definite subj.:

    neque praeter se umquam ei servos fuit,

    Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 48:

    hunc aiebant indignum civitate ac sese vivere,

    id. Trin. 1, 2, 176: exercitum consumptum videtis;

    quem turpiter se ex fuga recipientem ne qua civitas recipiat, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 20 fin.:

    reliquos sese convertere cogunt,

    id. B. C. 1, 46:

    multis illi in urbibus reficiendi se et curandi potestas fuit,

    Cic. Phil. 9, 3, 6:

    cur his persequendi juris sui adimis potestatem,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21:

    cum nihil sit periculosius quam spatium confirmandi sese Antonio dari,

    id. Fam. 10, 33, 5:

    tantam ingenuit animantibus conservandi sui natura custodiam,

    id. N. D. 2, 48, 124:

    neque sui colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 6:

    ut quam minimum spatii ad se colligendos Romanis daretur,

    id. ib. 3, 19; 3, 4; 4, 34; Hirt. B. G. 8, 16:

    Gallica acies nullum spatium respirandi recipiendique se dedit,

    Liv. 10, 28, 11:

    nec raptis aut spes de se melior aut indignatio est minor,

    id. 1, 9, 14: Faustulo spes fuerat regiam stirpem apud se educari, id. 1, 5, 5:

    proelium cum fiducia sui commissum est,

    id. 7, 33, 5; 10, 14, 17:

    detecta fraus cautiores Thyreensis fecit: dato responso, nullam se novam societatem accepturos, etc.,

    id. 36, 12, 8:

    patres censuerunt, qui honorem, quem sibi capere per leges liceret, peteret, etc.,

    id. 32, 7, 11:

    jusso magistro equitum abdicare se magistratu,

    id. 4, 35; 22, 33, 12:

    haec cum apud timentes sibimet ipsos increpuissent,

    id. 6, 37, 1:

    ab ipso, quaerenti sibi commendationem ad gentem monitus,

    id. 36, 8, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.:

    signa peditum, prae se habentium scuta,

    id. 38, 21, 3:

    invenere oppidanos vim hostium ab se arcentes,

    id. 6, 9, 7:

    exire enim sua secum efferentibus jussis primum arma ademit,

    id. 43, 18, 11; cf.

    § 10: quos in numerum pecorum redegit ignoratio sui,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 5, 2:

    quia nullum illis sui regimen est,

    id. Ep. 94, 67:

    inter se nihil inlicitum,

    Tac. H. 5, 5; 1, 64:

    quasi objurgatio sui est,

    Quint. 11, 3, 49.—
    2.
    To indefinite subj.:

    deforme est de se ipsum praedicare,

    Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137:

    posse enim liberalitate uti non spoliantem se patrimonio nimirum est pecuniae fructus maximus,

    id. ib. 2, 18, 64:

    non arbitrari sese scire quod nesciat,

    id. Ac. 1, 4, 16:

    cui proposita sit conservatio sui,

    id. Fin. 5, 13, 37:

    sic amicitiae... effectrices sunt voluptatum tam amicis quam sibi,

    id. ib. 1, 20, 67:

    amare... etiam si ad se ex iis nihil redeat,

    id. ib. 2, 24, 78:

    (judicatio) quae aut sui laudem aut adversarii vituperationem contineat,

    id. Inv. 1, 51, 97; id. Or. 36, 124; id. Off. 1, 39, 139:

    ut, quanti quisque se faciat, tanti fiat ab amicis,

    id. Lael. 16, 59; id. Off. 1, 28, 99; id. Rosc. Com. 17, 52 fin.:

    si nullus ex se metus aut spes,

    Tac. A. 2, 38:

    ceterum et interrogandi se ipsum et respondendi sibi solent esse non ingratae vices,

    Quint. 9, 2, 14:

    sibi servire gravissima est servitus,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, praef. 17:

    quam multa sunt vota, quae etiam sibi fateri pudet,

    id. Ben. 6, 38, 5:

    nec haec vilitas sui est,

    id. Clem. 1, 3, 4:

    culpa est, immiscere se rei ad se non pertinenti,

    Dig. 50, 17, 36:

    profecto est supplicio se liberare tam facile quam supplicium perpeti,

    Val. Max. 3, 2, 6.
    II.
    Hence, in dependent clauses, transf., as pers. pron. 3d pers., with reflex. reference, him, her, it, them; he, she, they, etc.
    A.
    In gen., of an obj. indentified with,
    1.
    The gram. subj. of the principal clause:

    qui omnis se amare credit, quemque aspexerit,

    Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 14:

    illa mulier lapidem silicem subigere ut se amet, potest,

    id. Poen. 1, 2, 77; id. Cas. prol. 46:

    orare jussit, si se ames, jam ut ad sese venias,

    Ter. And. 4, 2, 4:

    ait, si... non id metuat, ne, ubi acceperim, Sese relinquam,

    id. Eun. 1, 2, 61:

    timet animum amicae se erga ut sit suae,

    id. Heaut. 1, 2, 15:

    utrumque jussit interfici, alterum, quia viam demonstravisset interimendi sui,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 60:

    qui precabantur, ut sibi sui liberi superstites essent,

    id. N. D. 2, 28, 72; id. Prov. Cons. 17, 42:

    ne ipse quidem sua tanta eloquentia mihi persuasisset, ut se dimitterem,

    id. Or. 28, 100:

    impetrat a senatu, ut dies sibi prorogaretur,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 38, § 98:

    hunc sibi ex animo scrupulum, qui se dies noctisque stimulat, ut evellatis, postulat,

    id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

    Iccius nuntios ad eum mittit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 6 fin.:

    quos cum apud se conspexisset... quid ad se venirent,

    id. ib. 1, 47:

    mittit, qui petant atque orent, ut sibi subveniat,

    id. B. C. 1, 17:

    Scipionem Hannibal eo ipso, quod adversus se dux lectus esset, praestantem virum credebat,

    Liv. 21, 39, 8:

    Pausanias orare coepit, ne se prodiret,

    Nep. Paus. 8, 6:

    cum ejus principes animadvertisset timere, ne propter se bellum eis Lacedaemonii indicerent,

    id. Them. 8, 3:

    Ubii legatos mittunt, qui doceant... neque ab se fidem laesam,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 9:

    tum Volero, ubi indignantium pro se acerrimus erat clamor, etc.,

    Liv. 2, 55, 6:

    transfugit, patris in se saevitiam conquerens,

    id. 1, 53, 5:

    praesidia imposuit in urbibus, quae ad se defecerant,

    Sall. J. 61, 1:

    navigia sarcina depressa parum ostendunt non aquam sibi resistere?

    Sen. Q. N. 2, 9, 3.—So in phrases incorporated with a principal clause:

    Nicias vehementer tua sui memoria delectatur,

    Cic. Att. 13, 1, 3:

    nihil est appetentius similium sui,

    id. Lael. 14, 50: Pompeius facultatem sui insequendi ademerat, Caes. B. C. 1, 29:

    praefectum in se ruentem trans fixit,

    Curt. 4, 16, 23:

    rediere cum legatis ad redimendos sese missis,

    Liv. 22, 59, 18:

    potestatem omnibus adeundi sui fecit,

    Suet. Tib. 40:

    Germanicus legiones universas sibi summam reipublicae deferentes compescuit,

    id. Calig. 1:

    quam si di inmortales potestatem visendi sui faciant,

    Sen. Clem. 1, 19, 9:

    (terra) non potest tam multa tantoque se ipsa majora nutrire, nisi, etc.,

    id. Q. N. 6, 16, 3.—
    2.
    Of an obj. indentified with a logical subj., other than the gram. subj. of the leading clause:

    a Caesare valde liberaliter invitor, sibi ut sim legatus,

    Cic. Att. 2, 18, 3:

    horum unum quidque... a se potius quam ab adversariis stare demonstrabitur,

    id. Inv. 1, 43, 81; id. Mil. 16, 44:

    nam mihi scito jam a regibus adlatas esse litteras, quibus mihi gratias agant, quod se mea sententia reges appellaverim,

    id. Fam. 9, 15, 4:

    testem rei publicae relinquere, meae perpetuae erga se voluntatis,

    id. ib. 1, 4, 10:

    quos non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos,

    id. Cat. 2, 8, 17:

    quo ex oppido cum legati ad eum venissent oratum, ut sibi ignosceret,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 12; Liv. 6, 42; 1, 5:

    cum ei in suspitionem venisset, aliquid in epistula de se esse scriptum,

    Nep. Paus. 4, 1:

    cohortem octavam decimam Lugduni, solitis sibi hibernis, relinqui placuit,

    Tac. H. 1, 64. —
    B.
    In partic., in reported words or thoughts (orat. obliqua) referring to the person to whom they are ascribed.
    1.
    As subj. or obj., direct or indirect, with inf.:

    quos Hannibal misit astrictos jure jurando se redituros esse, nisi, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 1, 13, 40:

    Postumius mihi nuntiavit... se a Marcello ad me missum esse,

    id. Fam. 4, 12, 2:

    qui dixisse fertur a se visum esse Romulum... eum sibi mandasse ut populum rogaret ut sibi eo in colle delubrum fieret: se deum esse,

    id. Rep. 2, 10, 20; id. Mil. 35, 95 sqq.:

    nuntium mittit... sese diutius sustinere non posse,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 6 fin.:

    Divitiacus Caesarem obsecrare coepit... scire se illa esse vera, nec quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris capere... sese tamen amore fraterno commoveri,

    id. ib. 1, 20:

    unum se esse, qui, etc.... ob eam rem se ex civitate profugisse,

    id. ib. 1, 31:

    haec sibi esse curae,

    id. ib. 1, 40:

    non sese Gallis, sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse,

    id. ib. 1, 44:

    ipsos se inter multitudinem militum occultasse,

    id. ib. 7, 38:

    sensit Themistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi esse pereundum,

    Nep. Them. 8, 6:

    dato responso (sc. a Thyreensibus), nullam se novam societatem accepturos,

    Liv. 36, 12, 8.—
    2.
    In subordinate clauses, questions, exhortations, etc., with subj.
    a.
    In gen.:

    qui abs te taciti requirunt, cur sibi hoc oneris imposueris, cur se potissimum delegeris,

    Cic. Planc. 18, 46; 2, 6; id. Marc. 10, 30:

    conclamavit, quid ad se venirent?

    Caes. B. G. 1, 47:

    unum petere ac deprecari... ne se armis despoliaret,

    id. ib. 2, 31:

    ad quos cum Caesar nuntios misisset, qui postularent, eos qui sibi bellum intulissent, sibi dederent,

    id. ib. 4, 16:

    cur sui quicquam esse imperii trans Rhenum postularet?

    id. ib.:

    Cicero respondit, si ab armis discedere velint, se adjutore utantur,

    id. ib. 5, 41:

    Veneti legationem ad Crassum mittunt, si velit suos recipere, obsides sibi remittat,

    id. ib. 7, 4:

    rex ignarus quae legati ejus (Hannibalis) ad se adlaturi fuissent,

    Liv. 23, 39:

    hac necessitate coactus, domino navis, qui sit, aperit, multa pollicens, si se conservasset,

    Nep. Them. 8, 6:

    legatos in Bithyniam miserunt, qui ab rege peterent, ne inimicissimum suum secum haberent sibique dederet (for secum, v. I. A. 4. supra),

    id. Hann. 12, 2.—
    b.
    Esp., in subordinate clauses (sub-oblique), with subj. expressing the assertion or view of the person reported as speaking:

    magnam Caesarem injuriam facere, qui vectigalia sibi deteriora faceret,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 36:

    quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret,

    id. ib.:

    sed eo deceptum, quod neque commissum a se intellegeret, quare timeret,

    id. ib. 1, 14:

    quod nec paratus... obsecutus esset, credidissetque, cum se vidissent Aetoli, omnia, etc.,

    Liv. 35, 44, 3:

    Ambiorix locutus est,... sua esse ejusmodi imperia, ut non minus haberet juris in se multitudo, quam ipse in multitudinem,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 27:

    Divitiacus ait,... nec quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris capere, propterea quod per se crevisset,

    id. ib. 1, 20: eos incusavit, quod sibi [p. 1796] quaerendum aut cogitandum putarent, etc., id. ib. 1, 40:

    decima legio Caesari gratias egit, quod de se optimum judicium fecisset,

    id. ib. 1, 41:

    doluisse se, quod populi Romani beneficium sibi extorqueretur,

    id. B. C. 1, 9:

    tum ei dormienti eundem visum esse rogare ut, quoniam sibi vivo non subvenisset, etc.,

    Cic. Div. 1, 27, 57:

    Scipionem Hannibal eo ipso, quod adversus se dux potissimum lectus esset, praestantem virum credebat,

    Liv. 21, 39, 8:

    Pausanias orare coepit... quod si eam veniam sibi dedisset, magno ei praemio futurum,

    Nep. Paus. 4, 6:

    neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset,

    id. ib. 4, 3:

    Caesar legatos cum his mandatis mittit, Quoniam... hanc sibi populoque Romano gratiam referret,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 35:

    nos esse iniquos, quod in suo jure se interpellaremus,

    id. ib. 1, 44:

    neque ipsos in his contentionibus, quas Aedui secum habuissent, usos esse, etc.,

    id. ib.:

    maximae sibi laetitiae esse praedicavit, quod aliquos patria sua se meliores viros haberet,

    Val. Max. 6, 4, ext. 5.—Rarely with indic. when the author asserts the action as a fact: Volero, ubi indignantium pro se acerrimus erat clamor, etc. ( = eo; cf.

    infra, C.),

    Liv. 2, 55, 6.—
    C.
    Without reflex. reference, = an oblique case of is or ipse (in the best prose rare, and mostly where the conception of the orat. obliq. is suggested by the context; cf.

    B. 2. b. supra): i, seis, jube transire huc quantum possit, se ut videant domi Familiares ( = eam),

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 26; 1, 1, 6:

    me misit miles ad Eam... ut hinc in Elatiam hodie eat secum semul,

    id. Bacch. 4, 2, 9:

    ut eum, qui se hic vidit, verbis vincat, ne is se viderit,

    id. Mil. 2, 2, 31; cf. v. 35;

    3, 2, 54: ut eam in se dignam condicicnem conlocem,

    id. Trin. 1, 2, 122:

    ipsi hi mihi dant viam, quo pacto ab se argentum auferam,

    id. Ep. 2, 2, 9; id. Poen. 5, 2, 123:

    dicit capram, quam dederam servandam sibi, etc.,

    id. Merc. 2, 1, 15:

    unum hoc scio, esse meritam, ut memor esses sui,

    Ter. And. 1, 5, 46:

    cum Epaminondas accusatur, quod ei, qui sibi ex lege praetor successerat, exercitum non tradiderit,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 33, 55:

    et se ipsum nobis, et eos, qui ante se fuerunt, in medio posuit,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 7 (but B. and K. bracket se):

    Dexo hic, quem videtis, non quae privatim sibi eripuisti, sed unicum abs te filium flagitat,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 128:

    postea quam exposuit quae sibi videbantur,

    id. Div. 1, 54, 122 (dub.;

    B. and K. ipsi): et cum ad illum scribas, nihil te recordari de se,

    id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 7, § 23 (B. and K. bracket de se):

    quem Caesar, ut erat de se meritus, donatum pronuntiavit,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 53:

    Caesar Rhenum transire constituit... quod auxilia contra se Treveris miserant,

    id. B. G. 6, 9 init.:

    Metellus... in eis urbibus, quae ad se defecerant... praesidia inponit,

    Sall. J. 61, 1; 66, 1:

    Bocchus flectitur, reputando quae sibi duobus proeliis venerant,

    id. ib. 103, 2:

    statuit urbis, quae... adversum se opportunissimae erant, circumvenire,

    id. ib. 88, 4:

    ipse... ex perfugis cognitis... qui cum eo (Scipione) bellum contra se gerebant,

    Hirt. B. Afr. 8 fin.:

    vel quia nil rectum, nisi quod placuit sibi, ducunt,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 83; id. S. 2, 8, 82:

    centum boves militibus dono dedit, qui secum fuerant,

    Liv. 7, 37, 3; 8, 35:

    Hannibalem angebat, quod Capua pertinacius oppugnata ab Romanis quam defensa ab se... animos averterat,

    id. 26, 38, 1:

    alter victus fratrum ante se strage,

    id. 1, 25, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.;

    7, 6, 12: Caesar... omnibus qui contra se arma tulerant, ignovit,

    Vell. 2, 56, 1:

    quamquam obsidione Massiliae, quae sibi in itinere portas clauserat, retardante... tamen omnia subegit,

    Suet. Caes. 34:

    cujus rector circa se dimicans occubuerat,

    id. Tib. 4:

    quod eos coegit superare Lacedaemonios, quos ante se nemo ausus fuit aspicere,

    Nep. Epam. 8, 3 (cf.:

    ante illum,

    id. Iphic. 1, 3):

    quae nox sibi proxima venit, insomnis,

    Luc. 5, 805.
    III.
    Pron. recipr., each other, one another:

    nam cum esset Praenestinis nuntiatum... patres ac plebem in semet ipsos versos,

    Liv. 6, 28, 1; so very rare, except in phrase: inter se, one another, each other, mutually, reciprocally, = allêlous (prop. between or among them, among themselves, hence no ellips. of another se is to be assumed; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 609; Hand, Turs. 3, p. 397 sqq.): nil cessarunt ilico Osculari atque amplexari inter se, Plaut. Mil. 5, 39; 2, 1, 61; 3, 1, 120:

    video eos inter se amare,

    Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 42:

    neque solum colent inter se ac diligent (cf. ante: alter ab altero postulabit),

    Cic. Lael. 22, 82:

    Cicerones pueri amant inter se,

    id. Att. 6, 1, 12; id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1; id. Cat. 3, 5, 13; id. N. D. 1, 44, 122:

    inter se adspicere,

    id. Cat. 3, 5, 13:

    inter se congruere,

    id. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:

    complecti inter se milites coepisse,

    Liv. 7, 42, 6:

    ut neque inter se contingant trabes,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 23; id. B. C. 1, 21:

    inter se nondum satis noti,

    Liv. 21, 39, 7:

    populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque inter se rempublicam tractabant,

    Sall. J. 41, 2:

    bellum summa inter se contentione gerere,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

    cum inter se timerent,

    Nep. Dion, 4, 1; id. Eum. 4, 2: haec inter se quam repugnent, contradict one another, Cic. Tusc. 3, 29, 72; id. N. D. 1, 12, 30 (cf.: sibi repugnare, to be inconsistent with itself;

    v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 1018): inter se differre,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

    cur legendi sint, nisi ipsi inter se, qui idem sentiunt, non intellego,

    by one another, Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 8:

    quosdam inter se similis,

    id. Ac. 2, 17, 55:

    res inter se similes,

    Quint. 9, 2, 51; 9, 4, 17. — With subst.:

    adhaesitationes atomorum inter se,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 19:

    quae res eos in bello inter se habuit,

    Sall. J. 79, 3; cf.:

    auxerant inter se opinionem,

    their mutual regard, Liv. 21, 39, 9.—Pleon.:

    vitam inter se utriusque conferte,

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

    compositis inter se rebus,

    Sall. J. 66, 2:

    vitatur duriorum inter se congressus,

    Quint. 11, 3, 35.—Of local relation:

    duas insulas propinquas inter se,

    Sall. H. 1, 61 Dietsch; id. J. 98, 3:

    postquam haud procul inter se erant,

    id. ib. 53, 7:

    haud longe inter se castra facere,

    id. ib. 55, 6 (inter se, without recipr. reference, v. supra, I. A. 4.).
    IV.
    Idiomatic uses.
    A.
    Se, with prepp., one ' s house, home; mostly ad se, apud se, to or at one ' s house, home, at home:

    quae me non excludet ab se, sed apud se occludet domi,

    Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 108:

    postquam in aedis me ad se deduxit domum,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 43:

    me ad se ad prandium, ad cenam vocant,

    id. ib. 3, 1, 118: intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 86 P.:

    L. Caesar, ut veniam ad se, rogat,

    Cic. Att. 15, 4, 5:

    qui a me petierit ut secum et apud se essem cottidie,

    id. ib. 5, 6, 1.—
    2.
    Trop.:

    num tibi videtur esse apud sese?

    in his senses, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 85. —
    B.
    Sibi pleonast. as dat. of the interested person:

    ipse autem Ariovistus tantus sibi spiritus sumpserat,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 33 fin.:

    tum sibi M. Pisonis domum ubi habitaret elegerat,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 25, 61; cf. I. A. 2. supra. So esp. freq. in expressions of surprise or abrupt questions (commonly, but loosely called a dat. ethic.):

    quid sibi vult pater? cur simulat?

    Ter. And. 2, 3, 1:

    quid sibi hic vestitus quaerit?

    id. Eun. 3, 5, 10:

    hostes admiratio cepit, quidnam sibi repentinus clamor vellet,

    Liv. 44, 12, 1:

    quid ergo sibi vult pars altera orationis?

    id. 40, 12, 14:

    mirantes, quid sibi vellet,

    id. 3, 35, 5; 3, 50, 15; 4, 13, 12;

    32, 25, 10: pro deum fidem quid vobis vultis?

    id. 3, 67, 7. —
    C.
    Sibi with suus, emphasizing the idea of possession, his own, etc. (ante- and post-class.):

    cocleae... Suo sibi suco vivont,

    Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 13:

    sed is quo pacto serviat suo sibi patri,

    id. ib. prol. 5;

    46: si ille huc salvos revenit, reddam suom sibi,

    id. Trin. 1, 2, 119 Brix. ad loc.:

    suam sibi rem salvam sistam,

    id. Poen. 5, 2, 123:

    locus argumento'st suom sibi proscaenium,

    id. ib. prol. 57;

    97: omnem rem inveni, ut sua sibi pecunia hodie illam faciat leno libertam suam,

    id. Pers. 1, 3, 1:

    suo sibi gnato,

    id. As. 4, 2, 16:

    hunc telo suo sibi a foribus pellere,

    id. Am. 1, 1, 113:

    sua sibi ingenua indoles,

    id. Mil. 3, 1, 38:

    suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo,

    Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 35:

    uvas suo sibi pampino tegito,

    Col. Arb. 11:

    suo sibi jure ablui,

    id. R. R. 12, 7; 12, 41:

    suo sibi argumento refutatus,

    Gell. 5, 10, 16:

    suo sibi lacte aleret,

    id. 12, 1, 6:

    a suis sibi parentibus,

    App. M. 1, p. 104, 35:

    in suis sibi domibus,

    id. ib. 1, p. 106, 31; 4, p. 157, 7;

    6, p. 186, 24: qui Deo... sua sibi opera praetulerunt,

    Lact. 2, 5, 6; 3, 28, 20:

    in suo sibi pervoluta sanguine,

    App. M. 8, p. 207, 22; Vitr. 8, 7:

    cum sua sibi natione captivus,

    Min. Fel. 10, 4:

    IN SVO SIBI POSITVS,

    Inscr. Orell. 4495:

    AEDEM CVM SVO SIBI HYPOGAEO,

    Inscr. Rein. p. 646, 109.—In many passages in class. prose sibi occurs with suus, but retains its pronom. force:

    factus consul est bis, primum ante tempus, iterum sibi suo tempore, rei publicae paene sero,

    in good time for himself, Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

    satis superque esse sibi suarum cuique rerum,

    id. ib. 13, 45:

    priusquam tu suum sibi venderes, ipse possedit,

    id. Phil. 2, 37, 96:

    vult ille inbecillitatis sibi suae conscius timere pituitam?

    Sen. Q. N. 6, 2, 4 (v. suus II. D. 3. a).

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > sui

  • 82 внимание

    attention, notice
    • Уделялось мало внимания... - Little attention has been paid to...
    • В данной главе мы уделим некоторое внимание ( чему-л). - In this chapter we shall devote some attention to...
    • В данном обсуждении внимание будет сконцентрировано на... - In the present discussion, attention will be focused on...
    • В последние годы большое внимание было уделено... - Much attention has been paid in recent years to...
    • В этой главе основное внимание будет направлено на... - In this chapter we will direct most of the attention toward...
    • Важным моментом, на который здесь следует обратить внимание, является... - The important thing to observe here is that...
    • Внимание к данной тематике увеличилось в связи с развитием... - The subject has received increased attention with the development of...
    • Внимание читателя привлекается к тому факту, что... - The reader's attention is drawn to the fact that...
    • Временно не принимая во внимание это усложнение, мы можем сказать, что... - Disregarding this complication for the moment, we may say that...
    • Далее мы уделим некоторое внимание (вопросу и т. п.)... - We shall give some further attention to...
    • Действительно последовательная теория должна принимать во внимание (эффект, параметры и т. п.). - A comprehensive theory must account for...
    • Для простоты мы начнем с того, что сосредоточим наше внимание на... - For simplicity, we start by restricting our attention to...
    • Затем мы переключаем наше внимание на доказательство, что... - We turn our attention next to proving that...
    • Здесь мы, конечно, ограничиваем круг нашего внимания... - Here we axe, of course, restricting attention to...
    • Здесь принимается во внимание тот факт, что... - This takes account of the fact that...
    • Мало внимания уделялось... - Little attention has been given to...
    • Мы могли бы ограничить свое внимание... - We may restrict our attention to...
    • Мы не уделили особого внимания... - We have not paid much attention to...
    • Мы привлекаем внимание к тому факту, что... - We call attention to the fact that...
    • Мы просто хотим привлечь внимание к следующему факту... - Let us merely call attention to one point:...
    • Мы снова сконцентрируем наше внимание на... - We will again focus our attention on...
    • Мы уже привлекали внимание к... - We have already called attention to...
    • На практике, следовательно, основное внимание уделяется... - In practice, therefore, the major concern is to...
    • На этом этапе мы хотим привлечь внимание к тому факту, что... - At this point, we wish to call attention to the fact that...
    • Наконец, мы обратим наше внимание на... - Finally, we turn our attention to...
    • Начиная с этого момента, мы сосредоточим наше внимание... - From now on, we restrict our attention to...
    • Недавно большое внимание было уделено... - Recently, considerable attention has been devoted to...
    • Недостаточное внимание было уделено... - Not enough attention has been paid to...
    • Однако при вычислении величины W мы должны принять во внимание тот факт, что... - In computing W, however, we must take into account the fact that...
    • Особое внимание будет уделено... - Special attention will be given to...
    • Особое внимание будет уделяться... - Particular attention will be given to...
    • Очень мало внимания уделялось... - Very little attention has been paid to...
    • После этого внимание фокусируется на... - Thereafter attention focuses on...
    • Прежде чем..., необходимо уделить серьезное внимание этим и другим вопросам. - These and other questions need to be given serious attention before...
    • При обсуждении (данной проблемы и т. п.) мы принимаем во внимание лишь... - In discussing..., we are interested only in...
    • Ранние исследователи сосредоточивали свое внимание на... - Early investigators focused their attention on...
    • Следует уделить внимание методам... - Attention should be given to methods of...
    • Следует уделить внимание тому факту, что... - Attention should be paid to the fact that...
    • Должно быть принято во внимание следующее:... - The following must be taken into account:...
    • Смит [1] привлек вн имание к тому факту, что... - Smith [1] has drawn attention to the fact that...
    • Среди прочих возможностей, серьезное внимание будет уделено... - Among other possibilities, serious consideration has been given to...
    • Существуют два случая, когда это должно быть принято во, внимание. - There are two situations where this has to be taken into account:
    • Существуют четыре причины, почему надо уделить внимание... - There are four reasons for devoting attention to...
    • Тем не менее, необходимо уделить внимание... - Nevertheless, attention needs to be paid to...
    • Теперь мы сосредоточим наше внимание на (задаче, проблеме и т. п.)... - At present we will confine our attention to...
    • Теперь обратим наше внимание на случай... - We now turn our attention to the case of...
    • Особое внимание должно быть уделено... - Close attention must be given to...
    • Читатель должен обратить особенное внимание на то, что... - The reader must observe carefully that...
    • Читатель должен принять во внимание, что... - The reader should appreciate that...
    • Чтобы ответить на этот вопрос, мы должны принять во внимание, что... - То answer this question, we must take into account that...
    • Чтобы принять во внимание эту связь, напомним, что... - In order to appreciate this connection let us recall that...
    • Чтобы упростить ситуацию, мы сосредоточим наше внимание... - То simplify matters we confine our attention to...
    • Эти исследователи также привлекли внимание к... - These workers have also drawn attention to...
    • Это вынуждает нас уделить серьезное внимание ( чему-л). - This compels us give serious attention to...
    • Это можно принять во внимание по следующей причине. - This may be appreciated from the following argument.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > внимание

  • 83 least *****

    [liːst] superl of little
    1. adj
    minimo (-a), più piccolo (-a)

    that's the least of my worries — è la cosa che mi preoccupa di meno or che meno mi preoccupa, quella è l'ultima delle mie preoccupazioni

    2. n

    the least said about the meeting, the better — meno parliamo della riunione e meglio è

    I can at least try — posso sempre or almeno provarci

    ...but at least nobody was hurt —...ma almeno nessuno si è fatto male

    not in the least — per nulla or niente, affatto

    3. adv

    least of all me — e men che meno io, tanto meno io

    for a number of reasons, not least... — per una serie di motivi, non ultimo il fatto che...

    English-Italian dictionary > least *****

  • 84 обсуждение

    discussion, consideration, treatment, speculation, argument
    • А теперь мы приведем более полное обсуждение. - We now give a somewhat fuller discussion.
    • Более подробное обсуждение предмета дано Смитом [1]. - A more detailed discussion of the subject is given by Smith [1].
    • Более полное обсуждение (вопроса) может быть найдено в литературе. - A fuller discussion can be found in the literature.
    • Более раннее обсуждение дается Смитом [1]. - A more recent discussion is given by Smith [1].
    • Более того, данное обсуждение показывает, что... - The discussion shows, moreover, that...
    • В данном обсуждении внимание будет сконцентрировано на... - In the present discussion, attention will be focused on...
    • В обсуждениях такого рода (= сорта) необходимо указывать... - In discussions of this kind it is necessary to point out...
    • В представленном здесь обсуждении у нас имеется... - In the discussion presented here we have...
    • В предыдущем обсуждении (чего-л) были опущены несколько важных моментов. - Several important things have been omitted from the above discussion of...
    • В проведенном обсуждении мы пренебрегли... - In the above discussion we have neglected...
    • В этой главе мы ограничимся обсуждением (чего-л). - In this chapter we shall restrict consideration to...
    • Дальнейшее обсуждение данной темы можно найти в... - Further discussion of this topic will be found in...
    • Дальнейшее обсуждение, следовательно, будет ограничено (чем-л). - Further discussion will therefore be confined to...
    • Данная глава завершается обсуждением... - The chapter concludes with a discussion of...
    • Данный результат окажется полезным при обсуждении (чего-л). - This result will prove useful in the discussion of...
    • До сих пор большая часть нашего обсуждения была посвящена... - Most of our discussion so far has been about...
    • До сих пор в наших обсуждениях мы имели дело только с... - In our considerations so far we have dealt only with...
    • Завершив наше обсуждение (чего-л), обратимся теперь к... - Having completed our discussion of..., we now turn to...
    • Заключение, вытекающее из данного обсуждения, состоит в том, что... - The conclusion to be drawn from this discussion is that...
    • Из данного обсуждения не следует делать вывод, что... - It should not be inferred from this discussion that...
    • Из нашего обсуждения соотношения (4), а также из того факта, что..., вытекает... - This follows from our discussion of (4) and the fact that...
    • Из предыдущего обсуждения очевидно, что... - From the above discussion, it is evident that...
    • Из предыдущего обсуждения ясно, что... - From the above discussion it is clear that...
    • Здесь мы заканчиваем обсуждение этих вопросов. - At this point we bring our discussion of these matters to a close.
    (= небольшим) обсуждением... - We conclude with a brief look at...
    • Мы намерены перейти к дальнейшему обсуждению (чего-л). - We intend to move towards a further discussion of...
    • Мы начинаем обсуждение... - We turn to a discussion of...
    • Мы откладываем обсуждение подобных методов до параграфа 5. - We defer the discussion of such methods to Section 5.
    • Мы откладываем обсуждение этого явления до главы 5. - We defer discussion of this phenomenon until Chapter 5.
    • Мы предполагаем без обсуждения, что... - We assume without discussion that...
    • Мы теперь продолжим обсуждение скорости, с которой... - We now proceed to discuss the rate at which...
    • Мы удовлетворимся качественным обсуждением. - We shall be content with a qualitative discussion.
    • Наше обсуждение будет облегчено введением... - Our discussion will be facilitated by the introduction of...
    • Не делая попыток более строгого обсуждения, мы просто заметим, что... - Without attempting a more rigorous discussion, we merely note that...
    • Нет никакой необходимости входить в детальные обсуждения... - There is no need to enter into any detailed discussion of...
    • Обсуждение начнется с рассмотрения простейшего типа... - The discussion will be initiated by considering the simplest type of...
    • Ограничим наше обсуждение случаем, когда... - We restrict the discussion to the case of...; We shall restrict our consideration to the specific type of...
    • Однако предыдущее обсуждение (вопроса) является не вполне точным. - The preceding discussion is, however, somewhat imprecise.
    • Одной из главных целей данного обсуждения является... - One of the main goals of the discussion is...
    • Относительно обсуждения данной проблемы см. работу Смита [1]. - For a discussion of this problem, see Smith [1].
    • Полное обсуждение подобных факторов находится вне рамок данной работы. - A full discussion of such factors is beyond the scope of this paper.
    • Предыдущее обсуждение демонстрирует важность... - The above discussion shows the importance of...
    • Предыдущее обсуждение приводит к идее, что... - The preceding discussion leads to the idea that...
    • При обсуждении... мы интересуемся лишь... - In discussing..., we are interested only in...
    • Слабым местом предыдущего обсуждения является то, что... - A weak point in the above discussion is that...
    • Следовательно, данное обсуждение основывается на... - The discussion is therefore based on...
    • Строгое обсуждение будет дано в главе 2. - A rigorous discussion will be given in Chapter 2.
    • Таким образом, наше обсуждение свелось к... - Thus far our discussion has been limited to...
    • Теперь мы желаем распространить наше обсуждение (= рассмотрение) на... - We now wish to extend our consideration to...
    • Теперь мы перейдем к краткому обсуждению... - We proceed now to a brief discussion of...
    • Целью данного обсуждения является... - It is the purpose of the present discussion to...
    • Чтобы упростить обсуждение, давайте... - То simplify the discussion, let us...
    • Это завершает наше обсуждение... - This completes our discussion of...
    • Это обсуждение несколько расплывчатого характера предназначено для того, чтобы... - This somewhat vague discussion is intended to...
    • Это обсуждение ограничивается (следующим кругом вопросов и т. п.)... - The discussion is confined to...
    • Это обсуждение основывается на рассуждениях Кельвина [1]. - This discussion is based on that given by Kelvin [1].
    • Это обсуждение подводит нас к общему изучению... - This discussion leads us to a general study of...
    • Это сводится к обсуждению... - This amounts to a discussion of...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > обсуждение

  • 85 параграф

    (см. также глава, книга, обзор) section
    • В данном параграфе дается обзор фундаментальных зависимостей между... и... - This section reviews the fundamental relationships between... and...
    • В данном параграфе мы обсуждаем некоторые простые свойства и примеры... - In this section we discuss some simple properties and examples of...
    • В данном параграфе мы часто имеем дело с... - In this section we often deal with...
    • В оставшейся части данного параграфа мы будем иметь дело только с... - The remainder of this section applies only to...
    • В оставшейся части этого параграфа мы будем заниматься... - For the remainder of this section we will be interested in...
    • В параграфе 2 мы обсудим применимость... - In Section 2 we will comment on the applicability of...
    • В последнем параграфе мы обнаружили, что... - In the last section we discovered that...
    • В предыдущем параграфе мы уже показали, как исследовать... - In the preceding section we have shown how to investigate...
    • В предыдущем параграфе мы упоминали, что... - In the preceding section we mentioned that...
    • В следующей части параграфа приводятся некоторые дополнительные соображения. - The following subsection outlines some additional considerations.
    • В следующем параграфе мы обсудим примеры... - In the next section we discuss examples of...
    • В этом параграфе мы даем краткое введение в... - In this section we give a brief introduction to...
    • В этом параграфе мы иллюстрируем применение... - In this section we illustrate the application of...
    • В этом параграфе мы наметим элементы техники, используемой для... - In this section we outline the techniques used to...
    • В этом параграфе мы исследуем явления... - In this section we examine the effects of...
    • В этом параграфе мы суммируем некоторые свойства... - We summarize in this section some of the properties of...
    • В этом параграфе мы сделаем обзор некоторых из наблюдаемых особенностей... - In this section we shall review some of the observed features of...
    • В этом параграфе мы устанавливаем основные факты относительно... - In this section we establish the basic facts about...
    • Всюду в этом параграфе мы предполагали, что... - Throughout this section we have assumed that...
    • В завершение этого параграфа стоит заметить, что... - То close this section it is worth noting that...
    • Для поставленных в этом параграфе целей более удобно (ввести и т. п.)... - For the purposes of this section it is more convenient to...
    • Задача, которая будет рассматриваться в данном параграфе,... - The problem to be considered in this section...
    • Из результатов последнего параграфа становится ясно, что... - It is apparent from the last section that...
    • Из уравнения (1) параграфа 1 мы имеем... - We have, from equation (1) of Section 1,...
    • Как мы увидим в следующем параграфе, это не просто совпадение. - This is not a coincidence, as we will see in the next section.
    • Метод, приведенный в этом параграфе, может быть подобным образом применен к... - The method of sections may be applied in a similar way to...
    • Мы заканчиваем этот параграф несколькими замечаниями относительно... - We will end this section with a few comments regarding...
    • Мы завершаем данный параграф замечанием, что... - We conclude this section by remarking that...
    • Мы завершаем этот параграф кратким анализом... - We conclude this section with a brief analysis of...
    • Мы завершаем этот параграф упоминанием другого (метода и т. п.)... - We conclude this section by mentioning another...
    • Мы откладываем обсуждение подобных методов до параграфа 5. - We defer the discussion of such methods to Section 5.
    • Цель этого параграфа состоит в нахождении... - Our interest in this section is in finding...
    • Несколько решенных примеров представлены в следующем параграфе. - Several worked out examples are presented in the next section.
    • Однако основной упор в этом параграфе делается на... - The main emphasis of this section, however, is...
    • Основной идеей этого параграфа является... - The main idea of this section is that...
    • Основной упор в данном параграфе будет сделан на... - The main emphasis in this section will be on...
    • Основные идеи, намеченные в данном параграфе, могут быть проиллюстрированы... - The points made in this section can be illustrated by...
    • Оставшуюся часть параграфа мы посвящаем... - We devote the rest of this section to...
    • Понятно, что правила, выведенные в предыдущем параграфе, позволят нам... - It is clear that the rules of the previous section will enable us to...
    • Содержание данного параграфа можно обобщить на самые разные направления. - The subject matter of this section can be generalized in numerous directions.
    • Таким образом, мы можем обобщить результаты из первого параграфа и сообщить, что... - Thus, we can generalize the results of Section 1 and state that...
    • Теперь мы возвращаемся к примеру, рассмотренному во втором параграфе. - We now return to the example treated in Section 2.
    • Целью следующего параграфа является нахождение условий, позволяющих... - The aim of the next section is to establish conditions which enable us to...
    • Целью этого параграфа является краткий обзор... - The purpose of this section is to give a quick sketch of...
    • Эти методы вводятся в следующем параграфе. - These methods are introduced in the next section.
    • Это будет проиллюстрировано в следующем параграфе, где мы рассматриваем... - This will be illustrated further in the next section where we consider...
    • Это краткий подготовительный параграф. - This is a short preparatory section.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > параграф

  • 86 story

    ['stɔrɪ]
    n
    1) рассказ, повествование

    He missed the point of the story. — До него не дошла сама суть/изюминка рассказа.

    The story is full of humour. — Рассказ полон юмора.

    The story gives a true picture of life. — Рассказ дает нам правдивую/реальную картину жизни.

    It follows from his story. — Это вытекает из его рассказа.

    - animal stories
    - historical story
    - realistic stories
    - witty story
    - touching story
    - swift-moving story
    - legendary stories
    - conflicting story
    - day-to-day stories
    - inside story
    - cover story
    - story in two chapters
    - story in dialogue
    - story on the subject
    - contents of the story
    - main idea of the story
    - characters of the story
    - main character of the story
    - summary of the story
    - point of the story
    - message of the story
    - at the beginning of the story
    - begin the story with smth
    - believe the story
    - believe the story to be true
    - break the story into parts
    - change the story
    - continues the story
    - criticize the story
    - cut the story
    - develop the story
    - draw out the story into three chapters
    - end the story
    - enjoy the story
    - frame a story
    - go on with the story
    - make a story out of trivial events
    - make a sweeping story
    - place a story with a magazine
    - recall the story
    - bring one's story to 1941
    - think a story up
    - write a story
    - story sounds strange
    - story describes ancient times
    - story lacks deep thought
    - story will go down in history
    2) история, событие, предание, сказка

    It is a long story. — Это длинная история.

    That's another story. — Это уже совсем другое дело.

    The story is made up/is cooked up/is fabricated. — Эта история - сплошной вымысел.

    The story remained untold. — Эта история так и не была поведана миру.

    - strange story
    - unbiased story
    - dirty story
    - involved story
    - spicy story
    - funny story
    - fairy story
    - bedtime stories
    - story of the expedition
    - other side of the story
    - challenge the story
    - cook up a story
    - credit the story
    - doubt the story
    - entertain children with stories
    - get the whole story
    - hush up the whole story
    - invent up a story
    - circulate scandalous stories
    - tell stories
    - tell smb the whole story of one's life
    - so the story goes
    3) (газетный, печатный материал) репортаж, описание, сообщение

    It was the best story in yesterday's newspaper. — Это была лучшая статья во вчерашней газете.

    The full story will be found on page five. — Полный отчет о событии напечатан на пятой странице.

    The newspaper carried a detailed story of the fire. — Газета поместила подробное сообщение о пожаре.

    - feature story
    - newspaper story
    - lead story
    - carry front-page stories
    - keep a running story of the events
    - make a good story out of this incident for the paper
    4) фабула, сюжет

    It is not much of a story, but the acting is good. — Сюжет пьесы ничего собой не представляет, но артисты играют хорошо.

    The story line centres on a well known event. — В центре сюжета лежит известное событие.

    - film story
    - story line
    - read the book only for the story
    •
    USAGE:
    (1.) Русское существительное история соответствует английскому существительному story 2. только в значении "событие, описание события/событий": it is a long story это длинная история; to remember the whole story вспомнить все обстоятельства этой истории; a detailed story of the expedition подробное описание/истори экспедиции. Русское существительное история в значении "случай, происшествие" часто передается в английском языке существительным thing: A very funny (strange, terrible) thing happened to me the other day. Со мной на днях произошел очень смешной (странный, ужасный) случай/смешная (странная, ужасная) история. Русское существительное "история" в значении "учебная дисциплина, наука, хроника событий" соответствует английскому существительному history: ancient (modern) history древняя (новая) история; to be interested in history интересоваться историей; to go down in history войти в историю; to teach history преподавать историю; a teacher of history учитель истории. Во всех этих случаях существительное history употребляется без артикля. Определенный артикль the употребляется в тех случаях, когда есть ограничивающее определение: the history of the 19th century история XIX века. (2.) See case, n (3.) See history, n

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > story

  • 87 emocionarse

    1 (conmoverse) to be moved, be touched
    2 (excitarse) to get excited
    * * *
    VPR (=entusiasmarse) to get excited; (=conmoverse) to be moved, be touched

    ¡no te emociones tanto! — don't get so worked up!

    cuando le gusta un tema se emociona y no para de hablar — when she's interested in a subject she gets carried away and doesn't stop talking

    * * *
    = get + (all) worked up.
    Ex. I'm not sure if it actually worked or if I was just so excited about getting high that I got all worked up.
    * * *
    = get + (all) worked up.

    Ex: I'm not sure if it actually worked or if I was just so excited about getting high that I got all worked up.

    * * *

    ■emocionarse verbo reflexivo
    1 (conmoverse) to be moved
    2 (ponerse nervioso, alterarse) to get upset
    3 (ilusionarse) to get excited
    ' emocionarse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    conmover
    - emocionar
    English:
    emotional
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [conmoverse] to be moved ( con by)
    2. [excitarse, apasionarse] to get excited
    * * *
    v/r
    1 get excited
    2 ( conmoverse) be moved
    * * *
    vr
    * * *
    1. (conmoverse) to be moved
    2. (apasionarse) to get excited

    Spanish-English dictionary > emocionarse

  • 88 гомосексуальный

    2) Medicine: homoerotic
    3) Colloquial: blue
    5) Jargon: poovy, bent, fag, gay, homo, left-handed
    6) Taboo: K, bananas, chichi, dandy, effie, flitty, freakish, fruity, funny, gifted, happy, homie, in the Life, kinky, lavender, left-handed (см. ambidextrous), lightfooted, lilac, not much interested in the opposite sex, odd (см. queer), off-color, old fashioned, on the other bus, pervy, poncy, queeny, scammered, sheepherder, shushy, so, steeped, that way, unorthodox, bent as a nine bob note (величина банкноты может варьироваться), bent as a nine pound note (величина банкноты может варьироваться)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > гомосексуальный

  • 89 лесбийский

    1) General subject: Lesbian
    2) Poetry: Sapphic

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > лесбийский

  • 90 Scott de Martinville, Edouard-Léon

    SUBJECT AREA: Recording
    [br]
    b. 25 April 1817 Paris, France
    d. 29 April 1879 Paris, France
    [br]
    French amateur phonetician, who developed a recorder for sound waves.
    [br]
    He was the descendant of a Scottish family who emigrated to France in 1688. He trained as a printer and later became a proof corrector in printing houses catering predominantly for scientific publishers. He became interested in shorthand systems and eventually turned his interest to making a permanent record of sounds in air. At the time it was already known (Young, Duhamel, Wertheim) to record vibrations of bodies. He made a theoretical study and deposited under sealed wrapper a note in the Académie des Sciences on 26 January 1857. He approached the scientific instrument maker Froment and was able to pay for the manufacture of one instrument due to support from the Société d'Encouragement à l'Industrie Nationale. This funding body obtained a positive report from the physicist Lissajous on 6 January 1858. A new model phonautograph was constructed in collaboration with the leading scientific instrument maker in Paris at the time, Rudolph Koenig, and a contract was signed in 1859. The instrument was a success, and Koenig published a collection of traces in 1864.
    Although the membrane was parallel to the rotating surface, a primitive lever system generated lateral movements of a bristle which scratched curves in a thin layer of lampblack on the rotating surface. The curves were not necessarily representative of the vibrations in the air. Scott did not imagine the need for reproducing a recorded sound; rather, his intention was to obtain a trace that would lend itself to mathematical analysis and visual recognition of sounds. Obviously the latter did not require the same degree of linearity as the former. When Scott learned that similar apparatus had been built independently in the USA, he requested that his sealed wrapper be opened on 15 July 1861 in order to prove his scientific priority. The contract with Koenig left Scott without influence over his instrument, and eventually he became convinced that everyone else, including Edison in the end, had stolen his invention. Towards the end of his life he became interested mainly in the history of printing, and he was involved in the publishing of a series of books about books.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    25 March 1857, amended 29 July 1859, French patent no. 31,470.
    Further Reading
    P.Charbon, 1878, Scott de Martinville, Paris: Hifi Stereo, pp. 199–205 (a good biography produced at the time of the centenary of the Edison phonograph).
    V.J.Philips, 1987, Waveforms, Bristol: Adam Hilger, pp. 45–8 (provides a good account of the importance of his contributions to accurate measurements of temporal phenomena).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Scott de Martinville, Edouard-Léon

  • 91 Arnold, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 1735/6 Bodmin (?), Cornwall, England
    d. 25 August 1799 Eltham, London, England
    [br]
    English clock, watch, and chronometer maker who invented the isochronous helical balance spring and an improved form of detached detent escapement.
    [br]
    John Arnold was apprenticed to his father, a watchmaker, and then worked as an itinerant journeyman in the Low Countries and, later, in England. He settled in London in 1762 and rapidly established his reputation at Court by presenting George III with a miniature repeating watch mounted in a ring. He later abandoned the security of the Court for a more precarious living developing his chronometers, with some financial assistance from the Board of Longitude. Symbolically, in 1771 he moved from the vicinity of the Court at St James's to John Adam Street, which was close to the premises of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures \& Commerce.
    By the time Arnold became interested in chronometry, Harrison had already demonstrated that longitude could be determined by means of a timekeeper, and the need was for a simpler instrument that could be sold at an affordable price for universal use at sea. Le Roy had shown that it was possible to dispense with a remontoire by using a detached escapement with an isochronous balance; Arnold was obviously thinking along the same lines, although he may not have been aware of Le Roy's work. By 1772 Arnold had developed his detached escapement, a pivoted detent which was quite different from that used on the European continent, and three years later he took out a patent for a compensation balance and a helical balance spring (Arnold used the spring in torsion and not in tension as Harrison had done). His compensation balance was similar in principle to that described by Le Roy and used riveted bimetallic strips to alter the radius of gyration of the balance by moving small weights radially. Although the helical balance spring was not completely isochronous it was a great improvement on the spiral spring, and in a later patent (1782) he showed how it could be made more truly isochronous by shaping the ends. In this form it was used universally in marine chronometers.
    Although Arnold's chronometers performed well, their long-term stability was less satisfactory because of the deterioration of the oil on the pivot of the detent. In his patent of 1782 he eliminated this defect by replacing the pivot with a spring, producing the spring detent escapement. This was also done independendy at about the same time by Berthoud and Earnshaw, although Earnshaw claimed vehemently that Arnold had plagiarized his work. Ironically it was Earnshaw's design that was finally adopted, although he had merely replaced Arnold's pivoted detent with a spring, while Arnold had completely redesigned the escapement. Earnshaw also improved the compensation balance by fusing the steel to the brass to form the bimetallic element, and it was in this form that it began to be used universally for chronometers and high-grade watches.
    As a result of the efforts of Arnold and Earnshaw, the marine chronometer emerged in what was essentially its final form by the end of the eighteenth century. The standardization of the design in England enabled it to be produced economically; whereas Larcum Kendall was paid £500 to copy Harrison's fourth timekeeper, Arnold was able to sell his chronometers for less than one-fifth of that amount. This combination of price and quality led to Britain's domination of the chronometer market during the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    30 December 1775, "Timekeepers", British patent no. 1,113.
    2 May 1782, "A new escapement, and also a balance to compensate the effects arising from heat and cold in pocket chronometers, and for incurving the ends of the helical spring…", British patent no. 1,382.
    Further Reading
    R.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (provides an overview).
    V.Mercer, 1972, John Arnold \& Son Chronometer Makers 1726–1843, London.
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Arnold, John

  • 92 Crookes, Sir William

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 17 June 1832 London, England
    d. 4 April 1919 London, England
    [br]
    English chemist and physicist who carried out studies of electrical discharges and cathode rays in rarefied gases, leading to the development of the cathode ray tube; discoverer of the element thallium and the principle of the Crookes radiometer.
    [br]
    Crookes entered the Royal College of Chemistry at the age of 15, and from 1850 to 1854 held the appointment of Assistant at the college. In 1854 he became Superintendent of the Meteorological Department at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford. He moved to a post at the College of Science in Chester the following year. Soon after this he inherited a large fortune and set up his own private laboratory in London. There he studied the nature of electrical discharges in gases at low pressure and discovered the dark space (later named after him) that surrounds the negative electrode, or cathode. He also established that the rays produced in the process (subsequently shown by J.J.Thompson to be a stream of electrons) not only travelled in straight lines, but were also capable of producing heat and/or light upon impact with suitable anode materials. Using a variety of new methods to investigate these "cathode" rays, he applied them to the spectral analysis of compounds of selenium and, as a result, in 1861 he discovered the element thallium, finally establishing its atomic weight in 1873. Following his discovery of thallium, he became involved in two main lines of research: the properties of rarified gases, and the investigation of the elements of the "rare earths". It was also during these experiments that he discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer, a device in which light is converted into rotational motion and which used to be found frequently in the shop windows of English opticians. Also among the fruits of this work were the Crookes tubes and the development of spectacle lenses with differential ranges of radiational absorption. In the 1870s he became interested in spiritualism and acquired a reputation for his studies of psychic phenomena, but at the turn of the century he returned to traditional scientific investigations. In 1892 he wrote about the possibility of wireless telegraphy. His work in the field of radioactivity led to the invention of the spinthariscope, an early type of detector of alpha particles. In 1900 he undertook investigations into uranium which led to the study of scintillation, an important tool in the study of radioactivity.
    While the theoretical basis of his work has not stood the test of time, his material discoveries, observations and investigations of new facts formed a basis on which others such as J.J. Thomson were to develop subatomic theory. His later involvement in the investigation of spiritualism led to much criticism, but could be justified on the basis of a belief in the duty to investigate all phenomena.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1897. Order of Merit 1910. FRS 1863. President, Royal Society 1913–15. Honorary LLD Birmingham. Honorary DSc Oxon, Cambridge, Sheffield, Durham, Ireland and Cape of Good Hope.
    Bibliography
    1874, On Attraction and Repulsion Resulting from Radiation.
    1874, "Researches in the phenomenon of spiritualism", Society of Metaphysics; reprinted in facsimile, 1986.
    Further Reading
    E.E.Fournier D'Albe, 1923, Life of Sir William Crookes. Who Was Who II, 1916–28, London: A. \& C. Black. T.I.Williams, 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. See also Braun, Karl Ferdinand.
    KF / MG

    Biographical history of technology > Crookes, Sir William

  • 93 Shortt, William Hamilton

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 28 September 1881
    d. 4 February 1971
    [br]
    British railway engineer and amateur horologist who designed the first successful free-pendulum clock.
    [br]
    Shortt entered the Engineering Department of the London and South Western Railway as an engineering cadet in 1902, remaining with the company and its successors until he retired in 1946. He became interested in precision horology in 1908, when he designed an instrument for recording the speed of trains; this led to a long and fruitful collaboration with Frank HopeJones, the proprietor of the Synchronome Company. This association culminated in the installation of a free-pendulum clock, with an accuracy of the order of one second per year, at Edinburgh Observatory in 1921. The clock's performance was far better than that of existing clocks, such as the Riefler, and a slightly modified version was produced commercially by the Synchronome Company. These clocks provided the time standard at Greenwich and many other observatories and scientific institutions across the world until they were supplanted by the quartz clock.
    The period of a pendulum is constant if it swings freely with a constant amplitude in a vacuum. However, this ideal state cannot be achieved in a clock because the pendulum must be impulsed to maintain its amplitude and the swings have to be counted to indicate time. The free-pendulum clock is an attempt to approach this ideal as closely as possible. In 1898 R.J. Rudd used a slave clock, synchronized with a free pendulum, to time the impulses delivered to the free pendulum. This clock was not successful, but it provided the inspiration for Shortt's clock, which operates on the same principle. The Shortt clock used a standard Synchronome electric clock as the slave, and its pendulum was kept in step with the free pendulum by means of the "hit and miss" synchronizer that Shortt had patented in 1921. This allowed the pendulum to swing freely (in a vacuum), apart from the fraction of a second in which it received an impulse each half-minute.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Master of the Clockmakers' Company 1950. British Horological Society Gold Medal 1931. Clockmakers' Company Tompion Medal 1954. Franklin Institute John Price Wetherill Silver Medal.
    Bibliography
    1929, "Some experimental mechanisms, mechanical and otherwise, for the maintenance of vibration of a pendulum", Horological Journal 71:224–5.
    Further Reading
    F.Hope-Jones, 1949, Electrical Timekeeping, 2nd edn, London (a detailed but not entirely impartial account of the development of the free-pendulum clock).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Shortt, William Hamilton

  • 94 Armstrong, Edwin Howard

    [br]
    b. 18 December 1890 New York City, New York, USA
    d. 31 January 1954 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    American engineer who invented the regenerative and superheterodyne amplifiers and frequency modulation, all major contributions to radio communication and broadcasting.
    [br]
    Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.
    During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.
    Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institution of Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1917. Franklin Medal 1937. IERE Edison Medal 1942. American Medal for Merit 1947.
    Bibliography
    1922, "Some recent developments in regenerative circuits", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:244.
    1924, "The superheterodyne. Its origin, developments and some recent improvements", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 12:549.
    1936, "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signalling by a system of frequency modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24:689.
    Further Reading
    L.Lessing, 1956, Man of High-Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, pbk 1969 (the only definitive biography).
    W.R.Maclaurin and R.J.Harman, 1949, Invention \& Innovation in the Radio Industry.
    J.R.Whitehead, 1950, Super-regenerative Receivers.
    A.N.Goldsmith, 1948, Frequency Modulation (for the background to the development of frequency modulation, in the form of a large collection of papers and an extensive bibliog raphy).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Armstrong, Edwin Howard

  • 95 Blumlein, Alan Dower

    [br]
    b. 29 June 1903 Hampstead, London, England
    d. 7 June 1942
    [br]
    English electronics engineer, developer of telephone equipment, highly linear electromechanical recording and reproduction equipment, stereo techniques, video and radar technology.
    [br]
    He was a very bright scholar and received a BSc in electrical technology from City and Guilds College in 1923. He joined International Western Electric (later to become Standard Telephone and Cables) in 1924 after a period as an instructor/demonstrator at City and Guilds. He was instrumental in the design of telephone measuring equipment and in international committee work for standards for long-distance telephony.
    From 1929 Blumlein was employed by the Columbia Graphophone Company to develop an electric recording cutterhead that would be independent of Western Electric's patents for the system developed by Maxfield and Harrison. He attacked the problems in a most systematic fashion, and within a year he had developed a moving-coil cutterhead that was much more linear than the iron-cored systems known at the time. Eventually Blumlein designed a complete line of recording equipment, from microphone and through-power amplifiers. The design was used by Columbia; after the merger with the Gramophone Company in 1931 to form Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd (later known as EMI) it became the company standard, certainly for coarse-groove records, until c.1950.
    Blumlein became interested in stereophony (binaural sound), and developed and demonstrated a complete line of equipment, from correctly placed microphones via two-channel records and stereo pick-ups to correctly placed loudspeakers. The advent of silent surfaces of vinyl records made this approach commercial from the late 1950s. His approach was independent and quite different from that of A.C. Keller.
    His extreme facility for creating innovative solutions to electronic problems was used in EMI's development from 1934 to 1938 of the electronic television system, which became the BBC standard of 405 lines after the Second World War, when television broadcasting again became possible. Independent of official requirements, EMI developed a 60 MHz radar system and Blumlein was involved in the development of a centimetric radar and display system. It was during testing of this aircraft mounted equipment that he was killed in a crash.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Blumlein was inventor or co-inventor of well over 120 patents, a complete list of which is to be found in Burns (1992; see below). The major sound-recording achievements are documented by British patent nos. 350,954, 350,998, 363,627 (highly linear cutterhead, 1930) and 394,325 (reads like a textbook on stereo technology, 1931).
    Further Reading
    The definitive biography of Blumlein has not yet been written; the material seems to have been collected, but is not yet available. However, R.W.Burns, 1992, "A.D.Blumlein, engineer extraordinary", Engineering Science and Education Journal (February): 19– 33 is a thorough account. Also B.J.Benzimra, 1967, "A.D. Blumlein: an electronics genius", Electronics \& Power (June): 218–24 provides an interesting summary.
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Blumlein, Alan Dower

  • 96 Bosch, Robert August

    [br]
    b. 23 September 1861 Albeck, near Ulm, Germany
    d. 9 March 1942 Stuttgart, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer, industrialist and pioneer of internal combustion engine electrical systems.
    [br]
    Robert was the eighth of twelve children of the landlord of a hotel in the village of Albeck. He wanted to be a botanist and zoologist, but at the age of 18 he was apprenticed as a precision mechanic. He travelled widely in the south of Germany, which is unusual for an apprenticeship. In 1884, he went to the USA, where he found employment with Thomas A. Edison and his colleague, the German electrical engineer Siegmund Bergmann. During this period he became interested and involved in the rights of workers.
    In 1886 he set up his own workshop in Stuttgart, having spent a short time with Siemens in England. He built up a sound reputation for quality, but the firm outgrew its capital and in 1892 he had to sack nearly all his employees. Fortunately, among the few that he was able to retain were Arnold Zähringer, who later became Manager, and an apprentice, Gottlieb Harold. These two, under Bosch, were responsible for the development of the low-tension (1897) and the high-tension (1902) magneto. They also developed the Bosch sparking plug, again in 1902. The distributor for multi-cylinder engines followed in 1910. These developments, with a strong automotive bias, were stimulated by Bosch's association with Frederick Simms, an Englishman domiciled in Hamburg, who had become a director of Daimler in Canstatt and had secured the UK patent rights of the Daimler engine. Simms went on to invent, in about 1898, a means of varying ignition timing with low-tension magnetos.
    It must be emphasized, as pointed out above, that the invention of neither type of magneto was due to Bosch. Nikolaus Otto introduced a crude low-tension magneto in 1884, but it was not patented in Germany, while the high-tension magneto was invented by Paul Winand, a nephew of Otto's partner Eugen Langen, in 1887, this patent being allowed to lapse in 1890.
    Bosch's social views were advanced for his time. He introduced an eight-hour day in 1906 and advocated industrial arbitration and free trade, and in 1932 he wrote a book on the prevention of world economic crises, Die Verhütung künftiger Krisen in der Weltwirtschaft. Other industrialists called him the "Red Bosch" because of his short hours and high wages; he is reputed to have replied, "I do not pay good wages because I have a lot of money, I have a lot of money because I pay good wages." The firm exists to this day as the giant multi-national company Robert Bosch GmbH, with headquarters still in Stuttgart.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    T.Heuss, 1994, Robert Bosch: His Life and Achievements (trans. S.Gillespie and J. Kapczynski), New York: Henry Holt \& Co.
    JB

    Biographical history of technology > Bosch, Robert August

  • 97 Gatling, Dr Richard Jordan

    [br]
    b. 12 September 1818 Winston, North Carolina, USA
    d. 26 February 1903 New York, USA
    [br]
    American weapons designer and metallurgist.
    [br]
    Gatling first became interested in inventing when helping his father develop more-efficient agricultural machines, and as early as 1839 he developed a screw propeller for ships. Shortly after this he was struck down by smallpox, and it was this that caused him, when he recovered, to study medicine; he did this at the Ohio Medical College, graduating in 1850. The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 triggered an immediate interest in weaponry and he set about designing a rapid-fire weapon, which would both bear his name and be one of the forerunners of the machine gun: he completed his design of the Gatling Gun in 1862. His concept of using several barrels was not unique, with other inventors such as the Belgian Fafschamps and the Frenchman Reffye also employing it. However, Catling's gun was superior to the others in the soundness of its engineering. The rounds were fed through a hopper on top of the gun into the chambers of each barrel, and the barrels themselves were fixed in a cluster. An endless screw operated by a hand crank controlled the operation, opening the breech of each barrel in turn, enabling the round to drop into the chamber through a series of grooves, and then closing the breech and releasing the striker. In the face of fierce competition, the Gatling was adopted by the US Army in 1866, and many other armies followed suit. Although a version powered by an electric motor was introduced in 1893, the Gatling was gradually superseded by the fully automatic machine gun, first developed by Maxim. Even so, such was the excellence of the Gatling's mechanics that the concept was readopted by the Americans in the late 1950s and employed in such systems as the Vulcan air-defence gun and the airborne Minigun. Gatling's inventions did not end with his gun. In 1886 he developed a new steel and aluminium alloy and also experimented with the production of cast-steel cannon.
    CM

    Biographical history of technology > Gatling, Dr Richard Jordan

  • 98 Somerset, Edward, 2nd Marquis of Worcester

    [br]
    b. 1601
    d. 3 April 1667 Lambeth (?), London, England
    [br]
    English inventor of a steam-operated pump for raising water, described in his work A Century of…Inventions.
    [br]
    Edward Somerset became 6th Earl and 2nd Marquis of Worcester and Titular Earl of Glamorgan. He was educated privately and then abroad, visiting Germany, Italy and France. He was made Councillor of Wales in 1633 and Deputy Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire in 1635. On the outbreak of the Civil War, he was commissioned to levy forces against the Scots in 1640. He garrisoned Raglan Castle for the King and was employed by Charles I to bring troops in from Ireland. He was declared an enemy of the realm by Parliament and was banished, remaining in France for some years. On the Restoration, he recovered most of his estates, principally in South Wales, and was able to devote most of his time to mechanical studies and experiments.
    Soon after 1626, he had employed the services of a skilled Dutch or German mechanic, Caspar Kaltoff, to make small-scale models for display to interested people. In 1638 he showed Charles I a 14 ft (4.3m) diameter wheel carrying forty weights that was claimed to have solved the problem of perpetual motion. He wrote his Century of the Names and Scantlings of Such Inventions as at Present I Can Call to Mind to have Tried and Perfected in 1655, but it was not published until 1663: no. 68 describes "An admirable and most forcible way to drive up water by fire", which has been claimed as an early steam-engine. Before the Civil War he made experiments at Raglan Castle, and after the war he built one of his engines at Vauxhall, London, where it raised water to a height of 40 ft (12 m). An Act of Parliament enabling Worcester to receive the benefit and profits of his water-commanding engine for ninety-nine years did not restore his fortunes. Descriptions of this invention are so vague that it cannot be reconstructed.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1655, Century of the Names and Scantlings of Such Inventions as at Present I Can Call to Mind to have Tried and Perfected.
    Further Reading
    H.Dircks, 1865, The Life, Times and Scientific Labours of the Second Marquis of Worcester.
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1898, Vol. L, London: Smith Elder \& Co. (mainly covers his political career).
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (discusses his steam engine invention).
    W.H.Thorpe, 1932–3, "The Marquis of Worcester and Vauxhall", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Somerset, Edward, 2nd Marquis of Worcester

  • 99 Li Gao (Li Kao)

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    fl. 752/820 China
    [br]
    Chinese physicist, technologist and patron of engineers.
    [br]
    Li Gao was Prince of Cao (Tshao). He was interested in acoustics and carried out experiments on both hydrostatic and air pressure. He constructed "trick" hydrostatic vessels that could take up different positions according to the amount of water in them. Such vessels had been known since the third century BC and were popular at court for over a thousand years: Li's were made of lacquered wood, c. 790, probably in quantity. He made successful use of paddle warships operated by treadmills. Similar vessels may have been in use as early as the late fifth century, but this is not at all certain. Li Gao's ships are therefore the first practical achievement of an idea for ship propulsion that, probably independently, had been mooted but not realized in early Byzantine times in Europe. His experiments with this type of vessel were made during 782 to 785, while he was Governor of Hungchow. It was said that the ships "went like the wind", faster than a charging horse.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962, Vols IV. 1, pp. 38, 62; 1965, IV. 2, pp. 417–18, 433, 435; Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West, 1970, pp. 25, 127–8.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Li Gao (Li Kao)

  • 100 Babbage, Charles

    [br]
    b. 26 December 1791 Walworth, Surrey, England
    d. 18 October 1871 London, England
    [br]
    English mathematician who invented the forerunner of the modern computer.
    [br]
    Charles Babbage was the son of a banker, Benjamin Babbage, and was a sickly child who had a rather haphazard education at private schools near Exeter and later at Enfield. Even as a child, he was inordinately fond of algebra, which he taught himself. He was conversant with several advanced mathematical texts, so by the time he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1811, he was ahead of his tutors. In his third year he moved to Peterhouse, whence he graduated in 1814, taking his MA in 1817. He first contributed to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1815, and was elected a fellow of that body in 1816. He was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society in 1820 and served in high office in it.
    While he was still at Cambridge, in 1812, he had the first idea of calculating numerical tables by machinery. This was his first difference engine, which worked on the principle of repeatedly adding a common difference. He built a small model of an engine working on this principle between 1820 and 1822, and in July of the latter year he read an enthusiastically received note about it to the Astronomical Society. The following year he was awarded the Society's first gold medal. He submitted details of his invention to Sir Humphry Davy, President of the Royal Society; the Society reported favourably and the Government became interested, and following a meeting with the Chancellor of the Exchequer Babbage was awarded a grant of £1,500. Work proceeded and was carried on for four years under the direction of Joseph Clement.
    In 1827 Babbage went abroad for a year on medical advice. There he studied foreign workshops and factories, and in 1832 he published his observations in On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. While abroad, he received the news that he had been appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. He held the Chair until 1839, although he neither resided in College nor gave any lectures. For this he was paid between £80 and £90 a year! Differences arose between Babbage and Clement. Manufacture was moved from Clement's works in Lambeth, London, to new, fireproof buildings specially erected by the Government near Babbage's house in Dorset Square, London. Clement made a large claim for compensation and, when it was refused, withdrew his workers as well as all the special tools he had made up for the job. No work was possible for the next fifteen months, during which Babbage conceived the idea of his "analytical engine". He approached the Government with this, but it was not until eight years later, in 1842, that he received the reply that the expense was considered too great for further backing and that the Government was abandoning the project. This was in spite of the demonstration and perfectly satisfactory operation of a small section of the analytical engine at the International Exhibition of 1862. It is said that the demands made on manufacture in the production of his engines had an appreciable influence in improving the standard of machine tools, whilst similar benefits accrued from his development of a system of notation for the movements of machine elements. His opposition to street organ-grinders was a notable eccentricity; he estimated that a quarter of his mental effort was wasted by the effect of noise on his concentration.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1816. Astronomical Society Gold Medal 1823.
    Bibliography
    Babbage wrote eighty works, including: 1864, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher.
    July 1822, Letter to Sir Humphry Davy, PRS, on the Application of Machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing Mathematical Tables.
    Further Reading
    1961, Charles Babbage and His Calculating Engines: Selected Writings by Charles Babbage and Others, eds Philip and Emily Morrison, New York: Dover Publications.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Babbage, Charles

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