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101 Rhode Island
I1) Штат в группе штатов Новой Англии [ New England], самый маленький из 50 штатов США. Официальное название - "Штат Род-Айленд и плантации Провиденса" [ State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]. На севере и востоке граничит со штатом Массачусетс [ Massachusetts], на юге имеет выход к проливу Род-Айленд-Саунд [Rhode Island Sound]. Делится на две части заливом Наррагансетт [ Narragansett Bay], в котором расположены 36 островов, входящих в его состав, в том числе о. Блок [ Block Island]. Площадь - 4 тыс. кв. км. Население около 1 млн. человек (2000). Столица и крупнейший город - Провиденс [ Providence]. Наиболее крупные города: Крэнстон [Cranston], Ист-Провиденс [East Providence], Ньюпорт [ Newport], Потакет [ Pawtucket], Уорик [ Warwick], Вунсокет [Woonsocket]. Местность на востоке низменная, на западе - холмы. Умеренно континентальный влажный климат. Ко времени появления европейцев на территории будущего штата здесь жили индейцы племен наррагансет [ Narragansett], вампаноаг [ Wampanoag], пекот [ Pequot], ниантик [Niantic] и нипмук [ Nipmuc]. В 1511 у берегов Род-Айленда появились португальцы во главе с М. Корте Реалом [Corte Real, Miguel]. В 1524 залив Наррагансетт был обследован Дж. да Верразано [ Verrazano, Giovanni da], в начале XVII в. здесь появились голландские торговцы-мореплаватели. В 1636 изгнанный из Бостона пастор-диссидент Р. Уильямс [ Williams, Roger] основал первое постоянное поселение Провиденс. В 1638 другие изгнанники из Колонии Массачусетского залива [ Massachusetts Bay Colony], сторонники Э. Хатчинсон [ Hutchinson, Anne], У. Коддингтона [Coddington, William] и Дж. Кларка [Clarke, John] купили у индейцев землю на о. Эквиднек [Aquidneck Island], на месте современного г. Портсмута. В 1639 был основан Ньюпорт. В 1644 Эквиднек получил второе название - Род-Айленд. В тот же год Р. Уильямс добился в Англии хартии на объединение трех колоний, а в 1663 король Карл II издал хартию, в которой за Род-Айлендом закреплялись установившиеся там религиозные свободы и право на самоуправление. Этот документ оставался в силе до принятия в 1842 конституции штата [ state constitution]. Местные жители сохраняли дружественные отношения с индейцами вплоть до Войны Короля Филипа [ King Philip's War], что позволило успешно развивать экономику колонии. В ней значительную роль играли крупные фермерские хозяйства, внешняя торговля с Вест-Индией и Европой, участие в работорговле, китобойный промысел. Четвертого мая 1776 Род-Айленд первым объявил о своей независимости от метрополии, а его жители впоследствии участвовали во всех крупных сражениях Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War]; уроженец штата генерал Н. Грин [ Greene, Nathanael] был заместителем Дж. Вашингтона [ Washington, George]. Основной порт Род-Айленда Ньюпорт был оккупирован англичанами с декабря 1776 по октябрь 1779 и почти полностью разрушен, что привело к смещению экономической активности в Провиденс (особенно значительной была его роль в торговле с Китаем). В 1790 Род-Айленд ратифицировал Конституцию США [ Constitution, U.S.] - последним из Тринадцати колоний [ Thirteen Colonies], что во многом было вызвано нежеланием местных жителей делегировать властные полномочия федеральному правительству. В 1790 в г. Потакете была создана первая в США фабрика по переработке хлопка, с которой началось бурное промышленное развитие штата; кульминация его пришлась на 1830-40-е. Развивались текстильные мануфактуры, вокруг которых возникали новые поселения, судостроение, ювелирное дело; в то же время постепенно снижалась роль внешней торговли и китобойного промысла. Двоевластие и борьба вокруг проекта новой конституции штата закончились весной 1842 подавлением правительственными войсками вооруженного выступления, вошедшего в историю как восстание Дорра [ Dorr, Thomas Wilson]. На 1920-е пришелся спад в промышленном производстве. В поисках дешевой рабочей силы началось перемещение предприятий в южные штаты. Развитие военно-промышленного комплекса после второй мировой войны привело к тому, что до 1973 авиабаза ВМС Куонсет-Пойнт [ Quonset Point Naval Air Station] была самым крупным работодателем штата. Одновременно наблюдался рост значения таких отраслей, как металлургия, машиностроение, производство резины и пластмассы. В 1980-90-е происходит сдвиг в сторону сферы обслуживания и туризма и сокращение численности рабочих мест в промышленном производстве (ныне в промышленности занято около 25 процентов жителей штата). Род-Айленд отличает большая концентрация высококвалифицированных кадров. Начиная с 1920-х, избиратели штата предпочитают голосовать за демократов. Одна из наиболее существенных проблем Род-Айленда - загрязнение окружающей среды, связанное с урбанизацией и высокой плотностью населения.2) Второе название острова Эквиднек [Aquidneck Island] в залив Наррагансетт, на котором расположена часть одноименного штатаII"Rhode Island""Род-Айленд"Гимн [ state song] штата Род-АйлендEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Rhode Island
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102 Wheelwright, John
(1592?-1679) Уилрайт, ДжонКолониальный религиозный деятель. За поддержку своей невестки Э. Хатчинсон [ Hutchinson, Anne] в 1638 был изгнан из Массачусетской колонии [ Massachusetts Bay Colony]. Основал собственные церкви в г. Экзетере (Нью-Хэмпшир) и в г. Уэллсе (Мэн). В 1644 примирился с колониальными властями, покаявшись.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Wheelwright, John
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103 Kansas
[ˊkænzǝs] Канзас, штат на Среднем Западе США <инд. люди южного ветра>. Сокращение: KS. Прозвища: «штат подсолнухов» [*Sunflower State], «штат вольных стрелков» [*Jayhawk State], «штат скваттеров» [*Squatter State]. Житель штата: канзасец [Kansan]. Столица: г. Топика [Topeka]. Девиз: «Через тернии к звёздам» (лат. ‘Ad astra per aspera’ — ‘To the stars through difficulties’). Цветок: подсолнух [sunflower]. Дерево: тополь трёхгранный [cottonwood]. Птица: западноамериканский жаворонок луговой [western meadow lark] Животное: бизон [buffalo I]. Песня: «Дом на просторе» [*‘Home on the Range’]. Марш: «Канзасский марш» [‘The Kansas March’]. Площадь: 211828 кв. км (82,264 sq. mi.) (14- е место). Население (1986): ок. 2,4 млн. (32- е место). Крупнейшие города: Уичито [*Wichita], Канзас-Сити [*Kansas City], Топика [*Topeka]. Экономика. Основные отрасли: машиностроение, банковское дело, страховой бизнес, операции с недвижимостью, сервис. Основная продукция: транспортное оборудование, машины и компьютеры, продовольствие и др. продукция пищевой промышленности, печатная продукция. Сельское хозяйство. Основные культуры: пшеница, сорго, кукуруза, соя, луговые травы. Животноводство (1992): скота — 5,65 млн., свиней — 1,44 млн., овец — 179 тыс., птицы — 1,8 млн. Лесное хозяйство: дуб, орех. Полезные ископаемые: цинк, уголь, соль, свинец, нефть. История: в 1541 по территории Канзаса прошёл испанский конкистадор Коронадо [Coronado], за ним последовали французские исследователи. США приобрели этот район в результате покупки Луизианы в 1803. В годы перед Гражданской войной Канзас стал ареной жесточайшей борьбы сторонников и противников рабства (его называли «истекающий кровью Канзас» [‘Bleeding Kansas’]). Строительство железных дорог после Гражданской войны сделало Абилин [*Abilene] и Додж-Сити [*Dodge City] крупными станциями погрузки скота, перегоняемого из Техаса. Достопримечательности: мемориалы и музеи, связанные с именем Эйзенхауэра, в Абилине [Eisenhower Center and ‘Place of Meditation’, Eisenhower boyhood home, New Eisenhower Memorial and Prudential Library]; Зал славы сельского хозяйства [Agricultural Hall of Fame] в Боннер-Спрингс [Bonner Springs]; выставки сельскохозяйственной техники в Додж-Сити [*Dodge City]; Канзасский центр космических исследований [Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Discovery] в Хатчинсоне [Hutchinson]; Исторический музей штата Канзас [Kansas State Historical Society Museum] в Топике; хижина Джона Брауна в Осауотоми [Osawatomie]; реставрированная улица Фронт-Стрит [Front Street] в ковбойском городе Додж-Сити; Ларнед, некогда крупнейший военный форт на дороге в Санта-Фе [*Santa Fe Trail], и всё ещё действующие форты Ливенуорт [Leavenworth] и Райли [Riley]. Знаменитые канзасцы: Бентон, Томас [*Benton, Thomas Hart], художник; Браун, Джон [*Brown, John], борец против рабства; Крайслер, Уолтер [*Chrysler, Walter P.], промышленник; Эрхарт, Амелия [*Earhart, Amelia], лётчица; Эйзенхауэр, Дуайт [*Eisenhower, Dwight D.], 34-й президент США; Хикок, Дикий Билл [*Hickok, James Butler (Wild Bill)], герой Дикого Запада; Нейшн, Кэрри [Nation, Carry], активистка кампании за запрещение алкогольных напитков. Ассоциации: фермерский штат, житница страны; подвержен циклонам, типа описанных в «Волшебнике из страны Оз» [*‘Wizard of Oz’] ( книга и фильм очень популярны в США); в годы Гражданской войны был ареной ожесточённых схваток борцов за освобождение негров со сторонниками рабства -
104 childhood progeria
Progerie f, greisenhafter Zwergwuchs m, Vergreisung f im Kindesalter, Hutchinson-Gilfordsches Syndrom nFachwörterbuch Medizin Englisch-Deutsch > childhood progeria
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105 premature senility syndrome
Fachwörterbuch Medizin Englisch-Deutsch > premature senility syndrome
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106 progeria
( Päd) Progerie f, Hutchinson-Gilfordsche Krankheit f, Vergreisung f im Kindesalter, greisenhafter Zwergwuchs m -
107 crasher
[kræʃə]сущ.1) удар; грохот; трескFlick, rat-tat! What a crasher! (A. S. M. Hutchinson, This Freedom, 1922) — Треск, шум! Что за грохот!
He told the fatal tale to me. It was of course a crasher for Archibald. (E. Phillpotts, 1928) — Он рассказал мне эту роковую историю. Это было, конечно, ударом для Арчибальда.
2) разг. незваный гостьThe crashers ruined the party. — Прорвавшиеся без приглашения испортили весь вечер.
3) заяц, безбилетный посетитель4) амер.; крим. грабитель-взломщик -
108 Boeck's disease
s.enfermedad de Boeck, enfermedad de Hutchinson-Boeck, enfermedad de Schaumann, mal de Boeck. -
109 Boeck's sarcoid
s.enfermedad de Boeck, mal de Boeck, enfermedad de Hutchinson-Boeck, enfermedad de Schaumann. -
110 Hutchison-type neuroblastoma
s.neuroblastoma tipo Hutchinson.Nuevo Diccionario Inglés-Español > Hutchison-type neuroblastoma
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111 sarcoid
adj.sarcoide.s.enfermedad de Boeck, enfermedad de Hutchinson-Boeck, enfermedad de Schaumann, mal de Boeck, sarcoide benigno múltiple, sarcoide de Boeck, sarcoidosis, sarcoidosis generalizada. -
112 sarcoidosis
s.enfermedad de Boeck, enfermedad de Hutchinson-Boeck, enfermedad de Schaumann, mal de Boeck, sarcoide benigno múltiple, sarcoidosis, sarcoidosis generalizada. -
113 Schaumann's disease
s.enfermedad de Boeck, enfermedad de Hutchinson-Boeck, enfermedad de Schaumann, mal de Boeck. -
114 make a hole in smth.
опустошить (запасы, сбережения и т. п.)Higgins: "...He'll have to pay for all those togs you have been wearing today; and that with the hire of the jewelry, will make a big hole in two hundred pounds." (B. Shaw, ‘Pygmalion’, act IV) — Хиггинс: "...Ему еще придется заплатить за тряпки, которые сегодня надеты на вас; а если причислить сюда плату за прокат брильянтов, то от двухсот фунтов у него немного останется."
...a bob would make a big hole in his week's wages. (S. O'Casey, ‘Pictures in the Hallway’, ‘Work Made Manifest’) —...а недельное жалованье Джонни сильно поубавится, если из него вычтут этот недостающий шиллинг.
Hutchinson sent for his precious bottle of Benedictine. They had made a hole in it last night; they might as well finish it before they went. (W. S. Maugham, ‘Complete Short Stories’, ‘The Yellow Streak’) — Хатчинсон послал за своей драгоценной бутылкой бенедиктина. Накануне вечером они основательно хлебнули из нее, а перед отъездом можно и докончить.
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115 Hutchison, Charles
1879-1949Charles Hutchison fue, sobre todo, actor de cine mudo, en el que alcanzo la suficiente popularidad para merecer el apelativo de “rey de los seriales de accion”. Desde el primer momento probo a dirigir y ya aparece acreditado en 1915. En el sonoro las cosas seran distintas: como actor, aparece muy esporadicamente y las mas de las veces sin figurar en los titulos de credito; como director, rueda un punado de peliculas de genero de bajo presupuesto y escasa calidad, entre las que se encuentran cuatro westerns. En ocasiones figura como Charles Hutchinson.The Judgement Book. 1935. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Beaumont. Conway Tearle, Bernadene Hayes.Riddle Ranch. 1935. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Beaumont. David Worth, June Marlowe.Desert Guns. 1936. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Beaumont. Conway Tearle, Margaret Morris.Phantom Patrol. 1936. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ambassador. Kermit Maynard, Joan Barclay.English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Hutchison, Charles
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116 GENERAL REFERENCES
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"A Statistical Portrait of Portugal." In Iêda Siqueira Wiarda, ed., The Handbook of Portuguese Studies, 477-511. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.■ Andrade, John. Dicionário Do 25 De Abril. Verde Fauna, Rubra Flora. Lisbon: Nova Arrancada, 2002.■ Azevedo, Candido De, ed. Classe Politica Portuguesa: Estes Politicos Que Nos Governam. Lisbon, 1989.■ Barreto, Antônio, and Maria Filomena Mônica, eds. Dicionário De História De Portugal. Vols. VII, VIII and IX. Suplemento (to 6 vols. of Joel Serrão, DHP), 3 vols. Oporto: Figueirinhas, 1999-2000.■ Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira da Cultura, 30 vols., to date. Lisbon: Verbo: 1963-90.■ Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa e Brasileira, 40 vols. Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, 1924-60.■ Guía das Fundações Portuguesas/ Portuguese Foundations Guide, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Centro Portugües de Fundações, 1996.■ Rosas, Fernando, and J. M. Brandão de Brito, eds. Dicionário de História do Estado Novo, 2 vols. 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Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991. Pajot, Lalé. Le Portugal. Paris: Pichon and Durand, 1971. Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, 2 vols. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973.■ Peres, Damião, ed. História de Portugal, 9 vols. Barcelos and Coimbra, Monumental Edition, 1928-35.■ Raibaud, A. Petite Histoire du Portugal: Des Origines à 1910. Nice, 1964.■ Reynold, Gonzague de. Portugal. Paris, 1936.■ Saraiva, José Hermano. História Concisa de Portugal. Lisbon, 1978 and later eds.■ -. História De Portugal, 4th ed. Mem Martins: Pub. Europa-América, 1993.■ -. Portugal: A Companion History. Ed. and expanded by Ian Robertson and■ L. C. Taylor. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Sayers, Raymond S., ed. Portugal and Brazil in Transition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Lisbon, 1931.■ Sérgio, Antônio. A Sketch of the History of Portugal. Lisbon, 1928.■ Serrão, Joel, and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História De Portugal, 10 vols. Lisbon, 1987-.■ Silva, Manuela, coord. Portugal Contemporâneo: Problemas e perspectivas. Oeiras: Instituto Nacional de Administração, 1986.■ Trend, J. B. Portugal. London: Ernest Benn, 1957.■ Veríssimo Serrão, José. História De Portugal, 14 vols. Lisbon, 1980-97.■ Vieira, Nelson H., ed. Roads to Today's Portugal: Essays on Contemporary Portuguese Literature, Art and Culture. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1983.■ Wiarda, Iêda Siqueira, ed. The Handbook of Portuguese Studies. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.■ Historical Document Collections: Portugal Almeida, Manuel Lopes de, ed. Obras dos Príncipes de Avis. Oporto: Lello, 1981.■ Andrade e Silva, José Justino da, ed. Collecção Chronologica da Legislação Portugueza ( 1603-1702), 10 vols. Lisbon De Souza, 1854-59.■ Azevedo, Ruy Pinto de. Documentos Medievais Portugueses, 3 vols. Lisbon:■ Academia Portuguesa de Histôria, 1940-62. 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Vol. I (1820-25) and later vols. Lisbon, 1889.■ Duarte, Dom (King of Portugal). Leal Conselheiro. João Morais Barbosa, ed. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional and Casa da Moeda, 1982.■ Faye, Jean Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976.■ Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.■ Fonseca, Luís Adão da. O essencial sobre O Tratado de Windsor [ 1386]. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional and Casa da Moeda, 1986.■ Fundação Gulbenkian. Ordenações manuelinas, 5 vols. Lisbon: Fund. Gulben-kian, 1984.■ Medina, João, ed. História Contemporânea De Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Multilar, 1985-90.■ Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Dez Anos De Política Externa ( 19361948): A Nação Portuguesa E A Segunda Guerra Mundial, 20 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1973-98.■ Neves, Orlando, ed. Textos Históricos Da Revolução, 3 vols. Lisbon: Diabril, 1975-76.■ Oliveira, Eduardo Freire de, ed. Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa, 17 vols. Lisbon: Typ. Universal, 1882-1911.■ Oliveira Marques, A.H. de, ed. Antologia da Historiografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Mem Martins: Europa-América, 1975. Pereira, Miriam Halpern, ed. Revolução, Finanças, Dependência Externa. Vol. I (de 1820 a convenção de Gramido). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.■ Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira. Discursos e Notas Políticas, 6 vols. Coimbra: Coimbra Edit., 1932-67.■ -. Entrevistas: 1960-1966. Coimbra: Coimbra Edit., 1967.■ -. Salazar. Pensamento e doutrina política: Textos antológicos. Lisbon: Verbo, 1989.■ Sampaio, Carlos Rangel de. Preparativos de Uma Revolta—Documentos Inéditos de 1840 a 1846. Lisbon, 1905.■ Santarém, Visconde do e L.A. Rebelo da Silva, eds. Quadro elementar das relações politicas e diplomáticas de Portugal com as diversas potências do mundo, 19 vols. Paris and Lisbon, 1842-76.■ Serrão, Joel, ed. Antologia Do Pensamento Político Português/1. Liberalismo, Socialismo, Republicanismo. Oporto: Inova, 1970.■ Sousa Costa, Antônia Domingues, ed. Monumenta Portugaliae Vaticana, 4 vols. Rome, Oporto and Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1968-70.■ Tomás, Manuel Fernandes. A Revolução de 1820. José Tengarrinha, ed. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vicente, Ana. Portugal Visto Pela Espanha: Correspondência Diplomática, 1939-1960. Lisbon: Assíro & Alvim, 1992.■ Historical Document Collections: Portuguese Empire■ Agência Geral das Colônias. Antologia Colonial Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon: Agencia Geral das Colônias, 1946-47.■ Albuquerque, Afonso de. Albuquerque: Caesar of the East. T. F. Earle and John Villiers, trans., eds. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1990.■ Alexandre, Valentim, ed. Orígens do colonialismo portugües moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.■ Almada, José de, ed. Tratados Aplicáveis ao Ultramar, 8 vols. Lisbon: MNE, 1942-46.■ Arquivo das Colonias, 5 vols. Lisbon: Ministério das Colônias, 1917-33. Arquivos de Angola, 19 vols. 1st series, Luanda: 1933-59; 16 vols., 2nd series, 1960-74.■ Arquivos de Macau, 9 vols. Macau, 1929-74.■ Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa, 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society: 2nd series, no. 44 (1918) and 49 (1921).■ Bensaúde, Joaquim, ed. Histoire de la science nautiqueportugaise a l' epoque des grandes découvertes, 7 vols. Munich and Lisbon: Kuhn, 1914-24.■ Biker, Júlio Firmino Júdice, ed. Collecção de tratados e concertos de pazes que o Estado da India fez com os Reis e Senhores com que teve relações nas partes da Asia e Africa desde o princípio até ao fim do século XVIII, 14 vols. Lisbon, 1881-87.■ Bragança Pereira, A. B., ed. Arquivo Portugües Oriental, 11 vols. Bastora, Goa: Rangel, 1936-40.■ Brásio, Antônio, SJ. Monumenta missionária africana, 20 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar, 1952-80.■ Caminha, Pero Vaz de. A Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha. Jaime Cortesão, ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1967.■ Carreira, Antônio. Documentos para a História das Ilhas de Cabo Verde e " Rios de Guiné." Lisbon: Ed. do Autor, 1983.■ Centro de Estudos Histôricos Ultramarinos. Documentação Ultramarina Portuguesa. Lisbon: CEHU, 1960-74.■ -. Documentos sobre os portugueses em Moçambique e na Africa Central, 1497-1840, 8 vols. Lisbon: National Archives of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and CEHU, 1962-80.■ Cooper, Michael, ed. They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543-1640. London: Thames and Hudson, 1963.■ Cortesao, Armando, ed. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires... and the Book of Francisco Rodrigues, 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, vols. 89, 90: 1944.■ Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira da Mota, eds. Portugalia monumenta cartographica, 6 vols. Coimbra: CMIH, 1958-63. Cunha Rivara, J. H. da, ed. Arquivo Portuguez Oriental, 9 vols. Nova-Goa, 1857-76.■ Documentos Históricos da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 135 vols. Rio de Janeiro, 1928-.■ Documentos remetidos da índia ou livros das Monções, 5 vols. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências, 1880-1935. Fernandes de Oliveira, Mário Antônio, ed. Angolana: Documentação sobre Angola, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979-80.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon: Edit. Gleba, 1947-56.■ Leite, Serafim, SJ, ed. Historia da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil, 10 vols. Lisbon, 1938-50.■ Levine, Robert M., and John J. Crocitti, eds. The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999.■ Ley, C. D., ed. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero, and Susana Münch Miranda, eds. Os primeiros 14 documentos relativos a Armada de Pedro Alvares Cabral. Lisbon: CNCDP, 1999.■ Pissurlencar, Panduronga. Assentos do Conselho do Estado da índia, 16181750, 5 vols. Bastorá-Goa, India, 1953-57.■ Sá, Padre Artur Basílio de, ed. 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117 Bentley, John Francis
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 30 January 1839 Doncaster, Yorkshire, Englandd. 2 March 1902 Clapham, London, England[br]English architect who specialized chiefly in ecclesiastical building, especially Roman Catholic churches.[br]Bentley's work was of high quality, particularly with regard to the decorative materials and finish. Notable among his churches was the Church of the Holy Rood (begun in 1887) at Watford, which is in Gothic Revival style, with fine decorative materials.Bentley's chef-d'oeuvre is the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Westminster in London: begun in 1895, the shell was completed in 1903. He based the banded pattern of the exterior upon the Italian medieval cathedrals of Siena and Orvieto, but at Westminster the banding is in red brick and white stone instead of marble. The cathedral interior is Byzantine in style, with pendentive construction. Built of load-bearing brick, with the saucer domes inside being made of concrete strengthened with brick inserts, there is no steel reinforcement: in choosing this type of structural material, Bentley was more closely following ancient Roman technology than modern use of concrete. The intention was to have all surfaces clad in mosaic of marble, but sadly only a portion of this has yet been achieved.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBentley was nominated in 1902 to receive the RIBA Gold Medal but died before the presentation ceremony.Further ReadingW.de l'Hopital, 1919, Westminster Cathedral and its Architect, Hutchinson.DY -
118 Caprotti, Arturo
[br]b. 22 March 1881 Cremona, Italyd. 9 February 1938 Milan, Italy[br]Italian engineer, inventor of Caprotti poppet valve gear for steam locomotives.[br]Caprotti graduated as a mechanical engineer at Turin Royal Polytechnic College and spent some years in the motor car industry. After researching the application of poppet valves to railway locomotives, he invented his rotary cam valve gear for poppet valves in 1915. Compared with usual slide and piston valves and valve gears, it offered independent timing of inlet and exhaust valves and a saving in weight. Valve gear to Caprotti's design was first fitted in 1920 to a 2−6−0 locomotive of the Italian State Railways, and was subsequently widely used there and elsewhere. Caprotti valve gear was first applied in Britain in 1926 to a Claughton class 4−6−0 of the London, Midland \& Scottish Railway, resulting in substantial fuel savings compared with a similar locomotive fitted with Walschaert's valve gear and piston valves. Others of the class were then fitted similarly. Caprotti valve gear never came into general use in Britain and its final application was in 1954 to British Railways class 8 4−6−2 no. 71000; this was intended as the prototype of a class of standard locomotives for express trains, but the class was never built, because diesel and electric locomotives took their place. Some components survived scrapping, and a reconstruction of the locomotive is in working order.[br]Further ReadingJohn Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.P.Ransome-Wallis (ed.), 1959, The Concise Encyclopaedia of World Railway Locomotives, London: Hutchinson (contains a note about Caprotti (p. 497) and a description of the valve gear (p. 301).PJGR -
119 Deacon, Henry
[br]b. 30 July 1822 London, Englandd. 23 July 1876 Widnes, Cheshire, England[br]English industrial chemist.[br]Deacon was apprenticed at the age of 14 to the London engineering firm of Galloway \& Sons. Faraday was a friend of the family and gave Deacon tuition, allowing him to use the laboratories at the Royal Institution. When the firm failed in 1839, Deacon transferred his indentures to Nasmyth \& Gaskell on the Bridgewater Canal at Patricroft. Nasmyth was then beginning work on his steam hammer and it is said that Deacon made the first model of it, for patent purposes. Around 1848, Deacon joined Pilkington's, the glassmakers at St Helens, where he learned the alkali industry, which was then growing up in that district on account of the close proximity of the necessary raw materials, coal, lime and salt. Wishing to start out on his own, he worked as Manager at the chemical works of a John Hutchinson. This was followed by a partnership with William Pilkington, a former employer, who was later replaced by Holbrook Gaskell, another former employer. Deacon's main activity was the manufacture of soda by the Leblanc process. He sought improvement by substituting the ammonia-soda process, but this failed and did not succeed until it was perfected by Solvay. Deacon did, however, with his Chief Chemist F.Hurter, introduce improvements in the Leblanc process during the period 1866–70. Hydrochloric acid, which had previously been a waste product and a nuisance, was oxidized catalytically to chlorine; this could be converted with lime to bleaching powder, which was in heavy demand by the textile industry. The process was patented in 1870.[br]Further ReadingD.W.F.Hardie, 1950, A History of the Chemical Industry in Widnes, London. J.Fenwick Allen, 1907, Some Founders of the Chemical Industry, London.LRD -
120 Du Cane, Peter
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. Englandd. 31 October 1984[br]English engineer, one of the foremost designers of small high-speed ships.[br]Peter Du Cane was appointed a midshipman in the Royal Navy in 1913, having commenced as a cadet at the tender age of 13. At the end of the First World War he transferred to the engineering branch and was posted ultimately to the Yangtze River gunboat fleet. In 1928 he resigned, trained as a pilot and then joined the shipbuilders Vosper Ltd of Portsmouth. For thirty-five years he held the posts of Managing Director and Chief Designer, developing the company's expertise in high-speed, small warships, pleasure craft and record breakers. During the Second World War the company designed and built many motor torpedo-boats, air-sea rescue craft and similar ships. Du Cane served for some months in the Navy, but at the request of the Government he returned to his post in the shipyard. The most glamorous products of the yard were the record breakers Bluebird II, with which Malcolm Campbell took the world water speed record in 1939, and the later Crusader, in which John Cobb lost his life. Despite this blow the company went from strength to strength, producing the epic Brave class fast patrol craft for the Royal Navy, which led to export orders. In 1966 the yard merged with John I.Thornycroft Ltd. Commander Du Cane retired seven years later.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCommander of the Royal Navy. CBE 1965.Bibliography1951, High Speed Small Craft, London: Temple Press.Further ReadingC.Dawson, 1972, A Quest for Speed at Sea, London: Hutchinson.FMW
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