-
1 Hobbes
m.Hobbes, Thomas Hobbes. -
2 Tomás Hobbes
m.Thomas Hobbes. -
3 brutal
adj.1 brutal (violento).2 wicked, brutal (informal) (extraordinary).3 enormous, brutal.* * *► adjetivo1 (cruel) brutal, savage3 figurado (magnífico) terrific, fantastic* * *adj.* * *ADJ1) (=salvaje) brutal2) * (=genial) terrific *3) CAm (=asombroso) incredible, amazing* * ** * *= barbaric, brutal, brutish.Ex. The novel is a crude barbaric mixture of verse and prose, poetry and realism, crammed with ghosts, corpses, maniacs all very unlike Racine.Ex. Few, if any of us, want to be involved in murder, but the brutal act of one person killing another, the motives for doing so, the personal and social consequences, all hold our attention, as newspaper editors well know and exploit = Pocos, si existe alguien, desea verse implicado en un asesinato, pero el acto brutal de una persona asesinando a otra, los motivos para hacerlo, las consecuencias personales y sociales, todo capta nuestra atención, como bien saben y explotan los directores de periódicos.Ex. In his most famous work, the Leviathan, Hobbes famously argued that life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.----* agresión brutal = vicious attack, brutal attack.* ataque brutal = vicious attack, brutal attack.* * ** * *= barbaric, brutal, brutish.Ex: The novel is a crude barbaric mixture of verse and prose, poetry and realism, crammed with ghosts, corpses, maniacs all very unlike Racine.
Ex: Few, if any of us, want to be involved in murder, but the brutal act of one person killing another, the motives for doing so, the personal and social consequences, all hold our attention, as newspaper editors well know and exploit = Pocos, si existe alguien, desea verse implicado en un asesinato, pero el acto brutal de una persona asesinando a otra, los motivos para hacerlo, las consecuencias personales y sociales, todo capta nuestra atención, como bien saben y explotan los directores de periódicos.Ex: In his most famous work, the Leviathan, Hobbes famously argued that life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.* agresión brutal = vicious attack, brutal attack.* ataque brutal = vicious attack, brutal attack.* * *A ‹crimen› brutal; ‹atentado› savagehace un calor brutal it's incredibly hot¿qué te parece? — ¡brutal! what do you think? — terrific! o amazing!* * *
brutal adjetivo ‹ crimen› brutal;
‹ atentado› savage
brutal adjetivo
1 brutal
2 fam (excesivo, intenso) huge, enormous: el cambio es brutal, the change is tremendous
' brutal' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
salvaje
- soldadesca
- agresión
English:
barbaric
- brutal
- fabric
- regime
- savage
- dog
* * *brutal adj1. [violento] brutalun libro/una película brutal a wicked o brutal book/film;tengo un cansancio brutal I'm dead tired, I'm bushed;conseguí entradas para el concierto – ¡brutal! I got hold of some tickets for the concert – wicked o brutal!* * *adj1 procedimiento, lenguaje brutal2 popfiesta incredible fam, terrific* * *brutal adj1) : brutal♦ brutalmente adv* * *brutal adj brutal -
4 bruto
adj.1 stupid, blockhead, ignorant, brute.2 raw.3 animal, beast.4 brute, impetuous.5 gross.m.1 brute, beast, oaf.2 Brutus, Marcus Junius Brutus.* * *► adjetivo1 (cruel) brutal2 (necio) stupid, thick3 (tosco) rough, coarse4 (torpe) clumsy5 (grosero) rude6 (sueldo etc) gross7 (peso) gross8 (piedra) rough, uncut9 (petróleo) crude► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 (animal) beast————————1 (animal) beast* * *1. (f. - bruta)adj.1) gross, raw2) brutish, stupid2. (f. - bruta)nounbrute, beast* * *SM Brutus* * *I- ta adjetivo1) < persona>a) ( ignorante) ignorantb) ( grosero) uncouthc) (violento, brusco)qué hombre más bruto! ha vuelto a pegarle — what a brute! o what an animal! he's hit her again
2) <peso/sueldo> grossII- ta masculino, femeninoa) ( ignorante) ignorant person¿cómo aprobaron a un bruto como él? — how could they pass someone as ignorant o as stupid as him?
b) ( grosero)c) ( persona violenta) brute, animal* * *= grossed-up, crude [cruder -comp., crudest -sup.], brute, brutish.Ex. Applying a factor of 1.441 for 1979 to give the grossed-up estimates, the total grossed-up turnover figure for the year was Table 3.Ex. Some unfortunate children grow up as readers of James Bond, of dashing thrillers and the blood-and-guts of crude war stories.Ex. It is often held that brute animals cannot have legal rights.Ex. In his most famous work, the Leviathan, Hobbes famously argued that life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.----* datos en bruto = raw data.* estimación bruta = grossed-up estimate.* fuerza bruta = brute power.* ganancia bruta = gross profit.* hierro bruto = pig iron.* hierro en bruto = pig iron.* * *I- ta adjetivo1) < persona>a) ( ignorante) ignorantb) ( grosero) uncouthc) (violento, brusco)qué hombre más bruto! ha vuelto a pegarle — what a brute! o what an animal! he's hit her again
2) <peso/sueldo> grossII- ta masculino, femeninoa) ( ignorante) ignorant person¿cómo aprobaron a un bruto como él? — how could they pass someone as ignorant o as stupid as him?
b) ( grosero)c) ( persona violenta) brute, animal* * *= grossed-up, crude [cruder -comp., crudest -sup.], brute, brutish.Ex: Applying a factor of 1.441 for 1979 to give the grossed-up estimates, the total grossed-up turnover figure for the year was Table 3.
Ex: Some unfortunate children grow up as readers of James Bond, of dashing thrillers and the blood-and-guts of crude war stories.Ex: It is often held that brute animals cannot have legal rights.Ex: In his most famous work, the Leviathan, Hobbes famously argued that life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.* datos en bruto = raw data.* estimación bruta = grossed-up estimate.* fuerza bruta = brute power.* ganancia bruta = gross profit.* hierro bruto = pig iron.* hierro en bruto = pig iron.* * *A ‹persona›3(violento, brusco): ¡ay, perdón! ¡qué bruto que soy! oh, sorry! I'm so clumsy o careless!¡qué hombre más bruto! ha vuelto a pegarle what a brute! o an animal! he's hit her againB ‹peso/sueldo› grossen bruto ‹diamante› uncut;‹mineral› crudeC ( delante del n)( RPl fam) (enorme): gana bruto sueldo she earns a hell of a salary ( colloq), she earns a terrific o an enormous o an incredible salarymasculine, feminine1 (ignorante) ignorant person¿cómo aprobaron a un bruto como él? how could they pass someone as ignorant o as stupid as him?2(grosero): es un bruto he's very rude3 (persona violenta) brute, animalel bruto de su primo lo empujó por las escaleras that brute o lout of a cousin of his pushed him down the stairs* * *
Multiple Entries:
Bruto
bruto
bruto◊ -ta adjetivo
1 ‹ persona›
b) (violento, brusco):◊ ¡qué bruto! what a brute!
2 ‹peso/sueldo› gross;
‹ mineral› crude
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
bruto,-a
I adjetivo
1 (poco inteligente) stupid, thick
2 (grosero) coarse, uncouth
3 (sin descuentos) gross
4 (peso) gross 5 diamante en bruto, uncut diamond
fig (persona) rough diamond
II sustantivo masculino y femenino blockhead, brute
' bruto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bruta
- PIB
- PNB
- producto
- salvaje
- troglodita
- vándala
- vándalo
- bárbaro
- peso
English:
beast
- brute
- brutish
- GDP
- GNP
- gross
- Gross National Product
- pig-ignorant
- thug
- uncut
- unrefined
* * *Bruto n prBrutus* * *I adj1 brutish;a lo bruto using brute force2 ( inculto) ignorant3 ( torpe) clumsy4 COM gross;peso bruto gross weight5 diamante uncut;* * *bruto, -ta adj1) : grosspeso bruto: gross weightingresos brutos: gross income2) : unrefinedpetróleo bruto: crude oil3) : brutish, stupidbruto, -ta n1) : brute2) : dunce, blockhead* * *bruto1 adjno seas bruto: la llave se mete al revés don't be stupid: the key goes in the other way2. (bestia) rough¡qué bruto eres: me has hecho daño! you're so rough: you've hurt me!3. (peso, ingresos) grossbruto2 n1. (idiota) idiot2. (bestia) brute -
5 cruel
adj.cruel.* * *► adjetivo1 (persona) cruel (con/para, to)2 (clima) harsh, severe* * *adj.* * *ADJ cruel* * *adjetivo cruella venganza será cruel — (hum) just you wait! (I'll get you!) (colloq)
* * *= brutal, cruel, perverse, unkind, callous, cold-blooded, merciless, brutish, ferocious, heartless, cutthroat.Nota: Adjetivo.Ex. Few, if any of us, want to be involved in murder, but the brutal act of one person killing another, the motives for doing so, the personal and social consequences, all hold our attention, as newspaper editors well know and exploit = Pocos, si existe alguien, desea verse implicado en un asesinato, pero el acto brutal de una persona asesinando a otra, los motivos para hacerlo, las consecuencias personales y sociales, todo capta nuestra atención, como bien saben y explotan los directores de periódicos.Ex. With cruel suddenness she was being called upon to cover up for him.Ex. The demand for business information, in relation to its price, is rather perverse in that high price often generates a high demand.Ex. The enumeration at 940.5316: Children and other noncombatants; Pacifists; Enemy sympathizers seems a little unkind, if nothing else.Ex. Not all large publishing companies are conducted in a callous and philistine manner, motivated solely by profit.Ex. He was a cold-blooded killer, cardsharp, gambler and a consumptive who also ran several confidence scams.Ex. The author discusses art critic Harry Quilter, usually remembered today as 'Arry,' the butt of merciless lampooning by J.M. Whistler.Ex. In his most famous work, the Leviathan, Hobbes famously argued that life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.Ex. One by one, he wiped the floor with opponents who had spoken in the debate -- with a ferocious blend of rant, rhetoric and rumbustious counterattack.Ex. However, I knew there was a problem when I actually cared more about the relationship between the secondary characters of Josh McCool, heartless flunky of Warren's, and Mia.Ex. As the saying goes, 'Be as innocent as a lamb, and as wily as a fox' -- shrewdness is a valuable attribute in this cutthroat world.----* volverse cruel = become + vicious.* * *adjetivo cruella venganza será cruel — (hum) just you wait! (I'll get you!) (colloq)
* * *= brutal, cruel, perverse, unkind, callous, cold-blooded, merciless, brutish, ferocious, heartless, cutthroat.Nota: Adjetivo.Ex: Few, if any of us, want to be involved in murder, but the brutal act of one person killing another, the motives for doing so, the personal and social consequences, all hold our attention, as newspaper editors well know and exploit = Pocos, si existe alguien, desea verse implicado en un asesinato, pero el acto brutal de una persona asesinando a otra, los motivos para hacerlo, las consecuencias personales y sociales, todo capta nuestra atención, como bien saben y explotan los directores de periódicos.
Ex: With cruel suddenness she was being called upon to cover up for him.Ex: The demand for business information, in relation to its price, is rather perverse in that high price often generates a high demand.Ex: The enumeration at 940.5316: Children and other noncombatants; Pacifists; Enemy sympathizers seems a little unkind, if nothing else.Ex: Not all large publishing companies are conducted in a callous and philistine manner, motivated solely by profit.Ex: He was a cold-blooded killer, cardsharp, gambler and a consumptive who also ran several confidence scams.Ex: The author discusses art critic Harry Quilter, usually remembered today as 'Arry,' the butt of merciless lampooning by J.M. Whistler.Ex: In his most famous work, the Leviathan, Hobbes famously argued that life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.Ex: One by one, he wiped the floor with opponents who had spoken in the debate -- with a ferocious blend of rant, rhetoric and rumbustious counterattack.Ex: However, I knew there was a problem when I actually cared more about the relationship between the secondary characters of Josh McCool, heartless flunky of Warren's, and Mia.Ex: As the saying goes, 'Be as innocent as a lamb, and as wily as a fox' -- shrewdness is a valuable attribute in this cutthroat world.* volverse cruel = become + vicious.* * *cruelaquello fue una jugada cruel del destino that was a cruel twist of fatefueron muy crueles con él they were very cruel to him* * *
cruel adjetivo
cruel;
cruel adjetivo cruel
' cruel' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bárbara
- bárbaro
- cebarse
- desalmada
- desalmado
- draconiana
- draconiano
- mirada
- salvaje
- sañosa
- sañoso
- sañuda
- sañudo
- truculenta
- truculento
- verduga
- verdugo
- crueldad
- inhumano
- sanguinario
English:
brutal
- callous
- cheap
- cruel
- cutthroat
- hard
- heartless
- inhuman
- savage
- unkind
- vicious
- blood
- cold
- fiend
- inhumane
- inhumanity
- outrage
* * *cruel adj1. [persona, acción] cruel;fuiste muy cruel con ella you were very cruel to her2. [dolor] excruciating, terrible3. [clima] harsh4. [duda] terrible* * *adj cruel* * *cruel adj: cruel♦ cruelmente adv* * *cruel adj cruel -
6 derecho eclesiástico
m.canon law.* * *(n.) = ecclesiastical lawEx. Hobbes' purpose in devising his doctrine of natural law was admittedly the destruction of independent ecclesiastical law.* * *(n.) = ecclesiastical lawEx: Hobbes' purpose in devising his doctrine of natural law was admittedly the destruction of independent ecclesiastical law.
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7 derecho natural
m.1 natural law, jus naturale, law of nature, lex naturale.2 equity law.* * *(n.) = natural right, natural lawEx. In fact, Bentham said: 'The idea of rights is nonsense and the idea of natural rights is nonsense on stilts'.Ex. Hobbes' purpose in devising his doctrine of natural law was admittedly the destruction of independent ecclesiastical law.* * *(n.) = natural right, natural lawEx: In fact, Bentham said: 'The idea of rights is nonsense and the idea of natural rights is nonsense on stilts'.
Ex: Hobbes' purpose in devising his doctrine of natural law was admittedly the destruction of independent ecclesiastical law. -
8 hobesiano
= Hobbesian.Ex. In the Hobbesian world depicted in 'Dragnets', the bad criminals -- if left to their own devices by the good police & citizenry -- would destroy a helpless society in an orgy of brutality.* * *= Hobbesian.Ex: In the Hobbesian world depicted in 'Dragnets', the bad criminals -- if left to their own devices by the good police & citizenry -- would destroy a helpless society in an orgy of brutality.
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9 leviatán
m.Leviathan, Biblical sea monster.* * *1 leviathan* * *SM leviathan* * *= leviathan.Ex. In his most famous work, the Leviathan, Hobbes famously argued that life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.* * *= leviathan.Ex: In his most famous work, the Leviathan, Hobbes famously argued that life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.
* * *( Bib) leviathan, Leviathan* * *leviatán nmleviathan -
10 salvaje
adj.1 wild (animal, terreno).el salvaje oeste the wild West2 savage (pueblo, tribu).3 brutal, savage (cruel, brutal).f. & m.1 savage (primitivo).2 brute (bruto).unos salvajes prendieron fuego a un inmigrante some inhuman brutes set fire to an immigrant* * *► adjetivo2 (animal) wild3 (pueblo, tribu) savage, uncivilized5 (bruto) uncouth, boorish6 figurado (incontrolado) haphazard, uncontrolled1 (no civilizado) savage2 figurado (violento) savage3 (bruto) brute, boor* * *1. noun mf. 2. adj.1) savage2) wild* * *1. ADJ1) [planta, animal, tierra] wild2) (=no autorizado) [huelga] unofficial, wildcat; [construcción] unauthorized3) [pueblo, tribu] savage4) (=brutal) savage, brutalun salvaje asesinato — a brutal o savage murder
5) LAm * (=estupendo) terrific *, smashing *2.SMF (lit, fig) savage* * *I1)a) < animal> wildc) <vegetación/terreno> wild2) ( cruel) <persona/tortura> brutal; <ataque/matanza> savageII* * *= uncivilised [uncivilized, -USA], savage, wild [wilder -comp., wildest -sup.], swingeing, savage, barbarian, barbarian, in the wild, feral, brutish.Ex. It was on the tip of his tongue to say: 'Must you speak to me in this uncivilized fashion?' But he discreetly forbore.Ex. The most vulnerable nations are Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, which have all experienced savage war and civil unrest in recent years.Ex. The letter sent Tomas Hernandez into a frenzy of conflicting reactions: ecstatic jubilation and ego-tripping, wild speculation and outrageous fantasy, compounded by confusion and indirection.Ex. Faced with the prospect of a swingeing cut of 15% in the periodical budget, the library had to determine which titles could be cancelled with least damage to the integrity of the research collections.Ex. The father is ultimately a figure of fun and the archetype of an irrational savage.Ex. The article is entitled 'Waiting for the barbarians? Multicultural public library services in Australia 1985-1992'.Ex. The writer examines the hierarchy and organization of barbarian churches that developed in the western Roman Empire in late antiquity.Ex. I spoke of capturing e-scholarship disseminated outside the library, or, as one librarian put it, ' in the wild'.Ex. The film offers a repulsive creature whose croaks and drools recall the demonic child in The Exorcist, instead of the feral but relatively articulate person that Morrison created.Ex. In his most famous work, the Leviathan, Hobbes famously argued that life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.----* crecer salvaje = grow + rampant.* flor salvaje = wildflower [wild flower].* gato salvaje = feral cat.* monte salvaje = backcountry.* regiones salvajes de Africa, las = wilds of Africa, the.* vida salvaje = wildlife.* zonas salvajes del interior = back country.* * *I1)a) < animal> wildc) <vegetación/terreno> wild2) ( cruel) <persona/tortura> brutal; <ataque/matanza> savageII* * *= uncivilised [uncivilized, -USA], savage, wild [wilder -comp., wildest -sup.], swingeing, savage, barbarian, barbarian, in the wild, feral, brutish.Ex: It was on the tip of his tongue to say: 'Must you speak to me in this uncivilized fashion?' But he discreetly forbore.
Ex: The most vulnerable nations are Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, which have all experienced savage war and civil unrest in recent years.Ex: The letter sent Tomas Hernandez into a frenzy of conflicting reactions: ecstatic jubilation and ego-tripping, wild speculation and outrageous fantasy, compounded by confusion and indirection.Ex: Faced with the prospect of a swingeing cut of 15% in the periodical budget, the library had to determine which titles could be cancelled with least damage to the integrity of the research collections.Ex: The father is ultimately a figure of fun and the archetype of an irrational savage.Ex: The article is entitled 'Waiting for the barbarians? Multicultural public library services in Australia 1985-1992'.Ex: The writer examines the hierarchy and organization of barbarian churches that developed in the western Roman Empire in late antiquity.Ex: I spoke of capturing e-scholarship disseminated outside the library, or, as one librarian put it, ' in the wild'.Ex: The film offers a repulsive creature whose croaks and drools recall the demonic child in The Exorcist, instead of the feral but relatively articulate person that Morrison created.Ex: In his most famous work, the Leviathan, Hobbes famously argued that life in the state of nature is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.* crecer salvaje = grow + rampant.* flor salvaje = wildflower [wild flower].* gato salvaje = feral cat.* monte salvaje = backcountry.* regiones salvajes de Africa, las = wilds of Africa, the.* vida salvaje = wildlife.* zonas salvajes del interior = back country.* * *A1 ‹animal› wild2 (primitivo) ‹tribu› savage3 ‹vegetación/terreno› wildB (cruel) ‹persona/tortura› brutal; ‹ataque/matanza› savagehay que ser salvaje para decirle eso a una pobre anciana ( fam); you have to be pretty cruel o brutal o nasty to say a thing like that to an old lady ( colloq)se vuelve muy salvaje cuando está borracho he gets very vicious o brutal when he's drunkC ‹construcción› uncontrolled, illegal; ‹camping› unauthorizedpara controlar la colocación salvaje de carteles to control illegal o unauthorized bill posting1 (primitivo) savagete comportaste como un salvaje you behaved like a savage o an animal* * *
salvaje adjetivo
1
2 ( cruel) ‹persona/tortura› brutal;
‹ataque/matanza› savage
■ sustantivo masculino y femenino ( primitivo) savage;
( bruto) (pey) animal, savage
salvaje
I adjetivo
1 Bot Zool wild: el tigre es un animal salvaje, the tiger is a wild animal
2 (terreno) uncultivated
3 (cultura, tribu) savage
4 (comportamiento) cruel, brutal
5 (incontrolable, imparable) huelga salvaje, protracted strike
6 pey (inculto, maleducado) uncouth
(zoquete) thick: no seas salvaje, claro que fue Colón, don't be so thick, of course it was Columbus
II m, f
1savage
2 fam (bruto) animal, savage
' salvaje' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
brava
- bravo
- lado
- selvática
- selvático
- bestia
- indomable
English:
abundance
- frazzled
- loose
- rice
- savage
- savagely
- wild
- wilderness
- wildness
- cut
- vicious
* * *♦ adj1. [animal] wild2. [planta, terreno] wild3. [pueblo, tribu] savage4. [cruel, brutal] brutal, savage;se escuchó una explosión salvaje there was a massive explosion;el capitalismo salvaje ruthless capitalismuna huelga salvaje an unofficial strike, a wildcat strike;vertidos salvajes illegal dumping♦ nmf1. [primitivo] savage2. [bruto] brute;unos salvajes prendieron fuego a un inmigrante some inhuman brutes set fire to an immigrant;la salvaje de tu hermana ha suspendido todas las asignaturas your thick sister has failed every subject;es un salvaje, se comió un pollo él sólo he's an animal, he ate a whole chicken by himself;eres un salvaje, ¿cómo tratas así a tu madre? you're a monster, how can you treat your mother like that?* * *I adj1 animal wild2 ( bruto) brutalII m/f savage* * *salvaje adj1) : wildanimales salvajes: wild animals2) : savage, cruel3) : primitive, uncivilizedsalvaje nmf: savage* * *salvaje adj1. (animal) wild2. (tribu) savage -
11 Bellum omium contra omnes
• Everyman's struggle against everyman. (Thomas Hobbes) -
12 Automata
Nature (the Art whereby God hath made and governes the World) is by the Art of man, as in many other things, so in this also imitated, that it can make an Artificial Animal. For seeing life is but a motion of Limbs, the begining whereof is in some principall part within; why may we not say, that all Automata (Engines that move themselves by springs and wheeles as doth a watch) have an artificial life? For what is the Heart, but a Spring; and the Nerves, but so many Strings; and the Joynts, but so many Wheeles giving motion to the whole Body, such as was intended by the Artificer? Art goes yet further, imitating that Rationall and most excellent worke of Nature, Man. For by Art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMON-WEALTH or STATE (in Latine CIVITAS) which is but an Artificiall Man; though of greater stature and strength than the Naturall, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which, the Soveraignty is an Artificiall Soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body. (Hobbes, 1651, p. 1)It is a basic premise of automata that every procedure, no matter how complex, can be decomposed into a series of these elementary operations [that the automaton can perform]. (Wall, 1972, p. 254)The theory of automata and the theory of formal grammars are isomorphic in most important respects. (Wall, 1972, p. 254)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Automata
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13 Thinking
But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)[E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking
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См. также в других словарях:
HOBBES (T.) — Thomas Hobbes appartient pratiquement à la génération de Descartes (il naît au moment où la Grande Armada menace l’Angleterre), mais sa longévité (il meurt à quatre vingt onze ans), la lenteur avec laquelle il élabore son œuvre laissent croire… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Hobbes — [hɔbz], Thomas, englischer Philosoph, * Westport (heute zu Malmesbury, County Wiltshire) 5. 4. 1588, ✝ Hardwick Hall 4. 12. 1679; studierte in Oxford, war dann Hauslehrer in der Familie der Grafen von Devonshire (diese Stellung behielt er mit… … Universal-Lexikon
Hobbes — Hobbes, Thomas, Philosoph, geb. 5. April 1588 in Malmesbury, gest. 4. Dez. 1679 in Hardwick, studierte seit seinem 14. Jahr in Oxford Mathematik und Aristotelische Philosophie, siedelte aus Haß gegen die 1641 ausgebrochene Revolution nach Paris… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Hobbes|i|an — «HOB zee uhn», adjective. of or having to do with the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, 1588 1679, or with Hobbism … Useful english dictionary
Hobbes — Hobbes, Thomas, geb. 5. April 1588 in Malmesbury, wo sein Vater Prediger war; studirte in Oxford; war erst Führer des Grafen von Devonshire, mit dem er 1610 Frankreich u. Italien bereiste, 1629 u. 1634 wiederholte er seine Reise nach Frankreich;… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Hobbes — Hobbes, Thomas, engl. Philosoph, geb. 5. April 1588 zu Malmesbury, gest. 4. Dez. 1679 zu Hardwicke, Begründer des neuern Naturrechts. Hauptwerke: »De cive« (1642; deutsch 1873), »Leviathan« (1651; deutsch 1794 95), »Behemoth, or a history of the… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Hobbes — (Hapeß), Thom., engl. Philosoph, geb. 1588 zu Malmesbury in der Grafschaft Wiltshire, Sohn eines Predigers, studierte eifrig den Aristoteles, bereiste als Erzieher das Festland, trat 1628 dem revolutionären Geiste seiner Landsleute zuerst mit… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Hobbes — Hobbes, Thomas … Philosophy dictionary
Hobbes's — Hobbes, Thomas … Philosophy dictionary
Hobbes — Hobbes, Thomas … Enciclopedia Universal
Hobbes — (Thomas) (1588 1679) philosophe anglais. Son empirisme rationaliste débouche sur une morale utilitaire: Léviathan (1651) prône le despotisme. Il a fait des objections aux Méditations de Descartes … Encyclopédie Universelle