hiero-

βᾰσῐλ-εύς, ὁ, gen. έως, [dialect] Ep. ῆος, Cypr. ῆϝος Inscr.Cypr.104,135H.: acc. βασιλέα, [var] contr. -ῆ Orac. ap. Hdt.7.220, E.Fr.781.24 (lyr.): nom. pl. βασιλεῖς, [dialect] Aeol.

A

- ηες Sapph.Supp.6.4

, IG12(2).6 (Mytil.), - ειες ib. 646a45, al., [dialect] Ep. -ῆες, old [dialect] Att.

- ῆς S.Aj. 188

, 960 (both lyr.), cf. Hdn. Gr.1.430: acc. pl.

βασιλέας IG12.115

, later βασιλεῖς ib.2.243, etc.:— king, chief, Hom., etc.: freq. with collat. sense of captain or judge, Hes. Op. 202;

διοτρεφέες β. Il.2.445

, etc.;

θεῖοι Od.4.691

, etc.; later, hereditary king, opp. τύραννος, Arist.EN 1160b3, etc.; but also of tyrants, as Hiero, Pi.O.1.23; of Gelo, Hdt.7.161; of Pisistratus, Eup.123, cf. Sch. Ar.Ach.61: joined with a Subst.,

βασιλεὺς ἀνήρ Il.3.170

, etc.;

ἀνὴρ β. Hdt.1.90

; ἄναξ β. lord king, A.Pers.5, cf. B.17.1: c. gen.,

β. νεῶν A. Ag. 114

(anap.); οἰωνῶν β., of the eagle, ibid., Pi.O.13.21: [comp] Comp.

βασιλεύτερος

more kingly,

Il.9.160

, 392, Od.15.533, Tyrt.12.7: [comp] Sup.

βασιλεύτατος Il.9.69

.

b of the gods,

Ζεὺς θεῶν β. Hes.Th. 886

, cf. Pi.O.7.34, Emp.128.2, etc. (in this sense Hom. uses ἄναξ); as cult title of Zeus, IG7.3073.90 (Lebad.), SIG1014.110 ([place name] Erythrae), etc. (but Ζεὺς β., = Ahuramazda, X.Cyr.3.3.21, al., Arr.An.4.20.3); ὁ μέγας β., of God, LXX Ps.47(48).2, Ph.2.107: [comp] Sup.

βασιλεύτατοι τῶν θεῶν Max.Tyr.29.5

.

2 as a title of rank, prince,

β. εἰσὶ καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ ἐν.. Ἰθάκῃ Od.1.394

, cf. 8.390, etc.; of Cyrus, X.Oec. 4.16.

b descendant of a royal house, esp. in Ionia, Arist.Ath. 41.3; βασιλέων οἶκοι 'estates of the royal house', name of a district in Chios,

Ἀθηνᾶ 20.168

.

3 generally, lord, master, Il.18.556, Pi.O.6.47.

4 metaph.,

πόλεμος πάντων β. Heraclit.53

;

νόμος ὁ πάντων β. Pi.Fr. 169

.

II at Athens, the second of the nine Archons, IG12.76, al., Antipho 6.38, Lys.6.4, Arist.Pol. 1285b17, Ath. 57, etc.;

ἡ τοῦ β. στοά Pl.Euthphr.2a

.

2 title of magistrates in other Greek states, as βασιλᾶες at Elis, GDI1152, cf. IG12(2).6 (Mytil.), etc., Arist.Pol. 1322b29.

3 at Rome, β. τῶν ἱερῶν, = rex sacrorum, D.H.5.1, cf. D.C.54.27.

III after the Persian war (without Art.), the king of Persia, Hdt.7.174,al.;

ἄναξ Ξέρξης β. A.Pers.5

, cf. 144, Ar.Ach.61, Th.8.48, IG22.141 (βασιλῆς βασιλέως ὕποχοι μεγάλου, of the Satraps, A.Pers.24, cf. 44, S.E.M.2.22); less freq.

ὁ βασιλεύς Hdt.1.132

, 137, Arist.Pol. 1304b13;

β. ὁ μέγας Hdt. 1.188

.

2 of Alexander and his successors, usually with Art., IG22.641,687, Men.293, 340(pl.);

Σέλευκος Antiph.187

; Ἀντίγονος Alex.III;

Πτολεμαῖος Id.244

;

Ὀσυμανδύας βασιλεὺς βασιλέων D.S. 1.47

; title used by Parthian kings, Plu.Pomp.38, D.C.37.6, etc.; by Antony, Plu.Ant.54; of God, Apoc.17.14,19.16.

3 of the Roman emperors, AP10.25 (Antip. Thess.);

β. Ῥωμαίων BGU588.10

(i A.D.), etc., cf. 1 Ep.Ti.2.2, J.AJ14.15.14;

β. αὐτοκράτωρ IG3.13

([place name] Hadrian), Hdn.1.6.5; without Art., Paus.10.32.19.

IV of any great man,

πένησί τε καὶ βασιλεῦσιν Ps.-Phoc.113

.

2 first or most distinguished of any class,

Ἡρώδην τὸν β. τῶν λόγων Philostr. VS2.10.1

, cf. Luc.Rh.Pr.II; winner at a game, Poll.9.106, Sch.Pl. Tht. 146a; Stoic sage,

μόνος β. Luc.Herm.16

; βασιλέως ἐγκέφαλος 'morsel fit for a king', Clearch.5; β. σῦκα, name of a choice kind, Philem.Lex. ap. Ath.3.76f., cf. Poll.6.81.

V = συμποσίαρχος, Plu.2.622a, Luc.Sat.4.

VI wren, Arist.HA 592b27.

VII queen-bee, ib. 623b9, GA 759a20, etc. (The form βασιλέα is scanned ?βασιλεύςX ?βασιλεύςX ¯ in Pi.N.1.39; codd. βασίλεια.)

τοι, prop. ethical dative of σύ (q. v.), but used as an enclit. Particle,

A let me tell you, mark you, look you (in Engl. we freq. convey the impression by means of emphasis or tone), implying a real or imagined audience, freq. in Hom. and always in speeches (exc.

ὃς δή τοι Il.10.316

, Od.20.289),

αἰσχρόν τοι δηρόν τε μένειν κτλ. Il.2.298

;

ἀλλ' ἐφομαρτεῖτε· πλεόνων δέ τοι ἔργον ἄμεινον 12.412

codd.; τοῦτο δέ τοι ἐρέουσα ἔπος.. εἶμι surely I will go, 1.419; ταύτης τοι γενεῆς.. εὔχομαι εἶναι (recapitulating) 6.211 (so at the close of a narrative, Theoc. 11.80); οὗτός τοι.. ἀπὸ στρατοῦ ἔρχεται ἀνήρ here comes, look you.., Il.10.341 (vulg.,

οὗτός τις Aristarch.

, etc.); freq. it is hard to dist. from the [dialect] Ep. dat., as in

ποῦ τοι ἀπειλαὶ οἴχονται; 13.219

; so in Hes.Op. 287 (addressed to Perses), 347, 719, cf. Emp.17.14 (addressed to Pausanias), Pi.P.2.72 (addressed to Hiero), al.; and so in Trag. dialogue, A.Eu. 729, etc.;

σέτοι κικλήσκω S.OC 1578

(lyr.); betw. chorus and actor, Id.Ph. 855 (lyr.), etc.; folld. by a plural, Tyrt.10.11 (cf. 13); so

ἄρσενάς τοι τῆσδε γῆς οἰκήτορας εὑρήσετε A.Supp. 952

: hence, as addressed to an imaginary audience, without personal reference, introducing a general sentiment or maxim, Thgn.153;

τὸ συγγενές τοι δεινόν A.Pr.39

, al.

II in subordinate clauses,

1 temporal and causal,

ἐπεί τοι h.Merc. 138

, Pi.I.2.45, S.Tr. 321; freq.

ἐπεί τοι καί E.Med. 677

, Ar.Ach. 933, Pl.Tht. 142b, etc.;

ὅτι τοι Id.R. 343a

.

2 conditional, εἴ τοι.., ἐὰν δέ τοι .., S.OT 549, 551, Ant. 327; in apodosi,

εἰ γὰρ κτενοῦμεν.., σύ τοι πρώτη θάνοις ἄν Id.El. 582

, cf. Il.22.488.

3 final,

ὅπως.. τοι S.El. 1469

, cf. Hp.Morb.2.33.

III freq. combined with other Particles,

ἀλλά τοι Thgn.656

, Pi.P.3.19, etc.;

ἀλλὰ.. τοι A.Pers. 795

, Ag. 1304, etc.; γάρ τοι (

γάρ A. 11.9

); γέ τοι (γε 1.5); ἤτοι, καίτοι (v. sub vv.); μέν τοι (

μέν B. 11.4

); μή τοι, οὔ τοι; cf. also τοιγάρ, τοιγάρτοι, τοιγαροῦν, τοίνυν; so in τοι ἄρα, τοι ἆρα, which however are mostly contracted by crasis into τἆρα; as also τοι ἄν into τἄν, μέντοι ἄν into μεντἄν.

B Position: τοι usually stands early in the sentence (or clause), e.g.

Ζεύς ἐστιν αἰθήρ, Ζεὺς δὲ γῆ, Ζεὺς δ' οὐρανός, Ζεύς τοι τὰ πάντα A.Fr.70

, etc.

2 hence τοι is sts. placed betw. Art. and Subst. or Adj., or betw. Prep. and Subst.,

τό τ. μέγιστον Pl.Sph. 261c

;

ἐπί τ. Ἀκράγαντι Pi.O.2.90

, cf. Ar.Ec. 972, etc.; also after Prep. in compd. Verb,

ἔκ τ. πέπληγμαι E.Hipp. 934

, cf. Or. 1047, Ar.V. 784.

3 τοι repeated,

σύ τ. σύ τ. κατηξίωσας S.Ph. 1095

(lyr.).

------------------------------------

τοι, [dialect] Dor., [dialect] Aeol., [dialect] Ion., and [dialect] Ep. dat. sg. of σύ (q. v.).

φερέ-νῑκος, ον,

A carrying off victory, victorious, name of a race-horse of King Hiero, Pi.O.1.18, etc. (The fem. pr.n. Βερενίκη is Maced. for Φερενίκη.)

ὑπόφητ-ις (properisp.), ἡ, fem. of ὑποφήτης, Ἀφροδίτης (of Phryne) Ath.13.590e;

A

Ἐνυαλίοιο καὶ Εἰράνας ὑποφᾶτιν.. σάλπιγγα AP6.46

(Antip. Sid.):— διᾱβολιᾶν ὑποφάτιες prob. purveyors of slander (= ἑρμηνευταὶ καὶ διάβολοι Sch.), perh. in reference to the ποταγωγίδες of Hiero, Pi.P.2.76: v.l. ὑποφάντιες (lemma in Sch.E), which might be taken as suggestions ([dialect] Dor. for Υποφάνσεις).

Hiero'glyphe f hieroglif

μῦθος, ὁ, Wort, Rede; ποῖον τὸν μῦϑον ἔειπες, was sprachst du da für ein Wort; πρὸς μῦϑον ἔειπε, c. acc., zu einem ein Wort sagen, zu ihm sprechen, sehr geläufige Verbindung, wie μύϑων ἦρχε, er fing an zu sprechen, sowohl von einer öffentlichen Rede in der Volksversammlung, als von einem Gespräche, einer Unterhaltung zwischen mehreren; μῦϑον ἀκούειν, ein Wort, eine Rede, das Gesagte hören; ἑκάστου μῦϑον ἄκουεν, hörte eines jeden Rede; μῦϑος παιδός, die Erzählung vom Sohne, die von ihm handelt, ihn betrifft. Oft bestimmter: Auftrag, Geheiß; Versprechen; Beschluß, Anschlag; οὐδέ τιν' ἄλλην μύϑου ποιήσασϑαι ἐπισχεσίην ἐδύνασϑε, der Anschlag. Begriff des Wortes im Ggstz zur Tat; μῦϑον τελεῖν, ein Wort erfüllen, zur Tat werden lassen. Erzählung, μῦϑον δ' ὡς ὅτ' ἀοιδὸς ἐπισταμένως κατέλεξας, wo noch nicht an Erdichtung zu denken ist; Gespräch; Gerücht; Meldung, Botschaft; der Inhalt der Rede, Geschichte; Nebenbegriff des Fabelhaften, Erdichteten, bes. im Ggstz von λόγος; ὥςπερ ταῖς γραυσὶ ταῖς τοὺς μύϑους λεγούσαις, wie man sie Kindern erzählt; bes. auch Göttergeschichten; die Tierfabel des Aesop; zuweilen auch ausführliche Untersuchungen; μύϑους λέγειν, so viel wie fabeln, die Unwahrheit sagen. Auch die Fabel, die einer Tragödie zum Grunde liegt. Die Rhett., bei denen das Verfertigen eines μὖϑος eine gewöhnliche Übung war, erklären oft λόγος ψευδης εἰκονίζων ἀλήϑειαν. Ein Garten des Hiero bei Syrakus hieß μῦϑος, vielleicht wegen seiner fabelhaften Schönheit

σέλμα, τό, das obere Getäfel, Gebälk des Schiffes, das Verdeck; bes. der Ort, wo der Steuermann mit den Ruderern sitzt, Ruderbank; ὑπτίοις σέλμασιν ναυτίλλεται, = er lehrt das Schiff um; δίκωπον σέλμα, Kahn; wie σέλμα πέλωρον, von dem ungeheuren Prachtschiffe des Hiero; übertr., σέλμα σεμνὸν ἥμενοι, die am Staatsruder Sitzenden, Herrschenden. Übh. jedes Gebälk, Gerüst, Balken od. Stämme zu Bauholz

γαυρόω (act. in Plut., et al.) mostly pass. γαυροῦμαι; fut. 3 sg. γαυρωθήσεται; aor. ptc. acc. γαυρωθέντα; pf. ptc. γεγαυρωμένος (all LXX) =γαυριάω ‘to be proud, exult’: pride oneself (Eur., Or. 1532; X., Hiero 2, 15; Wsd 6:2; 3 Macc 3:11; 6:5; Philo, Mos. 1, 284) ἐν τῷ πλούτῳ Hv 3, 9, 6 (Ps.-Phoc. 53 γ. ἐνὶ πλούτῳ. PFlor 367, 11 πλούτῳ γαυρωθείς).—DELG s.v. γαῦρος.

εἰρήνη, ης, ἡ (s. εἰρηνεύω; Hom.+; εἰρ. and related terms are common in astr. texts, e.g. Cat. Cod. Astr. IX/2 p. 173, 21; 175, 10)

① a state of concord, peace, harmony

ⓐ between governments opp. πόλεμος IEph 13:2. ἐρωτᾷ τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην asks for terms of peace Lk 14:32 (cp. TestJud 9:7 αἰτοῦσιν ἡμᾶς τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην; Anna Comn., Alex. 8, 5 ed. R. II p. 12, 17 τὰ περὶ εἰρήνης ἐρωτῶντες.—It is also poss. to transl. inquires about his health like ἐρωτ. [τὰ] εἰς εἰρήνην=שָׁאַל לְשָׁלוֹם 2 Km 8:10; 11:7; s. HThackeray, JTS 14, 1913, 389–99; Helbing, Kasussyntax 40); ἐν εἰ. εἶναι (Aristot., Mirabilia 119, 842a 2) be in peace, out of danger Lk 11:21. λαμβάνειν τὴν εἰ. ἔκ τινος take peace away fr. someth.=plunge it into a state of war Rv 6:4.—Ac 24:2. Of those who are fighting αἰτεῖσθαι εἰ. ask for peace (Anonym. Alex.-gesch. [II B.C.]: 151 Fgm. 1, 5 Jac.) Ac 12:20.

ⓑ harmony in personal relationships peace, harmony w. ὁμόνοια (Chrysipp.: Stoic. II 1076; Diod S 16, 60, 3; Dio Chrys. 21 [38], 14; 22 [39], 2; SIG 685, 13 [139 B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 4, 50) 1 Cl 60:4; 61:1; 63:2; w. πραΰτης 61:2; opp. ὀργή D 15:3; opp. μάχαιρα Mt 10:34, cp. Lk 12:51. συναλλάσσειν εἰς εἰ. pacify Ac 7:26; σύνδεσμος τῆς εἰ. Eph 4:3. βασιλεὺς εἰρήνης king of peace (as transl. of Salem; cp. Philo, Leg. All. 3, 79) Hb 7:2. Of the Christian community εἰ. ἔχειν have peace, rest (fr. persecution, as Ac 14:2 v.l.; for the phrase s. Diod S 11, 72, 1; cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 401) Ac 9:31; εἰ. βαθεῖα (Ath. 1, 3 [opp. διώκεσθαι]; s. βαθύς 3a) 1 Cl 2:2. ὁδὸς εἰρήνης the way of peace, that leads to peace Ro 3:17 (Ps 13:3; Is 59:8); Lk 1:79. μετʼ εἰρήνης peaceably (Diod S 3, 18, 7; Vi. Aesopi W 97 P. μετʼ εἰρήνης ζῆν; EpJer 2; 1 Esdr 5:2; 1 Macc 12:4, 52 al.; Jos., Ant. 1, 179; 8, 405) Hb 11:31; ποιεῖν εἰ. make peace (Hermocles [IV/III B.C.]: Anth. Lyr. II p. 250, 21 [p. 174, 21 Coll. Alex.=Athen. 6, 253e] πρῶτον μὲν εἰρήνην ποίησον, φίλτατε.—ἐπί τινα Iren. 4, 40, 1 [Harv. II 301, 9]) Ac 14:2 v.l.; Eph 2:15; οἱ ποιοῦντες εἰ. those who make peace Js 3:18. βούλεσθαι εἰ. (Pr 12:20) wish for peace 1 Cl 15:1. διώκειν strive toward peace (w. δικαιοσύνη, πίστις, ἀγάπη) 2 Ti 2:22; Gal 5:22; 1 Cl 22:5 (Ps 33:15). εἰ. διώκειν μετὰ πάντων strive to be at peace w. everyone Hb 12:14 (cp. Epict. 4, 5, 24 εἰ. ἄγεις πρὸς πάντας). τὰ τῆς εἰ. διώκειν strive after peace Ro 14:19; ζητεῖν εἰ. 1 Pt 3:11 (Ps 33:15); cp. 2 Cl 10:2. τὰ πρὸς εἰ. what makes for peace Lk 19:42. W. ἀσφάλεια 1 Th 5:3; w. ἀγάπη B 21:9; 1 Cl 62:2. ἀπέστη ἡ εἰ. peace has disappeared 1 Cl 3:4 (cp. δαίμονας … τὴν εἰ. ταράσσοντας Orig., C. Cels. 8, 73, 29). πρόσωπον εἰρήνης ἔχειν maintain a facade of peace Hv 3, 6, 3; εἰ. ἔχειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς have peace within one’s group 3, 5, 1.

ⓒ good order opp. ἀκαταστασία 1 Cor 14:33; cp. 7:15, and 1 Cl 20:1, 9ff.

② a state of well-being, peace

ⓐ corresp. to Hebr. שָׁלוֹם welfare, health (WCaspari, Vorstellung u. Wort ‘Friede’ im AT 1910, esp. p. 128ff) in a farewell greeting: ὑπάγειν ἐν εἰ. go in peace, approx. equiv. to ‘keep well’ Js 2:16; also πορεύεσθαι ἐν εἰ. (Judg 18:6 B; 2 Km 3:21) Ac 16:36; ὑπάγειν εἰς εἰρήνην Mk 5:34; πορεύεσθαι εἰς εἰ. (1 Km 1:17; 20:42; 29:7; Jdth 8:35) Lk 7:50; 8:48. προπέμπειν τινὰ ἐν εἰ. send someone on the way in peace 1 Cor 16:11 (cp. Vi. Aesopi I, 32 p. 297, 1 Eberh. ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἀπέστειλεν [αὐτόν]). ἐν εἰ. μετὰ χαρᾶς ἀναπέμψατε send back in peace w. joy 1 Cl 65:1. ἀπολύειν τινὰ μετὰ εἰρήνης send someone away w. a greeting of peace Ac 15:33 (cp. Gen 26:29; Jos., Ant. 1, 179). In the formula of greeting εἰ. ὑμῖν=שָׁלוֹם לָכֶם (cp. Judg 6:23; 19:20; Da 10:19 Theod.; Tob 12:17) Lk 24:36; J 20:19, 21, 26. εἰρήνη τῷ οἴκῳ τούτῳ peace to this house Lk 10:5; cp. vs. 6 (WKlassen, NTS 27, ’81, 488–506); Mt 10:12 v.l., 13 (on εἰ. ἐπί w. acc. cp. Is 9:7; Ps 84:9). In epistolary closure καὶ ἔστω μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰρήνη peace be w. you AcPlCor 2:40.—A new and characteristic development is the combination of the Greek epistolary greeting χαίρειν with a Hebrew expression in the Pauline and post-Pauline letters χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη (s. χάρις 2c) Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:2; Tit 1:4; Phlm 3; Rv 1:4. (χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη) 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; 2J 3. (χάρις καὶ εἰ.—or w. ἔλεος—πληθυνθείη, cp. Da 4:1; 4:37c LXX; 6:26 Theod.) 1 Pt 1:2; 2 Pt 1:2; Jd 2; 1 Cl ins; Pol ins; MPol ins; cp. Gal 6:16; Eph 6:23; 2 Th 3:16; 1 Pt 5:14; 3J 15; ISm 12:2; B 1:1 (χαίρετε ἐν εἰ.); to a degree, mng. 2b also is implied in this expr.

ⓑ Since, acc. to the prophets, peace will be an essential characteristic of the messianic kgdm. (εἰ. as summum bonum: Seneca, Ep. 66, 5), Christian thought also freq. regards εἰ. as nearly synonymous w. messianic salvation εὐαγγελίζεσθαι εἰ. proclaim peace, i.e. messianic salvation (Is 52:7) Ac 10:36; Ro 10:15 v.l.; Eph 2:17; τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς εἰ. 6:15. ἔχειν ἐν Χριστῷ εἰ. J 16:33; ἔχειν εἰ. πρὸς τὸν θεόν have peace w. God Ro 5:1 (on εἰ. πρός τινα cp. Pla., Rep. 5, 465b; X., Hiero 2, 11; Epict. 4, 5, 24; Jos., Ant. 8, 396). ἀφιέναι εἰ. leave peace τινί J 14:27a (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 8, 14, 20); same sense εἰ. διδόναι give or grant peace 14:27b; 2 Th 3:16b (so Is 26:12. Since Thu. 4, 19, 1; 21, 1 εἰ. διδόναι refers to granting of political peace). Hence εἰ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ the peace brought by Christ Col 3:15; εἰ. τοῦ θεοῦ Phil 4:7; ὁ θεὸς τῆς εἰ. (TestDan 5:2) Ro 15:33; 16:20; 2 Cor 13:11; Phil 4:9; 1 Th 5:23; Hb 13:20; ὁ κύριος τῆς εἰ. 2 Th 3:16a; αὐτός (i.e. ὁ Χριστός) ἐστιν ἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν Eph 2:14 (cp. POxy 41, 27, where an official is called εἰρήνη πόλεως; sim. ἐπὶ τῆς εἰρήνης PAchm 7, 8; 104.—FCoggan, ET 53, ’42, 242 [peace-offering]; but s. NSnaith, ibid. 325f). ἐπαναδράμωμεν ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς εἰ. σκοπόν let us run toward the goal of peace 1 Cl 19:2.—2 Pt 3:14; (w. ζωή) Ro 8:6; (w. δόξα and τιμή) 2:10; (w. δικαιοσύνη and χαρά.—W. χαρά En 5:9; Philo, Leg. All. 1, 45) 14:17; 15:13; (πίστις, φόβος, ὑπομονή, μακροθυμία) 1 Cl 64:1. παιδεία εἰηρήνης ἡμῶν ἐπʼ αὐτόν 16:5 (Is 53:5). In prayer εἰς ἀγαθὰ ἐν εἰ. 60:3. Also Lk 2:29 and the angelic greeting ἐπὶ γῆς εἰ. peace on earth 2:14 are prob. to be classed here; cp. 19:38.—On peace as a gift of God cp. Epict. 3, 13, 12 εἰρήνη ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κεκηρυγμένη διὰ τοῦ λόγου (=philosophy); Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 26, 5: it is the task of deities to establish and to promote εἰρήνη and φιλία; cp. the boasts of Isis in related terms, IAndrosIsis, Kyme.—HFuchs, Augustin u. d. antike Friedensgedanke 1926, 39–43; 167–223; WNestle, D. Friedensgedanke in d. antiken Welt: Philol. Suppl. 31, ’38; WvanLeeuwen, Eirene in het NT ’40; FBammel, Die Religionen der Welt und der Friede auf Erden ’57; on the word’s history, KBrugmann and BKeil, Εἰρήνη: Ber. d. Sächs. Ges. d. Wiss. 68, 1916 nos. 3 and 4; GKöstner, Εἰρήνη in d. Briefen des hl. Apostels, diss. Rome ’58; WEisenbeis, D. Wurzel שׁלם im AT, Beih. ZAW 113, ’69; RAC VIII 434–505 (lit.).—B. 1376. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

θεάομαι fut. θεάσομαι TestSol D 4, 9; 1 aor. ἐθεασάμην; pf. τεθέαμαι; 1 aor. pass. (w. pass. mng) ἐθεάθην (Att. [Kühner-Bl. II 441]+)

① to have an intent look at someth., to take someth. in with one’s eyes, with implication that one is esp. impressed, see, look at, behold

ⓐ quite literally (POxy 963; Sb 1800; Jos., Ant. 3, 132; 6, 340) interchanging w. ὁρᾶν Hv 3, 8, 1. W. acc. as obj. (Hom., Il. 7, 444; Hes., Works 482; PSI 41, 19; Tob 2:2 BA; 2 Macc 2:4; En 6:2; 21:2) Mt 11:7; Lk 7:24; J 8:10 v.l.; Ac 21:27; 22:9; 1J 1:1 (τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἡμῶν; cp. Philo, Mos. 1, 278 θ. αὐτοὺς ὀφθαλμοῖς); 4:12 (PvanderHorst, ZNW 63, ’72, 280–82 [wordplay]). The obj. acc. is oft. found w. a ptc. that indicates what has been observed in the pers. or thing seen (En 9:1; 23:2; Philo, Vi. Cont. 89; Jos., Vi. 28; 281; B-D-F §416, 1): Mk 16:14. ἐθεάσατο τελώνην καθήμενον Lk 5:27; 6:4 D (Unknown Sayings 49–54). Cp. J 1:38; Ac 1:11. W. ὅτι foll. J 6:5. W. acc. and ὅτι: θεάσασθε τ. χώρας, ὅτι λευκαί εἰσιν see that the fields are white 4:35. W. acc. and ὡς: ἐθεάσαντο τὸ μνημεῖον καὶ ὡς ἐτέθη τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ Lk 23:55. W. acc. and εἰ see/determine whether GJs 1:3 (codd. not pap). W. acc. and ὅπως in an interlocking constr. ὅταν θεάσωνται τοὺς ἀρνησαμένους ὅπως κολάζονται when they see how those who have denied are punished 2 Cl 17:7. W. relative clause foll. J 11:45 (ὁράω P^{45, 66}). θεασάμενος ἦν ὅσα ἀγαθὰ ἐποίησεν he (Joseph) had seen all the good things that he (Jesus) had done GPt 6:23.

ⓑ The passive means either

α. be seen ὑπό τινος by someone Mk 16:11, or

β. be noticed, attract attention τινί by or of someone Mt 6:1; 23:5 (s. B-D-F §191, 1; Rob. 542, s. also 534).

② to see for the purpose of visiting, come to see, visit (Appian, Samn. 7, §1 θ. τὴν Ἑλλάδα) τινά someone (2 Ch 22:6; Jos., Ant. 16, 6) Ro 15:24 (St. Paul compliments the congregation as one of the noteworthy ‘sights’ on his projected trip). Here belongs also εἰσελθὼν ὁ βασιλεὺς θεάσασθαι τ. ἀνακειμένους the king went in to see his guests Mt 22:11 (the implication being that he went in to ‘look them over’).

③ to perceive someth. above and beyond what is merely seen with the eye, see, behold, perceive

ⓐ w. physical eyes, receive an impression of someth. transcendent see, behold (cp. PParis 51, 38 [160 B.C.] of a vision in the temple of Sarapis at Memphis τὸ ὅραμα τοῦτο τεθήαμαι; SIG 730, 20; 2 Macc 3:36; Tob 13:7; Jdth 15:8; En 106:13) τεθέαμαι τὸ πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον ὡς περιστεράν J 1:32 (he sees the dove and also becomes aware that it is the Spirit); ἐθεασάμεθα τ. δόξαν αὐτοῦ 1:14 (we saw the person and work of Christ and perceived in them the divine glory; cp. Tob 13:16 BA θεασάμενοι πᾶσαν τ. δόξαν σου). Cp. 1J 4:14.

ⓑ of perception that is wholly nonsensual=see, perceive (X., Hiero 2, 5. W. ὅτι foll. Pla., Prot. p. 352a; Demosth. 4, 3; θεὸν θ. Theoph. Ant. 1, 2 [s. 60, 12]) Dg 10:7. θεασάμενος ἐν ἡμῖν πολλὴν πλάνην he perceived much error in us 2 Cl 1:7.—DELG s.v. θέα. M-M. TW.

κατασκευάζω fut. κατασκευάσω; 1 aor. κατεσκεύασα; pf. 3 sg. κατεσκεύακε (Aristobul. in Eus., PE 13, 12, 9 [=Denis 224; Holladay 176]); plpf. 3 sg. κατεσκευάκει (Tat. 17, 3). Pass.: 1 aor. κατεσκευάσθην; pf. ptc. κατεσκευασμένος (σκευάζω ‘prepare, make ready’, s. also σκεῦος; Anaxagoras, Hdt.+).

① to make ready for some purpose, make ready, prepare τὶ someth. τὴν ὁδόν (SIG 313, 22 [320 B.C.] of the ὁδοί along which the procession in honor of Zeus and Dionysus was to pass: ὅπως κατασκευασθῶσιν ὡς βέλτιστα) Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2; Lk 7:27.—Fig., in a mental or inward sense (Aristot., Rhet. 3, 19 κ. τὸν ἀκροατήν; Wsd 7:27; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 188 πλῆθος κατεσκευασμένον πρὸς τ. εὐσέβειαν) λαὸς κατεσκευασμένος a people made ready Lk 1:17.

② to bring a structure into being, build, construct, erect, create (Phylarchus [III B.C.]: 81 Fgm. 29 Jac. ναούς; Plut., Mor. 189c, Num. 10, 9 οἶκος; Herodian 5, 6, 6; 9; SIG 495, 141 and 145; 1100, 21; 1229, 4; PAmh 64, 2 βαλανεῖον; POxy 892, 8; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 112 σκηνήν; Jos., Bell. 6, 191, Vi. 65 οἶκος) κιβωτόν construct an ark (κ. is a favorite word for construction of ships: Diod S 1, 92, 2; 11, 62, 2; Palaeph. 29, 4; 31, 9; 1 Macc 15:3) Hb 11:7. Pass. 1 Pt 3:20. οἶκον Hb 3:3f. Of God (Is 40:28; 45:7; ApcEsdr 5:19 p. 30, 19 Tdf. [πάντα διὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον]; Philo, Aet. M. 39; 41; Aristob. in Eus., PE 13, 12, 9 [s. beg. of this entry]; Ath., R. 13 p. 63, 21 ζῶον) ὁ πάντα κατασκευάσας the builder of all things Hb 3:4b (cp. Epict. 1, 6, 7). Pf. pass. ptc. as subst. τὸ κατεσκευασμένον what is produced or supplied Dg 2:2.

③ In addition to signifying the erection of a building it is also used in the sense furnish, equip (X., An. 4, 1, 8, Hiero 2, 2, Cyr. 5, 5, 2: σκηνή; Num 21:27) σκηνὴ κατεσκευάσθη ἡ πρώτη the foremost tent or tabernacle was furnished (an enumeration of its furnishings follows) Hb 9:2. τούτων δὲ οὕτως κατεσκευασμένων such are the furnishings, and so vs. 6.—M-M. TW.

πάσχω fut. 3 sg. παθεῖται (2 Cl 7:5; v.l. πείσεται; cp. Reinhold p. 74; B-D-F §74, 3), 3 pl. παθοῦνται Hs 8, 10, 4; 2 aor. ἔπαθον; pf. πέπονθα, ptc. πεπονθώς; plpf. 3 pl. ἐπεπόνθεισαν Wsd 18:1 (Hom.+) ‘to experience someth., be treated’ (π. expresses the passive idea corresponding to the active idea in ποιέω) of everything that befalls a person, whether good or ill. Yet its usage developed in such a way that π. came to be used less and less frequently in a good sense, and never thus without some clear indication, at least fr. the context, that the good sense is meant. In our lit. it is found

① only once in the sense experience someth. (pleasant) (of one who experiences special blessing, Pind., P. 3, 104 εὖ πασχέμεν, N. 1, 32 εὖ παθεῖν; Antiphanes 252, 2b ἀγαθὸν πάσχει; Diod S 20, 102, 2 εὖ πάσχειν; Dionys. Hal. 7, 51; Plut., Mor. 1110d; Arrian, Ind. 34, 1, Peripl. 2, 4; Jos., Ant. 3, 312; POxy 1855, 8; 10; 14 πάσχω ἀπόκρισιν of favorable information) τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῆ; have you had such remarkable experiences in vain? Gal 3:4 (Procop. Soph., Ep. 18 τοσοῦτον παθών; Ps.-Aristot., Mirabilia 112 τὸ αὐτὸ πάσχει=he experiences the same thing.—Differently Zahn et al.; in their opinion this pass. belongs to 3b below; in support of their view s. τοσαῦτα παθών Ep. 56 of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 359, 16], but the assoc. w. ἐπιχορηγέω Gal 3:5 suggests receipt of beneficence).—On probability of wordplay (παθεῖν … μαθεῖν) s. Betz, Gal. 134.

② Likew. there is only one place in which π. has a neutral mng. Even here the addition of κακῶς gives it an unfavorable connotation: κακῶς πάσχειν be badly off, in an evil plight (Hom et al.; Hdt. 3, 146 et al.; Wsd 18:19; JosAs 7:4; 24:1; Philo, In Flacc. 124, Spec. Leg. 4, 3) Mt 17:15 (v.l. ἔχει).

③ In all other places, as always in LXX, in an unfavorable sense suffer, endure.

ⓐ suffer

α. abs. (also in the sense suffer death, be killed, [have to] die: Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 70 §321; 3, 87 §359; Arrian, Anab. 6, 10, 3; Paroem. Gr.: Zenob. 4, 60 the crow ἔπαθε from the scorpion’s poison; Herodian 1, 17, 7; Just., D. 52, 3; Mel., P. 8, 65; sim. Callinus [VII B.C.], Fgm. 1, 17 G-B.[=D.³] ἤν τι πάθῃ=‘if he fell’; Demosth. 4, 11f; Straton of Lamps., Fgm. 10 [in Diog. L. 5, 61] ἐάν τι πάσχω=‘if anything happens to me’; Diod S 13, 98, 2; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 8, 3; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 33, 238; Jos., Ant. 15, 65; 18, 352; CB I/2, 391 no. 254; Iren. 1, 3, 3 [Harv. I, 27, 1]) πρὸ τοῦ με παθεῖν before I suffer Lk 22:15. Cp. 24:46; Ac 1:3; 3:18; 17:3; 1 Cor 12:26; Hb 2:18 (on ἐν ᾧ s. ἐν 7); 9:26; 1 Pt 2:20, 23; 3:17; B 7:2a; Hs 8, 10, 4. The expr. γῆ πάσχουσα B 6:9 seems to transfer the philosoph. concept of suffering matter to the γῆ (Hefele, Hilgenfeld, Veil): earth capable of suffering (Goodsp.), earth capable of being molded into a human being (Kleist, note ad loc.).

β. w. additions: ὑπό τινος at the hands of someone denotes the one who caused the suffering (Antiphon Orat., Fgm. 34; Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 134 D.; PAmh 78, 4; Jos., Bell. 5, 19, Ant. 10, 92; Mel., P. 75, 546ff; B-D-F §315) Mt 17:12 (s. also b below). Also ὑπὸ χειρός τινος B 5:5b (cp. Mel., Fgm. 7 ὑπὸ δεξιᾶ Ἰσραηλίτιδος). ὑπέρ τινος for someone or someth. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 15 §63 π. ὑπέρ τινος=suffer for someone; Just., D. 121, 2 ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ἀρνεῖσθαι αὐτόν as military metaphor: EKrentz, in Origins and Method, JHurd Festschr. ’93, 126) Phil 1:29; 2 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 2:21 (περί τινος v.l.), ὑπὲρ τ. ὀνόματος τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 9, 28, 2a. ὑπὲρ τοῦ νόμου 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τῆς σωτηρίας, ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτωλῶν MPol 17:2. ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν ISm 7:1. Also περί τινος (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 29 p. 415, 29 Jac. περὶ τῶν διαδόχων αὐτοῦ ἅπαν … παθεῖν) περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν 1 Pt 3:18 (v.l. ἀπέθανεν). περι τῆς ψυχῆς ἡμῶν B 5:5a. διά w. acc. for the sake of: διὰ δικαιοσύνην 1 Pt 3:14. διὰ τὸ ὄνομα (αὐτοῦ) Pol 8:2; Hv 3, 2, 1; Hs 9, 28, 3. διʼ ἡμᾶς B 7:2b. διὰ τὸν θεόν Hs 9, 28, 6a. εἵνεκα or ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀνόματος v 3, 1, 9; 3, 5, 2; Hs 9, 28, 5; 6b. κατὰ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Pt 4:19. ἔξω τῆς πύλης Hb 13:12. ἐπὶ ξύλου on the tree B 5:13b.—Used w. an instrumental (?) dat.: αἰκίαις καὶ βασάνοις π. 1 Cl 6:1 v.l. πολλαῖς πράξεσι Hs 6, 3, 4. W. dat. to denote manner (B-D-F §198) π. σαρκί suffer in the body 1 Pt 4:1ab (in b v.l. ἐν σαρκί).—Used w. an adverb: ἀδίκως 1 Pt 2:19. ἀληθῶς ISm 2b. δικαίως (TestSim 4:3; Just., D. 110, 6) Hs 6, 3, 6a. ἡδέως 8, 10, 4. προθύμως 9, 28, 2b and 4. οὕτω GPt 4:13; B 5:13a. ὀλίγον (s. ὀλίγος 2bβ) 1 Pt 5:10. τὸ δοκεῖν (δοκέω 2aα) in semblance, seemingly ITr 10; ISm 2c.—ὡς φονεύς undergo punishment (cp. SIG 1016, 7 π. ὡς ἱερόσυλος) as a murderer 1 Pt 4:15.

ⓑ endure, undergo τί someth. (Orig., C. Cels. 7, 13, 7; π. καταστροφήν; Did., Gen. 232, 11; Theoph. Ant. 2, 23 [p. 156, 6]) παθήματα π. endure sufferings 2 Cor 1:6 (ὧν by attraction of the rel. fr. ἅ; sim. Iren. 1, 8, 2 [Harv. I 70, 4]). αἰκίσματα 1 Cl 6:2. πολλὰ π. (Jos., Ant. 13, 268; 403) Mt 27:19; Mk 8:31; 9:12; Lk 9:22 (s. further below); 17:25; B 7:11; AcPl Ha 8, 19. τὰ ὅμοιά τινι the same things as someone Ox 840, 3. οὐδὲν κακόν suffer no harm Ac 28:5. οὐδὲν τῶν πονηρῶν Hs 6, 3, 6b. ὡς οὐδὲν πεπονθώς as if nothing had happened to him MPol 8:3 (cp. TestJob 47:7 ὡς οὐδὲν ὅλως πεπονθώς). ταῦτα Lk 13:2; 24:26; 2 Ti 1:12; 1 Cl 45:5. τί παθεῖται; what will he have to endure? 2 Cl 7:5 (πάσχειν τι=endure punishment, as Pla., Leg. 10, 1, 885ab). μὴ φοβοῦ ἃ μελλεις πάσχειν do not be afraid of what you are about to undergo Rv 2:10. W. attraction ἔμαθεν ἀφʼ ὧν ἔπαθεν τὴν ὑπακοήν= ἔμαθεν τὴν ὑπακοὴν ἀπὸ τούτων ἃ ἔπαθεν he learned obedience from what he endured (i.e. despite his being God’s son, Jesus experienced suffering as the medium for exhibiting the ultimate extent of his obedience) Hb 5:8 (for the consonance or wordplay s. the reff. cited s.v. μανθάνω 3). π. τι ὑπό τινος endure someth. at someone’s hands (X., Hiero 7, 8, Symp. 1, 9; Jos., Ant. 7, 209; 12, 401; s. 3aβ above) Mk 5:26; 1 Th 2:14; B 7:5. Also π. τι ἀπό τινος (Dio Chrys. 67 [17], 11; Lucian, D. Deor. 6, 4; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 27, 5) Mt 16:21; perh. Lk 9:22. π. τι ἕνεκά τινος endure someth. for someone’s sake 2 Cl 1:2. Also π. τι διά τινα ISm 2a (Just., D. 117, 3; Mel., P. 59, 435). ὅσα δεῖ αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματός μου παθεῖν Ac 9:16 (π. τι ὑπέρ τινος as Jos., Ant. 13, 199).—WWichmann, D. Leidenstheologie, e. Form der Leidensdeutung im Spätjudentum 1930; HVondran, D. Leidensgedanke im Spiegel d. Selbstbewusstseins Jesu: NKZ 43, ’32, 257–75; RLiechtenhan, D. Überwindung d. Leidens b. Pls. u. in d. zeitgen. Stoa: ZTK n.s. 3, 1922, 368–99; WMichaelis, Herkunft u. Bed. des Ausdrucks ‘Leiden u. Sterben J. Chr.’ ’45; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré, ’47, 314–17 (Le Messie Souffrant …); ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht (Sühntod Jesu Christi), ’55; EGüttgemanns, D. leidende Apostel, ’66.—K Schelkle, Die Passion Jesu etc., ’49; JGreen, The Death of Jesus ’88; RBrown, The Death of the Messiah, 2 vols. ’94; ACollins, From Noble Death to Crucified Messiah, NTS 40, ’94, 481–503; on alleged anti-Judaism in Luke’s passion narrative, s. HMerkel, NTS 40, ’94, 394–95 (lit.).—Schmidt, Syn. I 424–441. DELG. M-M. EDNT. DLNT. TW. Sv.

πειράω in our lit. only πειράομαι (Hom.+) fut. mid. πειράσομαι; 1 aor. pl. ἐπειράθημεν 1 Macc 12:10; pf. πεπείραμαι 1 Km 17:39; in one place perh. as pass.: impf. 3 sg. ἐπειρᾶτο Ac 9:26 v.l.; pf. ptc. πεπειραμένος.

① to try to do someth., try, attempt, endeavor w. inf. foll. (Hom.+; ins, pap, 2 Macc 2:23; 10:12; 3 Macc 2:32; 4 Macc 12:2; EpArist 297; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 123; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 70; 2, 283) Ἰουδαῖοί με ἐπειρῶντο διαχειρίσασθαι Ac 26:21. Cp. 9:26 v.l. (for ἐπείραζεν); 2 Cl 17:3; MPol 13:2; Qua 1.

② to have an experience, to experience. The sense of the wording is difficult in Hb 4:15 v.l. (for πεπειρασμένον), which describes Christ as πεπειραμένος κατὰ πάντα. Starting fr. the mng. ‘put someone or someth. to the test, in order to know the same better’, the mid. can = go through an experience and learn someth. by it (Aesop, Fab. 105 H./437 P./p. 190 ln. 6 H-H.) and the perf. mid.=have experienced, know from experience, know (Hes., Hdt. et al.; X., Hiero 1, 2; 2, 6; Pla., Ep. 6 p. 323a). For our pass. this would result in the mng. who was experienced in all respects. The pass. sense tried, tested, tempted is hardly in accord w. Gk. usage. S. πειράζω 2b and 4 on the Hb pass.—B. 652f. DELG s.v. πεῖρα. M-M. TW.

προσδέχομαι (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; TestJob 42:8; TestLevi 16:5; TestAsh 4:3; Just.) mid. dep.; impf. προσεδεχόμην; fut. προσδέξομαι (LXX); 1 aor. προσεδεξάμην; pass. προσεδέχθην.

① to receive favorably, take up, receive, welcome (Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; also EpArist 257).

ⓐ w. acc. of pers. receive in a friendly manner (Pla., Leg. 4, 708a; Jos., Ant. 6, 255; TestLevi 16:5; Just., A I, 10, 1 and D 33, 2) ἁμαρτωλούς Lk 15:2. τινὰ ἐν κυρίῳ welcome someone in the Lord, i.e. as a Christian brother or sister (cp. 1 Ch 12:19) Ro 16:2; Phil 2:29. ἵνα ἡμᾶς προσδέξηται ὡς υἱούς 2 Cl 9:10 (Diod S 17, 37, 4 Ἀλέξανδρον ὡς θεὸν προσεδέξαντο). Pass. MPol 14:2.

ⓑ w. acc. of thing (Jos., Ant. 14, 30) receive οἱ δὲ ὡς περὶ βρώσεως προσεδέξαντο (i.e. τὰ δόγματα) they took (the decrees) as if they really dealt with food B 10:9.—Receive willingly, put up with (Hdt. et al.; see Pla., Phileb. 15b ὄλεθρον) τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων Hb 10:34. τὰ ἐνεργήματα ὡς ἀγαθά B 19:6; D 3:10. ἐλπίδα, ἣν καὶ αὐτοὶ οὗτοι προσδέχονται.—W. a negative refuse to accept, reject (Jos., Ant. 6, 42; Just., D 117, 2) τὸ βάπτισμα B 11:1. τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν Hb 11:35 (ἀπολύτρωσις 1).

② to look forward to, wait for (Hom. et al.; Jos., Ant. 14, 451)

ⓐ w. acc. of pers. (X., Cyr. 4, 5, 22) Lk 1:21 D; Ac 10:24 D. τὸν κύριον Lk 12:36.

ⓑ w. acc. of thing (X., Hiero 1, 18, Apol. Socr. 33; Herodian 3, 1, 1; SIG 1268 [Praecepta Delphica: III B.C.] II 21 καιρὸμ προσδέχου=wait for the [right] time) τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ Mk 15:43; Lk 23:51. λύτρωσιν Ἰερουσαλήμ 2:38. παράκλησιν τοῦ Ἰσραήλ vs. 25. τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν (ἐπαγγελία 2) Ac 23:21. ἐλπίδα look forward to the fulfillment of our expectation Tit 2:13 (cp. Job 2:9a); await (the realization of) Ac 24:15. τὸ ἔλεος τοῦ κυρίου Jd 21. τὴν ἐσχάτην ἡμέραν Hv 3, 12, 2; cp. 3, 13, 2. ἀφθαρσίαν Dg 6:8.

ⓒ abs. wait ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας wait day after day 2 Cl 11:2 (prophetic saying of unknown origin).—M-M. TW.

συγχαίρω impf. συνέχαιρον; fut. συγχαρήσομαι and 3 sg. συγχαρεῖται Gen 21:6; 2 aor. pass. (with same sense as act. and mid.) συνεχάρην (Aeschyl., X. et al.; ins, pap, LXX)

① to experience joy in conjunction w. someone, rejoice with τινί someone (Aristot., EN 1166a, 8; UPZ 148, 3 [II B.C.]; BGU 1080, 2; Diogenes, Ep. 16 p. 108, 22 Malherbe; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 124) Lk 1:58; Phil 2:17f (s. also 2 below); ITr 1:1. συνεχάρην ὑμῖν μεγάλως I rejoiced with you from the bottom of my heart Pol 1:1. τινί foll. by ὅτι rejoice w. someone because (PLond I, 43, 3f p. 48 [II B.C.]) Lk 15:6, 9. Without dat., which is easily supplied (X., Hiero 5, 4; SIG 1173, 5 [138 A.D.]) 1 Cor 12:26 (metaph.: the ‘parts’ stand for the believers).—W. dat. of thing as cause of rejoicing (Herm. Wr. 1, 26.—In such case the compound prob. has the same mng. as the simple verb, as Jos., Ant. 15, 210 [opp. ἄχθεσθαι]) οὐ χαίρει ἐπὶ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ συγχαίρει δὲ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ it does not rejoice over injustice, but rejoices in the truth 1 Cor 13:6 (EFranz, TLZ 87, ’62, 795–98). Cp. Hs 8, 2, 7.

② to express pleasure over another’s good fortune, congratulate τινί someone (Aeschin. 2, 45; Socrates, Ep. 33, 2 [=p. 300, 15 Malherbe] w. ὅτι foll.; Polyb. 15, 5, 13; 30, 18, 1 al.; Diod S 22, 13, 7; Plut., Mor. 231b; PTebt 424, 5; cp. Jos., Ant. 8, 50) B 1:3; IEph 9:2; IPhld 10:1; ISm 11:2; Hs 5, 2, 6.—Lk 1:58 and Phil 2:17f could perh. be classed here as well.—M-M. s.v. συνχαίρω. TW.

χαρά, ᾶς, ἡ (χαίρω; Trag., Pla.+) ‘joy’.

① the experience of gladness

ⓐ gener. Gal 5:22. Opp. λύπη (X., Hell. 7, 1, 32; Philo, Abr. 151; TestJud 25:4; JosAs 9:1; ApcMos 39) J 16:20f; 2 Cor 2:3; Hb 12:11. Opp. κατήφεια Js 4:9. W. ἀγαλλίασις Lk 1:14; 1 Cl 63:2; MPol 18:2. χαρὰ μεγάλη (Jon 4:6; Jos., Ant. 12, 91; Iren. 1, 2, 6 [Harv. I 22, 10]; s. χαίρω 1) Mt 28:8; Lk 24:52; Ac 15:3. τὸ τῆς χ. μέγεθος AcPl Ha 6, 9; πολλὴ χ. (BGU 1141, 3 [I B.C.] μετὰ πολλῆς χαρᾶς) Ac 8:8; Phlm 7. πᾶσα χ. (Sb 991, 6 μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς) Ro 15:13; Phil 2:29; Js 1:2.—W. prep. ἀπὸ τῆς χαρᾶς (B-D-F §210, 1; Rob. 580) for joy Lk 24:41; Ac 12:14; ἀπὸ τῆς χαρᾶς αὐτοῦ in his joy Mt 13:44. ἐν χαρᾷ Ro 15:32; IEph ins; MPol 18:2. μετὰ χαρᾶς (X., Hiero 1, 25; Polyb. 21, 34, 12 v.l.; Diod S 16, 79, 4; Plut., Mor. 1095b; Jos., Ant. 8, 124; LXX; PsSol 8:16; Did., Gen. 215, 9) with joy Mt 13:20; 28:8; Mk 4:16; Lk 8:13; 10:17; 24:52 (Jos., Ant. 11, 67 ὥδευον μετὰ χ. [to Jerus.]); Phil 1:4; Col 1:11; Hb 10:34; 13:17; 1 Cl 65:1; Hv 1, 3, 4 (w. ἐπαγγέλλω, so Joly, cp. 1 Cl 34:7 ‘great and glorious promises’).—W. subjective gen. J 15:11b (cp. 11a ἡ χ. ἡ ἐμή); 16:22 (Lycon [III B.C.] Fgm. 20 Wehrli ’52: τὴν ἀληθινὴν χαρὰν τῆς ψυχῆς τέλος ἔλεγεν εἶναι=he designated the true joy of the soul as the goal); 2 Cor 1:24; 7:13; 8:2. W. gen. to denote the origin of the joy χ. τῆς πίστεως joy that comes from faith Phil 1:25. χ. πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6; also χ. ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ Ro 14:17.—Used w. verbs: χαρῆναι χαρὰν μεγάλην be filled with intense joy Mt 2:10. Cp. 1 Th 3:9 (χαίρω 1); χαρᾷ χαίρειν (χαίρω 1) J 3:29a (foll. by διά τι at someth.). ἀγαλλιᾶσθαι χαρᾷ 1 Pt 1:8 (Pol. 1:3). ἔχειν χαράν have joy, feel pleased 2 Cor 1:15 v.l.; Phlm 7; 3J 4; difft. Hs 1:10 ( have joy accompanying it). χαρὰν λαμβάνειν experience joy Hv 3, 13, 2 (Just.. D. 100, 5); GJs 12:2; 20:4 (codd.). χαρὰν ποιεῖν τινι give someone joy Ac 15:3. χαράν τινι παρέχειν 1 Cl 63:2. πληροῦν τινα χαρᾶς fill someone with joy (Jos., Bell. 3, 28) Ro 15:13; pass. πληροῦσθαι χαρᾶς (Diod S 3, 17, 3 τέκνα … πεπληρωμένα χαρᾶς; Περὶ ὕψους 7, 2 ψυχὴ πληροῦται χαρᾶς; EpArist 261; Philo, Mos. 1, 177; Jos., Ant 15, 421; Just., A I, 49, 5) Ac 13:52; 2 Ti 1:4; Dg 10:3. Also χαρᾶς ἐμπί(μ)πλασθαι (cp. Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 123; Jos., Ant. 3, 99) MPol 12:1; χαρᾶς πλησθείς AcPl Ha 2, 15; perh. 8, 6f. χαρᾷ ὑπερπερισσεύεσθαι 2 Cor 7:4. πᾶσαν χαρὰν ἡγεῖσθαι Js 1:2 (ἡγέομαι 2). ἔσται χαρά σοι Lk 1:14; ἔσται σοι χ. GJs 20:3 (codd.); without the dat. there will be joy Lk 15:7 (χ. ἐπί w. dat. as Jos., Ant. 7, 252); also γίνεται χαρά (Tob 11:18 S) vs. 10, cp. Ac 8:8; AcPl Ha 6, 3. χαρᾶς εἶναι (qualitative gen.) be pleasant Hb 12:11. χαρὰ ὅτι joy that J 16:21.—Ign. provides χαρά w. adjectives to set it off: ἄμωμος IEph ins; IMg 7:1; αἰώνιος κ. παράμονος IPhld ins.—The Johannine lit. places emphasis on joy as brought to the highest degree (πληρόω 3) ἡ χαρὰ ἡ ἐμὴ πεπλήρωται J 3:29b; cp. 15:11b; 16:24; 17:13; 1J 1:4; 2J 12. Cp. also the act. πληρώσατέ μου τὴν χαράν Phil 2:2.—As v.l. for χάρις 2 Cor 1:15.

ⓑ metonymically, a state of joyfulness (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 52 p. 354, 3 Jac. οἱ ἀκούοντες ἐν χαρᾷ ἦσαν) εἴσελθε εἰς τὴν χαρὰν τοῦ κυρίου σου (GrBar 15:4.—Of God: δωρήσεται ζωὴν αἰώνιον, χ., εἰρήνην Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 2]) Mt 25:21, 23 (so BWeiss; Jülicher, Gleichn. 475; Zahn, JWeiss, OHoltzmann; but s. 2c). Of Christ ὸ̔ς ἀντὶ τῆς προκειμένης αὐτῷ χαρᾶς ὑπέμεινεν σταυρόν Hb 12:2 (πρόκειμαι 2).

② a pers. or thing that causes joy, joy, metonymically

ⓐ of persons as a source of joy, Phil 4:1 (EPeterson, Nuntius 4, ’50, 27f); 1 Th 2:19f.

ⓑ of an event that calls forth joy. An angelic message εὐαγγελίζομαι ὑμῖν χαρὰν μεγάλην Lk 2:10.

ⓒ of a festive dinner or banquet (s. Dalman, Worte 96; Billerb. I 879; 972) so perh. Mt 25:21, 23 (but would this have been intelligible to Greeks? S. 1b).—EGulin, Die Freude im NT I (Jesus, early church, Paul) ’32; II (John’s gosp.) ’36; Bultmann on J 17:13; PBernadicou, Joy in the Gospel of Lk, diss. Rome, ’70.—B. 1102; TRE XI 584–86; RAC VIII 348–418.—DELG s.v. χαίρω I A 3. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq.

ἄλογος, ον (Pre-Socr.+; pap, LXX; PsSol 16:10; TestSol 10:8 C; TestZeb 5:1; ApcEsdr 1:22 p. 25, 17 Tdf.; ApcSed 7:9; Philo, Joseph.)

① pert. to lack of reasoning capacity, without reason of animals (Crates 11 p. 62, 16 Malherbe) ὡς ἄ. ζῷα like unreasoning animals 2 Pt 2:12; Jd 10; GJs 3:2 (so Democr. Fgm. A 116; B 164; X., Hiero 7, 3 et al.; Herm. Wr. 1, 11; 10, 19; 22 al.; Wsd 11:15; 4 Macc 14:14, 18; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 30 al.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 213, Ant. 10, 262; Plut., Mor. 493d; Ar. 12:1; Mel., P. 26, 188).

② pert. to lack of a basis or cause, contrary to reason (Thu.+; PsSol 16:10 ὀργὴν καὶ θυμὸν ἄλογον; Jos., Ant. 1, 24 al.) ἄλογόν μοι δοκεῖ it seems absurd to me Ac 25:27 (cp. BGU 74, 8; OGI 519, 15).—M-M. TW.

ἄλυπος, ον s. λύπη; pass. free from anxiety (so Soph. et al.; X., Hiero 9, 9; Epict.; Lucian; Herm. Wr. Fgm. 23, 44 [482, 9 Sc.]; Crates 35 p. 88, 16 Malherbe; ISyriaW 1835; 1851 al.; PPetr II, xiii, 19, 14 [c. 250 B.C.]; BGU 246, 17 [II/III A.D.]; TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 6 [Stone p. 22]; Philo, Cher. 86; Just., D. 117, 3; Ath., R. 78, 1) ἵνα κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ so that I might be less anxious (than now= free from all anxiety) Phil 2:28.—M-M. TW.

ἔδεσμα, ατος, τό (on the old epic pres. ἔδω s. LfgrE s.v.; Pla. et al.; ViHab 5 [Sch. 86, 7]; Jos., Ant. 1, 43) food in our lit. only pl. (as Batr. 31; X., Hiero 1, 23; OGI 665, 59; LXX; TestJob 13:4; Test12Patr) Hv 3, 9, 3a; m 5, 2, 2; 6, 2, 5; 8:3; 12, 2, 1; Hs 5, 2, 9ff; 5, 3, 7; 5, 5, 3. μὴ ἔχειν ἐδέσματα have nothing to eat v 3, 9, 3b.—DELG s.v. ἔδω.

ἔξεστιν impers. verb, 3 sg. of the unused ἔξειμι; fut. ἐξέσται LXX (Eur., Hdt. et al.; LXX; ParJer 5:20; Just., A I, 66, 1; Ath.)

① to be authorized for the doing of someth., it is right, is authorized, is permitted, is proper.

ⓐ w. pres. inf. foll. (Lucian, Jud. 3; Esth 8:12g; 4 Macc 1:12; Ath. 32, 2 al.). Mt 12:2, 12; 14:4. W. aor. inf. foll. (X., An. 4, 3, 10; Ath. 6:3 al.) Mt 12:10; 15:26 D; 19:3; 22:17; 27:6; Mk 3:4 (ἔξεστιν … ἤ); 12:14; Lk 6:9; 14:3. Without inf., which is easily supplied fr. the context (cp. PRyl 77, 43 τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἐξῆν; Ath. 16, 3) Mk 2:24; Lk 6:2; Ac 8:36 [37] v.l.; 1 Cor 10:23.

ⓑ foll. by dat. of pers. and pres. inf. (X., Hiero 1, 26; BGU 1127, 20 [18 B.C.]; PSI 203, 7; Jos., Ant. 13, 252) Mk 6:18; Ac 16:21; 22:25; GJs 2:2. Foll. by dat. of pers. and aor. inf. (2 Esdr 4:14; 1 Macc 14:44) Mt 20:15; Mk 10:2; J 5:10; 18:31 (JAllen, Why Pilate?: CMoule Festschr., ’70, 78–83; on the legal issues s. also SSafrai, CRINT I/1, 397–400); Ac 21:37; GJs 1:2; 2:2.—Foll. by dat. of pers. without the necessity of supplying an inf. (PRyl 62, 16 πάντα τὰ ἄλλα ἔξεστί μοι) 1 Cor 6:12.

ⓒ foll. by acc. w. inf. (Pla., Pol., 290d al.) Mk 2:26; Lk 6:4 (s. B-D-F §409, 3; Rob. 1084f); 20:22.

ⓓ the ptc. of ἐ. is ἐξόν; by the addition of the copula, which must oft. be understood (as Isaeus 6, 50; Jos., Ant. 8, 404), it comes to mean the same as ἔξεστιν: w. pres. inf. foll. ISm 8:2; foll. by dat. of pers. and aor. inf. 2 Cor 12:4; PEg² 48 (cp. Just., A I, 66, 1). ἐ. ἦν w. dat., and aor. inf. (Esth 4:2; Jos., Ant. 20, 202) Mt 12:4. W. dat., and inf. to be supplied μὴ εἶναι ἐ. αὖτῷ he had no authority MPol 12:2.

② to be within the range of possibility, it is possible the ptc. of ἐ. (s. above) w. aor. inf. foll. Ac 2:29—B. 647. M-M. TW.