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1 HERSIR
(-is, -ar), m. a local chief lord (in Norway).* * *m. [akin to hérað and herr], a chief, lord, the political name of the Norse chiefs of the earliest age, esp. before the time of Harold Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland: respecting the office and authority of the old hersar the records are scanty, as they chiefly belonged to the prehistorical time; they were probably not liegemen, but resembled the goðar (vide goði) of the old Icel. Commonwealth, being a kind of patriarchal and hereditary chiefs: in this matter the old Landnáma is our chief source of information;—Björn Buna hét hersir ágætr í Noregi, son Veðrar-Gríms hersis í Sogni, móðir Gríms var Hervör dóttir Þorgerðar Eylaugs-dóttur hersis ór Sogni, Landn. 39; Arinbjörn h. ór Fjörðum, 66; Ási h., 76, 303, and another of the same name, 109; Ketill Veðr h. af Hringaríki, 94; Hrólfr h. af Ögðum, 48, 126; Ketill Raumr hét h. ágætr í Raumsdal, 173; Gormr h. ágætr í Svíþjóð, 195; Grímr h., 204; Þorsteinn Höfði h. á Hörðalandi, 228; Þórir Hauknefr h., 237; Úlfr Gildir h. á Þelamörk, 292; Veðr-Ormr h., 314; Arinbjörn h., Eg., Ad. 3; Vigfúss h. af Vörs, Glúm.; Klyppr h. á Hörðalandi, Fb. i. 19; Dala-Guðbrandr h., Ó. H. 106; Björn h. á Örlandi, Eg. 154; Þórir h. í Fjörðum, 155, cp. Rm. 36; hann var sem konungr væri yfir Dölunum, ok var þó h. at nafni, Ó. H. l. c., cp. Fb. i. 23; hersar hafa verit fyrri frændr mínir, ok vil ek ekki bera hærra nafn en þeir, Fms. i. 299: it is also prob. that by ágætr and göfugr (q. v.) the Landnáma means a hersir. At the time of Harold Fairhair the old hersar gradually became liegemen (lendir menn) and were ranked below a jarl ( earl), but above a höldr ( yeoman), the scale being konungr, jarl, hersir, höldr, búandi, see the record in Hkr. i. 80 (Har. S. Hárf. ch. 6), as also Edda 93; the name then becomes rare, except that hersir and lendr maðr are now and then used indiscriminately, heita þeir hersar eða lendir menn, Edda l. c. The old Norse hersar were no doubt the prototype of the barons of Normandy and Norman England.COMPDS: hersisheiti, hersisnafn. -
2 hersir
[hεr̥sɪr̬]m hersis, hersar поэт.князь; ист. херсир -
3 hersir
-
4 á-gætr
adj. [v. the words above, from á- intens. and geta—gat—gátu, to get and to record; the old etymology in glossaries of the last century from the Greek αγαθός cannot be admitted], famous, goodly, excellent; á. maðr um allt land, Nj. 106; á. at afli, Edda 19; ágætir gimsteinar, precious stones, Fms. i. 15; á. skjöldr, Eg. 705; compar, mun hann verða ágætari ( more famous) en allir þínir frændr, Fms. i. 256; superl., ágætaztr, Nj. 282, Eg. 311; ágæztr, contr., Edda 5, Íb. 14, Fms. vii. 95, Greg. 53. In the Landn. ‘maðr ágætr’ is freq. used in a peculiar sense, viz. a noble man, nearly synonymous to gæðingr in the Orkneys, or hersir in Norway, e. g. 143, 149, 169, 190, 198, 201, 203, 279, 281, 308, 312; hersir á., 173, etc.; cp. also Kristni S. ch. I. -
5 NAFN
* * *n.2) name, title (hersir at nafni).* * *often spelt namn, n.; [Ulf. namo; common to all Teut. languages without the n, which has been preserved in the Norse; Dan. navn; Swed. namn; Lat. nomen; Gr. ὄνομα]:—a name; af hans nafni tók nafn Britannia, Fms. xi. 416; spyrja e-n at nafni, Nj. 6; gefa namn, Grág. i. 101; at nafni, by name, passim; kalla á namn e-s, 623. 24; í nafni e-s, in one’s name, id., passim; skírnar-nafn, a baptismal name; auk-nafn, a nickname. For the ancient ceremony, even of the heathen age, of sprinkling infants with water and giving them a name see the remarks and references given s. v. ausa, (to which add Dropl. 25, ok mun ek ekki við þér sjá, þvíat þú jóst mik vatni.) Proper names were either single as Steinn or compound as Hall-steinn, Þor-steinn, Vé-steinn, Há-steinn, Her-steinn, Gunn-steinn, see Þorst. hv. 46, Eb. 126 new Ed. (Append.); for giving names to infants see Vd. ch. 13, Nj. ch. 14, 59, Ld. ch. 13, Eb. ch. 7, 11, 12, and the Sagas passim. The ancient Teutons and Scandinavians used but one name, for nicknames are rare or of later date, and perh. came into use through contact with foreigners, as with the Gaelic tribes in the west, for in the Landn. such names abound in Icel., though they were afterwards disused; the law makes it a case of outlawry to ‘give names,’ ef maðr gefr manni nafn annat en hann eigi áðr ok varðar fjörbaugs garð, ef hann reiðisk við, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 182, see however nafn-festr below. For illustration see lists of names subjoined to the Editions of the Sagas, Landn., Bs., Fms., Fb. iii, Espól. Annals; a list of nicknames, Fb. iii. 657–663. Worthy of note is the desire of the men of old to live again in a new name, cp. Vd. ch. 3, Fb. ii. 7–9, and many other instances; one who falls short of the man he is named after is said to kafna undir nafni. 2. gramm. a noun, Skálda 180.II. a name, title; at gipta hana tignara manni fyrir nafns sakir, Fms. i. 157; hersir at nafni, Ld. 8, Ó. H. 106; nafn ok veldi, Eg. 268; keisara-nafn, konungs-n., jarls-n., passim; at nafni, nominally, not really, not well; fontr með búnaði at nafni, Pm. 68, 78.COMPDS: nafnagipt, nafnaskipti, nafnaskrá. -
6 BÓNDI
* * *(pl. bœndr, gen. bónda), m.1) husbandman, farmer, peasant (dóttir eins lítils bónda); a yeoman, franklin, landowner (hinir stœrri bœndr);2) master, head of a household (= húsbóndi);3) husband (nú er bóndi dauðr, en kona lifir eptir).* * *a, m.: older form búandi, or even bóandi, pl. búendr or bóendr; gen. búanda, bóanda; dat. buöndum, bóöndum, Edda 28, Grág. i. 370, 371. Ó. H. 203, 209–211, 215, Nj. 14, 220; búanda (gen. pl.), 211, 212, 215–217, 220; búöndum, 219; bóandi, Grág. i. 114, 157, 187, 377, Nj. 52; but the common Icel. form is bóndi, pl. bændr; gen. dat. pl. in old writers either bónda, bóndum, or as at present keeping the æ throughout all plur. cases (bænda, (gen.) bændum): properly a part. act. from búa (turned into a noun subst., cp. frændi, fjándi), A. S. buan; Germ. bauer, and therefore originally a tiller of the ground, husbandman, but it always involved the sense of ownership, and included all owners of land (or bú, q. v.). from the petty freeholder to the franklin, and esp. the class represented by the yeoman of England generally or the statesman of Westmoreland and Cumberland: hence it came to mean the master of the house, A. S. bond and hûsbond, Engl. husband.1. a husbandman. The law distinguishes between a grið-maðr a labourer, búðsetu-maðr a cottager, and a búandi or bóndi a man who has land and stock. In the Icel. Commonwealth only the b. (but neither cottager or labourer) could act as judge or neighbour who gave witness in acquittal of a culprit (cp. þingheyjandi); the griðmaðr could only partly be admitted to the tylptarkviðr, not to the búakviðr, Grág. i. 35, 114; ek ryð þessa tvá menn ór kviðburðinum fyrir þá sök, at þeir eru búðsetu-menn en eigi bændr, Nj. 236; cp. l. c. below, where the distinction between both is defined. The Norse law, on the other hand, distinguishes between hersir or lendir menn ( barons) and búandi, cp. the interesting passage Fms. vi. 279 (verðr mér þá lends manns nafn ekki at virðingu; nú vil ek heldr heita bóndi sem ek á ætt til); the Norse hauldr- or óðals-bóndi nearly answers to the Engl. ‘yeoman.’ In the more despotic Norway and Denmark, as in continental Europe, ‘bóndi’ became a word of contempt, denoting the common, low people, opp. to the king and his ‘men’ (hirð), the royal officers, etc.; just as the Engl. boor degenerated from A. S. gebur, Germ. bauer, Dutch boer; and in mod. Dan. bönder means plebs, a boor; such is the use of bóndi in the Fms., esp. Sverr. S. and Hák. S. In the Icel. Commonwealth the word has a good sense, and is often used of the foremost men—Sighvatr bóndi, Sturl. ii. 78; Rafn bóndi (i. e. Sveinbjarnarsson), Bs. i. Rafn. S. several times; Rútr talaði þá til Marðar, hugsa þú svá um bóndi (Mord Gigja), Nj. 3; optar hefir þú glaðari verit, búndi, en nú, 174 (of Flosi); Njáll bóndi, id.; Þorsteinn bóndi, Illugi bóndi, Gunnl. S. Ísl. ii; Björn bóndi, Safn i. 657; Björn bóndi Einarsson (Jórsalafari), Ann. 1393; Ari bóndi, Daði bóndi, Bs. ii. 474, 505; it is only opp. to the clerks (clergy) or knights, etc. This notion of the word ( a franklin) still prevails in the mind of Icelanders.2. a husband, A. S. hûsbond; eigi var skegglauss Þorvaldr bóandi þinn, Nj. 52, Grág. i. 371, 377, Fms. i. 149; hjá hvílu búanda þíns, Nj. 14. [The learned Icel. clergyman Eyjulf on Vellir (died A. D. 1747) has written a short essay upoii the word bóndi, Icel. MSS. Bodl. no. 71.]COMPDS:—(in mod. use always bænda- if pl., bónda- if sing.)—bónda-bani, a, m. a slayer of a bóndi, Fms. vi. 104. bónda-ból, n. (bónda-bær, m.), a farm, Grett. 96 A. bónda-dóttir, f. a bóndi’s daughter, Eg. 24, Snót 18. bónda-eiðr, m. a bundi’s oath, Gþl. 67. bónda-far, n. a bóndi’s ferry-boat, Hkr. ii. 292. bónda-fé, n. a provincial fund, Gþl. 11. bónda-fólk, n. a class of bændr, Fms. vii. 293. bónda-fylking (búanda-), f. a host of bændr, Fms. viii. 126. bónda-herr, m. an army of bændr, Fms. i. 162. bónda-hlutr. m. = bóndatíund. Fr. bónda-hus, n. a bóndi’s house, K. Þ. K. 26. bónda-hvíla, u, f. a bóndi’s bed, El. 9. bónda-kirkja (búanda-), u, f. the church belonging to the bóndi in Thingvalla, where the parliament was held; and búanda-kirkjugarðr, m. the churchyard to that church, vide Nj. and Grág. This church was erected about the middle of the 11th century, vide Kristni S., Fms. vi. 266. bónda-kona, u, f. a good wife of a bóndi, Gþl. 511. bónda-laus, adj. husband-less, widowed, Stj. 420. bónda-lega, u, f. the burial place of bændr, N. G. L. i. 368. bónda-lið, n. = bóndaherr, Fms. ii. 48. bónda-ligr, adj. farmer-like. bónda-múgr, m. a crowd, host of bændr, Fms. xi. 248. bónda-nafn, n. the name, title of bóndi, Fms. vi. 279, Gþl. 106. bónda-réttr (búanda-), m. the right of a bóndi, Fms. ix. 135. bónda-safnaðr (- samnaðr) = bóndamúgr, Hkr. ii. 307, Fms. vii. 320. bónda-skapr, m. the state of the bændr, opp. to the clergy, Bs. i. 590. bónda-son, m. the son of a bóndi, Eg. 232. bónda-tala, u, f., vera í b., to be told or counted among bændr, Fas. ii. 326. bónda-tíund, f. tithe to be paid by bændr, Vm. 104. bónda-ungi, a, m. a young bóndi, Hkr. iii. 275. bónda-val, n. the elite of bændr; var þá gott b., there were choice bændr to be found, Sturl. i. 130, Landn. 236. bónda-ætt, f. a bóndi’s extraction, Fms. vi. 278. -
7 EIGA
* * *I)(á, átta, áttr), v.1) to own, possess (Starkaðr átti hest góðan);2) to have (eiga börn, föður, móður, vin);eiga konu, to have her for wife;hann átti Gró, he was married to G.;hann gekk at eiga Þóru, he took Th. for his wife, he married Th.;enga vil ek þessa eiga, I will not marry any of these;eiga heima, to have a home, to live (þeir áttu heima austr í Mörk);eiga sér e-t = eiga e-t (Höskuldr átti sér dóttur, er Hallgerðr hét);eiga ván e-s, to have hope of a thing, to reckon upon;eiga hlut at or í e-u, to have a share in a thing, to be concerned in;eiga vald á e-u, to have within one’s power;3) to be under obligation, be obliged, have to do a thing;tólf menn, þeir er fylgð áttu með konungi, who were bound to attend the king’s person;á ek þar fyrir at sjá, I am bound (I have) to see to that;átti Hrútr för í Vestfjorðu, H. had to go to the V.;4) to have a right (claim) to, be entitled to (eiga högg ok höfn í skóginum);eiga mál í e-m, to have a charge against one;eiga rétt á sér, to have a (personal) claim to redress;5) to keep, hold;eiga fund, þing, samkvámu, stefnu, to hold a meeting;eiga kaupstefnu, to hod a market;eiga orrustu við e-n, to fight a battle with one;eiga högg við e-n, to exchange blows with one;eiga illt við e-n, to quarrel with;eiga tal (or mál) við e-n, to speak, converse with one;6) as an auxiliary with pp. = hafa (þat er við áttum mælt);eiga skilit, to have stipulated;7) to have to (skal Þ. eigi at því eiga at spotta);eiga hendr sínar it verja, to have to act in self-defence;eiga um vandræði at halda, to be in a strait;8) eiga e-m e-t, to owe to one (mun æ, hvat þú átt þeim er veitir);þat muntu ætla, at ek mun eiga hinn bleika uxann, that the fawn-coloured ox means me;10) with preps.:eiga e-t at e-m, to have something due from one, to expect from one (þat vil ek eiga at þér, at þú segir mér frá ferð þinni);to deserve from one (ok á ek annat at þér);þeir er mikit þóttust at sér eiga, had much in their power;eiga e-t eptir, to have to do yet, to have left undone (þat áttu eptir, er erfiðast er, en þat er at deyja);to leave behind one (andaðist ok átti eptir tvá sonu vaxna);eiga e-t saman, to own in common;eiga skap saman, to agree well, be of one mind;eigi veit ek, hvárt við eigum heill saman, whether we shall live happy together;eiga saman, to quarrel, = eiga deild saman;eiga um við e-n, to have to deal with (við brögðótta áttu nú um);þar sem við vini mína er um at eiga, where my friends are concerned;eiga e-t undir e-m, to have in another’s hands;Njáll átti mikit fé undir Starkaði ok í Sandgili, N. had much money out at interest with St. and at Sandgil, er sá eigi vel staddr, er líf sitt á undir þinum trúnaði, whose life depends on thy good faith;eiga mikit (lítit) undir sér, to have much (little) in one’s power;far þú við marga menn, svá at þú eigir allt undir þér, that the whole matter rests in thy own hands;hann sá, at hann átti ekki undir sér, that he had no influence;eiga við e-n, to have to do with, fight with (brátt fundu þeir, at þeir áttu þar ekki við sinn maka);ekki á ek þetta við þik, this is no business between thee and me;eiga gott (illt) við e-n, to be on good (bad) terms with one;eiga við konu, to have intercourse with, = eiga lag (samræði) við konu;recipr., eigast við, to deal with one another; fight, quarrel;eigast við deildir, to be engaged in strife;áttust þeir höggvaskipti við, they exchanged blows with one another.f.1) possession;kasta sinni eigu, leggja sína eigu, í e-t, to take possession of;2) property.* * *pret. átti; pret. subj. ætti, pres. eigi; pres. ind. á, 2nd pers. átt (irreg. eigr, Dipl. v. 24), pl. eigum, 3rd pers. pl. old form eigu, mod. eiga; imperat. eig and eigðu; sup. átt; with suffixed neg. pres. ind. 1st pers. á’k-at, 2nd pers. átt-attu; pret. subj. ættim-a: [Gr. ἔχω; Goth. aigan; A. S. âgan; Hel. êgan; O. H. G. eigan; Swed. äga; Dan. eje; Engl. to owe and own, of which the former etymologically answers to ‘eiga,’ the latter to ‘eigna’]:—to have, possess.A. ACT.I. denoting ownership, to possess:1. in a proper sense; allt þat góz sem þeir eiga eðr eigandi verða, D. N. i. 80; hann eigr hálfa jörðina, Dipl. v. 24; Björn hljóp þá á skútu er hann átti, Eb. 6; Starkaðr átti hest góðan, Nj. 89; þau áttu gnótt í búi, 257; hón á allan arf eptir mik, 3; átti hón auð fjár, Ld. 20; ef annarr maðr ferr með goðorð en sá er á, Grág. i. 159; annat vápnit, ok á þat Þorbjörn, en Þorgautr á þetta, Ísl. ii. 341; eignir þær er faðir hans hafði átt, Eb. 4; í ríki því er Dana konungar höfðu átt þar lengi, Fms. xi. 301, Rb. 494, Eb. 54, 118, 256, 328, Sturl. ii. 60, Eg. 118; e. saman, to own in common, Grág. i. 199; ef tveir menn eigo bú saman, ii. 44; e. skuld (at e-m), to be in debt, Engl. to owe; en ef hann átti engar skuldir, if he owed no debts, i. 128; þar til átti honum ( owed him) meistari Þorgeirr ok þá mörk, D. N. iv. 288 (Fr.); e. fé undir e-m, to be one’s creditor, Nj. 101; in mod. usage, e. fé hjá e-m, or ellipt., e. hjá e-m.2. in a special sense;α. eiga konu, to have her to wife; hann átti Gró, Eb. 16; hann átti Ynghvildi, 3; Þorgerðr er (acc.) átti Vigfúss, … Geirríðr er (acc.) átti Þórólfr, 18; hann gékk at eiga Þóru, he married Thora, id.; Þuríði hafði hann áðr átta, Thorida had been his first wife, 42; enga vil ek þessa e., I will not marry any of these, Nj. 22; Björn átti þá konu er Valgerðr hét, 213, 257; faðir Hróðnýjar er átti Þorsteinn, Landn. 90; Ásdísi átti síðar Skúli, S. was A.’s second husband, 88; Þorgerðr er átti Önundr sjóni, 89; Vigdís er átti Þorbjörn enn digri, 87; Árnþrúðr er átti Þórir hersir, 66; Húngerð er átti Svertingr, 6l, 86, and in numberless passages: old writers hardly ever say that the wife owns her husband—the passages in Edda 109 (vide elja) and Nj. 52 (til lítils kemr mér at eiga hinn vaskasta mann á Íslandi) are extraordinary—owing to the primitive notion of the husband’s ‘jus possessionis’ (cp. brúðkaup); but in mod. usage ‘eiga’ is used indiscriminately of both wife and husband; Icel. even say, in a recipr. sense, eigast, to own one another, to be married: þau áttust, they married; hann vildi ekki at þau ættist, hann bannaði þeim að eigast, he forbade them to marry:—to the ancients such a phrase was almost unknown, and occurs for the first time in K. Á. 114.β. eiga börn, to have children, of both parents; áttu þau Jófriðr tíu börn, J. and her husband had ten bairns, Eg. 708; hann átti dóttur eina er Unnr hét, Nj. 1; þau Þorsteinn ok Unnr áttu son er Steinn hét, Eb. 10, Nj. 91, 257; áttu þau Þórhildr þrjá sonu, 30; e. móður, föður, to have a mother, father, Eb. 98; vænti ek ok, at þú eigir illan föður, id.γ. the phrase, e. heima, to have a home; þeir áttu heima austr í Mörk, Nj. 55; því at ek tek eigi heim í kveld, þar sem ek á heima út á Íslandi, 275; in mod. usage = to live, abide, in regard to place, cp. the questions put to a stranger, hvað heitir maðrinn? hvar áttu heima? used in a wider sense than búa.δ. eiga sér, to have, cp. ‘havde sig’ in Dan. ballads; Höskuldr átti sér dóttur er Hallgerðr hét, Nj. 3; ef hann á sér í vá veru, Hm. 25, (freq. in mod. use.)3. without strict notion of possession; e. vini, óvini, to have friends, enemies, Nj. 101; hverja liðveizlu skal ek þar e. er þú ert, what help can I reckon upon from thee? 100; e. ván e-s, to have hope of a thing, to reckon upon, 210; e. til, to have left; ekki eigu it annat til ( there is nothing left for you) nema at biðja postulann. Jóh. 623. 22: in mod. usage e. til means to own, to have left; hann á ekkert til, he is void of means, needy; eiga góða kosti fjár, to be in good circumstances, Ísl. ii. 322; e. vald á e-u, to have within one’s power, Nj. 265; the phrase, e. hlut at e-u, or e. hlut í e-u, to have a share, be concerned with; eptir þat átti hann hlut at við mótstöðumenn Gunnars, 101, 120; þar er þú ættir hlut at, where thou wast concerned, 119; mik uggir at hér muni eigi gæfu-menn hlut í e., 179: hence ellipt., e. í e-u, to be engaged in, chiefly of strife, adversity, or the like; thus, e. í stríði, fátaekt, baráttu, to live, be deep in struggle, want, battle, etc.II. denoting duty, right, due, obligation:1. to be bound, etc.; þeir menn er fylgð áttu með konungi, the men who owed following to (i. e. were bound to attend) the king’s person, Fms. vii. 240; á ek þar fyrir at sjá, I am bound to see to that, Eg. 318; Tylptar-kviðr átti um at skilja, Eb. 48; þeir spurðu hvárt Njáli þætti nokkut e. at lýsa vígsök Gunnars, Nj. 117; nú áttu, Sigvaldi, now is thy turn, now ought thou, Fms. xi. 109, Fs. 121; menn eigu ( men ought) at spyrja at þingfesti, Grág. i. 19; þá á þann kvið einskis meta, that verdict ought to be void, 59; ef sá maðr á ( owns) fé út hér er ómagann á ( who ought) fram at færa, 270; nú hafa þeir menn jammarga sem þeir eigu, as many as they ought to have, ii. 270; tíunda á maðr fé sitt, … þá á hann þat at tíunda, … þá á hann at gefa sálugjafir, i. 202:—‘eiga’ and ‘skal’ are often in the law used indiscriminately, but properly ‘ought’ states the moral, ‘shall’ the legal obligation,—elska skalt þú föður þinn og móður, þú skalt ekki stela, where ‘átt’ would be misplaced; sometimes it is merely permissive, gefa á maðr vingjafir at sér lifanda, ef hann vill, a man ‘may’ whilst in life bequeath to his friends, if he will, id.; maðr á at gefa barni sínu laungetnu tólf aura, ef hann vill, fyrir ráð skaparfa sinna, en eigi meira nema erfingjar lofi, a man ‘may’ bequeath to the amount of twelve ounces to his illegitimate child without leave of the lawful heir, etc., 203; ef þat á til at vilja, if that is to happen, Fas. i. 11.2. denoting claim, right, to own, be entitled to, chiefly in law phrases; e. dóm, sakir, to own the case, i. e. be the lawful prosecutor; ok á sá þeirra sakir, er …, Grág. i. 10; eðr eigu þeir eigi at lögum, or if they be not entitled to it, 94; e. mál á e-m, to have a charge against one, Nj. 105; e. rétt á e-u, to own a right; sá sem rétt á á henni, who has a right to her, K. Á. 16; þeir sögðu at þeim þótti slíkr maðr mikinn rétt á sér e., such a man had a strong personal claim to redress, Nj. 105; hence the phrase, eiga öngan rétt á sér, if one cannot claim redress for personal injury; þá eigu þeir eigi rétt á sér, then they have no claim to redress whatever, Grág. i. 261; e. sök, saka-staði á e-u, to have a charge against; þat er hann átti öngva sök á, Nj. 130; saka-staði þá er hann þótti á eiga, 166; kalla Vermund eigi ( not) eiga at selja sik, said V. had no right to sell them, Eb. 116: hence in mod. usage, eiga denotes what is fit and right, þú átt ekki að göra það, you ought not; eg ætti ekki, I ought not: in old writers eiga is seldom strictly used in this sense, but denotes the legal rather than the moral right.β. eiga fé at e-m (mod. e. hjá e-m), to be one’s creditor, Grág. i. 90, 405, Band. 1 C: metaph. to deserve from one, ok áttu annat at mér, Nj. 113; e. gjafir at e-m, 213; in a bad sense, kváðusk mikit e. at Þráni, they had much against Thrain, 138.γ. the law phrase, e. útkvæmt, fært, to have the right to return, of a temporary exile, Nj. 251: at hann skyli eigi e. fært út hingat, Grág. i. 119; ok á eigi þingreitt, is not allowed to go to the parliament, ii. 17; e. vígt, Grág., etc.III. denoting dealings or transactions between men (in a meeting, fight, trade, or the like), to keep, hold; þætti mér ráðliga at vér ættim einn fimtardóm, Nj. 150; e. orrustu við e-n, to fight a battle, Fms. i. 5, Eg. 7; e. högg við e-n, to exchange blows, 297; e. vápna-viðskipti, id., Fms. ii. 17; eiga handsöl at e-u, to shake hands, make a bargain, x. 248; e. ráð við e-n, to consult, hold a conference with, Nj. 127; e. tal við e-n, to speak, converse with one, 129; e. mál við e-n, id., Grág. i. 10; e. fund, to hold a meeting, Nj. 158; e. þing, samkvámu, stefnu, to hold a meeting, Eg. 271; þetta haust áttu menn rétt (a kind of meeting) fjölmenna, Eb. 106; e. kaupstefnu, to hold a market, exchange, 56; e. féránsdóm, Grág. i. 94; e. gott saman, to live well together, in peace and goodwill, Ld. 38; e. illt við e-n, to deal ill with, quarrel with, Nj. 98; e. búisifjar, q. v., of intercourse with neighbours, Njarð. 366; e. drykkju við e-n, to be one’s ‘cup-mate,’ Eg. 253; e. við e-n, to deal with one; ekki á ek þetta við þik, this is no business between thee and me, Nj. 93; gott vilda ek við alla menn e., I would live in goodwill with all, 47; e. við e-n, to fight one; eigum vér ekki við þá elligar (in a hostile sense), else let us not provoke them, 42; eðr hvárt vili it Helgi e. við Lýting einn eðr bræðr hans báða, 154; brátt fundu þeir, at þeir áttu þar eigi við sinn maka, Ld. 64; Glúmr kvað hann ekki þurfa at e. við sik, G. said he had no need to meddle with him, Glúm. 338; e. um að vera, to be concerned; ekki er við menn um at e., Nj. 97; þar sem við vini mína er um at e., where my friends are concerned, 52; við færi er þá um at e., ef Kári er einn, there are fewer to deal with, to fight, if K. be alone, 254; við brögðótta áttu nú um, Fms. v. 263; ætla ek at oss mun léttara falla at e. um við Svein einn, iv. 80; Sveinn svarar, at þeir áttu við ofrefli um at e., that they had to deal with odds, 165.β. almost as an auxiliary verb; e. skilt (skilit), to have stipulated; hafa gripina svá sem hann átti skill, Fms. vi. 160; þat átta ek skilit við þik, ii. 93; sem Hrani átti skilt, iv. 31; e. mælt, of oral agreement; sem vit áttum mælt með okkr, xi. 40; þá vil ek þat mælt e., 124: in mod. usage e. skilit means to deserve, eg á ekki þetta skilit af hér, etc.γ. sometimes used much like geta; við því átti Búi eigi gert, B. could not guard against that, Fms. i. 117, cp. xi. 109:—also, e. bágt, to be in a strait, poor, sickly; e. heimilt, to have at one’s disposal, Eb. 254.IV. to have to do; skal Þorleifr eigi ( not) e. at því at spotta, Eb. 224; e. hendr sínar at verja, to have to defend one’s own hands, to act in self-defence, Nj. 47; e. e-m varlaunað, to stand in debt to one, 181; e. um vandræði at halda, to be in a strait, Eb. 108; e. erindi, to have an errand to run, 250; en er þeir áttu um þetta at tala, when they had to talk, were talking, of this, Stj. 391; e. ríkis at gæta, to have the care of the kingdom, Nj. 126; en þó á ek hverki at telja við þik mægðir né frændsemi, i. e. I am no relation to thee, 213; ok ætti þeir við annan at deila fyrst, 111; e. mikið at vinna, to be much engaged, hard at work, 97; e. e-t eptir, to have left a thing undone, 56; e. för, ferð, to have a journey to take, 11, 12; hann átti þar fé at heimta, 261; e. eptir mikit at mæla, 88.2. metaph. in the phrases, e. mikit (lítið) ‘at’ ser, or ‘undir’ sér, to have much (or little) in one’s power; margir menn, þeir er mikit þóttusk at sér e., Sturl. i. 64; far þú við marga menn, svá at þú eigir allt undir þér, go with many men, so that thou hast the whole matter in thy hands, Ld. 250; en ávalt átta ek nokkuð undir mér, Vígl. 33; kann vera at hann eigi mikit undir sér, Fas. i. 37; eigum heldr undir oss ( better keep it in our own hands), en ganga í greipar þeim mæðginum, Fs. 37; sem þeir, er ekki eigu undir sér, who are helpless and weak, Þorst. St. 55; e. þykisk hann nokkut undir sér, i. e. he bears himself very proudly, Grett. 122; þetta ráð vil ek undir sonum mínum e., I will leave the matter in my sons’ hands, Valla L. 202; e. líf sitt undir e-m, to have one’s life in another’s hands, Grett. 154; mun ek nú senda eptir mönnum, ok e. eigi undir ójöfnuði hans, and trust him not, 110: hence in mod. usage, e. undir e-u, to risk; eg þori ekki að e. undir því, I dare not risk it: e. saman, to have or own in common; the saying, það á ekki saman nema nafnið, it has nothing but the name in common; rautt gull ok bleikt gull á ekki saman nema nafn eitt, Fms. v. 346: the proverb, þeygi á saman gamalt og ungt, Úlf. 3. 44; e. skap saman, to agree well; kemr þú þér því vel við Hallgerði, at it eigit meir skap saman, you are quite of one mind, Nj. 66; eigi veit ek hvárt við eigum heill saman, I know not whether we shall have luck, i. e. whether we shall live happy, together, 3.β. to deal with one another (sam-eign); er vér skulum svá miklu úgæfu saman e., that we are to have so much mischief between us, Nj. 201; e. e-t yfir höfði, to have a thing hanging over one’s head, Sks. 742.V. to agree with, to fit, to suit one:1. with acc., það á ekki við mig, it suits me not, it agrees not with me.2. with dat., medic. to agree, heal, the sickness in dat., thus the proverb, margt á við mörgu, cp. ‘similia similibus curantur,’ Vidal. ii. 109.3. absol. to apply to; at hann skyldi eigi trúa lágum manni rauðskeggjuðum, því at meistarinn átti þetta, the description suited to the master, Fms. xi. 433; þat muntu ætla, at ek muna e. hinn bleika uxann, that the dun ox means me, Vápn. 21.B. REFLEX., in a reciprocal sense, in the phrase, eigask við, to deal with one another, chiefly to fight; en er þeir höfðu langa hríð við átzk, when they had fought a long time, Eb. 238, 74; eigask við deildir, to be engaged in strife, 246; áttusk þeir höggva-viðskipti við, they came to a close fight, Fms. i. 38; áttusk þeir fá högg við, áðr …, they had a short fight before …, Eg. 297; fátt áttusk þeir við Þjóstólfr ok Þorvaldr, Thostolf and Thorwald had little to do with one another, kept aloof from each other, Nj. 18; var nú kyrt þann dag, svá at þeir áttusk ekki við, tbat day passed quietly, so that they came not to a quarrel, 222.β. to marry, vide above (A. I. 2). -
8 fóst-bróðir
m. a foster-brother:1. prop. of men brought up together, brothers in arms, and the like; Arinbjörn hersir var f. Eireks konungs, Eg. 401, Fs. 121, 139, Fms. x. 226, Ísl. ii. 219; frændr ok fóstbræðr, Fs. 120, 122; þeir vóru vænligir menn ok görðusk fóstbræðr ( brothers in arms) Ingimundar, 13, 15, 16, 19, 24, passim.2. a sworn brother, = eiðbróðir, pledged by the rite of blending blood together (vide bróðir), Gísl., Fbr., passim: hence Fóstbræðra-saga, u, f. the name of the history (but the name is mod.); fóstbræðra-lag, n. a foster-brotherhood, Eg. 116. 165, Fms. vii. 25, passim:—sworn brotherhood, sverjask í f., Fms. iii. 213, cp. esp. Gísl., Fbr. -
9 hers-borinn
part. born of a hersir, Hdl. -
10 HÖLDR
a. fleshy; vel holdr, well-fleshed.* * *m., in old MSS. spelt hꜹlðr or hꜹlþr, denoting that the d is inflexive, not radical; [the word therefore is not to be derived from halda, but is identical with A. S. hæleð, Germ. held, whence mod. Swed. and Dan. hjälta and helt, see halr]:—a Norse law term, a kind of higher yeoman, like the statesman of Westmorland, i. e. the owner of allodial land, mod. Norse odelsbonde; the höld is to be distinguished from a hersir (q. v.) or a lendr maðr, who held land in fee from the king, see the interesting story in Har. S. Harðr. ch. 62 (Fms. vi. 278); the höld is thus defined, sá er hꜹldr er hann hefir óðöl at erfðum tekit bæði eptir föður ok móður, þau er hans forellrar ( forefathers) hafa átt áðr fyrir þeim, N. G. L. ii. 146; hölda tvá eða bændr ina beztu, i. 251. In old Norway the churchyards were divided into four parts; in the first were buried the lendir menn, next them the hölds and their children (hölds-lega), then the freed men (leysingjar), and lastly the thralls (man, q. v.) nearest to the wall; the höld had right to twice as much as the simple franklin, and half as much as the lendr maðr, e. g. bóandi hálvan annan eyri, höldr þrjá aura, lendr maðr sex aura, jarl tólf aura, konungr þrjár merkr, N. G. L. i. 45, cp. 55, 71, 81; þegnar ok hꜹlðar, svá eru búendr kallaðir, Edda 107; haulðar, þat er búendr þeir, er gildir eru af ættum eða réttum fullum, 94; Björn hlaut annan bústað góðan ok virðilegan, görðisk hann ekki handgenginn konungi, því var hann kallaðr Björn hölðr, Eg. 198; lends manns son skal taka hölds rétt ef hann fær eigi lönd, N. G. L. i. 71; hann veltisk ór jarldóminum ok tók hölds rétt, Orkn. 12: for the weregild to be paid for a höld (hölds-gjöld) see N. G. L. i. 81: a law of king St. Olave ordered that Icelanders whilst in Norway should enjoy the right of a höld; Íslendingar eigu at hafa hölds-rétt í Noregi, D. I. i. 65.2. in poetry, a man, Hm. 41; hölda synir, the sons of men, 93, Fm. 19, Hkr. i. 101, where the mother of Ganger-Rolf calls him ‘the kinsman of the hölds,’ cp. also Rm. 21, Gs. 17; h. inn hvíti, Ísl. ii. 251 (in a verse): in mod. Icel. usage it remains in bú-höldr, q. v. -
11 KALLA
* * *(að), v.1) to call, shout, cry (kallaði konungr ok bað létta af);2) to call, summon by a call, send for (um kveldit kallaði konungr Áslák);3) to say (sumir menn kalla, at eigi sé sakleysi í);at kalla, so to say, nominally;sáttir at kalla, nominally reconciled;4) kalla sér e-t, to claim for oneself (konungr kallaði sér allar Orkneyjar);5) to call, name (Mörðr hét maðr, er kallaðr var gígja);6) refl., kallast, to say of oneself;konungr kallaðist hann reynt hafa at góðum dreng, the king said that he had found him a good and brave fellow;7) with preps.:kalla at e-m, to call to one;kalla á e-n, to call to one (Flosi gekk þá at durum ok kallaði á Njál); to call on, invoke (kallaði hann á guð ok hinn helga Ólaf);kalla á e-t, to lay claim to (Snækollr kallaði á bú nökkur þar í eyjunum);kalla eptir, to protest;kalla e-n eptir e-m, to call or name after;kalla til e-s, to call to, invoke (kalla til guðs); to lay claim to, to claim, demand (Snorri kallaði þá til brynju sinnar);kalla til e-s við e-n, í hendr e-m, to claim a thing from one.* * *að, with neg. suff., pres. kalliga, I call not, Gkv. 3. 8; kallar-a, Akv. 37; [an A. S. ceallian occurs once in the poem Byrnoth, and hilde-calla in Exodus, but in both instances the word is Danish; the word however occurs in O. H. G. challon, mid. H. G. kalle, but only in the sense to talk loud, and it is lost in mod. Germ.]:—to call, cry, shout; hver er sá karl karla er kallar um váginn? Hbl. 2; kallaði konungr ok bað létta af, Eg. 92; þá kölluðu allir ok mæltu, 623. 26; bónda-múgrinn æpti ok kallaði, Fms. i. 21; kalla hátt, Sturl. ii. 203; ek em rödd kallanda í eyðimörk, φϊνη βοωντος εν τη ερήμω, 625. 90; kalla kaldri röddu, Akv. 2: of the raven’s cry, hrafn hátt kallaði, Bkv. 11; hann kallaði þegar, bað þá eigi flýja, Fms. viii. 142; Þórir kallaði út á skipit, Ó. H. 136; þá lét hann kalla skip frá skipi, 182; þá kallaði Erlingr ok hét á lið sitt, id.2. to call, send for; síðan lét konungr kalla bændr, ok sagði at hann vill eiga tal við þá, Ó. H. 109; gékk hann til húsþings síns ok lét þangat kalla menn Svía-kouungs, 45; um kveldit kallaði konungr Áslák, Fms. vii. 161; konungr lét kalla til sín þá bræðr, Eg. 73: eccl., til þess er Guð kallaði hann af heiminum, Fms. ix. 383.II. to say, call; þat kalla menn at …, people say that …, Fms. x. 277; Svíþjóð ena miklu kalla sumir eigi minni en …, Hkr. 5; at blótmenn kalla eigi, at …, Fagrsk. 18; en ef lands-dróttinn kallar svá, at …, N. G. L. i. 249; þér kallit guð ykkarn margar jartegnir göra, O. H. L. 108; kalla ek betra spurt en úviss at vera, Sks.; sumir menn kalla at eigi sé sakleysi í, þótt …, Ld. 64; þótt þeir kalli fé þetta með sínum föngum, 76.2. at kalla, so to say, nominally, not really; sáttir at kalla, nominally on good terms, Fms. vii. 246; ok vóru þá sáttir at kalla, Ó. H. 112, Gullþ. 66; létu sér líka þessa tilskipan at kalla, Ísl. ii. 355; þóat menn væri skírðir ok Kristnir at kalla, Eb. 274; Helgi var Kristinn at kalla ( Christian by name) ok þó blandinn mjök í trúnni, Fms. i. 251; greri yfir at kalla, Fs. 67; menn héldusk at kalla, ok gengu á land, Fb. ii. 73; þóat þeir hefði líf at kalla, Stj. 436.3. to assert; skal þess at bíða, ok kalla hann rjúfa sætt á yðr, Nj. 102; eru synir þínir heima? þat má kalla, segir hón, Fær. 264.III. with prepp.; kalla á, to call on; hann kallaði á Karla, Ó. H. 136; Höskuldr kallar á hana, farðú hingat til min! segir hann, Nj. 2: to call on, invoke, þá kallaði hann á Guð ok hinn helga Ólaf konung, Ó. H. 242; kallaði hann þá til fulltings ser á Bárð, Bárð. 16. 13 new Ed.: to lay claim to, Snækollr kallaði á bú nokkur þar í eyjunum, Fms. ix. 423:—kalla eptir, to protest; en Kolbeinn kallar eptir ok vill eigi biskups dóm, Sturl. ii. 4:—kalla til e-s, to lay claim to (til-kall, a claim), to claim, demand; þótti nú sem dælst mundi til at kalla, Eg. 264, Fms. ix. 327; þessar eignir er hann kallaði áðr til, x. 414; kallaði hón til alls þess er aðrir áttu í nánd, Nj. 18; hann kallaði til fjár í hendr þeim, Ld. 300: to invoke, Bárð. 173:—kalla aptr, to recall, revoke, N. G. L. iii. 150, H. E. i. 477.IV. to claim for oneself; kalla sér e-t; konungr kallaði sér allar Orkneyjar, Fms. i. 201; ok kallaði sér þá landit allt, vii. 180; at jarl kalli sér þat, Fs. 132; ef menn skil á, ok kallar annarr sér, en annarr almenning …, hann er jörð þá kallar sér, Gþl. 451; kallaði Grímr hersir konungi allan arf hans, Landn. 213.V. to call, name; kölluðu Karl, Rm. 18; skal þar kirkju kalla er hann vill, K. Þ. K. 42; köllum karl inn skegglausa, Nj. 67; Mörðr hét maðr er kallaðr var gigja, 1; Einarr er þá var kallaðr Skjaldmeyjar-Einar, Fms. xi. 127; þessir menn vóru kallaðir skírðir, baptized nominally, called Christians, Ísl. ii. 399; Þórr sá er kallaðr er Ása-Þórr, Edda: ok má þat kalla hátta-fall, Skálda 210; þeir taka hann ok kalla njósnar-mann, Sturl. ii. 247; ef maðr kallar annan mann tröllriðu, N. G. L. ii. 326. VI. reflex, to call, tell, say of oneself; kallask sumir hafa látið fé, Ó. H. 58; hón talði upp harma sína þá er hón kallaðisk hafa fengit af Ólafi konungi, 191; konungr kallaðisk hann reynt hafa at góðum dreng, Ld. 60, Geisli 2.2. recipr., kallask á, to shout to one another; er okkr þá alhægt at kallask á fyrir tíðindum, Fas. ii. 65, Skálda 210.3. pass. (rare), to be called; speki hans kallask sonr hans, Eluc. 4; er at réttu má kallask postuli Norðmanna, Fms. x. 371; þat er kallat, it is said, 656 C. 1; ok vísar svá til í sögu Bjarnar, at þeir kallaðisk jafnir at íþróttum, Grett. 133, cp. Bjarn. 38,—þeir lögðusk ofan eptir ánni, ok vóru ‘kallaðir’ jafnsterkir menn. -
12 lendr
a.1) landed; l. maðr, ‘landed-man’, holding land or emoluments from the king;* * *adj. landed, esp. as a law term; lendr maðr, lendir menn, = ‘landed-men’ or the barons of ancient Scandinavia, holding land or emoluments (veizlur) from the king, and answering to hersir (q. v.) of a still earlier time; heita þeir hersar eða lendir menn í Danskri tungu, Edda 93; gjörði konungr þá Þórólf lendan mann, ok veitir honum þá allar veizlur þær er áðr hafði Bárðr haft, Eg. 35, Sks. 5, Fms. i. 60, ix. 496, Gþl. 12, and passim in the Laws and Sagas, but never referring to the Icel. Commonwealth.II. in compds, víð-lendr, í-lendr, sam-lendr (q. v.), út-lendr, outlandish. -
13 SONR
(gen. sonar, dat. syni and søni; pl. synir, sønir; ace. sonu and syni), m. son.* * *m., gen. sonar, dat. syni, pl. synir, acc. sonu, and mod. syni, which form occurs in vellums of the end of the 13th century (Cod. Fris.), Sks. 329 B: an acc. sing. sunu, Thorsen 335 (a Dan. Runic stone). The forms syni, synir refer to an older nom. sunr, which is freq. in Norse vellums; on the other hand, Icel, vellums now and then have dat. søni, pl. sønir, Grág. ii. 174; senir, 656 C. 14; Guðs senir, id.; even spelt seyni, seynir, Bs. i, Rafns. S.; the ø (ey) representing the vowel change of o. When sonr is suffixed to a name, the Icel. (but not Norsemen) drop the r, e. g. Snorri Sturlu-son (not sonr); it is in Edd. written in one word, Árni Magnússon, but in the vellums in two words, as in the list D. I. i. 185, 186 (Fiðr Halls son, Hjalti Arnsteins son …): [the root is sunu; cp. Goth. sunus, A. S. sunu, whence Engl. son, Dan. sön, but sen when suffixed, as Peter-sen.]B. A son; skilgetinn sonr, laun-s., bróður-s., systur-s., dóttur-s., sonar-s., Grág. i. 171; sonar-dóttir. id.; sonar-kona, sonar-kvon, a daughter-in-law, N. G. L. i. 350, K. Á. 142; sonar-synir, a son’s sons, grandsons, Eg. 591; sona-torrek, a son’s loss, the name of an old poem, Eg.; sonar-dauði, sonar-missir, Stj.; sonar-bani, slayer of one’s son, Háv. 44, Fms. vi. 106; sonar-bætr, the weregild for a son, Nj. 21, Fms. i. 194; sonar iðgjöld, engi getr s. nema sjálfr ali, Stor.; sona-eign, Ld. 236, Fas. ii. 112; sonar-gjöld = sonar-bætr. Eg. 311; sonar-hefndir, Grett. 150. ☞ We may notice the brief way of stating a pedigree upwards with a running genitive; e. g. móðir hans hét Þórgerðr ok var dóttir Þorsteins ins Rauða, Óláfs-sonar ins Hvíta, Ingjalds-sonar, Helga-sonar, … Th. was the daughter of Th. the Red, son of Olave the White, son of Ingjald, son of Helgi; … Auðr var dóttir Ketils Flatnefs, Bjarnar-sonar Bunu, Grims-sonar hersis or Sogni, A. was the daughter of K. Flatnose, son of Bjórn Buna, son of Grim Hersir of Sogn, Nj. 2, see the Landn. passim. -
14 Vörsar
m. pl. the men from Vörs, a county in Norway, Landn. Vosse-vangen, Fms. viii. 51; Vígfúss hersir á Vörs, Glúm.: hence Vörsa-bær, later Ossa-bær, a local name in the south of Icel., Landn. Nj.: Vörsa-krákr, m. a nickname, Orkn.: Vörskr, adj. from Vörs Landn. 263. -
15 hersborinn
pp. born of a hersir.
См. также в других словарях:
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