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health+farm

  • 1 centre de remise en forme

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > centre de remise en forme

  • 2 Schönheitsfarm

    f health farm
    * * *
    Schön|heits|farm
    f
    beauty farm
    * * *
    Schön·heits·farm
    f beauty farm
    * * *
    die health farm
    * * *
    Schönheitsfarm f health farm
    * * *
    die health farm

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Schönheitsfarm

  • 3 Beautyfarm

    f health farm
    * * *
    Beau|ty|farm ['bjuːtifarm]
    f
    beauty farm
    * * *
    Beautyfarm f health farm

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Beautyfarm

  • 4 Kurklinik

    f sanatorium; private: auch health farm
    * * *
    die health clinic
    * * *
    Kurklinik f sanatorium; private: auch health farm
    * * *
    die health clinic

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kurklinik

  • 5 Gesundheitsfarm

    Gesundheitsfarm f SOZ health farm
    * * *
    f < Sozial> health farm

    Business german-english dictionary > Gesundheitsfarm

  • 6 санаторий

    1) General subject: health farm, sanatorium, sanitorium, holiday center (остерегайтесь ложного друга переводчика - слова "sanatorium"! Для носителей английского языка это слово означает: заведение здравоохраниния по лечению расстройств психики, психиатрическая клиника), spa
    3) American: sanitarium
    4) Architecture: rest-home
    5) Sociology: health resort
    6) Advertising: nursing home
    7) American English: therapeutic facility, health resort, health spa, resort spa (In American English the use of word "sanatorium" is associated with mental treatment facilities -- like an insane asylum.)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > санаторий

  • 7 mršavljenje

    n loss of weight, losing weight, weight loss, emaciation, thinning, wasting (away) I pilule za mršavljenje reducing/slimming/diet pills; kura za mršavljenje reducing course/diet; klinika za - slimming center, health farm/spa, A sl fat farm
    * * *
    • emaciation
    • extenuation

    Hrvatski-Engleski rječnik > mršavljenje

  • 8 centre

    centre [sɑ̃tʀ]
    1. masculine noun
       a. centre (Brit), center (US)
    • les grands centres urbains/industriels the great urban/industrial centres
    • centre gauche/droit (Politics) centre left/right
       b. (Football = passe) centre (Brit) or center (US) pass
    * * *
    sɑ̃tʀ
    nom masculin
    1) ( milieu) centre [BrE]

    au centre de quelque chose — in the centre [BrE] of something

    habiter dans le centre — to live in the centre [BrE]

    2) ( lieu) centre [BrE]

    un grand centre industriel — a large industrial centre [BrE]

    3) (établissement, organisme) centre [BrE]
    4) ( point essentiel) centre [BrE]

    le centre — the centre [BrE]

    les partis du centre — the centre [BrE] parties

    centre gauche/droit — centre [BrE] left/right

    elle est au centre — she's in the centre [BrE]

    6) Anatomie centre [BrE]

    centre nerveux — Anatomie, fig nerve centre [BrE]

    7) ( passe du ballon) centre [BrE] pass
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    sɑ̃tʀ nm
    1) (= point central) centre Grande-Bretagne center USA, [ville] centre Grande-Bretagne center USA

    Il habite dans le centre. — He lives in the centre.

    2) MATHÉMATIQUE centre Grande-Bretagne center USA
    3) (= agglomération) centre Grande-Bretagne center USA
    4) [stratégie, politique] heart

    Ceci s'inscrit au centre de nos ambitions. — This is at the heart of our ambitions.

    5) (= lieu de réunion, organisme) centre Grande-Bretagne center USA
    6) POLITIQUE centre Grande-Bretagne center USA

    le centre droit — the centre right Grande-Bretagne the center right USA

    le centre gauche — the centre left Grande-Bretagne the center left USA

    7) SPORT (= joueur) centre Grande-Bretagne center USA (= passe) cross
    * * *
    centre nm
    1 ( milieu) centreGB; au centre de qch in the centreGB of sth; en plein centre de la ville right in the centreGB of town; habiter dans le centre to live in the centreGB; le centre (de la France) central France; centre historique historic centreGB;
    2 ( lieu important) centreGB; un grand centreculturel/industriel/d'affaires a large cultural/industrial/business centreGB;
    3 (établissement, organisme) centreGB;
    4 (point essentiel, pôle d'attraction) centreGB; c'est au centre des discussions it's at the centreGB of the discussions; il se prend pour le centre du monde he thinks the whole world revolves around him; il a peu de centres d'intérêt he has few interests;
    5 Pol le centre the centreGB; les partis du centre the centreGB parties; être centre gauche/droit to be centreGB left/right; elle est au centre she's in the centreGB;
    6 Anat centreGB; centre nerveux Anat, fig nerve centreGB; centre respiratoire respiratory centreGB; les centres vitaux the vital organs;
    7 ( passe du ballon) centreGB pass.
    centre d'accueil reception centreGB; centre aéré children's outdoor activity centre; centre d'affaires business centreGB; centre d'affaires international international business centreGB; centre d'animation community centreGB (offering leisure facilities etc); centre antipoison poisons unit; centre d'appel call centreGB; centre artistique arts centreGB; centre chorégraphique dance studio; centre commercial shopping centreGB ou arcade; centre de conférences conference centreGB; centre culturel cultural centreGB; centre de cure antialcoolique alcohol detoxification centreGB; centre de dépistage screening unit ou centreGB; centre de désintoxication detoxification centreGB; centre de détention detention centreGB; centre de diagnostic Méd diagnostic centreGB; centre de documentation ( dans une école) library; ( pour professionnels) resource centreGB; centre de documentation et d'information, CDI learning resources centreGB; centre dramatique arts centreGB for theatreGB; centre d'entraînement training centreGB; centre équestre riding school; centre d'études économiques centreGB for economic studies; centre d'études politiques centreGB for political studies; centre d'examens Scol examination centreGB; centre d'expérimentation nucléaire nuclear test centreGB; centre d'exportation exhibition hall; centre de formation training centreGB; centre de formation des apprentis, CFA vocational training centreGB; centre de gériatrie geriatric hospital; centre de gestion informatique administrative data processing centreGB; centre de gravité centreGB of gravity; centre hospitalier hospital complex; centre hospitalier spécialisé, CHS psychiatric hospital ou unit; centre hospitalier universitaire, CHU ≈ teaching hospital; centre d'inertie centreGB of inertia; centre de loisirs leisure centreGB; centre de masse centreGB of mass; centre médical health centreGB; centre opérationnel operations centreGB; centre d'orthogénie family planning clinic; centre de planification familiale family planning clinic; centre de poussée centreGB of pressure; centre de presse Presse press room; centre de recherches research centreGB; centre de rééducation Méd rehabilitation centreGB; centre de remise en forme health farm; centre de soins clinic; centre social community centreGB; centre sportif sports centreGB; centre de table table centre-piece; centre de thalassothérapie thalassotherapy centreGB; centre de traitement Ordinat processing centreGB; centre de transfusion sanguine blood transfusion centreGB; centre de tri (postal) sorting office; centre universitaire university; centre d'usinage machining centreGB; centre de vacances holiday GB ou vacation US centreGB; Centre de documentation pédagogique, CDP teachers' reference centreGB; Centre d'information et de documentation jeunesse, CIDJ youth information centreGB; Centre d'information et d'orientation, CIO Scol national careers guidance centreGB; Centre national d'enseignement à distance, CNED national centreGB for distance learning.
    [sɑ̃tr] nom masculin
    1. [milieu - généralement] middle, centre ; [ - d'une cible] bull's eye, centre
    le centre [d'une ville] the centre
    2. [concentration]
    3. [organisme] centre
    centre commercial shopping centre ou (UK) precinct, (shopping) mall (US)
    centre culturel art ou arts centre
    centre de dépistage du cancer/SIDA centre for cancer/AIDS screening
    4. [point essentiel] main ou key point, heart, centre
    être au centre de to be the key point of, to be at the heart ou centre of
    centre de gravité (sens propre & figuré) centre of gravity
    centre droit/gauche moderate right/left
    7. SPORT [au basketball] post, pivot
    Centre nom propre masculin
    This administrative region includes the départements of Cher, Eure-et-Loir, Indre, Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher and Loiret (capital: Orléans).

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > centre

  • 9 verjüngen

    I v/t
    1. rejuvenate; äußerlich, optisch: make s.o. look younger; (Betrieb etc.) staff with young(er) people
    II v/refl
    1. become rejuvenated; Gesicht etc.: become younger-looking
    2. (spitz zulaufen) taper; sich nach oben hin verjüngen taper towards the top
    * * *
    to rejuvenate
    * * *
    ver|jụ̈n|gen [fɛɐ'jʏŋən] ptp verjü\#ngt
    1. vt
    to rejuvenate; (= jünger aussehen lassen) to make look younger; Baumbestand to regenerate

    eine Mannschaft/das Personal verjüngen — to build up a younger team/staff

    2. vr
    1) (= jünger werden) to become younger; (Haut, Erscheinung) to become rejuvenated; (= jünger aussehen) to look younger
    2) (= dünner werden) to taper; (Tunnel, Rohr) to narrow
    * * *
    ver·jün·gen *
    [fɛɐ̯ˈjʏŋən]
    I. vi (vitalisieren) to make one feel younger
    II. vt
    ▪ jdn \verjüngen to rejuvenate sb
    ▪ etw \verjüngen to create a younger sth
    wir sollten das Management der Firma \verjüngen we should bring some young blood into the management of the company
    III. vr
    ▪ sich akk \verjüngen
    1. (schmaler werden) to narrow; Säule to taper
    2. (ein jüngeres Aussehen bekommen) to look younger; Haut to rejuvenate
    * * *
    1.
    transitives Verb rejuvenate <person, skin, etc.>; (jünger aussehen lassen) make < person> look younger; recruit younger blood into <team, company, etc.>
    2.
    reflexives Verb (schmaler werden) taper; become narrower; narrow
    * * *
    A. v/t
    1. rejuvenate; äußerlich, optisch: make sb look younger; (Betrieb etc) staff with young(er) people
    B. v/r
    1. become rejuvenated; Gesicht etc: become younger-looking
    sich nach oben hin verjüngen taper towards the top
    * * *
    1.
    transitives Verb rejuvenate <person, skin, etc.>; (jünger aussehen lassen) make < person> look younger; recruit younger blood into <team, company, etc.>
    2.
    reflexives Verb (schmaler werden) taper; become narrower; narrow
    * * *
    v.
    to make young again expr.
    to rejuvenate v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > verjüngen

  • 10 producto

    m.
    1 product (bien, objeto).
    producto acabado finished product
    producto final end product
    productos lácteos dairy produce
    producto manufacturado manufactured product
    2 result, product (resultado).
    el accidente fue producto de un despiste del conductor the accident resulted from a lapse of attention on the part of the driver
    3 product (Mat).
    4 produce, result, return.
    * * *
    1 (gen) product
    2 MATEMÁTICAS product
    3 (resultado) result, product
    4 (provecho) fruit
    \
    producto acabado finished product
    producto interior bruto gross domestic product
    producto nacional bruto gross national product
    productos agrícolas agricultural produce
    productos de limpieza cleaning products
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=artículo) product

    productos de primera necesidad — staple items, staple products, basic necessities

    "consuma productos españoles" — "buy Spanish goods"

    productos derivados de la leche — dairy products, dairy produce sing

    producto químico — chemical product, chemical

    productos de marca — branded goods, brand name goods

    productos lácteos — dairy products, dairy produce sing

    2) (=producción) production
    3) (=resultado) result, product
    4) (Econ) (=beneficio) yield, profit

    producto interno bruto — Arg gross domestic product

    5) (Mat) product
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( artículo producido) product
    b) ( resultado) result, product

    todo es producto de su imaginación — it's all a product o a figment of his imagination

    2) (Mat) product
    * * *
    = commodity, product, offering, emanation.
    Ex. Neither are the latter group, in the course of their professional activities, likely to feel that the treatment of information as a priceable commodity compromises a principle fundamental to their professional ethic.
    Ex. Printed title indexes which could be used as elementary subject indexes were one of the first products of computerised information retrieval systems.
    Ex. Currently SilverPlatter's major offering in this key topic area is 'Food Science and Technology Abstracts'.
    Ex. CCRC has considered radical things that don't seem to fit in with any of these aims, such as abandoning main entry and restricting corporate authorship by eliminating it entirely, and now euphemistically calling it corporate emanation.
    ----
    * asociación de compradores de un tipo de productos = consumers union.
    * comercializar un producto = carry, market + product.
    * comprar comparando productos = shop around, shopping around.
    * Denominación Común de Productos Industriales (NIPRO) = Common Nomenclature of Industrial Products (NIPRO).
    * Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * documentos producto de investigación = research materials.
    * empresa dedicada al desarrollo de productos = product developer.
    * energía producto de la fisión = fission energy.
    * evaluación de los productos = product rating.
    * exposición de productos artesanales = craft show.
    * gama de productos = product mix, product range.
    * gestión de la oferta de productos = range management.
    * industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.
    * información de precios de productos para el consumo = retail prices.
    * información sobre un producto = product literature.
    * ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.
    * línea de productos = product line.
    * oferta de productos = product offering.
    * producto agrícola = agricultural product, farm product.
    * producto alimenticio = food product.
    * producto bandera = showpiece.
    * producto básico = staple.
    * producto bibliográfico = bibliographic product.
    * producto comercial = commercial product, retail product.
    * producto cosmético = cosmetic product.
    * producto cultural = cultural product.
    * producto de = born of.
    * producto de consumo = consumable, consumer product, convenience product.
    * producto de cosmética = cosmetic product.
    * producto de fumigar = fumigant.
    * producto de importación = imported product.
    * producto de la combinación = recombinant.
    * producto de la imaginación = work of imagination.
    * producto de la información = information commodity.
    * producto de la necesidad = born of necessity.
    * producto del conocimiento = knowledge record.
    * producto de limpieza = cleaning product, cleanser, cleaner.
    * producto derivado = outgrowth, by-product [byproduct], spinoff [spin-off], off-shoot [offshoot].
    * producto derivado de la grasa animal = fat product.
    * producto desconocido = foreign substance.
    * producto de temporada = seasonal food, seasonal product.
    * producto emblemático = showpiece.
    * producto especializado = specialist product.
    * producto estrella = star product.
    * producto farmacéutico = pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical product.
    * producto final = end product, finished product, deliverable, final product.
    * producto final, el = finished work, the.
    * producto fresco = fresh food.
    * producto higiénico = hygiene product.
    * producto importado = import, imported product.
    * producto industrial = industrial product.
    * producto informativo = information product.
    * producto inorgánicoquímico = inorganic chemical.
    * Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) = Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
    * producto lácteo = dairy product, milk product.
    * producto lógico = logical product.
    * producto medicinal = medicinal product.
    * Producto Nacional Bruto (PNB) = Gross National Product (GNP).
    * producto natural = natural product.
    * producto ofrecido = offering.
    * producto orgánicoquímico = organic chemical.
    * producto para el hogar = household product.
    * producto para especialistas = specialist product.
    * producto para la conservación = preservative.
    * producto para la higiene = hygiene product.
    * producto para profesionales = specialist product.
    * producto petroquímico = petrochemical.
    * producto principal = staple.
    * producto profesional = specialist product.
    * producto promocional = tie-in.
    * producto químico = chemical, chemical product.
    * producto químico usado en agricultura = agrochemical.
    * productos = goods, wares, merchandise.
    * productos agrícolas = agricultural produce.
    * productos alimenticios = food supply, supply of food.
    * productos artesanos en madera = woodcraft.
    * productos cárnicos = meat products.
    * productos de confitería = confectionery.
    * productos decorados con tela escocesa = tartanware.
    * productos de imitación = imitation goods, replica goods.
    * productos de pastelería = confectionery.
    * productos de temporada = seasonal produce.
    * producto secundario = off-shoot [offshoot], by-product [byproduct].
    * productos enlatados = tinned goods.
    * productos impresos = print media.
    * productos lácteos = dairy produce.
    * productos manufacturados = manufacturing goods, manufactured goods.
    * productos nacionales = domestic goods.
    * productos ópticos = optical media, optical products.
    * productos perecederos = perishables.
    * productos prohibidos = contraband.
    * producto tóxico = toxic.
    * promoción de productos = product-promoting.
    * representante de productos farmacéuticos = pharmaceutical company representative.
    * selección de productos = merchandise selection.
    * ser producto de = spin off, be the product of.
    * ser un producto de su tiempo = be a product of + Posesivo + time.
    * tienda de productos ecológicos = health food shop, health food store.
    * vender un producto = carry.
    * volver a promover un producto = rehyping.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( artículo producido) product
    b) ( resultado) result, product

    todo es producto de su imaginación — it's all a product o a figment of his imagination

    2) (Mat) product
    * * *
    = commodity, product, offering, emanation.

    Ex: Neither are the latter group, in the course of their professional activities, likely to feel that the treatment of information as a priceable commodity compromises a principle fundamental to their professional ethic.

    Ex: Printed title indexes which could be used as elementary subject indexes were one of the first products of computerised information retrieval systems.
    Ex: Currently SilverPlatter's major offering in this key topic area is 'Food Science and Technology Abstracts'.
    Ex: CCRC has considered radical things that don't seem to fit in with any of these aims, such as abandoning main entry and restricting corporate authorship by eliminating it entirely, and now euphemistically calling it corporate emanation.
    * asociación de compradores de un tipo de productos = consumers union.
    * comercializar un producto = carry, market + product.
    * comprar comparando productos = shop around, shopping around.
    * Denominación Común de Productos Industriales (NIPRO) = Common Nomenclature of Industrial Products (NIPRO).
    * Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * documentos producto de investigación = research materials.
    * empresa dedicada al desarrollo de productos = product developer.
    * energía producto de la fisión = fission energy.
    * evaluación de los productos = product rating.
    * exposición de productos artesanales = craft show.
    * gama de productos = product mix, product range.
    * gestión de la oferta de productos = range management.
    * industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.
    * información de precios de productos para el consumo = retail prices.
    * información sobre un producto = product literature.
    * ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.
    * línea de productos = product line.
    * oferta de productos = product offering.
    * producto agrícola = agricultural product, farm product.
    * producto alimenticio = food product.
    * producto bandera = showpiece.
    * producto básico = staple.
    * producto bibliográfico = bibliographic product.
    * producto comercial = commercial product, retail product.
    * producto cosmético = cosmetic product.
    * producto cultural = cultural product.
    * producto de = born of.
    * producto de consumo = consumable, consumer product, convenience product.
    * producto de cosmética = cosmetic product.
    * producto de fumigar = fumigant.
    * producto de importación = imported product.
    * producto de la combinación = recombinant.
    * producto de la imaginación = work of imagination.
    * producto de la información = information commodity.
    * producto de la necesidad = born of necessity.
    * producto del conocimiento = knowledge record.
    * producto de limpieza = cleaning product, cleanser, cleaner.
    * producto derivado = outgrowth, by-product [byproduct], spinoff [spin-off], off-shoot [offshoot].
    * producto derivado de la grasa animal = fat product.
    * producto desconocido = foreign substance.
    * producto de temporada = seasonal food, seasonal product.
    * producto emblemático = showpiece.
    * producto especializado = specialist product.
    * producto estrella = star product.
    * producto farmacéutico = pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical product.
    * producto final = end product, finished product, deliverable, final product.
    * producto final, el = finished work, the.
    * producto fresco = fresh food.
    * producto higiénico = hygiene product.
    * producto importado = import, imported product.
    * producto industrial = industrial product.
    * producto informativo = information product.
    * producto inorgánicoquímico = inorganic chemical.
    * Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) = Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
    * producto lácteo = dairy product, milk product.
    * producto lógico = logical product.
    * producto medicinal = medicinal product.
    * Producto Nacional Bruto (PNB) = Gross National Product (GNP).
    * producto natural = natural product.
    * producto ofrecido = offering.
    * producto orgánicoquímico = organic chemical.
    * producto para el hogar = household product.
    * producto para especialistas = specialist product.
    * producto para la conservación = preservative.
    * producto para la higiene = hygiene product.
    * producto para profesionales = specialist product.
    * producto petroquímico = petrochemical.
    * producto principal = staple.
    * producto profesional = specialist product.
    * producto promocional = tie-in.
    * producto químico = chemical, chemical product.
    * producto químico usado en agricultura = agrochemical.
    * productos = goods, wares, merchandise.
    * productos agrícolas = agricultural produce.
    * productos alimenticios = food supply, supply of food.
    * productos artesanos en madera = woodcraft.
    * productos cárnicos = meat products.
    * productos de confitería = confectionery.
    * productos decorados con tela escocesa = tartanware.
    * productos de imitación = imitation goods, replica goods.
    * productos de pastelería = confectionery.
    * productos de temporada = seasonal produce.
    * producto secundario = off-shoot [offshoot], by-product [byproduct].
    * productos enlatados = tinned goods.
    * productos impresos = print media.
    * productos lácteos = dairy produce.
    * productos manufacturados = manufacturing goods, manufactured goods.
    * productos nacionales = domestic goods.
    * productos ópticos = optical media, optical products.
    * productos perecederos = perishables.
    * productos prohibidos = contraband.
    * producto tóxico = toxic.
    * promoción de productos = product-promoting.
    * representante de productos farmacéuticos = pharmaceutical company representative.
    * selección de productos = merchandise selection.
    * ser producto de = spin off, be the product of.
    * ser un producto de su tiempo = be a product of + Posesivo + time.
    * tienda de productos ecológicos = health food shop, health food store.
    * vender un producto = carry.
    * volver a promover un producto = rehyping.

    * * *
    A
    consuma productos nacionales buy home-produced goods o products
    los productos derivados del petróleo products derived from petroleum, petroleum derivatives
    productos de granja farm produce
    2 (resultado) result, product
    el acuerdo es el producto de varios meses de negociaciones the agreement is the result o product of several months of negotiations
    su éxito es el producto de muchos años de esfuerzo her success is the result o product of many years of effort
    es el típico producto de esa clase de colegio he's the typical product of that kind of school
    todo es producto de su imaginación it's all a product o a figment of his imagination
    Compuestos:
    foodstuff
    beauty product, cosmetic
    waste product, by-product
    brand name product
    promotional item
    spin-off
    gross domestic product, GDP
    dairy product
    manufactured product
    gross national product, GNP
    staple
    chemical product, chemical
    by-product
    finished product
    B ( Mat) product
    * * *

     

    producto sustantivo masculino

    ◊ productos agrícolas/de granja agricultural/farm produce;

    producto alimenticio foodstuff;
    producto lácteo dairy product

    producto sustantivo masculino
    1 (artículo producido) product
    productos alimenticios, foodstuffs
    2 Econ producto interior bruto (PIB), gross domestic product (GDP)
    3 (consecuencia, resultado) esa enciclopedia es producto del esfuerzo de muchas personas, this encyclopedia is the result of a large team's efforts
    ' producto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    accidental
    - anestesia
    - anunciar
    - dañar
    - decolorar
    - derivado
    - doméstica
    - doméstico
    - duda
    - eficaz
    - elaborada
    - elaborado
    - humectante
    - indicada
    - indicado
    - lanzamiento
    - liquidar
    - liquidación
    - mezcla
    - muestra
    - obra
    - PIB
    - PNB
    - presentar
    - presentación
    - promoción
    - promocionar
    - pura
    - puro
    - salazón
    - salida
    - sintética
    - sintético
    - tierra
    - abaratar
    - bueno
    - calidad
    - comercializar
    - confianza
    - consumir
    - contener
    - contenido
    - cosecha
    - cotización
    - crear
    - cultivo
    - desatascador
    - desgravar
    - desprestigiar
    - distinguir
    English:
    accidental
    - bring out
    - call
    - cleanser
    - collaboration
    - come out
    - competition
    - deceive
    - development
    - domestic
    - figment
    - finish
    - flaw
    - GDP
    - GNP
    - Gross National Product
    - hype
    - impure
    - introduce
    - introduction
    - label
    - launch
    - launching
    - marketable
    - moneymaker
    - needlework
    - one-off
    - opportunity
    - patent
    - produce
    - product
    - promote
    - promotion
    - push
    - put off
    - reputable
    - rework
    - spin-off
    - staple
    - stuff
    - test
    - top-selling
    - trial
    - unavailable
    - window cleaner
    - withdraw
    - woodcarving
    - chemical
    - cleaner
    - commodity
    * * *
    1. [bien, objeto] product;
    productos agrícolas agricultural produce;
    producto acabado finished product;
    producto básico [de primera necesidad] staple;
    producto final end product;
    Esp producto interior bruto gross domestic product; Am producto interno bruto gross domestic product;
    producto líder product leader;
    producto manufacturado manufactured product;
    producto milagro miracle product;
    producto nacional bruto gross national product;
    productos de la tierra agricultural o farm produce
    2. [ganancia] profit
    3. [resultado] result, product;
    el accidente fue producto de un despiste del conductor the accident was caused by a lapse of attention on the part of the driver;
    la obra es el producto de un gran esfuerzo colectivo the work is the product of a great collective effort
    4. Mat product
    * * *
    m product;
    producto acabado finished product
    * * *
    1) : product
    2) : proceeds pl, yield
    * * *
    producto n product

    Spanish-English dictionary > producto

  • 11 trabajador1

    1 = worker, workman [workmen, -pl.], hand, commuter, working man, attendant, working person.
    Ex. At our library in Minnesota we have clearly identified material that deals with mudpies, leprechauns, senior power, red power, the Chinese New Year, prisoners' rights, and workers' control.
    Ex. Visitors would laugh at the workman's jerking and whirling with the mould, but that was where the skill lay.
    Ex. The clicker paid each man according to what he had set, keeping for himself a share equal to that of the most productive hand.
    Ex. This town enjoys a relatively placid existence as a well-appointed dormitory for thousands of commuters to a large metropolitan area of 250,000.
    Ex. As energies became directed to less abstract matters working men began to see libraries as undemocratic and inhospitable institutions.
    Ex. Other libraries allow bags to be brought in but an attendant is employed to check the contents as the reader leaves the library.
    Ex. What can one, middle class, working person do to help (in some small way) work towards a more peaceful world?.
    ----
    * buen trabajador = hard worker.
    * campamento de trabajadores = labour camp.
    * campamento de trabajadores agrícolas = farm labour camp.
    * descontento entre los trabajadores = industrial unrest.
    * desde el punto de vista del trabajador = in the trenches.
    * día de los trabajadores = Labour Day.
    * día internacional de los trabajadores = Labour Day.
    * malestar entre los trabajadores = industrial unrest.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * trabajador a destajo = piecework hand, piece-worker [pieceworker].
    * trabajador a distancia = teleworker, telecommuter.
    * trabajador a domicilio = homeworker.
    * trabajador agrícola = agricultural labourer, farm labourer, farm worker.
    * trabajador a tiempo parcial = part-timer.
    * trabajador autónomo = freelancer [free-lancer].
    * trabajador cualificado contratado de otra empresa = lateral hire.
    * trabajador de campo = fieldworker [field worker].
    * trabajador de fábrica = factory worker, factory hand.
    * trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.
    * trabajador del campo = farmworker [farm worker], agricultural labourer, farm labourer, farm worker.
    * trabajador del cobre = coppersmith.
    * trabajador desde casa = homeworker.
    * trabajador de temporada = seasonal worker.
    * trabajador de vivero = nurseryman [nurserymen, -pl.].
    * trabajador doméstico = domestic worker.
    * trabajador en el área de cultura = cultural worker.
    * trabajador en el área de la alfabetización = literacy worker.
    * trabajador en la agricultura = agricultural worker.
    * trabajadores = labour [labor, -USA], work group, work-force [workforce], shop floor, labour force, working people.
    * trabajadores del campo = farm labour force.
    * trabajador eventual = jobber.
    * trabajador externo = outworker.
    * trabajador manual = manual worker.
    * trabajador normal = line worker.
    * trabajador por cuenta propia = freelancer [free-lancer].
    * trabajador por horas = time hand [time-hand].
    * trabajador por turnos = shift worker.
    * trabajador sanitario = health-care worker, health worker, health care professional.
    * trabajador sin titulación específica = non-professional [nonprofessional].
    * trabajador social = social worker, case worker.
    * vida como trabajador = working life.

    Spanish-English dictionary > trabajador1

  • 12 trabajador

    adj.
    1 hardworking, laborious, hard-working, industrious.
    2 working.
    m.
    worker, labourer, laborer, workman.
    * * *
    1 (que trabaja) working
    2 (laborioso) hard-working, industrious
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 worker, labourer (US laborer)
    * * *
    1. (f. - trabajadora)
    adj.
    2. (f. - trabajadora)
    noun
    laborer, worker
    * * *
    trabajador, -a
    1.
    ADJ hard-working, industrious
    2.
    SM / F worker, labourer, laborer (EEUU); (Pol) worker

    trabajador(a) autónomo/a — self-employed person

    trabajador(a) por cuenta ajena — employee, employed person

    trabajador(a) portuario/a — docker

    * * *
    I
    - dora adjetivo ( que trabaja mucho) hard-working
    II
    - dora masculino, femenino worker

    un trabajador no calificado (AmL) or (Esp) cualificado — an unskilled worker o laborer

    * * *
    I
    - dora adjetivo ( que trabaja mucho) hard-working
    II
    - dora masculino, femenino worker

    un trabajador no calificado (AmL) or (Esp) cualificado — an unskilled worker o laborer

    * * *
    trabajador1
    1 = worker, workman [workmen, -pl.], hand, commuter, working man, attendant, working person.

    Ex: At our library in Minnesota we have clearly identified material that deals with mudpies, leprechauns, senior power, red power, the Chinese New Year, prisoners' rights, and workers' control.

    Ex: Visitors would laugh at the workman's jerking and whirling with the mould, but that was where the skill lay.
    Ex: The clicker paid each man according to what he had set, keeping for himself a share equal to that of the most productive hand.
    Ex: This town enjoys a relatively placid existence as a well-appointed dormitory for thousands of commuters to a large metropolitan area of 250,000.
    Ex: As energies became directed to less abstract matters working men began to see libraries as undemocratic and inhospitable institutions.
    Ex: Other libraries allow bags to be brought in but an attendant is employed to check the contents as the reader leaves the library.
    Ex: What can one, middle class, working person do to help (in some small way) work towards a more peaceful world?.
    * buen trabajador = hard worker.
    * campamento de trabajadores = labour camp.
    * campamento de trabajadores agrícolas = farm labour camp.
    * descontento entre los trabajadores = industrial unrest.
    * desde el punto de vista del trabajador = in the trenches.
    * día de los trabajadores = Labour Day.
    * día internacional de los trabajadores = Labour Day.
    * malestar entre los trabajadores = industrial unrest.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * trabajador a destajo = piecework hand, piece-worker [pieceworker].
    * trabajador a distancia = teleworker, telecommuter.
    * trabajador a domicilio = homeworker.
    * trabajador agrícola = agricultural labourer, farm labourer, farm worker.
    * trabajador a tiempo parcial = part-timer.
    * trabajador autónomo = freelancer [free-lancer].
    * trabajador cualificado contratado de otra empresa = lateral hire.
    * trabajador de campo = fieldworker [field worker].
    * trabajador de fábrica = factory worker, factory hand.
    * trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.
    * trabajador del campo = farmworker [farm worker], agricultural labourer, farm labourer, farm worker.
    * trabajador del cobre = coppersmith.
    * trabajador desde casa = homeworker.
    * trabajador de temporada = seasonal worker.
    * trabajador de vivero = nurseryman [nurserymen, -pl.].
    * trabajador doméstico = domestic worker.
    * trabajador en el área de cultura = cultural worker.
    * trabajador en el área de la alfabetización = literacy worker.
    * trabajador en la agricultura = agricultural worker.
    * trabajadores = labour [labor, -USA], work group, work-force [workforce], shop floor, labour force, working people.
    * trabajadores del campo = farm labour force.
    * trabajador eventual = jobber.
    * trabajador externo = outworker.
    * trabajador manual = manual worker.
    * trabajador normal = line worker.
    * trabajador por cuenta propia = freelancer [free-lancer].
    * trabajador por horas = time hand [time-hand].
    * trabajador por turnos = shift worker.
    * trabajador sanitario = health-care worker, health worker, health care professional.
    * trabajador sin titulación específica = non-professional [nonprofessional].
    * trabajador social = social worker, case worker.
    * vida como trabajador = working life.

    trabajador2
    2 = industrious, serious minded, hard-working.

    Ex: The article 'Books made to order: libraries as publishers' reviews the practice of publishing as an activity for industrious smaller libraries.

    Ex: From his description one gets the impression that the inhabitants of Utopia are serious minded and that they read for instruction or for improving their own mind.
    Ex: Some people like to claim that illegals are just hard-working, decent, honest people.
    * alumno trabajador = student staff.
    * clase trabajadora = labouring class.
    * gente muy trabajadora = hard-working people.
    * gente trabajadora = toiling crowd.
    * persona entusiasta y trabajadora = eager beaver.
    * persona muy trabajadora = hard-working person.
    * persona no muy lista pero trabajadora = plodder.
    * sociedad trabajadora = working society.

    * * *
    (que trabaja mucho) hard-working clase1 (↑ clase (1))
    masculine, feminine
    worker
    un trabajador no calificado ( AmL) or ( Esp) cualificado an unskilled worker o laborer
    trabajadores de la construcción construction workers
    Compuestos:
    ● trabajador autónomo, trabajadora autónoma
    masculine, feminine self-employed worker o person
    ● trabajador en equipo, trabajadora en equipo
    masculine, feminine team player
    ● trabajador independiente, trabajadora independiente
    masculine, feminine self-employed worker o person
    ● trabajador por cuenta ajena, trabajadora por cuenta ajena
    masculine, feminine employed person, employee (of a company)
    ● trabajador por cuenta propia, trabajadora por cuenta propia
    masculine, feminine self-employed worker o person
    ● trabajador social, trabajadora social
    masculine, feminine ( Méx) social worker
    * * *

     

    trabajador

    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    worker;
    un trabajador no calificado (AmL) or (Esp) cualificado an unskilled worker o laborer;
    trabajador autónomo self-employed worker o person;
    trabajador de medio tiempo (AmL) or (Esp) a tiempo parcial part-time worker;
    trabajadora social (Méx) social worker
    trabajador,-ora
    I adjetivo hard-working, industrious, laborious
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino worker, labourer

    ' trabajador' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amén
    - cada
    - cantero
    - destinar
    - emplear
    - fiable
    - gomero
    - incentivo
    - interina
    - interino
    - laboriosa
    - laborioso
    - readmitir
    - reconversión
    - rehabilitar
    - sancionar
    - trabajadora
    - traslado
    - autónomo
    - concienzudo
    - diligente
    - ejemplar
    - empleado
    - eventual
    - explotación
    - explotar
    - jalador
    - labrador
    - liquidar
    - reponer
    - secretario
    - sustituir
    - viñatero
    English:
    blue-collar
    - diligent
    - downtime
    - hardworking
    - industrious
    - migrant
    - nurseryman
    - output
    - part-timer
    - self-employed
    - shift-worker
    - skilled
    - steady
    - steelworker
    - take on
    - temp
    - thorough
    - unskilled
    - worker
    - hard
    - laborer
    - may
    - social
    * * *
    trabajador, -ora
    ♦ adj
    hard-working;
    es muy trabajador he's a hard worker, he works hard
    ♦ nm,f
    worker
    trabajador autónomo self-employed person;
    trabajador por cuenta propia self-employed person;
    trabajador familiar family worker;
    trabajador manual manual worker;
    trabajador social social worker;
    trabajador a tiempo parcial part-timer, part-time worker
    ♦ nm
    Chile [ave] heron
    * * *
    I adj hard-working
    II m, trabajadora f worker
    * * *
    : hard-working
    : worker
    * * *
    trabajador1 adj hard working
    trabajador2 n worker

    Spanish-English dictionary > trabajador

  • 13 stazione

    "station;
    Station"
    * * *
    f station
    stazione di servizio service station
    stazione balneare seaside resort
    stazione centrale main station
    stazione climatica health resort
    stazione trasmittente radio station
    * * *
    stazione s.f.
    1 ( di mezzi di trasporto) station: stazione ferroviaria, railway station; stazione degli autobus, della metropolitana, bus, tube (o subway) station; stazione dei taxi, taxi rank; stazione marittima, ocean terminal; il treno entra in stazione, the train is coming into the station; devi scendere alla stazione di Milano, you have to get off at the station in Milan // (ferr.): stazione di smistamento, shunting station; stazione di testa, terminal station; stazione principale, intermedia, di transito, main, intermediate, through station // (comm.): stazione merci, goods station (o depot); stazione di destinazione ( merci), receiving station; stazione di partenza ( merci), forwarding station; prezzo franco stazione di partenza, price at station
    2 ( impianto destinato a un servizio) station: stazione meteorologica, weather station; stazione commerciale, trading post; stazione di rifornimento, filling (o petrol) station; stazione di servizio, service area (o station o amer. gas station) // (tel., rad.): stazione radio, radio station; stazione televisiva, television station; stazione emittente, broadcasting station; stazione clandestina, pirate station; stazione trasmittente, transmitting station // (inform.): stazione di comando, control station; stazione di lavoro, work station
    3 (di polizia ecc.) post, station: stazione dei carabinieri, carabinieri post; stazione di polizia, police station
    4 (non com.) ( fermata) stop: fare stazione in un posto, to stop in a place // le stazioni della Via Crucis, the stations of the Cross
    5 ( luogo di villeggiatura) resort: stazione balneare, seaside resort; stazione estiva, invernale, summer, winter resort
    6 ( insediamento preistorico) prehistoric settlement, prehistoric site.
    * * *
    [stat'tsjone]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (ferroviaria) station
    2) rad. (radio) station
    3) (località) resort

    stazione climatica, balneare — health resort, bathing o seaside resort

    •

    stazione di lavoro — inform. work station

    stazione di servizio — service o filling station

    * * *
    stazione
    /stat'tsjone/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (ferroviaria) station
     2 rad. (radio) station
     3 (località) resort; stazione climatica, balneare health resort, bathing o seaside resort
     4 (postura) stazione eretta upright posture
    stazione degli autobus bus station; stazione di lavoro inform. work station; stazione meteorologica weather station; stazione di monta stud-farm; stazione di polizia police station; stazione radar radar station; stazione ripetitrice relay station; stazione sciistica ski station; stazione di servizio service o filling station; stazione spaziale space station; stazione termale health spa.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > stazione

  • 14 herencia

    f.
    1 inheritance.
    recibir una herencia to receive an inheritance
    2 heredity.
    3 heritage, legacy.
    * * *
    1 inheritance, legacy
    2 (genética) heredity
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de propiedad, valores] inheritance, legacy

    malgastó la herencia del padre — he squandered his father's legacy, he squandered the inheritance he had from his father

    me dejó las joyas en herencia — she left o bequeathed me her jewels

    es parte de la herencia cultural de los españoles — it's part of the cultural heritage of the Spanish, it's part of Spanish heritage

    2) (Bio) heredity
    * * *
    1) (Der) inheritance
    2) (Biol) heredity
    * * *
    = inheritance, spillover, heredity.
    Ex. This involves the entire process by which man profits by his inheritance of acquired knowledge.
    Ex. A third major trend that is a spillover from the 1980s is the proliferation of microcomputers in all sectors of society.
    Ex. Their job is to make sense of all the empirical and statistical evidence of age, gender, health, heredity, life styles, and living and working conditions that serve as indicators of longevity, productivity, and obligation.
    ----
    * dejar en herencia = bequeath.
    * herencia cultural = heritage, cultural inheritance, cultural heritage.
    * herencia histórica = historical inheritance, historical heritage.
    * herencia intelectual = intellectual heritage.
    * impuesto a la herencia = inheritance tax.
    * * *
    1) (Der) inheritance
    2) (Biol) heredity
    * * *
    = inheritance, spillover, heredity.

    Ex: This involves the entire process by which man profits by his inheritance of acquired knowledge.

    Ex: A third major trend that is a spillover from the 1980s is the proliferation of microcomputers in all sectors of society.
    Ex: Their job is to make sense of all the empirical and statistical evidence of age, gender, health, heredity, life styles, and living and working conditions that serve as indicators of longevity, productivity, and obligation.
    * dejar en herencia = bequeath.
    * herencia cultural = heritage, cultural inheritance, cultural heritage.
    * herencia histórica = historical inheritance, historical heritage.
    * herencia intelectual = intellectual heritage.
    * impuesto a la herencia = inheritance tax.

    * * *
    A ( Der) inheritance
    le dejó en herencia la finca he bequeathed o left her the farm
    recibió cinco millones de bolívares en herencia he inherited five million bolivars
    nuestra herencia cultural our cultural heritage
    Compuesto:
    unclaimed o unsettled estate
    B ( Biol) heredity
    * * *

     

    herencia sustantivo femenino
    a) (Der) inheritance;

    ◊ le dejó en herencia la finca he bequeathed o left her the farm

    b) (patrimonio cultural, nacional) heritage

    c) (Biol) heredity

    herencia sustantivo femenino
    1 Jur inheritance, legacy
    2 Biol heredity
    ' herencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dilapidar
    - dividir
    - parte
    - partición
    - renunciar
    - rompecabezas
    - acabar
    - corresponder
    - dejar
    - disputar
    - malgastar
    - paterno
    - pretensión
    - repudiar
    - sucesión
    - tocar
    English:
    disposal
    - estate
    - fall out
    - hand down
    - heritage
    - inheritance
    - legacy
    - squander
    - heredity
    * * *
    1. [de bienes] inheritance;
    dejar algo en herencia a alguien to bequeath sth to sb;
    recibir una herencia to receive an inheritance;
    la casa le corresponde por herencia the house has been left o bequeathed to him;
    el conflicto es herencia de su pasado colonial the conflict is a legacy of their colonial past;
    la herencia cultural de un país a country's cultural heritage
    herencia yacente unclaimed estate, estate in abeyance
    2. [de rasgos] heredity;
    los ojos azules son herencia de su madre she gets her blue eyes from her mother
    herencia genética genetic inheritance
    * * *
    f inheritance
    * * *
    1) : inheritance
    2) : heritage
    3) : heredity
    * * *
    herencia n inheritance

    Spanish-English dictionary > herencia

  • 15 ecológico

    adj.
    ecological, ecologic.
    * * *
    1 ecological
    * * *
    (f. - ecológica)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ [desastre, zona, equilibrio] ecological; [producto] environment-friendly; [cultivo] organic, organically-grown
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo <problema/estudio> ecological
    * * *
    = ecological, environmentally friendly, environmentally sound, eco-friendly.
    Ex. The cellulose fibres used in the manufacture of paper for books readily become contaminated with radioactive materials through their ecological cycle.
    Ex. Consumer perceptions of the two top-selling brands are perceived to be more environmentally friendly than the other brands.
    Ex. Acid-free permanent paper is no more costly than acid paper and is environmentally sound.
    Ex. Read on for 10 eco-friendly things that you can do with lemons, then hot-foot it to your local farmers' market to stock up.
    ----
    * activista ecológico = eco-warrior.
    * alimentos ecológicos = ecological food.
    * avicultura ecológica = free-range poultry farming.
    * avicultura ecológica de puesta = free-range egg farming.
    * comida ecológica = ecological food.
    * cría ecológica = free-range farming.
    * crianza ecológica = free-range farming.
    * defensor ecológico = eco-warrior.
    * granja ecológica = free-range farm.
    * huella ecológica = ecological imprint, ecological footprint.
    * región ecológica = ecoregion.
    * tienda de productos ecológicos = health food shop, health food store.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo <problema/estudio> ecological
    * * *
    = ecological, environmentally friendly, environmentally sound, eco-friendly.

    Ex: The cellulose fibres used in the manufacture of paper for books readily become contaminated with radioactive materials through their ecological cycle.

    Ex: Consumer perceptions of the two top-selling brands are perceived to be more environmentally friendly than the other brands.
    Ex: Acid-free permanent paper is no more costly than acid paper and is environmentally sound.
    Ex: Read on for 10 eco-friendly things that you can do with lemons, then hot-foot it to your local farmers' market to stock up.
    * activista ecológico = eco-warrior.
    * alimentos ecológicos = ecological food.
    * avicultura ecológica = free-range poultry farming.
    * avicultura ecológica de puesta = free-range egg farming.
    * comida ecológica = ecological food.
    * cría ecológica = free-range farming.
    * crianza ecológica = free-range farming.
    * defensor ecológico = eco-warrior.
    * granja ecológica = free-range farm.
    * huella ecológica = ecological imprint, ecological footprint.
    * región ecológica = ecoregion.
    * tienda de productos ecológicos = health food shop, health food store.

    * * *
    ‹problema/estudio› ecological; ‹daño/desastre› environmental; ‹producto› eco-friendly, environmentally friendly; ‹cultivo/agricultura› organic
    deterioro ecológico damage to the environment
    * * *

    ecológico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo ‹problema/estudio› ecological;


    ‹daño/desastre› environmental;
    ‹ producto› eco-friendly, environmentally friendly;
    ‹cultivo/agricultura› organic
    ecológico,-a adjetivo ecological
    ' ecológico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    deforestación
    - desforestación
    - ecológica
    English:
    ecological
    - fervent
    - eco-friendly
    - organic
    * * *
    ecológico, -a adj
    1. [medioambiental] ecological;
    preocupa mucho el tema ecológico the subject of the environment is really worrying;
    un desastre ecológico an ecological disaster;
    el deterioro/equilibrio ecológico environmental deterioration/balance
    2. [alimentos] organic;
    [detergente, producto] environmentally-friendly
    * * *
    adj ecological; alimentos organic
    * * *
    ecológico, -ca adj
    : ecological
    * * *
    ecológico adj ecological

    Spanish-English dictionary > ecológico

  • 16 tranquilo

    1 (sin inquietud) calm, relaxed, tranquil
    3 (sin movimiento) calm, still, quiet
    4 (sin ruidos) quiet, still, peaceful
    5 (persona) calm, easy-going, placid
    6 (agua) still; (conciencia) clear
    \
    déjame tranquilo,-a familiar leave me alone!
    para que estés tranquilo,-a... for your own peace of mind...
    ¡tranquilo,-a! (no te preocupes) don't you worry! 2 (cálmate) steady on!, calm down!
    * * *
    (f. - tranquila)
    adj.
    calm, quiet
    * * *
    tranquilo, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=plácido) [sitio, momento] quiet, peaceful; [mar] calm

    una tarde tranquila — a quiet o peaceful afternoon

    2) (=sosegado) calm
    3) (=sin preocupación)

    estad tranquilos que yo me encargo de todo — don't worry, I'll look after everything

    ¡deja ya tranquilo al pobre chico! — leave the poor boy alone!

    ¡tranquilo, no merece la pena enfadarse! — calm down! there's no point getting annoyed

    ¡eh, tranquilo, sin empujar! — hey, easy does it! no pushing!

    4) (=descarado)

    ¡mira que es tranquila! todos esperando y ella como si nada — nothing seems to bother her! everyone's waiting and she couldn't care less

    lo ha suspendido todo y él tan tranquilo — he's failed the lot, but it doesn't seem to worry him

    2.
    SM / F

    ¡es una tranquila de cuidado! aún no ha acabado los deberes — she's not bothered about anything, that one, she still hasn't finished her homework!

    * * *
    I
    - la adjetivo
    1)
    a) [SER] < persona> ( pacífico) calm
    b) <mar/ambiente> calm; < lugar> quiet, peaceful, tranquil
    2) [ESTAR]

    ahora que trabaja estoy más tranquilo — I feel better o happier now that he's found a job

    viven tranquilos allí en su granjita — they lead a peaceful o tranquil life on their little farm

    tú, tranquilo, que de eso me encargo yo — there's no need for you to worry, I'll take care of that

    ...y se quedó tan tranquila —...and she didn't bat an eyelash (AmE) o (BrE) eyelid

    II
    adverbio (Méx fam)

    te cuesta tranquilo unas 2,000 libras — it costs 2,000 pounds easily (colloq)

    * * *
    = cool [cooler -comp., coolest -sup.], quiet [quieter -comp., quietest -sup.], placid, calm [calmer -comp., calmest -sup.], restful, composed, quiescent, laid-back, tranquil, serene, uneventful, sedate, chilled out.
    Ex. It is the cool and perfectly proper expression of a confident professionalism, still only faintly discernible.
    Ex. Properly read, live literature -- even the quietest or most light-hearted -- may be disturbing, may subvert our view of life.
    Ex. Nobody could have guessed from the librarian's placid demeanor that she was in a state of extreme agitation as she moved toward Edmonds' door.
    Ex. Her calm confident eyes silently invited him to relieve his mind, and he could not resist the temptation.
    Ex. The health promoting concept is carried through the design of the ward, where there is maximum use of restful natural materials and 'healing arts'.
    Ex. 'I'll see, Bernice, if I can find something for you on what to do when you suspect someone is becoming an alcoholic,' she added trying to appear composed.
    Ex. All was quiescent, languorous, beautiful in the glow of the sunshine slanting into the room through the open window.
    Ex. The article ' Laid-back librarians love L.A' reports on the 13th ARLIS/NA (Art Libraries Society of North America) Annual Conference, Los Angeles, 8-14 Feb 85.
    Ex. Sudak is one of the most beautiful and tranquil locales on the Black Sea coast.
    Ex. The hysteria about the usefulness of microcomputers to libraries is unprecedented in the normally serene and predictable library environment.
    Ex. The resulting music shares several attributes with ambient music -- its emphasis on texture and timbre, the absence of rhythm, and its adherence to the dictate that ambient music should be uneventful.
    Ex. His rebelliousness against family tradition and sedate good taste surfaced disturbingly in his account of bringing his mother's body home from Italy.
    Ex. He is very chattery when he wants to be, and the rest of the time really chilled out and very rarely stressed.
    ----
    * aguas tranquilas = still waters.
    * con la conciencia tranquila = with a clear conscience.
    * dejar las cosas tranquilas = let + sleeping dogs lie.
    * dejar tranquilo = leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * estar tranquilo que = rest + assured that.
    * tan tranquilo = unfazed.
    * tener la conciencia tranquila = have + a clear conscience.
    * tomarse Algo tranquilo = take + Posesivo + time.
    * tomárselo tranquilo = hang + loose, take it + easy.
    * vivir con la conciencia tranquila = live with + a clear conscience.
    * * *
    I
    - la adjetivo
    1)
    a) [SER] < persona> ( pacífico) calm
    b) <mar/ambiente> calm; < lugar> quiet, peaceful, tranquil
    2) [ESTAR]

    ahora que trabaja estoy más tranquilo — I feel better o happier now that he's found a job

    viven tranquilos allí en su granjita — they lead a peaceful o tranquil life on their little farm

    tú, tranquilo, que de eso me encargo yo — there's no need for you to worry, I'll take care of that

    ...y se quedó tan tranquila —...and she didn't bat an eyelash (AmE) o (BrE) eyelid

    II
    adverbio (Méx fam)

    te cuesta tranquilo unas 2,000 libras — it costs 2,000 pounds easily (colloq)

    * * *
    = cool [cooler -comp., coolest -sup.], quiet [quieter -comp., quietest -sup.], placid, calm [calmer -comp., calmest -sup.], restful, composed, quiescent, laid-back, tranquil, serene, uneventful, sedate, chilled out.

    Ex: It is the cool and perfectly proper expression of a confident professionalism, still only faintly discernible.

    Ex: Properly read, live literature -- even the quietest or most light-hearted -- may be disturbing, may subvert our view of life.
    Ex: Nobody could have guessed from the librarian's placid demeanor that she was in a state of extreme agitation as she moved toward Edmonds' door.
    Ex: Her calm confident eyes silently invited him to relieve his mind, and he could not resist the temptation.
    Ex: The health promoting concept is carried through the design of the ward, where there is maximum use of restful natural materials and 'healing arts'.
    Ex: 'I'll see, Bernice, if I can find something for you on what to do when you suspect someone is becoming an alcoholic,' she added trying to appear composed.
    Ex: All was quiescent, languorous, beautiful in the glow of the sunshine slanting into the room through the open window.
    Ex: The article ' Laid-back librarians love L.A' reports on the 13th ARLIS/NA (Art Libraries Society of North America) Annual Conference, Los Angeles, 8-14 Feb 85.
    Ex: Sudak is one of the most beautiful and tranquil locales on the Black Sea coast.
    Ex: The hysteria about the usefulness of microcomputers to libraries is unprecedented in the normally serene and predictable library environment.
    Ex: The resulting music shares several attributes with ambient music -- its emphasis on texture and timbre, the absence of rhythm, and its adherence to the dictate that ambient music should be uneventful.
    Ex: His rebelliousness against family tradition and sedate good taste surfaced disturbingly in his account of bringing his mother's body home from Italy.
    Ex: He is very chattery when he wants to be, and the rest of the time really chilled out and very rarely stressed.
    * aguas tranquilas = still waters.
    * con la conciencia tranquila = with a clear conscience.
    * dejar las cosas tranquilas = let + sleeping dogs lie.
    * dejar tranquilo = leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * estar tranquilo que = rest + assured that.
    * tan tranquilo = unfazed.
    * tener la conciencia tranquila = have + a clear conscience.
    * tomarse Algo tranquilo = take + Posesivo + time.
    * tomárselo tranquilo = hang + loose, take it + easy.
    * vivir con la conciencia tranquila = live with + a clear conscience.

    * * *
    tranquilo1 -la
    1 [ ESTAR]
    (libre de preocupaciones): ahora que consiguió empleo estoy más tranquilo I feel better o happier now that he's found a job
    viven tranquilos allí en su granjita they lead a peaceful o tranquil life on their little farm
    ¡tranquilo! relax! o keep calm! o don't worry!
    tú, tranquila, que de eso me encargo yo there's no need for you to worry o don't worry, I'll take care of that
    no estaré tranquila hasta que llame I won't relax until he calls
    no estará tranquilo hasta que lo rompa he won't be happy o satisfied until he breaks it!
    déjalo tranquilo leave him alone
    tengo la conciencia tranquila I have a clear conscience, my conscience is clear
    2 [ SER] ‹persona› (pacífico) calm
    3 [ ESTAR] ‹mar/ambiente› calm; ‹lugar› quiet, peaceful, tranquil
    llevan una vida muy tranquila they lead a very quiet life
    4 [ ESTAR]
    (sin inmutarse): su hermano está en el hospital y él tan tranquilo his brother's in hospital and he doesn't seem at all worried o bothered o perturbed
    me dijo que se lo había llevado ella y se quedó tan tranquila she told me she had taken it, as cool as you like o as cool as a cucumber o quite unashamedly, she told me, quite calmly o boldly, that she had taken it
    el tren pasó casi rozando y ellos se quedaron tan tranquilos the train passed within an inch of us and they didn't turn a hair o they didn't bat an eyelash ( AmE) o ( BrE) eyelid, the train passed within an inch of us and they were quite unperturbed
    lo dijo mal y se quedó tan tranquilo he said it wrong but he just carried on regardless o as if nothing had happened, he said it wrong but he was completely unfazed o unabashed
    ( Méx fam): te cuesta tranquilo unas 2,000 libras it costs 2,000 pounds easily ( colloq), it costs a good 2,000 pounds
    * * *

     

    tranquilo 1
    ◊ -la adjetivo

    1
    a) [SER] ‹ persona› ( pacífico) calm

    b) ‹mar/ambiente› calm;

    ‹ lugar› quiet, peaceful, tranquil
    2 [ESTAR]

    ‹ persona›:

    ¡tranquilo! relax!;
    tú, tranquilo, de eso me encargo yo there's no need for you to worry, I'll take care of that;
    lo hice para quedarme tranquilo I did it for my own peace of mind;
    déjalo tranquilo leave him alone


    …y se quedó tan tranquila …and she didn't bat an eyelash (AmE) o (BrE) eyelid
    tranquilo 2 adverbio (Méx fam):
    ◊ te cuesta tranquilo unas 2,000 libras it costs 2,000 pounds easily (colloq)

    tranquilo,-a adjetivo
    1 (sosegado, sereno) calm
    (sin turbulencias) still: todo está tranquilo por aquí, everything is quiet around here
    2 (sin nervios, preocupación) dile que se esté tranquilo, tell her to not worry
    (conciencia: sin remordimientos) clear
    3 (despreocupado, relajado, con pachorra) laid-back

    ' tranquilo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ancha
    - ancho
    - confiada
    - confiado
    - despreocupada
    - despreocupado
    - estarse
    - pancha
    - pancho
    - quieta
    - quieto
    - recogerse
    - serena
    - sereno
    - tranquila
    - Y
    - estar
    - fresco
    - parsimonioso
    - relajado
    English:
    ambience
    - but
    - calm
    - casual
    - clear
    - collected
    - comfortable
    - composed
    - cool
    - deceptively
    - dying
    - easy
    - easy-going
    - equable
    - everything
    - laid-back
    - mellow
    - peace
    - peaceful
    - private
    - quiet
    - relaxed
    - rest
    - restful
    - saunter
    - sedate
    - serene
    - smooth
    - steady
    - still
    - tranquil
    - uneventful
    - untroubled
    - all right
    - be
    - laid
    * * *
    tranquilo, -a adj
    1. [sosegado] [lugar, calle, tarde, vida] quiet, peaceful;
    [ambiente, tono de voz] quiet, calm; [mar] calm; [paso, movimientos] unhurried;
    pasé un día muy tranquilo en casa I had a very quiet o peaceful day at home;
    es un barrio muy tranquilo it's a very quiet o peaceful neighbourhood;
    en el pueblo duermo muy tranquilo I always sleep very peacefully in the village
    2. [sin preocupaciones] [persona] relaxed, calm;
    iba tranquilo a la entrevista I went to the interview feeling calm;
    prefiero vivir tranquilo I prefer the quiet life;
    ¡(tú) tranquilo! don't you worry!;
    no estoy tranquilo hasta que no llega a casa I can't relax until she gets home;
    por fin puedo respirar tranquilo at last I can breathe easily;
    dejar a alguien tranquilo to leave sb alone
    3. [por carácter] calm;
    es muy tranquilo he's very calm
    4. [despreocupado]
    ¿pero cómo es que estás tan tranquilo, sabiendo lo que está pasando? how can you be so calm, knowing what's happening?;
    lo escuchó y se quedó tan tranquilo he listened to it without batting an eyelid
    5. [sin culpabilidad] [mente] untroubled;
    [conciencia] clear;
    tengo la conciencia tranquila my conscience is clear
    * * *
    adj
    1 lugar, mañana, persona calm, quiet
    :
    ¡tranquilo! don’t worry;
    déjame tranquilo leave me alone
    3 ( fresco)
    :
    quedarse tan tranquilo not bat an eyelid
    * * *
    tranquilo, -la adj
    calmo: calm, tranquil
    una vida tranquila: a quiet life
    * * *
    1. (en general) calm
    2. (apacible) quiet
    ¡tranquilo! (¡cálmate!) take it easy! / relax! (¡no te preocupes!) don't worry!

    Spanish-English dictionary > tranquilo

  • 17 contrario

    adj.
    1 contrary, opposite, adverse, opposed.
    2 contrary, negative, antagonistic, antipathetic.
    m.
    1 opposite, antithesis, reverse, converse.
    2 opponent, adversary, enemy, rival.
    * * *
    1 (opuesto) contrary, opposite
    2 (perjudicial) harmful (a, to), bad (a, for)
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 opponent, adversary, rival
    \
    al contrario on the contrary
    de lo contrario otherwise
    en dirección contraria in the wrong direction
    llevar la contraria a alguien to oppose somebody
    por el contrario on the contrary
    todo lo contrario quite the opposite
    la parte contraria DERECHO the opponent 2 (en deportes) the opposing team
    * * *
    (f. - contraria)
    adj.
    contrary, opposite
    * * *
    contrario, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=rival) [partido, equipo] opposing
    2) (=opuesto) [extremo, efecto, significado, sexo] opposite

    se mostraron contrarios al acuerdo — they came out against the agreement, they were opposed to the agreement

    • dirección contraria, tomamos la dirección contraria — we went in the opposite direction

    • intereses contrarios — conflicting o opposing interests

    • pie contrario, se puso el zapato en el pie contrario — she put her shoe on the wrong foot

    • sentido contrario, un coche que venía en sentido contrario — a car coming in the opposite direction

    • viento contrario — headwind

    caso 1), b)
    3) [en locuciones]

    • al contrario — on the contrary, quite the opposite

    no me disgusta la idea, al contrario, me encanta — I don't dislike the idea, on the contrary o quite the opposite, I think it would be wonderful

    -¿te aburres? -¡que va, al contrario! — "are you bored?" - "no way, quite the opposite!"

    antes al contrario, muy al contrario — frm on the contrary

    • al contrario de, todo salió al contrario de lo previsto — everything turned out the opposite of what we expected

    al contrario de lo que creíamos, hizo muy buen tiempo — contrary to what we thought, the weather turned out very nice

    siempre va al contrario de todo el mundo — she always has to be different to everyone else, she always does the opposite to everyone else

    al contrario que o de ella, yo no estoy dispuesto a aguantar — unlike her, I'm not willing to put up with it

    • lo contrario, ¿qué es lo contrario de alto? — what is the opposite of tall?

    soy inocente, hasta que no se demuestre lo contrario — I am innocent until proven otherwise

    de lo contrario — otherwise, or else

    salga o, de lo contrario, llamaré a la policía — please leave, otherwise o or else I'll call the police

    • por el contrario, los inviernos, por el contrario, son muy fríos — the winters, on the other hand o on the contrary, are very cold

    parece ir todo bien, y por el contrario, la situación es muy complicada — it all appears to be going well, when in fact the situation is rather difficult

    • todo lo contrario — quite the opposite, quite the reverse

    -¿es feo? -no, todo lo contrario — "is he ugly?" - "no, quite the opposite o reverse"

    no hay descenso de precios, sino todo lo contrario — prices are not going down, quite the opposite o reverse, in fact

    2.
    SM / F opponent
    3.
    SM (=opuesto) opposite

    ¿cuál es el contrario del negro? — what is the opposite of black?

    4.
    SF

    llevar la contraria —

    ¿por qué siempre tienes que llevar la contraria? — why do you always have to be so contrary?

    * * *
    I
    - ria adjetivo
    1) ( opuesto) <opiniones/intereses> conflicting; < dirección> opposite

    contrario a algo: mi opinión es contraria a la suya I feel very differently to you; soy contrario al uso de la violencia I am against the use of violence; se manifestó contrario a la idea she expressed her opposition to the idea; sería contrario a mis intereses it would be against o (frml) contrary to my interests; contrario a lo que se esperaba... contrary to expectations,...; en sentido contrario al de las agujas del reloj counterclockwise (AmE), anticlockwise (BrE); el coche venía en sentido contrario — ( por el otro carril) the car was coming in the opposite direction; ( por el mismo carril) the car was coming straight at us

    2) ( adversario) < equipo> opposing; < bando> opposite

    la parte contraria — (Der) the opposing party

    al contrario de: al contrario de su hermano... unlike his brother,...; al contrario de lo que esperábamos,... contrary to (our) expectations,...; todo salió al contrario de como lo planearon it turned out just the opposite to what they had planned; de lo contrario or else, otherwise; por el contrario: en el sur, por el contrario, el clima es seco the south, on the other hand, has a dry climate; pensé que era rico - por el contrario, no tiene un peso I thought he was rich - on the contrary o far from it, he doesn't have a penny; todo lo contrario quite the opposite; llevar la contraria: él siempre tiene que llevar la contraria he always has to take the opposite view; llevarle la contraria a alguien — to contradict somebody

    II
    - ria masculino, femenino opponent
    * * *
    = contrary, opposing, inimical, antipathetic, opposite, competing, opposed, adversarial, aversive, reverse, objector.
    Ex. Perhaps there has been a contrary reaction by British academic librarians to conserve their collections.
    Ex. When it is clear that material is biased or misrepresents a group, librarians should correct the situation, either by refusing the material or by giving equal representation to opposing points of view.
    Ex. Anita Schiller's own grim conclusion was that 'These two opposing and often inimical views, when incorporated within reference service, often reduce overall effectiveness'.
    Ex. In some respects, TREC in its present form is antipathetic to interactive information retrieval.
    Ex. Cutter instructs that 'of two subjects exactly opposite choose one and refer from the other, e.g. 'Free Trade and Protection', 'Protection' See 'Free Trade and Protection''.
    Ex. This article identifies predominant worldview and competing schools of thought regarding the teaching of reference work.
    Ex. Librarianship is faced with the problem of the reconciliation of opposed objectives -- the arrest of deterioration in books versus the idea that books are meant to be used, becoming ultimately worn with use.
    Ex. The relationship between the author and editor is based on collaboration, but can also be adversarial at certain points.
    Ex. In fact, weeding aversive staff tend to spend a lot more time complaining about having nothing on the shelves.
    Ex. He creates a type of reverse orientalism peopled by sex-hungry 'dark-age femme fatales' and 'lusty young Barbarians reeking of ale'.
    Ex. Objectors to a major wind farm plan say developers have exaggerated its green benefits.
    ----
    * al contrario = vice versa, to the contrary, contrariwise, quite the opposite, quite the contrary.
    * de lo contrario = if not, otherwise.
    * demostrar lo contrario = prove + differently.
    * en sentido contrario = to the contrary.
    * en sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj = counterclockwise, anti-clockwise.
    * hasta que no se demuestre lo contrario = until proven otherwise.
    * inocente hasta que se demuestre lo contrario = innocent until proven guilty.
    * justamente todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * justamente todo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.
    * justo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.
    * más bien todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * muy por el contrario = in marked contrast.
    * por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * ser contrario a = be contrary to, be hostile to.
    * todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse, in marked contrast.
    * viento contrario = headwind.
    * * *
    I
    - ria adjetivo
    1) ( opuesto) <opiniones/intereses> conflicting; < dirección> opposite

    contrario a algo: mi opinión es contraria a la suya I feel very differently to you; soy contrario al uso de la violencia I am against the use of violence; se manifestó contrario a la idea she expressed her opposition to the idea; sería contrario a mis intereses it would be against o (frml) contrary to my interests; contrario a lo que se esperaba... contrary to expectations,...; en sentido contrario al de las agujas del reloj counterclockwise (AmE), anticlockwise (BrE); el coche venía en sentido contrario — ( por el otro carril) the car was coming in the opposite direction; ( por el mismo carril) the car was coming straight at us

    2) ( adversario) < equipo> opposing; < bando> opposite

    la parte contraria — (Der) the opposing party

    al contrario de: al contrario de su hermano... unlike his brother,...; al contrario de lo que esperábamos,... contrary to (our) expectations,...; todo salió al contrario de como lo planearon it turned out just the opposite to what they had planned; de lo contrario or else, otherwise; por el contrario: en el sur, por el contrario, el clima es seco the south, on the other hand, has a dry climate; pensé que era rico - por el contrario, no tiene un peso I thought he was rich - on the contrary o far from it, he doesn't have a penny; todo lo contrario quite the opposite; llevar la contraria: él siempre tiene que llevar la contraria he always has to take the opposite view; llevarle la contraria a alguien — to contradict somebody

    II
    - ria masculino, femenino opponent
    * * *
    = contrary, opposing, inimical, antipathetic, opposite, competing, opposed, adversarial, aversive, reverse, objector.

    Ex: Perhaps there has been a contrary reaction by British academic librarians to conserve their collections.

    Ex: When it is clear that material is biased or misrepresents a group, librarians should correct the situation, either by refusing the material or by giving equal representation to opposing points of view.
    Ex: Anita Schiller's own grim conclusion was that 'These two opposing and often inimical views, when incorporated within reference service, often reduce overall effectiveness'.
    Ex: In some respects, TREC in its present form is antipathetic to interactive information retrieval.
    Ex: Cutter instructs that 'of two subjects exactly opposite choose one and refer from the other, e.g. 'Free Trade and Protection', 'Protection' See 'Free Trade and Protection''.
    Ex: This article identifies predominant worldview and competing schools of thought regarding the teaching of reference work.
    Ex: Librarianship is faced with the problem of the reconciliation of opposed objectives -- the arrest of deterioration in books versus the idea that books are meant to be used, becoming ultimately worn with use.
    Ex: The relationship between the author and editor is based on collaboration, but can also be adversarial at certain points.
    Ex: In fact, weeding aversive staff tend to spend a lot more time complaining about having nothing on the shelves.
    Ex: He creates a type of reverse orientalism peopled by sex-hungry 'dark-age femme fatales' and 'lusty young Barbarians reeking of ale'.
    Ex: Objectors to a major wind farm plan say developers have exaggerated its green benefits.
    * al contrario = vice versa, to the contrary, contrariwise, quite the opposite, quite the contrary.
    * de lo contrario = if not, otherwise.
    * demostrar lo contrario = prove + differently.
    * en sentido contrario = to the contrary.
    * en sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj = counterclockwise, anti-clockwise.
    * hasta que no se demuestre lo contrario = until proven otherwise.
    * inocente hasta que se demuestre lo contrario = innocent until proven guilty.
    * justamente todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * justamente todo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.
    * justo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.
    * más bien todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * muy por el contrario = in marked contrast.
    * por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * ser contrario a = be contrary to, be hostile to.
    * todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse, in marked contrast.
    * viento contrario = headwind.

    * * *
    A (opuesto) ‹opiniones/intereses› conflicting; ‹sentido/dirección› opposite
    palabras de significado contrario words with opposite meanings
    los vehículos iban en direcciones contrarias the vehicles were traveling in opposite directions
    mientras no se demuestre lo contrario, es inocente she is innocent until proven guilty
    contrario A algo:
    mi opinión es contraria a la suya I feel very differently to you, my opinion is quite the converse of yours ( frml)
    soy contrario al uso de la violencia I am opposed to o I am against the use of violence
    se manifestó contrario a la idea she expressed her opposition to the idea
    la propuesta es contraria a los intereses de la compañía the proposal is against o ( frml) contrary to the company's interests
    contrario a lo que se esperaba la operación fue un éxito contrary to expectations, the operation was a success
    en sentido contrario al de las agujas del reloj counterclockwise ( AmE), anticlockwise ( BrE)
    B (adversario) ‹equipo› opposing; ‹bando› opposite
    pasarse al bando contrario to change sides, join the opposition
    el defensa del equipo contrario estaba en fuera de juego the opposing team's o the other team's back was offside
    la parte contraria ( Der) the opponent
    C ( en locs):
    al contrario: no me opongo a que venga; al contrario, me parece una idea excelente I don't mind if he comes; on the contrary o quite the opposite o far from it, I think it's an excellent idea
    al contrario de su hermano, es negado para los deportes unlike his brother, he's useless at sport
    al contrario de lo que habíamos pensado, resultó ser agradabilísimo contrary to (our) expectations, he turned out to be very nice
    de lo contrario or else, otherwise
    por el contrario: en el sur, por el contrario, el clima es seco the south, on the other hand, has a dry climate
    pensé que era rico — por el contrario, no tiene un peso I thought he was rich — on the contrary o far from it o quite the opposite, he doesn't have a penny
    todo lo contrario quite the opposite o reverse
    ¿te resultó aburrido? — todo lo contrario, lo encontré fascinante did you find it boring? — quite the opposite o quite the reverse o on the contrary, I found it fascinating
    ella es muy tímida pero el hermano es todo lo contrario she's very shy but her brother's quite the opposite o the complete opposite
    llevar la contraria: seguro que se opone, porque él siempre tiene que llevar la contraria he's sure to object, because he always has to take the opposite view
    le molesta sobremanera que le lleven la contraria she hates being o to be contradicted
    masculine, feminine
    opponent
    * * *

     

    Del verbo contrariar: ( conjugate contrariar)

    contrarío es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    contrarió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    contrariar    
    contrario
    contrariar ( conjugate contrariar) verbo transitivo ( disgustar) to upset;
    ( enojar) to annoy
    contrario
    ◊ - ria adjetivo

    1 ( opuesto) ‹opiniones/intereses› conflicting;
    ‹dirección/lado› opposite;
    ‹ equipo› opposing;
    ‹ bando› opposite;

    mientras no se demuestre lo contrario until proven otherwise;
    sería contrario a mis intereses it would be against o (frml) contrary to my interests;
    See Also→ sentido 2 4
    2 ( en locs)

    al contrario de su hermano … unlike his brother, …;
    de lo contrario or else, otherwise;
    por el contrario on the contrary;
    en el sur, por el contrario, el clima es seco the south, on the other hand, has a dry climate;
    todo lo contrario quite the opposite;
    llevarle la contraria a algn to contradict sb
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    opponent
    contrariar verbo transitivo
    1 (disgustar) to upset
    2 (contradecir) to go against
    contrario,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 opposite: otro coche venía en sentido contrario, another car was coming in the other direction
    no me cae mal, más bien todo lo contrario, I don't dislike him, quite the contrary
    2 (negativo, nocivo) contrary [a, to]
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino rival
    ♦ Locuciones: siempre lleva la contraria, he always argues
    al contrario/por el contrario, on the contrary
    de lo contrario, otherwise
    ' contrario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    caso
    - contraria
    - decir
    - estar
    - irse
    - mientras
    - nunca
    - pequeña
    - pequeño
    - pulverizar
    - revés
    - soler
    - Tiro
    - campo
    - contramano
    - oponer
    - sentido
    English:
    adverse
    - against
    - agree
    - aloud
    - anticlimax
    - anticlockwise
    - antisocial
    - camp
    - contrary
    - counterclockwise
    - direction
    - headwind
    - lick
    - opposing
    - opposite
    - otherwise
    - perverse
    - reverse
    - unprofessional
    - wrong
    - counter
    - incline
    - irregular
    - quite
    * * *
    contrario, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [opuesto] [dirección, sentido, idea] opposite;
    [opinión] contrary;
    soy contrario a las corridas de toros I'm opposed to bullfighting;
    mientras no se demuestre lo contrario, es inocente she's innocent until proved otherwise;
    de lo contrario otherwise;
    respeta a tu madre o de lo contrario tendrás que marcharte show your mother some respect, otherwise you'll have to go;
    todo lo contrario quite the contrary;
    ¿estás enfadado con él? – todo lo contrario, nos llevamos de maravilla are you angry with him? – quite the contrary o not at all, we get on extremely well;
    ella es muy tímida, yo soy todo lo contrario she's very shy, whereas I'm the total opposite
    2. [desfavorable, perjudicial]
    es contrario a nuestros intereses it goes against our interests;
    el abuso de la bebida es contrario a la salud drinking is bad for your health
    3. [rival] opposing;
    el equipo contrario no opuso resistencia the opposing team o opposition didn't put up much of a fight;
    el diputado se pasó al bando contrario the MP left his party and joined their political opponents, Br the MP crossed the floor of the House
    ♦ nm,f
    [rival] opponent
    ♦ nm
    [opuesto] opposite;
    gordo es el contrario de flaco fat is the opposite of thin
    ♦ al contrario loc adv
    on the contrary;
    al contrario de lo que le dijo a usted contrary to what he told you;
    no me disgusta, al contrario, me encanta I don't dislike it, quite the contrary in fact, I like it;
    al contrario de mi casa, la suya tiene calefacción central unlike my house, hers has central heating;
    no me importa, antes al contrario, estaré encantado de poder ayudar I don't mind, on the contrary o indeed I'll be delighted to be able to help
    ♦ por el contrario loc adv
    no queremos que se vaya, por el contrario, queremos que se quede we don't want her to go, on the contrary, we want her to stay;
    este modelo, por el contrario, consume muy poco this model, by contrast, uses very little;
    este año, por el contrario, no hemos tenido pérdidas this year, on the other hand, we haven't suffered any losses
    * * *
    I adj
    1 contrary; sentido opposite;
    al contrario, por el contrario on the contrary;
    todo lo contrario just the opposite;
    de lo contrario otherwise;
    ser contrario a algo be opposed to sth;
    2 equipo opposing
    II m, contraria f adversary, opponent
    * * *
    contrario, - ria adj
    1) : contrary, opposite
    al contrario: on the contrary
    2) : conflicting, opposed
    * * *
    contrario1 adj
    1. (equipo) opposing
    2. (dirección) opposite
    3. (persona) opposed
    1. (persona) opponent
    2. (palabra) opposite
    "alto" es el contrario de "bajo" "tall" is the opposite of "short"
    al contrario / por el contrario on the contrary

    Spanish-English dictionary > contrario

  • 18 empleo irregular

    Ex. Migrant farm workers typically receive low wages from irregular employment and live in poverty with access to only substandard housing and inadequate health care.
    * * *

    Ex: Migrant farm workers typically receive low wages from irregular employment and live in poverty with access to only substandard housing and inadequate health care.

    Spanish-English dictionary > empleo irregular

  • 19 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 20 rendre

    rendre [ʀɑ̃dʀ]
    ➭ TABLE 41
    1. transitive verb
       a. ( = restituer) to give back ; [+ marchandises défectueuses, bouteille vide] to return ; [+ argent] to pay back ; (School) [+ copie] to hand in
       b. [+ jugement, arrêt] to render ; [+ verdict] to return
       c. ( = donner en retour) [+ invitation, salut, coup, baiser] to return
    • il la déteste, et elle le lui rend bien he hates her and she feels exactly the same way about him
    • il m'a donné 10 € et je lui en ai rendu 5 he gave me 10 euros and I gave him 5 euros change
    • c'est à vous rendre fou ! it's enough to drive you mad!
       e. [+ mot, expression, atmosphère] to render
       f. [+ liquide] to give out ; [+ son] to produce
       g. ( = vomir) to bring up
       i. (locutions) rendre l'âme or le dernier soupir [personne] to breathe one's last
    • ma voiture/mon frigo a rendu l'âme (inf) my car/my fridge has given up the ghost (inf)
    • rendre gloire à [+ Dieu] to glorify ; [+ personne] to pay homage to
    2. intransitive verb
       a. ( = vomir) to be sick
    3. reflexive verb
       a. [soldat, criminel] to surrender
       b. ( = aller) se rendre à to go to
    • il se rend à son travail à pied/en voiture he walks/drives to work
       c. (avec adjectif) se rendre utile/indispensable to make o.s. useful/indispensable
    * * *
    ʀɑ̃dʀ
    1.
    1) ( retourner) ( pour restituer) to give back, to return (à to); ( pour refuser) to return, to give back [cadeau] (à to); to return [article défectueux] (à to); ( pour s'acquitter) to repay, to pay back [somme] (à to); to return [salut, invitation] (à to)

    prête-moi 20 euros, je te les rendrai demain — lend me 20 euros, I'll pay you back tomorrow

    2) ( redonner)

    rendre la santé/vue à quelqu'un — to restore somebody's health/sight

    4) ( remettre) [élève, étudiant] to hand in, to give in [copie, devoir] (à to)
    5) ( produire) [terre, champ] to yield [récolte, quantité]
    6) (exprimer, traduire) [auteur, mots] to convey [pensée, atmosphère]; to convey, to render [nuance]; [traduction, tableau] to convey [atmosphère, style]

    rendre l'expression d'un visage — [peintre, photographe] to capture the expression on a face

    ça ne rendra rien en couleurs — it won't come out in colour [BrE]

    7) (colloq) ( vomir) to bring up [aliment, bile]
    8) ( prononcer) to pronounce [jugement, sentence, arrêt]; to return [verdict]; to pronounce [oracle]
    9) ( émettre) [instrument, objet creux] to give off [son]
    10) ( exsuder)
    11) Sport [concurrent]

    rendre 10 mètres à quelqu'un — to give somebody a 10-metre [BrE] handicap


    2.
    verbe intransitif
    1) ( produire)

    rendre (bien) — [terre] to be productive; [plante] to produce a good crop; [activité, commerce] to be profitable

    2) (colloq) ( vomir) to be sick, to throw up (colloq)

    3.
    se rendre verbe pronominal
    1) ( aller) to go

    se rendre à Rome/en Chine — to go to Rome/to China

    2) ( devenir)
    3) ( capituler) [criminel] to give oneself up (à to); [armée, ville] to surrender (à to)

    se rendre à quelque chose — to bow to [argument, avis]; to yield to [prières, supplique]; to answer [appel]

    ••

    rendre l'âme or l'esprit — to pass away

    * * *
    ʀɑ̃dʀ vt
    1) (= restituer) [livre, argent] to give back, to return, [otages] to free

    J'ai rendu ses disques à Christine. — I've given Christine her records back.

    J'ai rendu mes livres à la bibliothèque. — I've taken my books back to the library.

    2) (= faire devenir)
    3) [visite] to return

    rendre la politesse à qn fig — to repay sb, to return the favour Grande-Bretagne to return the favor USA

    4) DROIT, [jugement] to pronounce, to render, [verdict] to return
    5) [honneurs] to pay
    6) [sang, aliments] to bring up
    7) [sons] [instrument] to produce, to make
    8) (= exprimer, traduire) to render

    Elle a su rendre ce texte en français avec une grande sensibilité. — She managed to render this text in French with great sensitivity.

    * * *
    rendre verb table: rendre
    A vtr
    1 ( retourner) ( pour restituer) to give back, to return [objet emprunté] (à to); to take back [objet consigné] (à to); to return [otage, territoire annexé] (à to); ( pour refuser) to return, to give back [cadeau] (à to); to return [article défectueux] (à to); ( pour s'acquitter) to repay, to pay back [emprunt, somme, dette] (à to); to return [salut, invitation] (à to); elle m'a rendu mon livre she gave me back my book; je dois rendre la voiture à mon père/à l'agence de location I have to give the car back to my father/take the car back to the car hire GB ou rental US agency; ils ont rendu les tableaux volés au musée they returned the stolen paintings to the museum; l'enfant sera rendu contre rançon the child will be returned for a ransom; prête-moi 100 euros, je te les rendrai demain lend me 100 euros, I'll pay you back tomorrow; elle m'a rendu mon baiser she kissed me back; elle ne m'a pas rendu la monnaie she didn't give me my change; rendre la pareille à qn to pay sb back; il la déteste mais elle le lui rend bien he hates her and she feels the same about him; ⇒ César, monnaie;
    2 ( redonner) rendre la santé/vue à qn to restore sb's health/sight; rendre l'espoir à qn to give sb hope again; rendre le sourire à qn to put the smile back on sb's face; rendre son indépendance à un pays to restore a country's independence; rendre des locaux à leur utilisation première to return premises to their original use; une nouvelle méthode de relaxation qui vous rendra le sommeil a new relaxation method that will help you sleep;
    3 ( faire devenir) to make; rendre qn heureux/célèbre to make sb happy/famous; rendre qch possible/difficile/obligatoire to make sth possible/difficult/compulsory; l'éclairage rend la chambre lugubre the lighting makes the room look gloomy; rendre qn fou to drive sb mad; ce bruit rend fou that noise is enough to drive you mad ou crazy○;
    4 ( remettre) [élève, étudiant] to hand in, to give in [copie, devoir] (à to); ne rends pas tes devoirs en retard don't hand ou give your homework in late; il a rendu (une) copie blanche à son examen he handed ou gave in a blank paper at the end of his exam;
    5 ( produire) [terre, champ] to yield [récolte, quantité]; ferme qui rend 50 000 euros par an farm which brings in 50,000 euros a year; rendre peu not to produce much;
    6 (exprimer, traduire) [auteur, mots] to convey [pensée, sentiment, atmosphère]; [traducteur] to translate, to render [texte, terme]; to convey, to render [nuance]; [peintre] to depict [lumière, relief, scène]; [traduction, tableau] to convey [atmosphère, style]; résumé/traduction qui ne rend pas la subtilité/le rythme de l'original summary/translation that fails to catch the subtlety/the rhythm of the original; savoir rendre une émotion/un personnage [acteur] to be good at putting across ou over an emotion/a character; rendre l'expression d'un visage [peintre, photographe] to capture the expression on a face; un poème chinois merveilleusement rendu en anglais a Chinese poem beautifully translated into English, a marvellousGB translation into English of a Chinese poem; rendre un mot par une périphrase to paraphrase a word; ça rend mieux/ne rendra rien en couleurs it comes out better/won't come out in colourGB;
    7 ( vomir) to bring up [aliment, déjeuner, bile];
    8 ( prononcer) to pronounce [jugement, sentence, arrêt, décision, décret]; to return [verdict]; to pronounce [oracle];
    9 ( émettre) [instrument, objet creux] to give off [son];
    10 ( exsuder) les tomates rendent de l'eau (à la cuisson) tomatoes give out water when cooked; rendre du jus to be juicy; saler les concombres pour leur faire rendre l'eau salt the cucumbers to draw out the water;
    11 Sport [concurrent] rendre du poids to have a weight handicap (à compared with); rendre de la distance à qn to give sb a (distance) handicap; rendre 3 kilos to carry 3 kilos ou a 3 kilo-handicap; rendre 10 mètres à qn to give sb a 10-metreGB handicap; il vous rendrait des points he's more than a match for you.
    B vi
    1 ( produire) rendre (bien) [terre] to be productive; [plante] to produce a good crop, to be productive; [culture, céréale] to do well; [activité, commerce] to be profitable;
    2 ( vomir) to be sick, to throw up○; le médicament m'a fait rendre the medicine made me sick; avoir envie de rendre to feel sick GB ou nauseous.
    C se rendre vpr
    1 ( aller) to go; se rendre à Rome/en Chine/en ville to go to Rome/to China/to town; se rendre à Vienne en voiture/avion to go to Vienna by car/plane, to drive/fly to Vienna; se rendre chez des amis to go to see friends; en me rendant à Lima on my way to Lima; ⇒ bagage;
    2 ( devenir) to make oneself; se rendre indispensable/malade to make oneself indispensable/ill; se rendre ridicule to make a fool of oneself;
    3 ( capituler) [criminel] to give oneself up (à to); [troupe, armée, ville] to surrender (à to); rendez-vous, vous êtes cernés! give yourselves up, you're surrounded!;
    4 ( se soumettre) se rendre à qch to bow to [argument, avis]; to yield to [prières, supplique]; to answer [appel]; il ne se rend jamais ( dans une discussion) he never gives in.
    rendre l'âme or l'esprit to pass away; rendre le dernier soupir or souffle to breathe one's last; le bon Dieu te le rendra au centuple your reward will be great in Heaven.
    [rɑ̃dr] verbe transitif
    1. [restituer - objet prêté ou donné] to give back (separable), to return ; [ - objet volé] to give back (separable), to return ; [ - objet défectueux] to take back (separable), to return ; [ - somme] to pay back (separable) ; [ - réponse] to give
    donne-moi trente euros, je te les rendrai demain give me thirty euros, I'll pay you back ou I'll give it back to you tomorrow
    a. [élève] to hand ou to give in a piece of work
    b. [professeur] to hand ou to give back a piece of work
    rendre un otage to return ou to hand over a hostage
    2. [donner en retour] to return
    rendre le bien pour le mal/coup pour coup to return good for evil/blow for blow
    elle me méprise, mais je le lui rends bien she despises me, but the feeling's mutual
    3. (suivi d'un adjectif) [faire devenir] to make
    a. (sens propre) to make somebody (go) blind, to blind somebody
    rendre quelqu'un fou to drive ou to make somebody mad
    4. [faire recouvrer]
    rendre l'ouïe/la santé/la vue à quelqu'un to restore somebody's hearing/health/sight, to give somebody back his hearing/health/sight
    l'opération ne lui a pas rendu l'usage de la parole/de son bras the operation did not give him back the power of speech/the use of his arm
    5. [exprimer - personnalité] to portray, to capture ; [ - nuances, pensée] to convey, to render (soutenu), to express
    6. [produire]
    ça ne rend rien ou pas grand-chose [décor, couleurs] it doesn't look much
    7. CUISINE to give out (separable)
    8. [vomir - repas] to vomit, to bring up (separable)
    9. [prononcer - jugement, arrêt] to pronounce ; [ - verdict] to deliver, to return
    rendre une sentence to pass ou to pronounce sentence
    10. AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE [produire] to yield, to have a yield of
    ————————
    [rɑ̃dr] verbe intransitif
    1. AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE to be productive
    2. [ressortir] to be effective
    ce tapis rend très bien/ne rend pas très bien avec les rideaux this carpet looks really good/doesn't look much with the curtains
    3. [vomir] to vomit, to be sick
    ————————
    se rendre verbe pronominal intransitif
    [ville] to surrender
    rendez-vous! give yourself up!, surrender!
    3. [aller] to go
    je me rends à l'école à pied/à vélo/en voiture I walk/ride (my bike)/drive to school, I go to school on foot/by bike/by car
    il s'y rend en train he goes ou gets ou travels there by train
    ————————
    se rendre à verbe pronominal plus préposition
    [accepter] to yield to
    a. [être lucide] to face facts
    b. [reconnaître les faits] to acknowledge ou to recognize the facts

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > rendre

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См. также в других словарях:

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