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21 Lind, James
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 1716 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 13 July 1794 Gosport, England[br]Scottish physician and naval surgeon whose studies and investigations led to significant improvements in the living conditions on board ships; the author of the first treatise on the nature and prevention of scurvy.[br]Lind was registered in 1731 as an apprentice at the College of Surgeons in Edinburgh. By 1739 he was serving as a naval surgeon in the Mediterranean and during the ensuing decade he experienced conditions at sea off Guinea, the West Indies and in home waters. He returned to Edinburgh, taking his MD in 1748, and in 1750 was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh, becoming the Treasurer in 1757. In 1758 he was appointed Physician to the Naval Hospital at Haslar, Gosport, near Portsmouth, a post which he retained until his death.He had been particularly struck by the devastating consequences of scurvy during Anson's circumnavigation of the globe in 1740. At least 75 per cent of the crews had been affected (though it should be borne in mind that a considerable number of them were pensioners and invalids when posted aboard). Coupled with his own experiences, this led to the publication of A Treatise on the Scurvy, in 1754. Demonstrating that this condition accounted for many more deaths than from all the engagements with the French and Spanish in the current wars, he made it clear that by appropriate measures of diet and hygiene the disease could be entirely eliminated.Further editions of the treatise were published in 1757 and 1775, and the immense importance of his observations was immediately recognized. None the less, it was not until 1795 that an Admiralty order was issued on the supply of lime juice to ships. The efficacy of lime juice had been known for centuries, but it was Lind's observations that led to action, however tardy; that for economic reasons the relatively ineffective West Indian lime juice was supplied was in no way his responsibility. It is of interest that there is no evidence that Captain James Cook (1728–79) had any knowledge of Lind's work when arranging his own anti-scorbutic precautions in preparation for his historic first voyage.Lind's other work included observations on typhus, the proper ventilation of ships at sea, and the distilation of fresh from salt water.[br]Bibliography1754, A Treatise on the Scurvy, Edinburgh.1757, An Essay on the most effectual means of Preserving the Health of Seamen in the Royal Navy, Edinburgh.1767, An Essay on Diseases incidental to Europeans in Hot Climates, Edinburgh.Further ReadingL.Roddis, 1951, James Lind—Founder of Nautical Medicine. Records of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Records of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.MG -
22 Schanck, John
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1740 Fife, Scotland d. 1823[br]Scottish admiral, builder of small ships with revolutionary form, pioneer of sliding keels.[br]Schanck first went to sea in the merchant service, but in 1758 he was transferred to the Royal Navy. After four years as an able seaman, he was made a midshipman (a rare occurrence in those days), and by perseverance was commissioned Lieutenant in 1776 and appointed to command a small vessel operating in the St Lawrence. Being known as an inventive and practical officer, he was soon placed in charge of shipbuilding operations for the British on the Great Lakes and quickly constructed a small fleet that operated on Lake Champlain and elsewhere. He was promoted Captain in 1783. In earlier years Schanck had built a small sliding-keel yacht and sailed it in Boston Harbor. The Admiralty accepted the idea and tested two similar small craft, one with and the other without sliding keels. The success of the keels encouraged the authorities to build further craft of increasing size, culminating in the Lady Nelson, which carried out many surveys in Australian waters at the end of the eighteenth century. Service with the Army and the transport board followed, when his special knowledge and skill were used to the full in the waterways of the Netherlands. Schanck rose to the rank of full Admiral, and advised not only the British Government on coastal defence but other groups on many aspects of hull design.[br]Further ReadingJohn Charnock, 1800, A History of Marine Architecture, etc., London.FMW -
23 group
ɡru:p
1. noun1) (a number of persons or things together: a group of boys.) grupo2) (a group of people who play or sing together: a pop group; a folk group.) grupo; banda (música); equipo (deporte)
2. verb(to form into a group or groups: The children grouped round the teacher.) agrupar(se)group n grupotr[grʊːp]1 (gen) grupo2 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL grupo, conjunto1 agrupar1 agruparse, formar un grupo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLgroup therapy terapia de grupogroup ['gru:p] vt: agrupargroup n: grupo m, agrupación f, conjunto m, compañía fadj.• colectivo, -a adj.n.• agrupación s.f.• agrupamiento s.m.• bloque s.m.• cenáculo s.m.• colectividad s.f.• conjunto (Matemática) s.m.• corrillo s.m.• escuadra s.f.• grupo s.m.• hato s.m.• partida s.f.• plantel s.m.• tertulia s.f.v.• agrupar v.• agruparse v.gruːp
I
1) (+ sing o pl vb)a) ( of people) grupo mto form a group — ( physically) agruparse; ( found a group) formar un grupo or una asociación
a consumers'/women's group — una asociación or agrupación de consumidores/mujeres
a feminist/gay group — un colectivo or una agrupación feminista/gay; (before n) <discussion, visit> en grupo; < portrait> de conjunto
b) ( Mus) grupo m, conjunto m2) (usu + sing vb)a) ( of things) grupo mb) (class, division) grupo m3) ( Busn) grupo m4) ( Chem)a) ( of elements) grupo mb) ( radical) grupo m5) ( Math) grupo m
II
1.
transitive verb agrupar
2.
vi[ɡruːp]1. N1) [of people, objects] grupo m ; (for specific purpose) agrupación f, asociación f ; (=gang) pandilla f, banda f ; (Mus) conjunto m, grupo m ; [of languages] familia fethnic group — grupo m étnico
family group — familia f, grupo m familiar
interest 2., 2), support 3.a human rights group — una agrupación or asociación pro derechos humanos
2) (Comm) [of companies] grupo m2.VT (also: group together) agruparthe report's conclusions are grouped together under one heading — las conclusiones del informe están agrupadas bajo un mismo encabezamiento
3.VI agruparse4.CPDgroup booking N — reserva f hecha para un grupo
group captain N — (Brit) (Aer) jefe m de escuadrilla
group discussion N — debate m en grupo
group dynamics NPL — dinámica fsing de grupo
group photo N — foto f de conjunto
group practice N — (Med) consultorio m (de médicos)
GROUPgroup therapy N — terapia f de grupo
Agreement
► When grupo is followed by de + ((plural noun)), following verbs can be in the plural or, less commonly, in the singular:
A group of youths came up to him Un grupo de jóvenes se le acercaron or se le acercó ► Otherwise, use the singular form of the verb:
The group is or are well-known for being aggressive El grupo es conocido por su agresividad For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *[gruːp]
I
1) (+ sing o pl vb)a) ( of people) grupo mto form a group — ( physically) agruparse; ( found a group) formar un grupo or una asociación
a consumers'/women's group — una asociación or agrupación de consumidores/mujeres
a feminist/gay group — un colectivo or una agrupación feminista/gay; (before n) <discussion, visit> en grupo; < portrait> de conjunto
b) ( Mus) grupo m, conjunto m2) (usu + sing vb)a) ( of things) grupo mb) (class, division) grupo m3) ( Busn) grupo m4) ( Chem)a) ( of elements) grupo mb) ( radical) grupo m5) ( Math) grupo m
II
1.
transitive verb agrupar
2.
vi -
24 cap
I ['kæp] 1. сущ.1) кепка, фуражка- cricket capto place / put a cap on one's head — надеть кепку, надеть фуражку
- rugby cap
- baseball cap2) шапка, шапочка- shower cap
- square cap
- cap and gown3) ( виды головных уборов)а) чепецб) колпакdunce cap — дурацкий колпак (бумажный колпак, надевавшийся ленивым ученикам в виде наказания)
в) капюшонг) шлем; каскаSyn:д) кипа, ермолкае) скуфьяж) тюбетейка4) подаяние5)а) верхушка, крышкаб) шляпка грибав) тех. колпачок; головка; наконечник; насадка ( сваи)г) облако, севшее на горуж) мед. противозачаточный колпачокз) = percussion cap, gun cap капсюль ( вид детонатора); пистон ( для игрушечного пистолета)6) эл. цоколь ( электролампы)7) корпус (какой-л. конструкции, устройства)9)а) кулёк, фунтик11) брит.; разг.There are three new caps in the side. — В этой команде три новых игрока.
12) амер.; эк. предел, лимит- pay cap••the cap fits — не в бровь, а в глаз
if the cap fits, wear it — если вы относите это на свой счёт, вам виднее
to put on one's thinking / considering cap — серьёзно подумать
2. гл.to set one's cap at / for smb. — задумать женить кого-л. на себе, иметь виды на кого-л.
1) надевать шапку, покрывать голову2) крыть, покрывать; накрывать3) снимать головной убор, обнажать голову ( в знак уважения)Soon I was well known and capped to. — Скоро я стал знаменит и передо мной снимали шляпу.
4) переходить все границы; быть выше чьего-л. пониманияWell! that caps the globe. — Да ну! Такого ещё белый свет не видывал!
It caps me how this drunkard gets his work done. — Я совершенно не понимаю, как этому пьянице удаётся делать своё дело.
5) превзойти, перещеголять; успешно парировать (утверждение, выпад собеседника)to cap verses — читать наизусть стихи, начинающиеся с того слова, на котором остановился предыдущий участник (игры, конкурса)
to cap an anecdote — ответить на анекдот анекдотом (более остроумным, удачным)
Now you come to Shakespeare, I must cap your quotation with another. (R. Vaughan, Mystics, 1860) — Раз уж мы заговорили о Шекспире, я должен ответить вам другой цитатой.
6) шотл. присуждать учёную степень7) спорт. принять в состав команды; выставлять на соревнования8) вставлять капсюль, пистон, запал9) завершать; венчатьTo cap the misery, his only son died in infancy. — В довершение всех несчастий его единственный сын умер во младенчестве.
10) нищенствовать, просить подаяниеII ['kæp] сущ.; сокр. от capsuleIII ['kæp] сущ.; разг.; сокр. от captainIf they were big dope pedlars, they gave you a cap (of heroin) for delivering something. — Если ты имел дело с настоящими наркоторговцами, тебе давали дозу (героина) за доставку.
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25 a hard case
разг.1) испорченный, неисправимый человек; закоренелый преступник [первонач. амер.]Mrs. March: "...She's not a hard case - yet; but she will be." Johnny: "And why? Because all you matter-of-fact people make up your mind to it." (J. Galsworthy, ‘Windows’, act II) — Миссис Марч: "...Эта девушка еще не совсем испорчена, но это в конце концов произойдет." Джонни: "А собственно, почему? Потому что все вы, черствые люди, хотите, чтобы это произошло."
‘You are an old ruffian, Mr. - aw - Jones; and what's more, you are known for an old ruffian in the employ,’ he squeaks at me... ‘I may be a hard case,’ answers I, ‘but I ain't so far gone as to put up with the sight of you sitting in Captain Brierly's chair.’ (J. Conrad, ‘Lord Jim’, ch. 6) — - Вы старый грубиян, мистер... э... Джонс, компания вас таким и считает, - взвизгнул капитан Марлоу... - Может, я и старый грубиян, - отвечаю, - а все-таки мне невтерпеж видеть, что вы сидите в кресле капитана Брайерли.
2) австрал. бесшабашный гуляка, любитель веселья и приключенийHe was a digger, a humorous and good-hearted "hard case". (H. Lawson, ‘Joe Wilson's Mates’, ‘A Wild Irishman’) — Старый золотоискатель Дункан был добродушный и бесшабашный весельчак.
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