having+noted+en

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `big sea-animal, sea-monster' (Il.), `whale' (Arist.); also name of a constellation (Arat.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 187).

Compounds: Compp., e. g. κητό-δορπος ( συμφορά) `giving the κητεα their evening-meal' (Lyc.); μεγα-κήτης `with big κήτεα' (Hom.), adjunct of πόντος, also of δελφίς = `(being) a big κῆτος', from there of ναῦς (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 184f.), βαθυ-κήτης ( πόντος) `having κήτεα in the deep' (Thgn. 175), πολυ-κήτης `with many κήτεα' (Theoc. 17, 98).

Derivatives: κήτειος `belonging to the κῆτος' (Mosch., Nonn.), κητώδης `belonging to the whale (species)' (Arist.); κητεία f. `catching of κήτεα (tunnies)' (Str., Ath., Ael.; after ἁλιεία); κήτημα `salted tunnies' (Diph. Siph. ap. Ath. 3, 121b; uncertain), κητήνη πλοῖον μέγα ὡς κῆτος H. (after ἀπήνη?; cf. also Chantraine Étrennes Benveniste 9); κητόομαι `become a κῆτος' (Ael.). See κητώεσσαν.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Unexplained. Wrong IE. etymologies noted in Bq and WP. 1, 384 (s. also Bechtel Lex. s. v.). Prob. a Pre-Greek word.

Page in Frisk: 1,845-846

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `nose', of man and animal, pl. ῥῖνες `nostrils, nose' (Il.).

Other forms: late also ῥί̄ν

Compounds: Compp.; e.g. ῥιν-ηλατέω `to seek out with the nose, to trace' (A.; cf. on ἐλαύνω), εὔ-ρις, - ρινος `having a good nose, examining keenly' (A., S.), also εὔ-ριν-ο-ς `id.' (late); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 87ff.

Derivatives: ῥινία pl. `nostrils' (Arist.), ῥινάω `to lead by the nose' (com.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Formation like ἴς, θίς; cf. Schwyzer 570 n. 2. No etymology. Arbitrary hypotheses noted in Bq, Hofmann Et. Wb., WP. 1, 140. As arbitrary Hamp Glotta 38, 209 ff.: to OIr. srōn `nose' a.o. The word has replaced the old designation of the nose, Lat. nārēs, nāsus etc. -- The word may well be Pre-Greek.

Page in Frisk: 2,659

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `nose', of man and animal, pl. ῥῖνες `nostrils, nose' (Il.).

Other forms: late also ῥί̄ν

Compounds: Compp.; e.g. ῥιν-ηλατέω `to seek out with the nose, to trace' (A.; cf. on ἐλαύνω), εὔ-ρις, - ρινος `having a good nose, examining keenly' (A., S.), also εὔ-ριν-ο-ς `id.' (late); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 87ff.

Derivatives: ῥινία pl. `nostrils' (Arist.), ῥινάω `to lead by the nose' (com.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Formation like ἴς, θίς; cf. Schwyzer 570 n. 2. No etymology. Arbitrary hypotheses noted in Bq, Hofmann Et. Wb., WP. 1, 140. As arbitrary Hamp Glotta 38, 209 ff.: to OIr. srōn `nose' a.o. The word has replaced the old designation of the nose, Lat. nārēs, nāsus etc. -- The word may well be Pre-Greek.

Page in Frisk: 2,659

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Land transport

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Ackermann's father was a coachbuilder and harness-maker who in 1775 moved to Schneeberg. Rudolph was educated there and later entered his father's workshop for a short time. He visited Dresden, among other towns in Germany, and was resident in Paris for a short time, but eventually settled in London. For the first ten years of his life there he was employed in making designs for many of the leading coach builders. His steering-gear consisted of an arrangement of the track arms on the stub axles and their connection by the track rod in such a way that the inner wheel moved through a greater angle than the outer one, so giving approximately true rolling of the wheels in cornering. A necessary condition for this is that, in the plan view, the point of intersection of the axes of all the wheels must be at a point which always lies on the projection of the rear axle. In addition, the front wheels are inclined to bring the line of contact of the front wheels under the line of the pivots, about which they turn when cornering. This mechanism was not entirely new, having been proposed for windmill carriages in 1714 by Du Quet, but it was brought into prominence by Ackermann and so has come to bear his name.

In 1801 he patented a method of rendering paper, cloth and other materials waterproof and set up a factory in Chelsea for that purpose. He was one of the first private persons to light his business premises with gas. He also devoted some time to a patent for movable carriage axles between 1818 and 1820. In 1805 he was put in charge of the preparation of the funeral car for Lord Nelson.

Most of his life and endeavours were devoted to fine-art printing and publishing. He was responsible for the introduction into England of lithography as a fine art: it had first been introduced as a mechanical process in 1801, but was mainly used for copying until Ackermann took it up in 1817, setting up a press and engaging the services of a number of prominent artists, including W.H.Pyne, W.Combe, Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson. In 1819 he published an English translation of J.A.Senefelder's A Complete Course of Lithography, illustrated with lithographic plates from his press. He was much involved in charitable works for widows, children and wounded soldiers after the war of 1814. In 1830 he suffered "an attack of paralysis" which left him unable to continue in business. He died four years later and was buried at St Clement Danes.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.

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RTS / RLH

SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology

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Cushing graduated in medicine from Harvard University in 1895, having already acquired an arts degree at Yale (1891). He held posts in Boston and at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, from 1897 until 1890, and then travelled abroad. After studying in Germany and England he returned to Baltimore to become Assistant Professor of Surgery in 1903 working under W.S. Halsted, a post he held until 1912. In 1905 he started specializing in neurosurgery, undertaking much experimental work and developing new instruments and techniques, such as spinal anaesthesia and in particular the electrosurgical methods pioneered by W.T. Bovie.

Returning to Harvard as Professor of Surgery, he established a renowned school of neurosurgery. He retired from Harvard in 1932, becoming Stirling Professor of Neurosurgery until 1937 and then Director of Studies in the History of Medicine at Yale.

His researches in neurophysiology were extensive and the eponymous pituitary syndrome is only one of a large number of discoveries in the field. He was awarded numerous honours, both American and international. He was a noted bibliophile, particularly of medical books and manuscripts, and his own extensive collection was bequeathed to Yale, becoming an important part of the Historical Medical Library.

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SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors, Electricity, Ports and shipping

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Nils Gustav Dalen is probably best known as the inventor of the solid-fuel Aga Cooker. He was confined at home for some time in the 1920s, having been blinded as the result of an accident, and found the time to consider the need for an efficient, clean, attractive-looking cooker that would be economical in fuel consumption. The resultant cooking range of 1924 was based on sound scientific principles, was simple to manage and needed a minimum of attention.

The first Aga contained a cast-iron firebox enclosed in an insulated jacket of kieselguhr. The firebox was connected to cast-iron hotplates and ovens, all designed so that the heat was conducted to the various parts at precisely the correct temperatures for all types of cooking: simmering, boiling, roasting, baking and grilling. The hotplate heat was maintained at the desired temperature by way of insulated hinged covers that were lifted only when the hotplate was in use. The Aga was made in Sweden and was introduced into Britain in 1929. It was noted for being costly to purchase but inexpensive to run as no energy was wasted.

Dalen is also known for his invention of the "sun valve", a device which, as required, automatically lighted or extinguished light beacons and buoys; this invention brought him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1912.

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

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Jenney's Home Insurance Building in Chicago was completed in 1885 but demolished in 1931. It was the first building to rise above ten to twelve storeys and was possible because it did not require immensely thick walls on the lower storeys to carry the weight above. Using square-sectioned cast-iron wall piers, hollow cylindrical cast-iron columns on the interior and, across these, steel and cast-iron beams and girders, Jenney produced a load-bearing metal framework independent of the curtain walling. Beams and girders were united by ties as well as being bolted to the vertical members, so providing a strong framework to take the building load. Jenney went on to build in Chicago the Second Leiter Building (1889–91) and, in 1891, the Manhattan Building. He played a considerable part in the planning of the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. Jenney is accepted as having been the founder of the Chicago school of architecture, and he trained many of the later noted architects and builders of the city, such as William Holabird, Martin Roche and Louis Sullivan.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Mining and extraction technology, Weapons and armour

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The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.

It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.

In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Volk was the son of a German immigrant clockmaker and continued the business with his mother after his father died in 1869, although when he married in 1879 his profession was described as "electrician". He installed Brighton's first telephone the same year and in 1880 he installed electric lighting in his own house, using a Siemens Brothers dynamo (see Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von) driven by a Crossley gas engine. This was probably one of the first half-dozen such installations in Britain. Magnus Volk \& Co. became noted electrical manufacturers and contractors, and, inter alia, installed electric light in Brighton Pavilion in place of gas.

By 1883 Volk had moved house. He had kept the dynamo and gas engine used to light his previous house, and he also had available an electric motor from a cancelled order. After approaching the town clerk of Brighton, he was given permission for a limited period to build and operate a 2 ft (61 cm) gauge electric railway along the foreshore. Using the electrical equipment he already had, Volk built the line, a quarter of a mile (400 m) long, in eight weeks. The car was built by a local coachbuilder, with the motor under the seat; electric current at 50 volts was drawn from one running rail and returned through the other.

The railway was opened on 4 August 1883. It operated regularly for several months and then, permission to run it having been renewed, it was rebuilt for the 1884 season to 2 ft 9 in. (84 cm) gauge, with improved equipment. Despite storm damage from time to time, Volk's Electric Railway, extended in length, has become an enduring feature of Brighton's sea front. In 1887 Volk made an electric dogcart, and an electric van which he built for the Sultan of Turkey was probably the first motor vehicle built in Britain for export. In 1896 he opened the Brighton \& Rottingdean Seashore Electric Tramroad, with very wide-gauge track laid between the high-and low-tide lines, and a long-legged, multi-wheel car to run upon it, through the water if necessary. This lasted only until 1901, however. Volk subsequently became an early enthusiast for aircraft.

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пронос еды и напитков на объекты
Вопрос, касающийся контроля проноса еды и напитков на спортивные трибуны, может привлечь повышенное внимание прессы и требует особого решения. Если по соображениям обеспечения порядка и/или здоровья и безопасности будет приняты решение о том, что еда и напитки попадают в список запрещенных предметов, важно, чтобы ОКОИ публично разъяснил причины такого решения. Следует заметить, что такой запрет не должен распространяться на спортсменов и управомоченных вещателей, т.к. у спортсменов существуют особые потребности в отношении питья и приема пищи, а право вещателей проносить на объект еду и напитки оговаривается в соответствующих контрактах.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

bringing food and beverages into venues
Control of bringing food and beverage items into the venue can be a delicate and media sensitive issue. Should for security and/or health and safety reasons food and beverage items be placed on the prohibited items list, it is essential that the OCOG communicates accurately the reasons for such a policy. It should be noted that athletes and rights holding broadcasters should be exempted from such a policy due to athletes having specific dietary and fluid intake needs and broadcasters a contractual right to bring food and beverages into the venue.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• спорт (службы Игр)

EN

• bringing food and beverages into venues

 

пронос еды и напитков на объекты
Вопрос, касающийся контроля проноса еды и напитков на спортивные трибуны, может привлечь повышенное внимание прессы и требует особого решения. Если по соображениям обеспечения порядка и/или здоровья и безопасности будет приняты решение о том, что еда и напитки попадают в список запрещенных предметов, важно, чтобы ОКОИ публично разъяснил причины такого решения. Следует заметить, что такой запрет не должен распространяться на спортсменов и управомоченных вещателей, т.к. у спортсменов существуют особые потребности в отношении питья и приема пищи, а право вещателей проносить на объект еду и напитки оговаривается в соответствующих контрактах.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

bringing food and beverages into venues
Control of bringing food and beverage items into the venue can be a delicate and media sensitive issue. Should for security and/or health and safety reasons food and beverage items be placed on the prohibited items list, it is essential that the OCOG communicates accurately the reasons for such a policy. It should be noted that athletes and rights holding broadcasters should be exempted from such a policy due to athletes having specific dietary and fluid intake needs and broadcasters a contractual right to bring food and beverages into the venue.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• спорт (службы Игр)

EN

• bringing food and beverages into venues