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had+penetrated+into

  • 1 penetro

    pĕnē̆tro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [root pa- of pasco; v. penates].
    I.
    Act.
    A.
    To put, place, or set any thing into any thing (ante- and post-class.; v. Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 109).
    1.
    Lit.:

    penetrare pedem intra aedes,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 64; 2, 3, 49: quo illic homo foras se penetrat ex aedibus? to betake one's self, go in any direction, id. Trin. 2, 2, 1:

    me ad pluris penetravi,

    id. ib. v. 14:

    se in fugam,

    to take to flight, id. Am. 1, 1, 94:

    in eam (specum) me penetro et recondo,

    Gell. 5, 14, 18.— To enter, penetrate:

    ea intra pectus se penetravit potio,

    Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 23.—In the same sense, mid.:

    quae penetrata queunt sensum progignere acerbum,

    having entered, having penetrated, Lucr. 4, 670; 1246.—
    2.
    Trop.:

    Labeo Antistius in grammaticam sese atque dialecticam litterasque antiquiores altioresque penetraverat,

    had penetrated into, Gell. 13, 10, 1.—
    B.
    Aliquid, to pierce into any thing; to enter, penetrate any thing ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).
    1.
    Lit., Lucr. 4, 894:

    (semen) penetrare locos nequit,

    id. 4, 1246:

    vox aures penetrat,

    id. 4, 613:

    hominem cum vini vis penetravit Acris,

    id. 3, 476:

    Illyricos sinus,

    Verg. A. 1, 243:

    nave Aegyptum,

    Suet. Caes. 52:

    mediae cryptam Suburrae,

    Juv. 5, 106. — Pass.:

    ut (India) penitus nequeat penetrari,

    Lucr. 2, 539:

    penetratae cum victoriā Media, Albania, etc.,

    Vell. 2, 40, 1:

    penetrata limina montis,

    Stat. S. 4, 6, 104:

    iter L. Lucullo penetratum,

    Tac. A. 15, 27.—
    2.
    Trop.:

    id Tiberii animum altius penetravit,

    Tac. A. 1, 69; cf. id. ib. 3, 4.—With subject-clause:

    tum penetrabat eos, posse haec, etc.,

    it entered their thoughts, it occurred to them, Lucr. 5, 1262.—
    II.
    Neutr., to enter, penetrate into any place or thing, betake one's self (class.; cf.: pervado, permano).
    A.
    Lit.:

    in palaestram,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 32:

    sub terras,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 107:

    ad os Pelusii,

    Curt. 4, 1, 29:

    in ipsum portum,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 96:

    in castra hostium,

    Liv. 2, 12, 3:

    in artissimas fauces,

    Curt. 5, 3, 17:

    ad urbes,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

    per angustias,

    id. Tusc. 1, 20, 45:

    intra vallum,

    Liv. 39, 31:

    in urbem,

    id. 2, 53:

    cum eo penetrasset,

    thus far, Nep. Chabr. 4:

    astra per caelum penetrantia,

    Cic. Univ. 9:

    penetrat vox ad aures,

    Ov. M. 12, 42:

    usque ad nares,

    Cels. 7, 7.— Impers. pass.:

    in eam speluncam penetratum cum signis est,

    Liv. 10, 1.—
    B.
    Trop.:

    Romuli animus haec ipsa in templa penetravit,

    Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:

    hominum ratio in caelum usque penetravit,

    id. N. D. 2, 61, 163:

    nulla res magis penetrat in animos,

    id. Brut. 38, 142:

    penetrare ad sensum judicis opinionemque,

    id. Part. 36:

    quo non ars penetrat?

    Ov. A. A. 3, 291:

    in provincias quoque grammatica penetraverat,

    Suet. Gram. 3.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > penetro

  • 2 penetrar

    v.
    1 to pierce, to penetrate (introducirse en) (sujeto: arma, sonido).
    Los policías penetraron The policemen penetrated.
    Ella penetró el misterio She penetrated=understood the mystery.
    El ácido penetra la piel Acid penetrates the skin.
    La bala penetra la pared The bullet pierces the wall.
    2 to get to the bottom of (secreto, misterio).
    3 to penetrate (sexualmente).
    4 to go deep into, to penetrate.
    El misil penetró la tierra The missile went deep into the ground.
    * * *
    1 (introducirse - en un territorio) to penetrate (en, -); (- en una casa, propiedad) to enter
    2 (atravesar) to penetrate, seep through
    3 figurado (entender) to comprehend (en, -); (analizar) to look (en, into)
    1 (atravesar) to penetrate; (ruido) to pierce
    2 (descifrar - misterio) to get to the bottom of; (- secreto) to fathom (out)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=entrar)

    penetraron a través de o por una claraboya — they entered through a skylight

    el agua había penetrado a través de o por las paredes — the water had seeped into the walls

    penetrar en: penetramos en un túnel — we went into o entered a tunnel

    el cuchillo penetró en la carne — the knife went into o entered o penetrated the flesh

    2) frm (=descifrar) to penetrate
    2. VT
    1) (=atravesar) to go right through
    2) [sexualmente] to penetrate
    3) frm (=descubrir) [+ misterio] to fathom; [+ secreto] to unlock; [+ sentido] to grasp; [+ intención] to see through, grasp
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) ( entrar)

    penetrar por algo — agua/humedad to seep through something

    b) ( en el acto sexual) to penetrate
    2.
    a) <defensa/membrana> to penetrate
    b) (liter) <misterio/secreto> to fathom, penetrate (liter)
    c) (Com) < mercado> to penetrate
    d) ( en el acto sexual) to penetrate
    * * *
    = cut through, go into, penetrate, go in, permeate, break through, tread into, seep into, seep through, seep, pervade, see through, insinuate + Reflexivo + (into), insinuate + Posesivo + way through, insinuate into, pierce, intromit.
    Ex. Publishers attempting to cut through this nomenclature morass can check with the library's administration.
    Ex. As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.
    Ex. But the leaven of the principles, promulgated by the International Federation, has not yet penetrated into more than half the lump of documentary material.
    Ex. But in the country the processes of printing always provoke such lively curiosity that the customers preferred to go in by a glazed door set in the shop-front and giving onto the street.
    Ex. This concept permeates all bibliothecal activities from start to finish, especially indexing and abstracting.
    Ex. Is there a glass ceiling for librarians? If so, what's the best way to break through it?.
    Ex. This seems to suggest that Schopenhauer may have trodden much further into the mystics' domain than he is willing to admit.
    Ex. Rampant commercialism is seeping into every crevice of American culture.
    Ex. The consequences were beginning to seep through to respondents at the time of the visits made to them and were creating a great deal of concern.
    Ex. The outer edges of the sheet -- the deckle edges -- are rough and uneven where the stuff seeped between the deckle and the mould.
    Ex. I strongly believe that we must cultivate a more positive attitude towards change in the field of library work, and that this attitude must pervade all levels of librarianship.
    Ex. Books can seldom be disbound for the benefit of bibliographers (although it is worth remembering that they sometimes have to be rebound, when they are completely dismembered), but we can now see through printing ink by means of betaradiography.
    Ex. But self-concern can insinuate itself into every corner of the emotional life.
    Ex. As they insinuated their way through the stack area, the secretary responded that all she knew was that the director had just returned from a meeting.
    Ex. While endorsing the thought that language is insinuated into brains, I also identify what I believe is the theory's Achilles heel.
    Ex. She waited like Saint Sebastian for the arrows to begin piercing her.
    Ex. During copulation, hamster females maintain lordosis for hundreds of seconds, while the male mounts and intromits repeatedly.
    ----
    * osar penetrar = venture into.
    * palabras + penetrar = words + sink.
    * penetrar de un modo inclinado = slant into.
    * penetrar una barrera = break through + barrier.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) ( entrar)

    penetrar por algo — agua/humedad to seep through something

    b) ( en el acto sexual) to penetrate
    2.
    a) <defensa/membrana> to penetrate
    b) (liter) <misterio/secreto> to fathom, penetrate (liter)
    c) (Com) < mercado> to penetrate
    d) ( en el acto sexual) to penetrate
    * * *
    = cut through, go into, penetrate, go in, permeate, break through, tread into, seep into, seep through, seep, pervade, see through, insinuate + Reflexivo + (into), insinuate + Posesivo + way through, insinuate into, pierce, intromit.

    Ex: Publishers attempting to cut through this nomenclature morass can check with the library's administration.

    Ex: As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.
    Ex: But the leaven of the principles, promulgated by the International Federation, has not yet penetrated into more than half the lump of documentary material.
    Ex: But in the country the processes of printing always provoke such lively curiosity that the customers preferred to go in by a glazed door set in the shop-front and giving onto the street.
    Ex: This concept permeates all bibliothecal activities from start to finish, especially indexing and abstracting.
    Ex: Is there a glass ceiling for librarians? If so, what's the best way to break through it?.
    Ex: This seems to suggest that Schopenhauer may have trodden much further into the mystics' domain than he is willing to admit.
    Ex: Rampant commercialism is seeping into every crevice of American culture.
    Ex: The consequences were beginning to seep through to respondents at the time of the visits made to them and were creating a great deal of concern.
    Ex: The outer edges of the sheet -- the deckle edges -- are rough and uneven where the stuff seeped between the deckle and the mould.
    Ex: I strongly believe that we must cultivate a more positive attitude towards change in the field of library work, and that this attitude must pervade all levels of librarianship.
    Ex: Books can seldom be disbound for the benefit of bibliographers (although it is worth remembering that they sometimes have to be rebound, when they are completely dismembered), but we can now see through printing ink by means of betaradiography.
    Ex: But self-concern can insinuate itself into every corner of the emotional life.
    Ex: As they insinuated their way through the stack area, the secretary responded that all she knew was that the director had just returned from a meeting.
    Ex: While endorsing the thought that language is insinuated into brains, I also identify what I believe is the theory's Achilles heel.
    Ex: She waited like Saint Sebastian for the arrows to begin piercing her.
    Ex: During copulation, hamster females maintain lordosis for hundreds of seconds, while the male mounts and intromits repeatedly.
    * osar penetrar = venture into.
    * palabras + penetrar = words + sink.
    * penetrar de un modo inclinado = slant into.
    * penetrar una barrera = break through + barrier.

    * * *
    penetrar [A1 ]
    vi
    1
    (en un lugar): la puerta por donde penetró el ladrón the door through which the thief entered
    el agua penetraba por entre las tejas water was seeping in o coming in between the tiles
    una luz tenue penetraba a través de los visillos a pale light filtered in through the lace curtains
    un intenso olor penetraba por todos los rincones de la casa a pungent smell pervaded every corner of the house
    penetrar EN algo:
    la bala penetró en el pulmón izquierdo the bullet pierced his left lung
    tropas enemigas han penetrado en nuestras fronteras enemy troops have pushed over o crossed o penetrated our borders
    hace un frío que penetra en los huesos the cold gets right into your bones
    la humedad había penetrado en las paredes the damp had seeped into the walls
    esta crema penetra rápidamente en la piel this cream is quickly absorbed by the skin
    2 (descubrir, descifrar) penetrar EN algo:
    intenta penetrar en la intimidad del personaje he attempts to delve into the personality of the character
    es difícil penetrar en su mente it is difficult to fathom his thoughts o ( colloq) to get inside his head
    4 (en el acto sexual) to penetrate
    ■ penetrar
    vt
    1 (atravesar) to penetrate
    un ruido que penetra los oídos a piercing o ear-splitting noise
    es difícil penetrar la corteza it is difficult to penetrate o get through the outer layer
    2 ‹misterio/secreto› to fathom
    3 ( Com) ‹mercado› to penetrate
    4 (en el acto sexual) to penetrate
    * * *

     

    penetrar ( conjugate penetrar) verbo intransitivo ( entrar) penetrar por algo [agua/humedad] to seep through sth;
    [ luz] to shine through sth;
    [ ladrón] to enter through sth;
    penetrar EN algo to penetrate sth
    verbo transitivo
    to penetrate;
    ◊ la bala le penetró el pulmón the bullet penetrated o entered his lung

    penetrar
    I verbo transitivo to penetrate: el aceite penetró el tejido y no pude sacar la mancha, the oil went straight through the material and I couldn't get it out
    era incapaz de penetrar el sentido de sus palabras, it was impossible to get to the bottom of his meaning
    un intenso olor penetraba el lugar, a strong smell seeped through the place
    II vi (en un recinto) to go o get [en, in]: un frente frío penetrará por el noroeste, a cold front will sweep over from the north-east
    el veneno penetró en la piel, the poison was soaked in through the skin

    ' penetrar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    calar
    - internarse
    English:
    come through
    - penetrate
    - pierce
    - sink in
    - soak in
    - strike through
    - break
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    el agua penetraba por la puerta the water was seeping under the door;
    la luz penetraba por entre las rendijas the light came filtering through the cracks;
    penetrar en o Am [m5]a [internarse en] to enter;
    [filtrarse por] to get into, to penetrate; [perforar] to pierce; [llegar a conocer] to get to the bottom of;
    cinco terroristas penetraron en el palacio five terrorists got into the palace;
    no consiguen penetrar en el mercado europeo they have been unable to penetrate the European market
    ♦ vt
    1. [introducirse en] [sujeto: arma, sonido] to pierce, to penetrate;
    [sujeto: humedad, líquido] to permeate; [sujeto: emoción, sentimiento] to pierce;
    la bala le penetró el corazón the bullet pierced her heart;
    el frío les penetraba hasta los huesos they were chilled to the bone;
    el grito le penetró los oídos the scream pierced her eardrums;
    han penetrado el mercado latinoamericano they have made inroads into o penetrated the Latin American market
    2. [secreto, misterio] to get to the bottom of
    3. [sexualmente] to penetrate
    * * *
    I v/t penetrate
    II v/i
    1 ( atravesar) penetrate
    2 ( entrar) enter
    3 de un líquido seep in
    * * *
    1) : to penetrate, to sink in
    2)
    penetrar en : to pierce, to go in, to enter into
    el frío penetra por la ventana: the cold comes right in through the window
    1) : to penetrate, to permeate
    2) : to pierce
    el dolor penetró su corazón: sorrow pierced her heart
    3) : to fathom, to understand
    * * *
    1. (entrar) to get into
    2. (perforar) to penetrate / to pierce

    Spanish-English dictionary > penetrar

  • 3 estímulo

    m.
    1 encouragement, drive, boost, incentive.
    2 incentive, inducement.
    * * *
    1 stimulus, stimulation
    2 figurado encouragement
    3 COMERCIO incentive
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Psic) stimulus
    2) (=incentivo) incentive
    * * *
    a) ( incentivo) encouragement

    sirve de estímulo a la inversión — it acts as an incentive to investment, it encourages investment

    b) (Biol, Fisiol) stimulus
    * * *
    = boost, incentive, leaven, prodding, spur, stimulation, stimulus [stimuli, -pl.], encouragement, enhancer, facilitator, prod, kick-start [kickstart], kick-start [kickstart], word of encouragement, nudge, titillation, driving force, stimulant, pick-me-up.
    Ex. Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.
    Ex. This article considers the strengths of a pay scale as a work incentive.
    Ex. But the leaven of the principles, promulgated by the International Federation, has not yet penetrated into more than half the lump of documentary material.
    Ex. Computers are quite adroit at such simple yes/no response without much prodding.
    Ex. This was a spur to several other London boroughs who set up shop-front consumer advice centres from 1972.
    Ex. The reader of this work can relive with some degree of verisimilitude the excitement and stimulation created by these institutes and such colloquies as the Kilgour-Lubetzky exchange.
    Ex. This was not intended as a criticism of their hard working colleagues but simply as an admission that they needed additional support and stimulus.
    Ex. Nevertheless my debts are real, and I particularly want to thank David Foxon for his illuminating commentary on the final sections, and D. F. McKenzie for his encouragement throughout.
    Ex. The low regard that many publishers have shown for indexers as enhancers of book sales and profitability may well have been justified in the past.
    Ex. Information technology may have acted as a catalyst or facilitator for some of the changes which have occurred.
    Ex. She sat back in her chair and considered her supervisor's gentle prods.
    Ex. That would be a great kick-start to raising awareness of IFLA 2002.
    Ex. That would be a great kick-start to raising awareness of IFLA 2002.
    Ex. This he knew happens to employees who are not given a word of encouragement, some recognition.
    Ex. Results showed that student teachers needed additional support, either via nudge or overt expectations, to actually apply what they had learned.
    Ex. At heart, it is a smirkingly adolescent pursuit of cheap laughs and mild titillation, with a surfeit of jokes involving breasts and bums and with new extremes of scatological humiliation.
    Ex. On-line services have been one of the most powerful driving forces moving information away from its traditional definition and towards the commodity view.
    Ex. The system consequently retrieves any record in which the term ' stimulants' appears.
    Ex. Maybe it's just a passing mood or maybe it's a particularly bad string of events, but sometimes in this hectic life we just need a pick-me-up.
    ----
    * dar estímulo = provide + boost.
    * estímulo excesivo = overstimulation.
    * estímulos visuales = visual stimuli.
    * ofrecer estímulo = provide + stimulus.
    * ser un estímulo = be motivating.
    * * *
    a) ( incentivo) encouragement

    sirve de estímulo a la inversión — it acts as an incentive to investment, it encourages investment

    b) (Biol, Fisiol) stimulus
    * * *
    = boost, incentive, leaven, prodding, spur, stimulation, stimulus [stimuli, -pl.], encouragement, enhancer, facilitator, prod, kick-start [kickstart], kick-start [kickstart], word of encouragement, nudge, titillation, driving force, stimulant, pick-me-up.

    Ex: Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.

    Ex: This article considers the strengths of a pay scale as a work incentive.
    Ex: But the leaven of the principles, promulgated by the International Federation, has not yet penetrated into more than half the lump of documentary material.
    Ex: Computers are quite adroit at such simple yes/no response without much prodding.
    Ex: This was a spur to several other London boroughs who set up shop-front consumer advice centres from 1972.
    Ex: The reader of this work can relive with some degree of verisimilitude the excitement and stimulation created by these institutes and such colloquies as the Kilgour-Lubetzky exchange.
    Ex: This was not intended as a criticism of their hard working colleagues but simply as an admission that they needed additional support and stimulus.
    Ex: Nevertheless my debts are real, and I particularly want to thank David Foxon for his illuminating commentary on the final sections, and D. F. McKenzie for his encouragement throughout.
    Ex: The low regard that many publishers have shown for indexers as enhancers of book sales and profitability may well have been justified in the past.
    Ex: Information technology may have acted as a catalyst or facilitator for some of the changes which have occurred.
    Ex: She sat back in her chair and considered her supervisor's gentle prods.
    Ex: That would be a great kick-start to raising awareness of IFLA 2002.
    Ex: That would be a great kick-start to raising awareness of IFLA 2002.
    Ex: This he knew happens to employees who are not given a word of encouragement, some recognition.
    Ex: Results showed that student teachers needed additional support, either via nudge or overt expectations, to actually apply what they had learned.
    Ex: At heart, it is a smirkingly adolescent pursuit of cheap laughs and mild titillation, with a surfeit of jokes involving breasts and bums and with new extremes of scatological humiliation.
    Ex: On-line services have been one of the most powerful driving forces moving information away from its traditional definition and towards the commodity view.
    Ex: The system consequently retrieves any record in which the term ' stimulants' appears.
    Ex: Maybe it's just a passing mood or maybe it's a particularly bad string of events, but sometimes in this hectic life we just need a pick-me-up.
    * dar estímulo = provide + boost.
    * estímulo excesivo = overstimulation.
    * estímulos visuales = visual stimuli.
    * ofrecer estímulo = provide + stimulus.
    * ser un estímulo = be motivating.

    * * *
    1 (incentivo) encouragement
    sirve de estímulo a la inversión it acts as an incentive o a stimulus to investment, it encourages investment
    2 ( Biol, Fisiol) stimulus
    * * *

    Del verbo estimular: ( conjugate estimular)

    estimulo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    estimuló es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    estimular    
    estímulo
    estimular ( conjugate estimular) verbo transitivo


    estímulo sustantivo masculino

    b) (Biol, Fisiol) stimulus

    estimular verbo transitivo
    1 (dar ánimos) to encourage
    2 (potenciar, activar) to stimulate
    estímulo sustantivo masculino
    1 (acicate, ánimo) encouragement
    2 Biol Fís stimulus
    (acción) stimulation
    ' estímulo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ánimo
    - incentivo
    - responder
    - respuesta
    - revulsiva
    - revulsivo
    - acicate
    - arriba
    English:
    boost
    - encouragement
    - inspiration
    - lift
    - shot
    - spur
    - stimulation
    - stimulus
    * * *
    1. [aliciente] incentive;
    [ánimo] encouragement;
    servir de estímulo to act o serve as an incentive;
    medidas de estímulo a la creación de empleo measures to encourage job creation
    2. Fisiol stimulus
    * * *
    m
    1 stimulus
    2 ( incentivo) incentive
    * * *
    1) : stimulus
    2) incentivo: incentive, encouragement
    * * *
    estímulo n stimulus [pl. stimuli]

    Spanish-English dictionary > estímulo

  • 4 Case, Jerome Increase

    [br]
    b. 1819 Williamstown, Oswego County, New York, USA
    d. 1891 USA
    [br]
    American manufacturer and founder of the Case company of agricultural engineers.
    [br]
    J.I.Case was the son of a former and began his working life operating the family's Groundhog threshing machine. He moved into contract threshing, and used the money he earned to pay his way through a business academy. He became the agent for the Groundhog thresher in his area and at the age of 23 decided to move west, taking six machines with him. He sold five of these to obtain working capital, and in 1842 moved from Williamstown, New York, to Rochester, Wisconsin, where he established his manufacturing company. He produced the first combined thresher-winnower in the US in 1843. Two years later he moved to Racine, on the shores of Lake Michigan in the same state. Within four years the Case company became Racine's biggest company and largest employer, a position it was to retain into the twentieth century. As early as 1860 Case was shipping threshing machines around the Horn to California.
    Apart from having practical expertise Case was also a skilled demonstrator, and it was this combination which resulted in the sure growth of his company. In 1869 he produced his first portable steam engine and in 1876 his first traction engine. By the mid 1870s he was selling a significant proportion of the machines in use in America. By 1878 Case threshing machines had penetrated the European market, and in 1885 sales to South America began. Case also became the world's largest manufacturer of steam engines.
    J.I.Case himself, whilst still actively involved with the company, also became involved in politics. He was Mayor of Racine for three terms and State Senator for two. He was also President of the Manufacturers' National Bank of Racine and Founder of the First National Bank of Burlington. He founded the Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters and was President of the Racine County Agricultural Society. He had time for sport and was owner of the world's all-time champion trotter-pacer.
    Continued expansion of the company after J.I. Case's death led eventually to its acquisition by Tenneco in 1967, and in 1985 the company took over International Harvester. As Case I.H. it continues to produce a full range of agricultural, earth-moving and heavy-transport equipment.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Despite the size and importance of the company he created, very little has been written about Case. On particular anniversaries the company has produced celebratory publications, and surprisingly these still seem to be the main source of information about him.
    R.B.Gray, 1975, The Agricultural Tractor 1855–1950, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (traces the history of power on the farm, in which Case and his machines played such an important role).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Case, Jerome Increase

  • 5 проникать через

    Проникать через-- Metallographic examination of the pins revealed that in nearly all instances corrosion had penetrated the coating and in some places had extended into the substrate alloy.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > проникать через

  • 6 иметь

    have; также служебный глагол
    Having exchanged (русск. деепричастие прош. вр.: см. также предисловие) .
    their original forest habitats for open landscapes, the pioneer species proceeded to spread along two main routes. Some of the species have extended their ranges south from African tropical forests into open arid regions of South Africa .
    Species of undoubtedly African origin has, by expanding along two different routes – through Iceland and Greenland in the west and across the Bering Strait in the east, penetrated into the New World. .
    This ancestral species had adapted to living in savannas and steppes, but nevertheless succeeded in colonizing new areas in North Africa, Arabia and the Middle East .
    This colonization may have taken place (могла предположительно, иметь место) in the period when suitable habitats for the species became predominant in these regions .
    These mutual displays have never been observed to lead to copulation in this species .
    In all the cases discussed we are dealing with so-called allopatric forms whose breeding ranges are not contiguous, but rather situated well apart from each other .
    Many non-raptorial birds deal with large food items by beating them vigorously prior to swallowing .

    Русско-английский словарь по этологии (поведению животных) > иметь

  • 7 noticia

    f.
    news.
    su hijo le dio la noticia his son broke the news to him
    me enteré de la noticia ayer I heard the news yesterday
    tener noticias to have news
    ¿tienes noticias suyas? have you heard from him?
    las noticias the news
    noticias de última hora the latest news
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: noticiar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: noticiar.
    * * *
    ■ acaba de llegarnos la noticia de que... news is just coming in of...
    ■ ¿has tenido noticias de Laura? have you had any news from Laura?, have you heard anything from Laura?
    1 the news
    \
    dar la noticia to break the news
    ¡primera noticia! that's news to me!
    ser noticia to be in the news
    noticia bomba bombshell
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=información) news

    ¿hay alguna noticia? — any news?

    estar atrasado de noticias — to be behind the times, lack up-to-date information

    ¡noticias frescas! — iró tell me a new one!

    noticia bomba — * bombshell *

    noticia de portada — front-page news, headline news

    2) (=conocimiento)
    NOTICIA ► Para traducir la palabra noticia al inglés, hay que tener en cuenta que el sustantivo news es incontable y lleva el verbo en singular: Las noticias de hoy no son nada buenas Today's news isn't very good Cuando recibió la noticia se puso a llorar When she received the news she burst into tears ► Cuando queremos precisar que se trata de una noticia en particular o de un número determinado de noticias utilizamos la expresión piece/ pieces of news: Había dos noticias que nos parecieron preocupantes There were two pieces of news that we found worrying Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    a) ( informe)

    buenas/malas noticias — good/bad news

    ¿quién le va a dar la noticia? — who's going to break the news to him?

    hacer noticia — to hit the headlines

    b) noticias femenino plural ( referencias) news

    no tenemos noticias suyas — ( provenientes de él) we haven't heard from him; ( provenientes de otra persona) we haven't had (any) news of him

    c) (información, conocimiento)
    * * *
    = announcement, news, newswire, news item, item of news, news story, bit of information, news broadcast.
    Ex. Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.
    Ex. Next came the good news that war between member states had been rendered inconceivable, even though the prospect of war was on nobody's mind at the time.
    Ex. The number of full text data bases on-line is also increasing, providing instant access to newspapers and newswires, popular magazines and scholarly journals.
    Ex. From January 1981, the name will be 'Current Technology Index,' and the coverage will be increased, both in terms of journals indexed and other items included, eg news items.
    Ex. This item of news penetrated his heart like a stab = Esta noticia penetró su corazón como una puñalada.
    Ex. This a cross-cultural experiment on how well audiences remember news stories from newspaper, computer, television, and radio sources.
    Ex. Outside the portacabin there is a board with a few useful bits of information, such as the temperature of the water, visibility, and opening/closing times.
    Ex. They include books, letters, historical documents, photographs, news broadcasts, press statements and audiotapes of speeches = Contienen libros, cartas, documentos históricos, fotografías, noticias, conferencias de prensa, y casetes de discurso.
    ----
    * acaparar las noticias = grab + the headlines, hit + the headlines.
    * agencia de noticias = news office, news agency, newspaper agency, news organisation.
    * agencias de noticias = news media.
    * agente de noticias web = newsbot.
    * boletín de noticias = newsletter.
    * buenas noticas, las = good word, the.
    * buenas noticias = glad tidings.
    * buscar la noticia = grab at + a headline.
    * columnista de agencia de noticias = syndicated columnist.
    * conocer la noticia = learn + the news.
    * dar la noticia = give + the news.
    * difundir la noticia = spread + the word, spread + the good word, pass on + the good word, spread + the news.
    * difundir noticias = broadcast + news.
    * el mundo de las noticias = newsmaking.
    * enterarse de la noticia = learn + the news.
    * esperamos sus noticias = look forward to + hearing from you.
    * foro de noticias = newsgroup [news group].
    * impresión de noticias = news-printing.
    * indizador de noticias web = newsbot.
    * la buena noticia = the good news.
    * llegar noticias = come to + Posesivo + notice.
    * mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * no tener noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.
    * noticia de periódico = newspaper account.
    * noticia de última hora = hot off the press(es).
    * noticia por cable = newswire.
    * noticias = news, news information.
    * noticias de actualidad = current events, current news events, current news.
    * noticias deportivas = sports news, sports score, sports results.
    * noticias de radio y/o televisión = broadcast news.
    * noticias de última hora = breaking news.
    * noticias diarias de interés = daily news alerts.
    * noticias + difundirse = news + spread.
    * noticias por cable = cable news.
    * noticia web en formato RSS = RSS feed.
    * parecido a las noticias = news-type.
    * programa de noticias = news programme.
    * publicación de una noticia dos veces = crossposting [cross-posting].
    * publicar una noticia en varias listas de correo = cross post [cross-post].
    * que no haya noticas es buena señal = no news is good news.
    * recibir noticias de = hear from.
    * resumen de noticias = roundup [round-up], roundup of news, roundup of news.
    * retransmitir noticias = broadcast + news.
    * servicio de noticias = news service.
    * tablón electrónico de noticias = electronic bulletin board (EEB), bulletin board system (BBS).
    * tener noticias de = hear from.
    * tipo noticias = news-type.
    * titular de noticias = news headline.
    * * *
    a) ( informe)

    buenas/malas noticias — good/bad news

    ¿quién le va a dar la noticia? — who's going to break the news to him?

    hacer noticia — to hit the headlines

    b) noticias femenino plural ( referencias) news

    no tenemos noticias suyas — ( provenientes de él) we haven't heard from him; ( provenientes de otra persona) we haven't had (any) news of him

    c) (información, conocimiento)
    * * *
    = announcement, news, newswire, news item, item of news, news story, bit of information, news broadcast.

    Ex: Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.

    Ex: Next came the good news that war between member states had been rendered inconceivable, even though the prospect of war was on nobody's mind at the time.
    Ex: The number of full text data bases on-line is also increasing, providing instant access to newspapers and newswires, popular magazines and scholarly journals.
    Ex: From January 1981, the name will be 'Current Technology Index,' and the coverage will be increased, both in terms of journals indexed and other items included, eg news items.
    Ex: This item of news penetrated his heart like a stab = Esta noticia penetró su corazón como una puñalada.
    Ex: This a cross-cultural experiment on how well audiences remember news stories from newspaper, computer, television, and radio sources.
    Ex: Outside the portacabin there is a board with a few useful bits of information, such as the temperature of the water, visibility, and opening/closing times.
    Ex: They include books, letters, historical documents, photographs, news broadcasts, press statements and audiotapes of speeches = Contienen libros, cartas, documentos históricos, fotografías, noticias, conferencias de prensa, y casetes de discurso.
    * acaparar las noticias = grab + the headlines, hit + the headlines.
    * agencia de noticias = news office, news agency, newspaper agency, news organisation.
    * agencias de noticias = news media.
    * agente de noticias web = newsbot.
    * boletín de noticias = newsletter.
    * buenas noticas, las = good word, the.
    * buenas noticias = glad tidings.
    * buscar la noticia = grab at + a headline.
    * columnista de agencia de noticias = syndicated columnist.
    * conocer la noticia = learn + the news.
    * dar la noticia = give + the news.
    * difundir la noticia = spread + the word, spread + the good word, pass on + the good word, spread + the news.
    * difundir noticias = broadcast + news.
    * el mundo de las noticias = newsmaking.
    * enterarse de la noticia = learn + the news.
    * esperamos sus noticias = look forward to + hearing from you.
    * foro de noticias = newsgroup [news group].
    * impresión de noticias = news-printing.
    * indizador de noticias web = newsbot.
    * la buena noticia = the good news.
    * llegar noticias = come to + Posesivo + notice.
    * mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * no tener noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.
    * noticia de periódico = newspaper account.
    * noticia de última hora = hot off the press(es).
    * noticia por cable = newswire.
    * noticias = news, news information.
    * noticias de actualidad = current events, current news events, current news.
    * noticias deportivas = sports news, sports score, sports results.
    * noticias de radio y/o televisión = broadcast news.
    * noticias de última hora = breaking news.
    * noticias diarias de interés = daily news alerts.
    * noticias + difundirse = news + spread.
    * noticias por cable = cable news.
    * noticia web en formato RSS = RSS feed.
    * parecido a las noticias = news-type.
    * programa de noticias = news programme.
    * publicación de una noticia dos veces = crossposting [cross-posting].
    * publicar una noticia en varias listas de correo = cross post [cross-post].
    * que no haya noticas es buena señal = no news is good news.
    * recibir noticias de = hear from.
    * resumen de noticias = roundup [round-up], roundup of news, roundup of news.
    * retransmitir noticias = broadcast + news.
    * servicio de noticias = news service.
    * tablón electrónico de noticias = electronic bulletin board (EEB), bulletin board system (BBS).
    * tener noticias de = hear from.
    * tipo noticias = news-type.
    * titular de noticias = news headline.

    * * *
    1
    (informe): las noticias son alarmantes the news is alarming
    ¡qué noticia más deprimente! what a depressing piece of news!, what depressing news!
    la noticia de su muerte the news of his death
    traigo buenas/malas noticias I have some good/bad news
    tengo que darte una mala noticia I have some bad news for you
    ¿quién le va a dar la noticia? who's going to break the news to him?
    nos llega una noticia de última hora or de último momento some late news has just come in
    la última noticia del programa the final item on the news
    estar atrasado de noticias to be out of touch, be behind with the news
    hacer noticia to make news, hit the headlines
    ya hace un mes que se fue y seguimos sin noticias she left a month ago and we still haven't heard anything o had any news
    hace meses que no tenemos noticias suyas (provenientes de él) we haven't heard from him for months; (provenientes de otra persona) we haven't had (any) news of him for months
    3
    (información, conocimiento): no tenía noticia de que hubiera problemas I had no idea o I didn't know (that) there were problems
    Compuesto:
    ( fam):
    lo de su divorcio fue una noticia bomba the news of their divorce was a real bombshell ( colloq)
    traigo una noticia bomba I have some amazing o incredible news for you
    * * *

     

    noticia sustantivo femenino
    1 ( información):
    ◊ una noticia a piece o an item of news;

    buenas/malas noticias good/bad news;
    la última noticia del programa the final item on the news;
    una noticia de última hora a late o last-minute news item
    2
    ◊ noticias sustantivo femenino plural




    ( provenientes de otra persona) we haven't had (any) news of him
    b) (Rad, TV) news

    noticia sustantivo femenino
    1 news sing: es una buena/mala noticia, it's good/bad news
    mañana le daré la noticia, tomorrow I'll break the news to him
    2 voy a ver las noticias, I'm going to watch the news
    ' noticia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abultar
    - alcance
    - aliento
    - anuncio
    - callar
    - cobertura
    - conmocionar
    - dar
    - desplomarse
    - divulgarse
    - ensombrecerse
    - escopetazo
    - evidenciar
    - excesivamente
    - expandirse
    - filtrar
    - filtración
    - filtrarse
    - halagüeña
    - halagüeño
    - helada
    - helado
    - improviso
    - inflar
    - pregonar
    - producir
    - propagar
    - recibir
    - resonancia
    - respiración
    - resumir
    - ruidosa
    - ruidoso
    - rumor
    - sensación
    - sentar
    - silenciar
    - sumir
    - transmitir
    - última
    - último
    - voz
    - a
    - acoger
    - acogida
    - actualidad
    - afectar
    - aguardar
    - anunciar
    - aturdimiento
    English:
    announcement
    - bedlam
    - bit
    - blue
    - bombshell
    - brief
    - buckle
    - deny
    - development
    - earthshattering
    - encouraging
    - flash
    - flinch
    - front-page
    - get
    - get about
    - get out
    - headline
    - hit
    - impact
    - item
    - juicy
    - lead story
    - let out
    - me
    - news
    - newsflash
    - out
    - outrage
    - overjoyed
    - piece
    - public
    - red-hot
    - release
    - report
    - rock
    - sensational
    - shatter
    - shock
    - shocking
    - sink in
    - slant
    - spread
    - spring
    - story
    - stunning
    - suppress
    - thunderbolt
    - unreliable
    - unwelcome
    * * *
    1. [información, hecho] news [singular];
    una noticia a piece of news;
    tengo una buena/mala noticia I've got some good/bad news;
    me enteré de la noticia ayer I heard the news yesterday;
    su hijo le dio la noticia his son broke the news to him;
    noticias de última hora the latest news
    Fam noticia bomba bombshell;
    ¡noticia bomba!, ¡nos van a subir el sueldo! shock! horror! we're getting a pay Br rise o US raise!
    2.
    las noticias [en televisión] the news
    3. [conocimiento]
    ¿tienes noticias suyas? have you heard from him?;
    no tengo noticia de que se haya cambiado la fecha I haven't heard anything about the date being changed
    * * *
    f piece of news; en noticiario news story, item of news;
    tener noticia de algo have news of sth;
    noticias pl news sg ;
    no tengo noticias de él I haven’t had any news from him
    * * *
    1) : news item, piece of news
    2) noticias nfpl
    : news
    * * *
    1. (en general) news
    Recuerda que news es un nombre incontable, pero que existe la fórmula a piece of news
    2. (en periodismo) news item / story [pl. stories]
    ¿quién firma la noticia? who wrote the story?

    Spanish-English dictionary > noticia

  • 8 internar

    v.
    1 to send to boarding school.
    2 to take to the hospital.
    3 to put in a home, to intern, to send in, to put in an institution.
    El médico internó al paciente The doctor put away the patient.
    4 to take inside.
    5 to put under restraint, to shut in, to imprison.
    El juez internó al malhechor The judge imprisoned the wrongdoer.
    * * *
    1 (en un colegio) to send to boarding school; (en un hospital) to confine (en, to)
    1 (penetrar) to penetrate
    * * *
    verb
    to confine, commit
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=ingresar) (Mil) to intern; (Med) to admit (en to)
    2) (=enviar tierra adentro) to send inland
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo

    está (como) para que lo internen — (esp CS fam) he should be certified (colloq)

    2.
    internarse v pron

    internarse en algo — <en bosque/espesura> to penetrate into something, to go deep into something

    b) (CS) ( en hospital) to go into the hospital
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo

    está (como) para que lo internen — (esp CS fam) he should be certified (colloq)

    2.
    internarse v pron

    internarse en algo — <en bosque/espesura> to penetrate into something, to go deep into something

    b) (CS) ( en hospital) to go into the hospital
    * * *
    internar [A1 ]
    vt
    la internaron en un manicomio she was put in an asylum
    lo internaron en el hospital he was admitted to (the) hospital, he was hospitalized
    vamos a tener que internarlo we are going to have to take him to (the) hospital
    está (como) para que lo internen ( esp CS fam); he should be certified ( colloq)
    1 (adentrarse) internarse EN algo:
    se internaron en el bosque they penetrated o went deep into the woods
    2 (CS) (en un hospital) to go into the hospital ( AmE) o ( BrE), into hospital
    * * *

    internar ( conjugate internar) verbo transitivo:

    lo internaron en el hospital he was admitted to (the) hospital;
    tuvimos que internarlo we had to take him to (the) hospital
    internarse verbo pronominal
    a) ( adentrarse) internarse en algo ‹en bosque/espesura› to penetrate into sth, to go deep into sth


    internar vtr (en un hospital) to admit
    (en un manicomio) to confine
    ' internar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    asilar
    English:
    intern
    - admit
    - commit
    - hospitalize
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [en colegio] to send to boarding school (en at); [en manicomio] to commit (en to); [en campo de concentración] to intern (en in); RP [en hospital] to admit (en to);
    la internaron en un colegio muy prestigioso they sent her to a very prestigious boarding school
    * * *
    v/t
    1 POL intern
    2 MED admit (to hospital)
    * * *
    : to commit, to confine

    Spanish-English dictionary > internar

  • 9 durchdringen

    v/i (unreg., trennb., ist -ge-)
    1. ( auch durchdringen durch) get through; Flüssigkeit: auch seep through; Nachricht: get out, leak (out); durchdringen zu Nachricht: reach, get to
    2. fig. Person: succeed ( mit with); mit etw. durchdringen auch get s.th. accepted
    —
    v/t (unreg., untr., hat)
    1. penetrate; er durchdrang mich mit seinem Blick his look went right through me
    2. fig. mit dem Verstand: fathom, grasp
    3. (erfüllen) pervade, permeate; durchdrungen
    * * *
    to permeate; to pervade; to penetrate; to pierce; to imbue
    * * *
    dụrch|drin|gen ['dʊrçdrɪŋən]
    vi sep irreg aux sein
    1) (= hindurchkommen) to penetrate (durch etw sth); (Flüssigkeit, Kälte, Sonne) to come through (durch etw sth); (Stimme, Geräusch) to be heard (durch etw through sth)

    bis zu jdm durchdringen (fig) — to go or get as far as sb

    bei, in +dat by)
    * * *
    das
    2) (to move, go or make a way into, past, or through (something): The bullet penetrated his shoulder; Their minds could not penetrate the mystery.) penetrate
    3) ((of a liquid, gas etc) to pass or spread into or through: The water had permeated (through/into) the soil.) permeate
    4) ((of pointed objects) to go into or through (something): The arrow pierced his arm; A sudden light pierced the darkness.) pierce
    * * *
    durch|drin·gen1
    [ˈdʊrçdrɪŋən]
    vi irreg Hilfsverb: sein
    1. (durch etw dringen)
    ▪ [durch etw akk] \durchdringen to come through [sth]
    ▪ [bis zu jdm] \durchdringen to carry through [as far as sb]
    ihre Stimmen drangen durch die dünne Wand bis zu den Nachbarn durch their voices carried through the thin wall as far as the[ir] neighbours [or reached the neighbours through the thin wall
    ▪ zu jdm \durchdringen to get as far as sb
    der Präsident ist zu gut abgeschirmt, zu ihm kann kein Attentäter \durchdringen the president is too well protected for any [potential] assassin to get close to him
    4. (sich durchsetzen)
    ▪ [bei jdm/in etw dat] mit etw dat \durchdringen to get sth accepted [by sb/sth]
    durch·drin·gen *2
    [dʊrçˈdrɪŋən]
    ▪ etw \durchdringen to penetrate sth
    ▪ jdn \durchdringen to pervade sb
    * * *
    I
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein < rain, sun> come through

    durch etwas durchdringen — penetrate something; come through something

    II
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb penetrate
    * * *
    'durchdringen v/i (irr, trennb, ist -ge-)
    1. ( auch
    durchdringen durch) get through; Flüssigkeit: auch seep through; Nachricht: get out, leak (out);
    durchdringen zu Nachricht: reach, get to
    2. fig Person: succeed (
    mit with);
    mit etwas durchdringen auch get sth accepted
    durch'dringen v/t (irr, untrennb, hat)
    1. penetrate;
    er durchdrang mich mit seinem Blick his look went right through me
    2. fig mit dem Verstand: fathom, grasp
    3. (erfüllen) pervade, permeate; → durchdrungen
    * * *
    I
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein <rain, sun> come through

    durch etwas durchdringen — penetrate something; come through something

    II
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb penetrate
    * * *
    v.
    to penetrate v.
    to permeate v.
    to pervade v.
    to soak v.
    to thrill v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > durchdringen

  • 10 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

    [br]
    b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, England
    d. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland
    [br]
    English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.
    [br]
    After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.
    In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.
    He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.
    Bibliography
    1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).
    1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).
    1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of the
    Institution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).
    with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).
    Further Reading
    Who Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).
    J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

  • 11 दुर् _dur

    दुर् ind. (A prefix substituted for दुस् before words beginning with vowels or soft consonants in the sense of 'bad'. 'hard' or 'difficult to do a certain thing'; for compounds with दुस् as first member see दुस् s. v.).
    -Comp. -अक्ष a.
    1 weak-eyed.
    -2 evileyed.
    (-क्षः) 1 a loaded or false die.
    -2 dishonest gambling.
    -अक्षरम् an evil word; श्रुतिं ममाविश्य भवद्दुरक्षरं सृजत्यदः कीटकवदुत्कटा रुजः N.9.63.
    -अतिक्रम a. difficult to be overcome or conquered, unconquerable; सर्वं तु तपसा साध्यं तपो हि दुरति- क्रमम् Ms.11.2.38; स्वभावो दुरतिक्रमः 'nature cannot be changed'; स्वजातिर्दुरतिक्रमा Pt.1.
    -2 insurmountable, impassable; B. R.6.18-19.
    -3 inevitable. (
    -मः) an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -अत्यय a.
    1 difficult to be overcome; स्वर्गमार्गपरिघो दुरत्ययः R.11.88.
    -2 hard to be attained or fathomed; स एष आत्मा स्वपरेत्यबुद्धिभिर्दुरत्यया- नुक्रमणो निरूप्यते Bhāg.7.5.13.
    -अदृष्टम् ill-luck, misfortune.
    -अधिग, -अधिगम a.
    1 hard to reach or attain, unattainable; Bhāg.3.23.8; दुरधिगमः परभागो यावत्पुरुषेण पौरुषं न कृतम् Pt.1.33.
    -2 insurmountable.
    -3 hard to be studied or understood; इह दुरधिगमैः किञ्चि- देवागमैः Ki.5.18.
    -अधिष्ठित a. badly performed, managed, or executed. (
    -तम्) improper stay at a place.
    -अधीत a. badly learnt or read.
    -अध्यय a.
    1 difficult of attainment; सहस्रवर्त्मा चपलैर्दुरध्ययः Śi.12.11.
    -2 hard to be studied.
    -अध्यवसायः a foolish undertaking.
    -अध्वः a bad road; स्वयं दुरध्वार्णवनाविकाः कथं स्पृशन्तु विज्ञाय हृदापि तादृशीम् N.9.33.
    -अन्त a.
    1 whose end is difficult to be reached, endless, infinite; संकर्षणाय सूक्ष्माय दुरन्तायान्तकाय च Bhāg.
    -2 ending ill or in misery, unhappy; अहो दुरन्ता बलवद्विरोधिता Ki.1.23; नृत्यति युवति- जनेन समं सखि विरहिजनस्य दुरन्ते (वसन्ते) Gīt.1; इयमुदरदरी- दुरन्तधारा यदि न भवेदभिमानभङ्गभूमिः Udb.
    -3 hard to be understood or known.
    -4 insurmountable.
    -अन्तक a. = दुरन्त q. v. (
    -कः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -अन्वय a.
    1 difficult to be passed along; Mb.14.51.17.
    -2 hard to be carried out or followed.
    -3 difficult to be attained. or understood; बुद्धिश्च ते महाप्राज्ञ देवैरपि दुरन्वया Rām.3. 66.18.
    -4 not suitable, improper; वचो दुरन्वयं विप्रास्तूष्णी- मासन्भ्रमद्धियः Bhāg.1.84.14.
    (-यः) 1 a wrong conclusion, one wrongly inferred from given premisses.
    -2 (in gram.) a false agreement.
    -अपवादः ill report. slander.
    -अभिग्रह a. difficult to be caught.
    -अभि- मानिन् a. vain-glorious, disagreeably proud.
    - अवगम a. incomprehensible; Bhāg.5.13.26.
    -अवग्रह a.
    1 difficult to be restrained or subjugated; भक्ता भजस्व दुरवग्रह मा त्यजास्मान् Bhāg.1.29.31.
    -2 disagreeable.
    -अवग्राह a. difficult to be attained; Bhāg.7.1.19.
    -अवच्छद a. difficult to be hidden; हेतुभिर्लक्षयांचक्रुराप्रीतां दुरवच्छदैः Bhāg.1.62.28.
    -अवबोध a. unintelligible. Bhāg.1.49.29.
    -अवसित a. unfathomed, difficult to be ascertained, द्युपतिभिरजशक्रशंकराद्यैर्दुरवसितस्तवमच्युतं नतो$स्मि Bhāg.12.12.67.
    -अवस्थ a. ill off, badly or poorly circumstanced.
    -अवस्था, -स्थानम् a wretched or miser- able state; Bhāg.5.3.12.
    -अवाप a. difficult to be gained or fulfilled; Ś.1.
    -अवेक्षितम् an improper look.
    -अह्नः a bad day.
    -आकृति a. ugly, mis-shaped.
    -आक्रन्द a. crying bitterly or miserably; किं क्रन्दसि दुराक्रन्द स्वपक्ष- क्षयकारक Pt.4.29.
    -आक्रम a.
    1 invincible, unconquer- able.
    -2 difficult to be passed.
    -आक्रमणम् 1 unfair attack.
    -2 difficult approach.
    -आगमः improper or illegal acquisition.
    -आग्रहः foolish obstinacy, head- strongness, pertinacity; ममाहमित्यूढदुराग्रहाणां पुंसाम् Bhāg.3. 5.43.
    1 hard to be performed.
    -2 incurable (as a disease).
    -आचार a.
    1 ill-conducted, badly be- haved.
    -2 following bad practices, wicked, depraved; अपि चेत्सुदुराचारो भजते मामनन्यभाक् Bg.9.3. (
    -रः) bad practice, ill-conduct, wikedness.
    -आढ्य a. not rich, poor.
    -आत्मता vileness, baseness, wickedness.
    -आत्मन् a. evil-natured, low, wicked, vile, base, mean; ये च प्राहुर्दुरात्मानो दुराराध्या महीभुजः Pt.1.39. (-m.) a rascal, villain, scoundrel.
    - आधर a. difficult to be withstood or overpowered, irresistible.
    -आधर्ष a. hard to be approached or assailed, unassailable जगन्नाथो दुराधर्षो गङ्गां भागीरथीं प्रति Mb.
    -2 not to be attacked with impu- nity.
    -3 haughty. (
    -र्षः) white mustard.
    -आधारः an epithet of Śiva.
    -आधिः (m.)
    1 distress or anxiety of mind; निरस्तनारीसमया दुराधयः Ki.1.28.
    -2 indignation.
    -आधी a. Ved. malignant, thinking ill of.
    - आनम a. difficult to bend or draw; स विचिन्त्य धनुर्दुरानमम् R.11.38.
    -आप a.
    1 difficult to be obtained; श्रिया दुरापः कथमीप्सितो भवेत् Ś.3.13; R.1.72;6.62.
    -2 difficult to be ap- proached; Pt.1.67.
    -3 hard to be overcome.
    -आपादन a. difficult to be brought about; किं दुरापादनं तेषाम् Bhāg.3.23.42.
    -आपूर a. difficult to be filled or satisfied; Bhāg.7.6.8.
    -आबाध a. hard to be molested. (
    -धः) N. of Śiva.
    -आमोदः bad scent, stench; शवधूमदुरामोदः शालिभक्ते$त्र विद्यते Ks.82.22.
    -आराध्य a. difficult to be propitiated, hard to be won over or conciliated; दुराराध्याः श्रियो राज्ञां दुरापा दुष्परिग्रहाः Pt.1.38.
    -आरुह a. difficult to be mounted.
    (-हः) 1 the Bilva tree.
    -2 the cocoanut tree.
    -3 the date tree.
    -आरोप a. difficult to be strung (bow); दुरारोपमैन्दुशेखरं धनुर्दुर्निवारा रावणभुजदण्डाः B. R.1.46-47.
    -आरोह a. difficult of ascent.
    (-हः) 1 The cocoanut tree.
    -2 the palm tree.
    -3 the date tree.
    -आलापः 1 a curse, imprecation.
    -2 foul of abusive language.
    -आलोक a.
    1 difficult to be seen or perceived.
    -2 painfully bright, dazzling; दुरालोकः स समरे निदाघाम्बररत्नवत् K. P.1. (
    -कः) dazzling splendour.
    -आव(वा)र a.
    1 difficult to be covered or filled up; दुरावरं त्वदन्येन राज्यखण्डमिदं महत् Rām.2.15.5.
    -2 difficult to be restrained, shut in, kept back or stopped.
    -आवर्त a. difficult to be convinced or set up; भवन्ति सुदुरावर्ता हेतुमन्तो$पि पण्डिताः Mb.12.19.23.
    1 evil-minded, wicked, malicious, स्फुटनिर्भिन्नो दुराशयो$धमः Śi. उपेयिवान् मूलमशेषमूलं दुराशयः कामदुघाङ्घ्रिपस्य Bhāg.3.21.15.
    -2 having a bad place or rest. (-m.) the subtle body which is not destroyed by death (लिङ्गदेह); एतन्मे जन्म लोके$स्मिन्मुमुक्षूणां दुराशयात् Bhāg.3.24. 36.
    -आशा 1 a bad or wicked desire.
    -2 hoping against hope.
    -आस a. difficult to be abided or associated with; संघर्षिणा सह गुणाभ्यधिकैर्दुरासम् Śi.5.19.
    1 difficult to be approached or overtaken; स सभूव दुरासदः परैः R.3.66; 8.4; Mv.2.5; 4.15.
    -2 difficult to be found or met with.
    -3 unequalled, unparalleled.
    -4 hard to be borne, insupportable.
    -5 difficult to be conquered, unassailable, unconquerable; जहि शत्रुं महाबाहो कामरूपं दुरासदम् Bg.3.43. (
    -दः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -इत a.
    1 difficult.
    -2 sinful.
    (-तम्) 1 a bad course, evil, sin; दरिद्राणां दैन्यं दुरितमथ दुर्वासनहृदां द्रुतं दूरीकुर्वन् G. L.2; R.8.2; Amaru.2; Mv.3.43.
    -2 a difficulty, danger.
    -3 a calamity, evil; अपत्ये यत्तादृग्- दुरितमभवत् U.4.3.
    -इतिः f. Ved.
    1 a bad course.
    -2 difficulty.
    -इष्टम् 1 a curse, imprecation.
    -2 a spell or sacrificial rite performed to injure another person.
    -ईशः a bad lord or master.
    -ईषणा, -एषणा 1 a curse, an imprecation.
    -2 an evil eye.
    -उक्त a. harshly utter- ed; Pt.1.89.
    -उक्तम्, -उक्तिः f. offensive speech, reproach, abuse, censure; लक्ष्मि क्षमस्व वचनीयमिदं दुरुक्तम् Udb.
    -उच्छेद a. difficult to be destroyed.
    -उत्तर a.
    1 unanswerable.
    -2 difficult to be crossed; दुरुत्तरे पङ्क इवान्धकारे Bk.11.2; प्राप्तः पङ्को दुरुत्तरः Ki.15.17.
    - उदय a. appearing with difficulty, not easily manifested; यो$ नात्मनां दुरुदयो भगवान्प्रतीतः Bhāg.3.16.5.
    -उदर्क a. having bad or no consequences; N.5.41.
    -उदाहर a. diffi- cult to be pronounced or composed; अनुज्झितार्थसंबन्धः प्रबन्धो दुरुदाहरः Śi.2.73.
    -उद्वह a. burdensome, unbear- able.
    - उपसद a. difficult of approach; Ki.7.9.
    -उपसर्पिन् a. approaching incautiously; एकमेव दहत्यग्निर्नरं दुरुपसर्पिणम् Ms.7.9.
    -ऊह a. abstruse; जानीते जयदेव एव शरणः श्लाघ्ये दुरूहद्रुते Gīt.
    -एव a. Ved.
    1 having evil ways.
    -2 irresis- tible, unassailable. (
    -वः) a wicked person.
    -ओषस् a. Ved. slow, lazy.
    - ग 1 difficult of access, inaccessible, impervious, impassable; दुर्गस्त्वेष महापन्थाः Mb.12.3. 5; दुर्गं पथस्तत्कवयो वदन्ति Kaṭh.1.3.14.
    -2 unattain- able.
    -3 incomprehensible.
    -4 following wicked path, vicious; Rām.2.39.22.
    (-गः, -गम्) 1 a difficult or narrow passage through a wood or over a stream, mountain &c., a defile, narrow pass.
    -2 a citadel. fortress, castle; न दुर्गं दुर्गमित्येव दुर्गमं मन्यते जनः । तस्य दुर्गमता सैव यत्प्रभुस्तस्य दुर्गमः ॥ Śiva. B.16.61.
    -3 rough ground.
    -4 difficulty, adversity, calamity, distress, danger; निस्तारयतिं दुर्गाच्च Ms.3.98;11.43; मच्चित्तः सर्व- दुर्गाणि मत्प्रसादात्तरिष्यसि; Bg.18.58.
    (-गः) 1 bdellium.
    -2 the Supreme Being.
    -3 N. of an Asura slain by Durgā (thus receiving her name from him). ˚अध्यक्षः, ˚पतिः, ˚पालः the commandant or governor of a castle. ˚अन्तः The suburb of a fort; दुर्गान्ते सिद्धतापसाः Kau. A. 1.12. ˚कर्मन् n. fortification. ˚कारक a. making difficult. (
    -कः) the birch tree. ˚घ्नी N. of Durgā. ˚तरणी an epithet of Sāvitrī. सावित्री दुर्गतरणी वीणा सप्तविधा तथा Mb. ˚मार्गः a defile, gorge. ˚लङ्घनम् surmounting difficu- lties. (
    -नः) a camel. ˚संचरः
    1 a difficult passage as to a fort &c., a bridge &c. over a defile. ˚संस्कारः Repairs to the old forts; अतो दुर्गसंस्कार आरब्धव्ये किं कौमुदीमहोत्सवेन Mu. ˚सिंहः N. of the author of कलापपरिशिष्ट. ˚व्यसनम् a defect or weak point in a fortress. (
    -र्गा) an epithet of Pārvatī, wife of Śiva.
    -2 the female cuckoo
    -3 N. of several plants. ˚नवमी the 9th day of the bright half of कार्तिक. ˚पूजा the chief festival in honour of दुर्गा in Bengal in the month of Āśvina.
    -गत a.
    1 unfortunate, in bad circumstances; समाश्वसिमि केनाहं कथं प्राणिमि दुर्गतः Bk.18.1.
    -2 indigent, poor.
    -3 distressed, in trouble.
    -गतता ill-luck, poverty, misery; तावज्जन्मातिदुःखाय ततो दुर्गतता सदा Pt.1.265.
    -गतिः f.
    1 misfortune, poverty, want, trouble, indigence; न हि कल्याणकृत्कश्चिद् दुर्गतिं तात गच्छति Bg.6.4.
    -2 a difficult situation or path.
    -3 hell.
    -गन्ध a. ill-smelling.
    (-न्धः) 1 bad odour, stink
    -2 any ill-smelling substance.
    -3 an onion.
    -4 the mango tree. (
    -न्धम्) sochal salt.
    -गन्धि, -गन्धिन् a. ill-smelling.
    -गम a.
    1 impassable, inaccessible, impervious; कामिनीकायकान्तारे कुचपर्वतदुर्गमे Bh.1.86; Śi. 12.49.
    -2 unattainable, difficult of attainment.
    -3 hard to be understood. (
    -मम्) a difficult place like hill etc; भ्राम्यन्ते दुर्गमेष्वपि Pt.5.81.
    -गाढ, -गाध, -गाह्य a. difficult to be fathomed or investigated, unfathomable.
    -गुणितम् not properly studied; चिराम्यस्तपथं याति शास्त्रं दुर्गुणितं यथा Avimārakam.2.4.
    -गोष्ठी evil association; conspiracy. वृद्धो रक्कः कम्पनेशो दुर्गोष्ठीमध्यगो$भवत् Rāj. T.6. 17.
    -ग्रह a.
    1 difficult to be gained or accomplished.
    -2 difficult to be conquered or subjugated; दुर्गाणि दुर्ग्रहाण्यासन् तस्य रोद्धुरपि द्विषाम् R.17.52.
    -3 hard to be understood.
    (-हः) 1 a cramp, spasm.
    -2 obstinacy.
    -3 whim, monomania; कथं न वा दुर्ग्रहदोष एष ते हितेन सम्य- ग्गुरुणापि शम्यते N.9.41.
    -घट a.
    1 difficult. कार्याणि घटयन्नासीद् दुर्घटान्यपि हेलया Rāj. T.4.364.
    -2 impossible.
    -घण a.
    1 closely packed together, very compact.
    -घुरुटः An unbeliever; L. D. B.
    -घोषः 1 a harsh cry.
    -2 a bear.
    -जन a.
    1 wicked, bad, vile.
    -2 slanderous, malicious, mischievous; यथा स्त्रीणां तथा वाचां साधुत्वे दुर्जनो जनः U.1.6. (
    -नः) a bad or wicked person, a malicious or mischievous man, villain; दुर्जनः प्रियवादी च नैतद्विश्वास- कारणम् Chāṇ.24,25; शाम्येत्प्रत्यपकारेण नोपकारेण दुर्जनः Ku.2.4. (दुर्जनायते Den. Ā. to become wicked; स्वजनो$पि दरिद्राणां तत्क्षणाद् दुर्जनायते Pt.1.5.). (दुर्जनीकृ [च्वि] to make blameworthy; दुर्जनीकृतास्मि अनेन मां चित्रगतां दर्शयता Nāg.2).
    -जय a. invincible. (
    -यः) N. of Viṣṇu.
    -जर a.
    1 ever youthful; तस्मिन्स्तनं दुर्जरवीर्यमुल्बणं घोराङ्कमादाय शिशोर्दधावथ Bhāg.1.6.1.
    -2 hard (as food), indigestible.
    -3 difficult to be enjoyed; राजश्रीर्दुर्जरा तस्य नवत्वे भूभुजो$भवत् Rāj. T.5.19.
    -जात a.
    1 unhappy, wretched.
    -2 bad-tempered, bad, wicked; Rāj. T.3. 142.
    -3 false, not genuine. ˚जीयिन् a. one who is born in vain; यो न यातयते वैरमल्पसत्त्वोद्यमः पुमान् । अफलं जन्म तस्याहं मन्ये दुर्जातजायिनः ॥ Mb.
    (-तम्) 1 a misfortune, calamity, difficulty; त्वं तावद् दुर्जाते मे$त्यन्तसाहाय्यकारिणी भव M.3; दुर्जातबन्धुः R.13.72. 'a friend in need or adversity.'
    -2 impropriety.
    -जाति a.
    1 bad natured, vile, wicked; रुदितशरणा दुर्जातीनां सहस्व रुषां फलम् Amaru.96.
    -2 out- cast. (
    -तिः f.) misfortune, ill condition.
    -ज्ञान, -ज्ञेय a. difficult to be known, incomprehensible. उच्चावचेषु भुतेषु दुर्ज्ञेयामकृतात्मभिः Ms.6.73. (
    -यः) N. of Śiva.
    -णयः, -नयः, -नीतिः 1 bad conduct.
    -2 impropriety
    -3 in- justice.
    -णामन्, -नामन् a. having a bad name.
    -णीत a.
    1 ill-behaved.
    -2 impolitic.
    -3 forward. (
    -तम्) miscon- duct; दुर्णीतं किमिहास्ति किं सुचरितं कः स्थानलाभे गुणः H.
    -दम, -दमन, -दम्य a. difficult to be subdued, untamable, indomitable.
    -दर्श a.
    1 difficult to be seen.
    -2 dazzling; सुदुर्दर्शमिदं रूपं दृष्टवानसि यन्मन Bg.11.52.
    -दर्शन a. ugly, ill-looking; दुर्दर्शनेन घटतामियमप्यनेन Māl.2.8.
    -दशा a misfortune, calamity.
    -दान्त a.
    1 hard to be tamed or subdued, untamable; Śi.12.22.
    -2 intractable, proud, insolent; दुर्दान्तानां दमनविधयः क्षत्रियेष्वायतन्ते Mv.3.34.
    (-तः) 1 a calf.
    -2 a strife, quarrel.
    -3 N. of Śiva.
    -दिन a. cloudy, rainy.
    (-नम्) 1 a bad day in general; तद्दिनं दुर्दिनं मन्ये यत्र मित्रागमो हि न Subhāṣ.
    -2 a rainy or cloudy day, stormy or rainy weather; उन्नमत्यकालदुर्दिनम् Mk.5; Ku.6 43; Mv.4.57.
    -3 a shower (of any- thing); द्विषां विषह्य काकुत्स्थस्तत्र नाराचदुर्दिनम् ॥ सन्मङ्गलस्नात इव R.4.41,82;5.47; U.5.5.
    -4 thick darkness; जीमूतैश्च दिशः सर्वाश्चक्रे तिमिरदुर्दिनाः Mb. (दुर्दिनायते Den. Ā. to become cloudy.)
    -दिवसः a dark or rainy day; Pt.1.173.
    -दुरूटः, -ढः 1 an unbeliever
    -2 an abusive word.
    -दृश a.
    1 disagreeable to the sight, disgusting; दुर्दृशं तत्र राक्षसं घोररूपमपश्यत्सः Mb.1.2.298.
    -2 difficult to be seen; पादचारमिवादित्यं निष्पतन्तं सुदुर्दृशम् Rām.7.33.5.
    -दृष्ट a. ill- judged or seen, wrongly decided; Y.2.35.
    -दैवम् ill-luck, misfortune.
    -द्यूतम् an unfair game.
    -द्रुमः onion (green).
    -धर a.
    1 irresistible, difficult to be stopped.
    -2 difficult to be borne or suffered; दुर्धरेण मदनेन साद्यते Ghat.11; Ms.7.28.
    -3 difficult to be accomplished.
    -4 difficult to be kept in memory. (
    -रः) quicksilver.
    -धर्ष a.
    1 inviolable, unassailable.
    -2 inaccessible; संयोजयति विद्यैव नीचगापि नरं सरित् । समुद्रमिव दुर्धर्षं नृपं भाग्य- मतः परम् ॥ H. Pr.5.
    -3 fearful, dreadful.
    -4 haughty.
    -धी a. stupid, silly.
    -नयः 1 arrogance.
    -2 immorality.
    -3 evil strategy; उन्मूलयितुमीशो$हं त्रिवर्गमिव दुर्नयः Mu.5.22.
    -नामकः piles. ˚अरिः a kind of bulbous root (Mar. सुरण).
    -नामन् m. f. a cockle. (-n.) piles.
    -निग्रह a. irre- pressible, unruly; मनो दुर्निग्रहं चलम् Bg.6.35.
    -निमित a. carelessly put or placed on the ground; पदे पदे दुर्निमिते गलन्ती R.7.1.
    -निमित्तम् 1 a bad omen; R.14.5.
    -2 a bad pretext.
    -निवार, -निवार्य a. difficult to be check- ed or warded off, irresistible, invincible.
    -नीतम् 1 mis- conduct, bad policy, demerit, misbehaviour; दुर्णीतं किमि- हास्ति Pt.2.21; H.1.49.
    -2 ill-luck.
    -नीतिः f. mal- administration; दुर्नीतिं तव वीक्ष्य कोपदहनज्वालाजटालो$पि सन्; Bv.4.36.
    -नृपः a bad king; आसीत् पितृकुलं तस्य भक्ष्यं दुर्नृप- रक्षसः Rāj. T.5.417.
    -न्यस्त a. badly arranged; दुर्न्यस्त- पुष्परचितो$पि Māl.9.44.
    -बल a.
    1 weak, feeble.
    -2 enfeebled, spiritless; दुर्बलान्यङ्गकानि U.1.24.
    -3 thin, lean, emaciated; U.3.
    -4 small, scanty, little; स्वार्थोप- पत्तिं प्रति दुर्बलाशः R.5.12.
    -बाध a. Unrestrained (अनिवार); दुर्बाधो जनिदिवसान्मम प्रवृद्धः (आधिः); Mv.6.28.
    -बाल a.
    1 bald-headed.
    -2 void of prepuce.
    -3 having crook- ed hair.
    -बुद्धि a.
    1 silly, foolish, stupid.
    -2 perverse, evil-minded, wicked; धार्तराष्ट्रस्य दुर्बुद्धेर्युद्धे प्रियचिकीर्षवः (समा- गताः) Bg.1.23
    -बुध a. wicked-minded, silly; Mb. 11.4.18.
    -बोध a. unintelligible, unfathomable, inscru- table; निसर्गदुर्बोधमबोधविक्लवाः क्व भूपतीनां चरितं क्व जन्तवः Ki. 1.6.
    -भग a.
    1 unfortunate, unlucky; श्रीवल्लभं दुर्भगाः (निन्दन्ति) Pt.1.415.
    -2 not possessed of good features, ill-looking.
    -भगा 1 a wife disliked by her husband; दुर्भगाभरणप्रायो ज्ञानं भारः क्रियां विना H.1.17.
    -2 an ill-tempered woman, a shrew.
    -3 a widow;
    -भर a. insupportable, burdensome, heavily laden with (comp.); ततो राजाब्रवीदेतं बहुव्यसनदुर्भरः Ks.112.156.
    -भाग्य a. unfortunate, unlucky. (
    ग्यम्) ill-luck.
    -भावना 1 an evil thought.
    -2 a bad tendency.
    -भिक्षम् 1 scarcity of provisions, dearth, famine; Y.2.147; Ms.8.22; उत्सवे व्यसने चैव दुर्भिक्षे... यस्तिष्ठति स बान्धवः H.1.71; Pt.2.
    -2 want in general.
    -भिद, -भेद, -भेद्य a. firm; सुजनस्तु कनकघटवद् दुर्भेद्यश्चाशु संध्येयः Subhāṣ.
    -भृत्यः a bad servant.
    -भिषज्यम् incurability; Bṛi. Up.4.3.14.
    -भ्रातृ m. a bad brother.
    -मङ्कु a. obstinate, disobedient.
    -मति a.
    1 silly, stupid, foolish, ignorant.
    -2 wicked, evilminded; न सांपरायिकं तस्य दुर्मतेर्विद्यते फलम् Ms.11.3.
    -मद a. drun- ken, ferocious, maddened, infatuated; Bhāg.1.15.7.
    -दः foolish pride, arrogance.
    -दम् the generative organ; ग्रामकं नाम विषयं दुर्मदेन समन्वितः Bhāg.4.25.52.
    -मनस् a. troubled in mind, discouraged, disspirited, sad, malancholy; अद्य बार्हस्पतः श्रीमान् युक्तः पुष्येण राघवः । प्रोच्यतै ब्राह्मणैः प्राज्ञैः केन त्वमसि दुर्मनाः ॥ Rām. [दुर्मनायते Den. Ā. to be troubled in mind, be sad, meditate sorrowfully, to be disconso- late, become vexed or fretted; Māl.3].
    -मनुष्यः a bad or wicked man.
    -मन्त्रः, -मन्त्रितम्, -मन्त्रणा evil advice, bad counsel; दुर्मन्त्रान्नृपतिर्विनश्यति; Pt.1.169.
    -मरम् a hard or difficult death; Mb.14.61.9.
    -मरी a kind of दूर्वा grass.
    -मरणम् violent or unnatural death.
    -मर्ष a.
    1 unbearable; Bhāg.6.5.42.
    -2 obstinate, hostile.
    -मर्षणः N. of Viṣṇu.
    -मर्षित a. provocated, encouraged; एवं दुर्मर्षितो राजा स मात्रा बभ्रुवाहनः Mb.14. 79.13,
    -मर्याद a. immodest, wicked.
    -मल्लिका, -मल्ली a minor drama, comedy, farce; S. D.553.
    -मित्रः 1 a bad friend.
    -2 an enemy.
    -मुख a.
    1 having a bad face, hideous, ugly; Bh.1.9.
    -2 foul-mouthed, abusive, scurrilous; Bh.2.69.
    (-खः) 1 a horse.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -3 N. of a serpent king (Nm.)
    -4 N. of a monkey (Nm.)
    -5 N. of a year (29th year out of 6 years cycle).
    -मूल्य a. highly priced, dear.
    -मेधस् a. silly, foolish, dull-headed, dull; Pt.1. (-m.) a dunce, dull-headed man, blockhead; ग्रन्थानधीत्य व्याकर्तु- मिति दुर्मेधसो$प्यलम् Śi.2.26.
    -मैत्र a. unfriendly, hostile; Bhāg.7.5.27.
    -यशस् n. ill-repute, dishonour.
    -योगः 1 bad or clumsy contrivance.
    -2 a bad combi- nation.
    -योध, -योधन a. invincible, unconquerable. (
    -नः) the eldest of the 11 sons of Dhṛitarāṣṭra and Gāndhārī. [From his early years he conceived a deep hatred for his cousins the Pāṇḍavas, but particularly Bhīma, and made every effort he could to compass their destruction. When his father pro- posed to make Yudhiṣṭhira heir-apparent, Duryodhana did not like the idea, as his father was the reigning sovereign, and prevailed upon his blind father to send the Pāṇḍavas away into exile. Vāraṇāvata was fixed upon as their abode, and under pretext of constructing a palatial building for their residence, Duryodhana caused a palace to be built mostly of lac, resin and other combustible materials, thereby hoping to see them all destroyed when they should enter it. But the Paṇḍavas were forewarned and they safely escaped. They then lived at Indraprastha, and Yudhiṣṭhira performed the Rājasuya sacrifice with great pomp and splendour. This event further excited the anger and jealousy of Duryodhana, who was already vexed to find that his plot for burning them up had signally failed, and he induced his father to invite the Pāṇḍavas to Hastināpura to play with dice (of which Yudhiṣṭhira was particularly fond). In that gambling-match, Duryodhana, who was ably assisted by his maternal uncle Śakuni, won from Yudhiṣṭhira everything that he staked, till the infatuated gambler staked himself, his brothers, and Draupadī herself, all of whom shared the same fate. Yudhiṣṭhira, as a condition of the wager, was forced to go to the forest with his wife and brothers, and to remain there for twelve years and to pass one addi- tional year incognito. But even this period, long as it was, expired, and after their return from exile both the Pāṇḍavas and Kauravas made great preparations for the inevitable struggle and the great Bhāratī war commenced. It lasted for eighteen days during which all the Kauravas, with most of their allies, were slain. It was on the last day of the war that Bhīma fought a duel with Duryodhana and smashed his thigh with his club.] मोघं तवेदं भुवि नामधेयं दुर्योधनेतीह कृतं पुरस्तात् न हीह दुर्योधनता तवास्ति पलायमानस्य रणं विहाय Mb.4.65.17.
    -योनि a. of a low birth, न कथंचन दुर्योनिः प्रकृतिं स्वां नियच्छति Ms.1.59.
    -लक्ष्य a. difficult to be seen or perceived, hardly visible.
    -क्ष्यम् bad aim; मनः प्रकृत्यैव चलं दुर्लक्ष्यं च तथापि मे Ratn.3.2.
    -लभ a.
    1 difficult to be attained, or accomplished; R.1.67;17.7; Ku.4.4;5.46,61; दुर्लभं भारते जन्म मानुष्यं तत्र दुर्लभम् Subhāṣ.
    -2 difficult to be found or met with, scarce, rare; शुद्धान्तदुर्लभम् Ś.1.17.
    -3 best, excellent, eminent.
    -ग्रामः a village situated close to a large village and inhabited by the free-holders (अग्र- हारोपजीविनः); Māna.1.79-8.
    -4 dear, beloved.
    -5 costly.
    -ललित a.
    1 spoilt by fondling, fondled too much, hard to please; हा मदङ्कदुर्ललित Ve.4; V.2.8; Māl.9.
    -2 (hence) wayward, naughty, illbred, unruly; स्पृहयामि खलु दुर्ललितायास्मै Ś.7. (
    -तम्) waywardness, rudeness.
    -लेख्यम् a forged document. Y.2.91.
    -वच a.
    1 difficult to be described, indescribable. अपि वागधिपस्य दुर्वचं वचनं तद् विदधीत विस्मयम् Ki.2.2.
    -2 not to be talked about.
    -3 speaking improperly, abusing. (
    -चम्) abuse, censure, foul language.
    -वचस् n. abuse, censure; असह्यं दुर्वचो ज्ञातेर्मेघा- न्तरितरौद्रवत् Udb.
    -वर्ण a. bad-coloured.
    -र्णः 1 bad colour.
    -2 impurity; यथा हेम्नि स्थितो वह्निर्दुवर्णं हन्ति धातु- जम् Bhāg.12.3.47.
    (-र्णम्) 1 silver. दुर्वर्णभित्तिरिह सान्द्रसुधासुवर्णा Śi.4.28.
    -2 a kind of leprosy.
    -वस a. difficult to be resided in.
    -वसतिः f. painful residence; R.8.94.
    -वह a. heavy, difficult to be borne; दुर्वहगर्भखिन्नसीता U.2.1; Ku.1.11.
    -वाच् a. speaking ill. (-f.)
    1 evil words, abuse.
    -2 inelegant language or speech.
    -वाच्य a.
    1 difficult to be spoken or uttered.
    -2 abusive, scurrilous.
    -3 harsh, cruel (as words).
    (-च्यम्) 1 censure, abuse.
    -2 scandal, ill-repute.
    -वातः a fart. ˚वातय Den. P. to break wind or fart; इत्येके विहसन्त्येनमेके दुर्वातयन्ति च Bhāg.11.23.4.
    -वादः slander, defamation, calumny.
    -वार, -वारण a. irresistible, unbearable; R.14.87; किं चायमरिदुर्वारः पाणौ पाशः प्रचेतसः Ku.2.21.
    -वासना 1 evil propensity, wicked desire; कः शत्रुर्वद खेददानकुशलो दुर्वासनासंचयः Bv. 1.86.
    -2 a chimera.
    -वासस् a.
    1 ill-dressed.
    -2 naked. (-m.) N. of a very irascible saint or Ṛiṣi, son of Atri and Anasūyā. (He was very hard to please, and he cursed many a male and female to suffer misery and degradation. His anger, like that of Jama- dagni, has become almost proverbial.)
    -वाहितम् a heavy burden; उरोजपूर्णकुम्भाङ्का सदुर्वाहितविभ्रमा Rāj. T.4.18.
    -विगाह, -विगाह्य a. difficult to be penetrated or fathomed, unfathomable.
    -विचिन्त्य inconcei- vable, inscrutable
    -विद a. difficult to be known or discovered; नूनं गतिः कृतान्तस्य प्राज्ञैरपि सुदुर्विदा Mb.7.78. 2.
    -विदग्ध 1 unskilled, raw, foolish, stupid, silly.
    -2 wholly ignorant.
    -3 foolishly puffed up, elated. vainly proud; वृथाशस्त्रग्रहणदुर्विदग्ध Ve.3; ज्ञानलवदुर्विदग्धं ब्रह्मापि नरं न रञ्जयति Bh.2.3.
    -विद्ध a. Badly perforated (a pearl); Kau. A.2.11.
    -विद्य a. uneducated; Rāj. T.1.354.
    -विध a.
    1 mean, base, low.
    -2 wicked, vile.
    -3 poor, indigent; विदधाते रुचिगर्वदुर्विधम् N.2.23.
    -4 stupid, foolish, silly; विविनक्ति न बुद्धिदुर्विधः Śi.16.39.
    -विनयः misconduct, imprudence.
    -विनीत a.
    1 (a) badly educated, ill-mannered; ill-behaved, wicked; शासितरि दुर्विनीतानाम् Ś.1.24. (b) rude, naughty, mis- chievous.
    -2 stubborn, obstinate.
    (-तः) 1 a restive or untrained horse.
    -2 a wayward person, reprobate.
    -विपाक a. producing bad fruit; श्रितासि चन्दनभ्रान्त्या दुर्विपाकं विषद्रुमम् U.1.46.
    (-कः) 1 bad result or conse- quence; U.1.4; किं नो विधिरिह वचने$प्यक्षमो दुर्विपाकः Mv. 6.7.
    -2 evil consequences of acts done either in this or in a former birth.
    -विभाव्य a. inconceivable; also दुर्विभाव; असद्वृत्तेरहो वृत्तं दुर्विभावं विधेरिव Ki.11.56.
    -विमर्श a. difficult to be tried or examined; यो दुर्विमर्शपथया निजमाययेदं सृष्ट्वा गुणान्विभजते तदनुप्रविष्टः Bhāg.1.49.29.
    -विलसितम् a wayward act, rudeness, naughtiness; डिम्भस्य दुर्विलसितानि मुदे गुरूणाम् B. R.4.6.
    -विलासः a bad or evil turn of fate; U.1.
    -विवाहः a censurable marriage; इतरेषु तु शिष्टेषु नृशंसानृतवादिनः । जायन्ते दुर्विवाहेषु ब्रह्मधर्मद्विषः सुताः ॥ Ms.3.41.
    -विष a. ill-natured, malignant. (
    -षः) N. of Śiva.
    -विषह a. unbearable, intolerable, irresistible. (
    -हः) N. of Śiva.
    -वृत्त a.
    1 vile, wicked, ill-behaved.
    -2 roguish. (
    -त्तम्) misconduct, ill-behaviour. दुर्वृत्तवृत्तशमनं तव देवि शीलम् Devīmāhātmya.
    -वृत्तिः f.
    1 misconduct.
    -2 misery, want, distress.
    -3 fraud.
    -वृष्टिः f. insufficient rain, drought.
    -वेद a. difficult to be known or ascertained.
    -व्यवहारः a wrong judgment in law.
    -व्यवहृतिः f. ill-report or rumour.
    -व्यसनम् 1 a fond pursuit or resolve; Mu.3.
    -2 bad propensity, vice; तेन दुर्व्यसनेनासीद्भोजने$पि कदर्थना Ks.73.73.
    -व्रत a. not conforming to rules, disobedient.
    -हुतम् a badly offered sacrifice.
    -हृद् a. wicked-hearted, ill-disposed, inimical; अकुर्वतोर्वां शुश्रूषां क्लिष्टयोर्दुर्हृदा भृशम् Bhāg.1.45.9. (-m.) an enemy.
    -हृदय a. evil-minded, evil-intention- ed, wicked.
    -हृषीक a. having defective organs of sense.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > दुर् _dur

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