governor-general

[Governor General] Gubernur Jenderal.

(1855-1902)

   Portugal's most celebrated colonial soldier of the modern era, governor and conqueror of the Gaza state in Mozambique. A career army officer with noble lineage, "Mousinho," as he became known to his generation, later helped to shape Portugal's administration and policies in Mozambique, following army service in India. He served largely as a soldier involved in so-called "pacification" campaigns in Mozambique (1890-95) and then as an administrator, where he acted as royal commissioner and governor-general of Mozambique from 1896 to 1898. After he first visited Africa in 1890, the year of the English Ultimatum, the principal part of his career would be devoted to Portuguese Africa, and he was to become a noted authority on African affairs and policies. Appointed governor of the district of Lourenço Marques (today, Maputo) in late 1890, he returned to Portugal in 1892, then became part of the most famous military expedition to Portuguese Africa of the modern era, the 1895 force sent to Mozambique to conquer the African state of Gaza, in southern Mozambique. Albuquerque distinguished himself in this bloody campaign; at the battle of Coolela, on 7 November 1895, Portuguese forces using the novel machine gun defeated and slaughtered the army of Gaza king Gungunyane. Following his appointment as military governor of the Gaza district, Albuquerque grew impatient with the failure of his superiors to give the coup d'grace to the Gaza kingdom by killing or capturing its leader, Gungunyane, who had escaped after the battle of Coolela. With a small force, Mousinho raided his refuge at Chaimite, Mozambique, and captured Gungunyane, who did not resist (January 1896). These bold deeds in the 1895 campaign and the surprise kidnapping of Mozambique's most powerful African leader made Albuquerque a hero in Portugal and a colonial celebrity in several other European states. Among the honors showered upon this unusual soldier was the 1896 double appointment as governor-general and royal commissioner of Mozambique colony. His service as chief administrator of Portugal's second most important African territory during 1896-98 was significant but frustrating. His efforts at sweeping reforms, rejuvenation, and decentralization of authority and power were noble but made little impact at the time. He resigned in anger after his failure to move the Lisbon colonial bureaucracy and returned to a restless, relatively inactive life in Portugal. Unable to adjust to dull garrison duty, after he completed his masterful colonial report-memoir on his African service (Mozambique, 1896-98), Albuquerque in vain sought new challenges. Briefly he served as tutor to Prince Luís, heir apparent of King Carlos I, but his efforts to volunteer as an officer in wars in South Africa and China failed. His idea of a military dictatorship to reform a lagging constitutional monarchy rejected both by his patron, King Carlos, and by much of the political elite, Lieutenant Colonel Mousinho de Albuquerque found life too painful to bear. On 8 January 1902, while on a Lisbon tram, Albuquerque committed suicide with his own pistol. His importance for future colonial policy in Africa was manifest as Portugal made efforts to decentralize and reform administration until 1930. After 1930, his personal legend as a brave colonial soldier who was an epitome of patriotism grew and was exploited by the dictatorship led by Sala- zar. Mousinho de Albuquerque was adopted by this regime, between 1930 and 1960, as the military-colonial patron saint of the regime and as an example to Portuguese youth. The name of the place where he surprised Gungunyane, Chaimite, was adopted as the name of an armored car used by the Portuguese Army in its post-1961 campaigns in Africa.

    See also Carlos I, King; Generation of 1895.

наместни|к - м. deputy, vice-gerent;
governor-general;
~чество с.
1. vice-gerency;

2. region ruled by vice-gerent/governor-general.

(1867-1955)

   One of Portugal's most important and influential colonial administrators of the 20th-century African empire, a central figure in the management of Portugal's dispatch of an army to Flanders in World War I, and oppositionist candidate in the 1949 presidential elections. Trained as an army engineer, he attended Coimbra University and became a stalwart republican. During much of the 1890s, he served in Portuguese India, where he came under the influence of the style and policies of the British Raj. During the First Republic, he held a number of important posts in the empire and in Portugal: governor-general of Angola (1912-15), colonial minister (1915), and minister of war (1915-17), during which service he was instrumental in organizing the mobilization and dispatch of Portugal's Expeditionary Force (CEP) to the western front in 1917. Later, he served as high commissioner and governor-general of Angola (1921-24) and was named Portugal's minister to Great Britain (1924-26).

   Dismissed from his London post by the military dictatorship in 1926, Norton de Matos never held an official post again and, as he opposed both the military dictatorship and the Estado Novo, he found it difficult to practice his engineering profession while in retirement from the army. However, he remained important in post-1926 colonial policies and concepts, and attempted to put them into practice after 1945. In 1949, General Norton de Matos was the oppositionist candidate in the presidential elections and opposed the regime incumbent, Marshal Antônio Óscar Carmona. Using the law, police harassment, and other means, the Estado Novo persecuted Norton de Matos's followers and disrupted his campaign. Just before the rigged election was to be held, the aged general withdrew his candidacy, rightfully claiming fraud and intimidation. A tough if liberal reformist in colonial affairs, the senior colonial authority wrote his final book A Nação Una in 1953, calling for the regime to implement his basic reform ideas and to improve treatment of Africans in labor and race relations. Norton de Matos's prescient warnings about African policies were largely ignored, while Lisbon followed his key strategic and development concepts.

    See also Carmona, António Óscar de Fragoso.

пол. Содружество наций (объединение Великобритании и ряда государств, большинство из которых являются ее бывшими колониями и доминионами; большая часть этих стран признает главой государства королеву Великобритании; основано в 1931 г.; в 2007 г. членами содружества являлись 53 страны: Антигуа и Барбуда, Австралия, Багамские Острова, Бангладеш, Барбадос, Белиз, Ботсвана, Бруней, Камерун, Канада, Кипр, Доминика, Фиджи, Гамбия, Гана, Гренада, Гайана, Индия, Ямайка, Кения, Кирибати, Лесото, Малави, Малайзия, Мальдивские острова, Мальта, Маврикий, Мозамбик, Намибия, Науру, Новая Зеландия, Нигерия, Пакистан, Папуа – Новая Гвинея, Сент-Китс и Невис, Сент-Люсия, Сент-Винсент и Гренадины, Самоа, Сейшельские Острова, Сьерра-Леоне, Сингапур, Соломоновы Острова, ЮАР, Шри-Ланка, Свазиленд, Тонга, Тринидад и Тобаго, Тувалу, Уганда, Великобритания, Танзания, Вануату, Замбия)

м. general;
~ армии General of the Army.

( administrative authority)

décision f, ordonnance f, ordre m;

( Legislative Assembly)

ordre m;

( commercial)

commande f;

( court)

ordonnance f;

( director)

arrêté m, ordre m;

(gen)

directive f, ordre m;

( Governor General or Lieutenant Governor in Council)

décret m;

( minister)

arrêté m;

( Speaker)

ordre m

1) Геология: Golden Gate

2) Американизм: General Government

3) Военный термин: Grenadier Guards, ground guidance, ground-to-ground

4) Техника: double star green-green, generator gas, glazing glass, groove gage

5) Шутливое выражение: Gallanatron's Glory, Gambits Girlfriend, Genetic Girl, Genie Girls, Girly Girl, Good Gawd, Green Goblin, Gutsy Girl

6) Страхование: Gdynia or Gdansk

7) Автомобильный термин: ground-grip

8) Грубое выражение: Girl Goat, Gorgeous Girl, Grey Girl

9) Политика: Georgia

10) Психология: goal gradient

11) Сокращение: Girl Guides, Governor General, Grenadier Guards (British Army)

12) Физиология: Gamma globulin

13) Литература: Galloping Governors Toastmasters Club

14) Нефть: gamma-gamma ray log, geothermal gradient

15) Фирменный знак: General Gaming, Global Group

16) Экология: Green Gas, Greenhouse Gases

17) Имена и фамилии: Galileo Galilei, George Granville

18) Должность: Gateway Guardian, Good Girl, Graduate Gemologist, Great Grandma

19) Чат: Gorgeous Guys, Great Gal, Grinning Gregariously

20) Программное обеспечение: Geek Gadgets

1) Геология: Golden Gate

2) Американизм: General Government

3) Военный термин: Grenadier Guards, ground guidance, ground-to-ground

4) Техника: double star green-green, generator gas, glazing glass, groove gage

5) Шутливое выражение: Gallanatron's Glory, Gambits Girlfriend, Genetic Girl, Genie Girls, Girly Girl, Good Gawd, Green Goblin, Gutsy Girl

6) Страхование: Gdynia or Gdansk

7) Автомобильный термин: ground-grip

8) Грубое выражение: Girl Goat, Gorgeous Girl, Grey Girl

9) Политика: Georgia

10) Психология: goal gradient

11) Сокращение: Girl Guides, Governor General, Grenadier Guards (British Army)

12) Физиология: Gamma globulin

13) Литература: Galloping Governors Toastmasters Club

14) Нефть: gamma-gamma ray log, geothermal gradient

15) Фирменный знак: General Gaming, Global Group

16) Экология: Green Gas, Greenhouse Gases

17) Имена и фамилии: Galileo Galilei, George Granville

18) Должность: Gateway Guardian, Good Girl, Graduate Gemologist, Great Grandma

19) Чат: Gorgeous Guys, Great Gal, Grinning Gregariously

20) Программное обеспечение: Geek Gadgets

   Portuguese colonial territory in south China. Portugal's last colony, in effect, and by agreement turned over to the People's Republic of China in 1999. Since Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in 1557, this tiny territory of 11 square kilometers (7 square miles) has been a Portuguese colony headed by a Portuguese administration. Long a dependency of the Viceroyalty of Goa, Portuguese India, Macau's prosperity depended on the vicissitudes of diplomatic and trade relations between China and the West. For nearly three centuries (ca. 1557-1842), Macau was the only Western entrepót-outpost-enclave-colony on the China coast. Even after Japan expelled Western traders in the 17th century, Macau had a key role as the link between China and the West. This role changed after Great Britain seized neighboring Hong Kong (1842) as a colony. Thereafter, Macau fell into the shadow of a booming Hong Kong.

   While it was a remote dependency of Portugal in the Far East, Macau has long played a multiplicity of roles: China's window on the West, preempted in the 1840s by Hong Kong; sanctuary and refuge for various waves of refugees from China or Hong Kong; because of its peculiar international status and location, a center of vice (gambling, smuggling, prostitution, and drug traffic); and a meeting place and exchange point for the Chinese and Portuguese civilizations.

   Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Lisbon offered to return Macau to mainland China, but the offer was refused, and negotiations between China and Portugal ensued. In the 1980s, China and Portugal negotiated a settlement whereby Portuguese sovereignty would continue until December 1999; "a Chinese territory under Portuguese administration" was the formula's general description. Chinese businessmen controlled Macau's economy, including its lucrative gambling and tourist industries, while Portugal provided nominal law and order. The settlement included a pledge by China that protection for the use of Portuguese language and the maintenance of democratic liberties would be continued for at least 50 years. In late December 1999, the last Portuguese governor-general hauled down the flag of Portugal, and the People's Republic of China assumed sovereignty over Macau. In effect, Portugal's formal overseas empire ceased with this historic change. During colonial times, Macau was known for its gambling casinos. Since its return to China, gambling has become its biggest industry and, in 2006, Macau overtook Las Vegas in gaming revenue.

1) гос. упр., юр., амер. конституционный конвент (избирается для принятия или пересмотра конституции штата; используется с капитализацией)

2) пол., юр., брит. конституционная конвенция (традиционные правила, регулирующие поведение органов государственной власти; не выражаются в форме законов)

3) гос. упр., ирл. Конституционный конвент (Северной Ирландии; совещательный орган с преобладанием юнионистов; cоздан в мае 1975 г.; прекратил свое существование в марте 1976 г. в результате действий североирландских экстремистов; используется с капитализацией)

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гос. упр., брит. "королевский указ в совете"

а) (королевский указ, изданный по рекомендации Тайного совета, не требующий для вступления в силу рассмотрения в парламенте: напр., дарование королевских хартий, некоторые подзаконные акты, королевские декларации и др.)

б) (в странах Содружества: решение правительства, не требующее рассмотрения в парламенте; как правило такие указы издаются от имени генерал-губернатора; большинство указов касаются назначений на государственные должности или являются подзаконными актами)

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1. रेज़िडेंट\residencyनामक\residencyसरकारी\residencyअफसर\residencyके\residencyमकान

Formerly the official residence of a representative of the British Governor General at a native Indian Court.

Governor-General

sigla

( governor-general) governatore generale.

— Air commander-in-chief

— Air Officer commander-in-chief

— Allied commander-in-chief

— Armed Forces Supreme commander-in-chief Governor-General

— civilian commander-in-chief

— constitutional supreme commander-in-chief

— Fleet commander-in-chief

— for the commander-in-chief

— Military Airlift commander-in-chief

— NATO commander-in-chief

— NATO Supreme commander-in-chief

— Naval commander-in-chief

— Royal Naval commander-in-chief

— Supreme commander-in-chief

— unified US commander-in-chief

— Vice commander-in-chief

* * *

федеральный парламент (высший орган законодательной власти Австралии; обладает правом издавать, изменять или отменять законы, определять бюджет и т. п.; юридически состоит из монарха Великобритании, представленного назначенным им генерал-губернатором { Governor-General}, палаты представителей { House of Representatives} и сената { Senate}; функции парламента определены Конституцией Австралии { Australian Constitution}. Избирается сроком на 3 года; исполнительная власть формально принадлежит возглавляемому генерал-губернатором Исполнительному совету { Executive Council}, а фактически осуществляется правительством во главе с премьер-министром { Prime Minister}. Первое заседание состоялось 9 мая 1901 в Мельбурне, с 1927 заседает в Канберре; тж. Commonwealth Parliament)