-
21 Land transport
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Austin, HerbertHamilton, Harold LeeIssigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold ConstantineMa JunMorris, William RichardSauerbrun, Charles de -
22 Mallet, Jules Théodore Anatole
[br]b. 1837 Geneva, Switzerlandd. November 1919 Nice, France[br]Swiss engineer, inventor of the compound steam locomotive and the Mallet articulated locomotive.[br]Mallet's family moved to Normandy while he was still a child. After working as a civil engineer, in 1867 he turned to machinery, particularly to compound steam engines. He designed the first true compound steam locomotives, which were built for the Bayonne- Biarritz Railway in 1876. They were 0–4–2 tank locomotives with one high-pressure and one low-pressure cylinder. A starting valve controlled by the driver admitted high-pressure steam to the low-pressure cylinder while the high-pressure cylinder exhausted to the atmosphere. At that time it was thought impracticable in a narrow-gauge locomotive to have more than three coupled axles in rigid frames. Mallet patented his system of articulation in 1884 and the first locomotives were built to that design in 1888: they were 0–4–4–0 tanks with two sets of frames. The two rear pairs of wheels carried the rear set of frames and were driven by two high-pressure cylinders; the two front pairs, which were driven by the high-pressure cylinders, carried a separate set of frames that was allowed sideplay, with a centre of rotation between the low-pressure cylinders. In contrast to the patent locomotive of Robert Fairlie, no flexible connections were required to carry steam at boiler pressure. The first Mallet articulated locomotives were small, built to 60 cm (23.6 in.) gauge: the first standard-gauge Mallets were built in 1890, for the St Gotthard Railway, and it was only after the type was adopted by American railways in 1904 that large Mallet locomotives were built, with sizes increasing rapidly to culminate in some of the largest steam locomotives ever produced. In the late 1880s Mallet also designed monorail locomotives, which were built for the system developed by C.F.M.-T. Lartigue.[br]Bibliography1884, French patent no. 162,876 (articulated locomotive).Further ReadingJ.T.van Riemsdijk, 1970, "The compound locomotive, Part I", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 43 (describes Mallet's work on compounding).L.Wiener, 1930, Articulated Locomotives, London: Constable (describes his articulated locomotives).For the Mallet family, see Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz.PJGRBiographical history of technology > Mallet, Jules Théodore Anatole
-
23 Railways and locomotives
Biographical history of technology > Railways and locomotives
-
24 Webb, Francis William
[br]b. 21 May 1836 Tixall, Staffordshire, Englandd. 4 June 1906 Bournemouth, England[br]English locomotive engineer who pioneered compound locomotives in Britain and the use of steel for boilers.[br]Webb was a pupil at Crewe Works, London \& North Western Railway (LNWR), under F. Trevithick (son of Richard Trevithick), and was subsequently placed in charge of the works under Trevithick's successor, J.Ramsbottom. After a brief spell away from the LNWR, Webb returned in 1871 and was made Chief Mechanical Engineer, a post he held until his retirement in 1904.Webb's initial designs included the highly successful "Precedent" or "Jumbo" class 2– 4–0, from which the example Hardwicke (now preserved by the National Railway Museum, York) achieved an average speed of 67.2 mph (108.1 km/h) between Crewe and Carlisle in 1895. His 0–6–0 "coal engines" were straightforward and cheap and were built in large numbers. In 1879 Webb, having noted the introduction of compound locomotives in France by J.T.A. Mallet, rebuilt an existing 2–2–2 locomotive as a two-cylinder compound. Then in 1882, seeking fuel economy and the suppression of coupling rods, he produced a compound locomotive to his own design, the 2–2, 2–0 Experiment, in which two outside high-pressure cylinders drove the rear driving-wheels, and a single inside large-diameter low-pressure cylinder drove the front driving-wheels. This was followed by a large number of compound locomotives: three successive classes of 2–2, 2–0s; some 2–2, 2–2s; some 4–4–0s; and some 0–8–0s for goods traffic. Although these were capable of good performance, their overall value was controversial: Webb, who was notoriously autocratic, may never have been fully informed of their defects, and after his retirement most were quickly scrapped. Webb made many other innovations during his career, one of the most important being the construction of boilers from steel rather than wrought iron.[br]Further ReadingC.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 14 (describes Webb's career).E.L.Ahrons, 1927, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 2825–1925, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., Chs 18 and 20 (includes a critique of Webb's compound locomotives).PJGR
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
Gastón — puede hacer referencia a: Gastón Artículos en Wikipedia Todas las páginas que comienzan por «Gastón» Contenido 1 Nombre 1.1 … Wikipedia Español
Gaston — may refer to:Places* In the United States: ** Gaston, Indiana ** Gaston, Oregon ** Gaston, South Carolina ** Gaston County, North Carolina *** Gaston College, a community college in North Carolina * A variant spelling of Gastun, a Crusader castle … Wikipedia
Gaston — ist ein männlicher Vorname; siehe Gaston (Vorname) der Vorname folgender Personen: Gaston Häni (* 1951), Schweizer Schauspieler und Clown Darsteller, häufig auch nur mit seinem Vornamen bekannt. Gaston Salvatore (* 1944), deutschsprachiger… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Gaston — Gaston, NC U.S. town in North Carolina Population (2000): 973 Housing Units (2000): 479 Land area (2000): 1.690715 sq. miles (4.378932 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.139269 sq. miles (0.360706 sq. km) Total area (2000): 1.829984 sq. miles (4.739638 … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Gastón I — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Gastón I fue conde de Foix, vizconde de Castellbó y de Cerdaña y señor de Andorra y, bajo el nombre de Gaston VIII, vizconde de Bearn, de Marsan y de Gabarda o Gabarret, y señor de Montcada. Sucedió a la edad de 13… … Wikipedia Español
Gaston Ry — Nom de naissance René Rostagny Naissance 13 août 1902 Mustapha Décès 1978 Nationalité Français … Wikipédia en Français
Gaston, IN — U.S. town in Indiana Population (2000): 1010 Housing Units (2000): 376 Land area (2000): 0.350569 sq. miles (0.907970 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.350569 sq. miles (0.907970 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Gaston, NC — U.S. town in North Carolina Population (2000): 973 Housing Units (2000): 479 Land area (2000): 1.690715 sq. miles (4.378932 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.139269 sq. miles (0.360706 sq. km) Total area (2000): 1.829984 sq. miles (4.739638 sq. km)… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Gaston, OR — U.S. city in Oregon Population (2000): 600 Housing Units (2000): 204 Land area (2000): 0.222906 sq. miles (0.577323 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.222906 sq. miles (0.577323 sq. km) FIPS code … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Gaston, SC — U.S. town in South Carolina Population (2000): 1304 Housing Units (2000): 532 Land area (2000): 3.425865 sq. miles (8.872948 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 3.425865 sq. miles (8.872948 sq. km)… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Gaston [1] — Gaston (spr. Gast n), 1) Grafschaft im Staate Nord Carolina (Nordamerika), 16 QM., an den Staat Süd Carolina grenzend, vom Catawba River durchflossen; Boden hügelig u. fruchtbar. Producte: Mais u. Baumwolle; 1846 aus dem südlichen Theile der… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon