function+study

1 to adapt.

un modelo adaptado a condiciones desérticas a model adapted to suit desert conditions

María adaptó el programa a su casa Mary adapted the program to her house.

Ricardo adaptó el computador Richard adapted=ported his computer.

2 to adapt (libro, obra de teatro).

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 (acomodar) to adapt

2 (ajustar) to adjust, fit

► verbo pronominal adaptarse

1 (persona) to adapt oneself (a, to); (cosa) to fit, adjust

* * *

1) to adapt

2) adjust

* * *

1. VT

1) (=acomodar) to adapt; (=encajar) to fit, make suitable ( para for)

2) (Inform) to convert ( para to)

adaptarse

* * *

verbo transitivo <cortinas/vestido> to alter; < habitación> to convert; <pieza/motor> to adapt; (Inf) to convert

adaptarse v pron to adapt

* * *

= adapt, customise [customize, -USA], gear (to/toward(s)/for), make + amenable, pitch, bend, fit together, tune, arrange, retrofit, scale, tweak, muck around/about, key + Nombre + to.

Ex. Order forms A and B can be adapted for local use.

Ex. The system has to be customised to suit any specific application so that it suits the demands of the microcomputer with which it is being used.

Ex. Most of the main subject headings lists are geared to the alphabetical subject approach found in dictionary catalogues.

Ex. This flexibility represents an attempt to make the code amenable to use in a variety of different library environments.

Ex. Thus pitching instructions at the right level can be difficult.

Ex. Each cluster or niche of interests in the end user field will have specific individual needs and innovations will bend information technology to meet them.

Ex. The narrative may be unfamiliar in its structure so that they are unsure about the way different elements of the story fit together.

Ex. Just as delivery must be tuned to suit the kind of material chosen, so must the language used to tell a story.

Ex. A vocal score is a score showing all vocal parts, with accompaniment, if any, arranged for keyboard instrument.

Ex. This model is attractive both for 'retrofitting' existing software as well as providing flexibility to new systems.

Ex. To produce a statewide estimate, this framework would need to be scaled to accommodate all public libraries in a particular state.

Ex. This book offers strategies for high school teachers that provide tools for creating, repairing, and tweaking all the discernible components of teaching.

Ex. I have looked at the book and mucked around with the database and using switches but can't see a solution.

Ex. The case study found that children do have the ability to use a classification scheme that is keyed to their developmental level.

----

* adaptar a la música = set to + music.

* adaptar a las necesidades de = tailor to + the needs of, gear to + the needs of.

* adaptar a las preferencias de Uno = suit + Posesivo + own preferences.

* adaptar al cine = adapt to + the screen.

* adaptar a una aplicación concreta = harness.

* adaptar a una exigencia = tailor to + requirement.

* adaptar a una necesidad = time to + need, suit + requirement.

* adaptar para la pantalla = adapt to + the screen.

* adaptarse = come to + terms with, morph.

* adaptarse a = accommodate, comport with, attune to.

* adaptarse a las circunstancias = suit + circumstances.

* adaptarse al cambio = accommodate to + change, adapt to + change.

* adaptarse al entorno = adjust to + environment.

* adaptarse a los cambios = flow with + the tides.

* adaptarse a los tiempos = change with + the times, move with + the times, keep up with + the times, adapt to + the times.

* adaptarse a una aplicación = suit + application.

* adaptarse a una función = step up to + role.

* adaptarse a una innovación = meet + development.

* adaptarse a una necesidad = suit + need.

* adaptarse a un formato = meet + format.

* adaptarse a un interés = accommodate + interest.

* capaz de adaptarse y superar adversidades = resilient.

* modificar y adaptar = repackage [re-package], repack.

* * *

verbo transitivo <cortinas/vestido> to alter; < habitación> to convert; <pieza/motor> to adapt; (Inf) to convert

adaptarse v pron to adapt

* * *

* * *

adaptar [A1 ]

1 ‹cortinas/vestido› to alter; ‹habitación› to convert; ‹pieza/motor› to adapt

adaptaron el dormitorio para usarlo como aula the bedroom was converted into a classroom o for use as a classroom

adaptó la obra al or para el cine he adapted the play for the screen

2 ( Inf) to convert

to adapt adaptar A algo/ + INF to adapt TO sth/ -ING

hay que saber adaptarse a las circunstancias you have to learn to adapt to circumstances

un coche que se adapta a cualquier terreno a car which is well suited to any terrain

no se adapta a vivir sola she can't adapt to living alone

* * *

◊ un coche que se adapta a cualquier terreno a car which is well suited to any terrain

* * *

♦ vt

1. [modificar]

el edificio no ha sido aún adaptado a su nueva función the building still hasn't been modified to suit its new function

2. [libro, obra de teatro] to adapt (a for);

♦ See also the pronominal verb adaptarse

* * *

v/t adapt

* * *

adaptar vt

1) modificar: to adapt

2) : to adjust, to fit

♦ See also the reflexive verb adaptarse

* * *

adaptar vb (acomodar) to adapt

   Portugal's oldest and once its most prestigious university. As one of Europe's oldest seats of learning, the University of Coimbra and its various roles have a historic importance that supersedes merely the educational. For centuries, the university formed and trained the principal elites and professions that dominated Portugal. For more than a century, certain members of its faculty entered the central government in Lisbon. A few, such as law professor Afonso Costa, mathematics instructor Sidônio Pais, anthropology professor Bernardino Machado, and economics professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, became prime ministers and presidents of the republic. In such a small country, with relatively few universities until recently, Portugal counted Coimbra's university as the educational cradle of its leaders and knew its academic traditions as an intimate part of national life.

   Established in 1290 by King Dinis, the university first opened in Lisbon but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, and there it remained. University buildings were placed high on a hill, in a position that

   physically dominates Portugal's third city. While sections of the medieval university buildings are present, much of what today remains of the old University of Coimbra dates from the Manueline era (1495-1521) and the 17th and 18th centuries. The main administration building along the so-called Via Latina is baroque, in the style of the 17th and 18th centuries. Most prominent among buildings adjacent to the central core structures are the Chapel of São Miguel, built in the 17th century, and the magnificent University Library, of the era of wealthy King João V, built between 1717 and 1723. Created entirely by Portuguese artists and architects, the library is unique among historic monuments in Portugal. Its rare book collection, a monument in itself, is complemented by exquisite gilt wood decorations and beautiful doors, windows, and furniture. Among visitors and tourists, the chapel and library are the prime attractions to this day.

   The University underwent important reforms under the Pombaline administration (1750-77). Efforts to strengthen Coimbra's position in advanced learning and teaching by means of a new curriculum, including new courses in new fields and new degrees and colleges (in Portugal, major university divisions are usually called "faculties") often met strong resistance. In the Age of the Discoveries, efforts were made to introduce the useful study of mathematics, which was part of astronomy in that day, and to move beyond traditional medieval study only of theology, canon law, civil law, and medicine. Regarding even the advanced work of the Portuguese astronomer and mathematician Pedro Nunes, however, Coimbra University was lamentably slow in introducing mathematics or a school of arts and general studies. After some earlier efforts, the 1772 Pombaline Statutes, the core of the Pombaline reforms at Coimbra, had an impact that lasted more than a century. These reforms remained in effect to the end of the monarchy, when, in 1911, the First Republic instituted changes that stressed the secularization of learning. This included the abolition of the Faculty of Theology.

   Elaborate, ancient traditions and customs inform the faculty and student body of Coimbra University. Tradition flourishes, although some customs are more popular than others. Instead of residing in common residences or dormitories as in other countries, in Coimbra until recently students lived in the city in "Republics," private houses with domestic help hired by the students. Students wore typical black academic gowns. Efforts during the Revolution of 25 April 1974 and aftermath to abolish the wearing of the gowns, a powerful student image symbol, met resistance and generated controversy. In romantic Coimbra tradition, students with guitars sang characteristic songs, including Coimbra fado, a more cheerful song than Lisbon fado, and serenaded other students at special locations. Tradition also decreed that at graduation graduates wore their gowns but burned their school (or college or subject) ribbons ( fitas), an important ceremonial rite of passage.

   The University of Coimbra, while it underwent a revival in the 1980s and 1990s, no longer has a virtual monopoly over higher education in Portugal. By 1970, for example, the country had only four public and one private university, and the University of Lisbon had become more significant than ancient Coimbra. At present, diversity in higher education is even more pronounced: 12 private universities and 14 autonomous public universities are listed, not only in Lisbon and Oporto, but at provincial locations. Still, Coimbra retains an influence as the senior university, some of whose graduates still enter national government and distinguished themselves in various professions.

   An important student concern at all institutions of higher learning, and one that marked the last half of the 1990s and continued into the next century, was the question of increased student fees and tuition payments (in Portuguese, propinas). Due to the expansion of the national universities in function as well as in the size of student bodies, national budget constraints, and the rising cost of education, the central government began to increase student fees. The student movement protested this change by means of various tactics, including student strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations. At the same time, a growing number of private universities began to attract larger numbers of students who could afford the higher fees in private institutions, but who had been denied places in the increasingly competitive and pressured public universities.

σῶμα, ατος, τό (Hom.+) ‘body.’

① body of a human being or animal, body

ⓐ dead body, corpse (so always in Hom. [but s. HHerter, σῶμα bei Homer: Charites, Studien zur Altertumswissenschaft, ELanglotz Festschr., ed. KvonSchauenburg ’57, 206–17] and oft. later, e.g. Memnon: 434 Fgm. 1, 3, 3 Jac. καίειν τὸ ς.=burn the corpse; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 2:27; TestJob 52:11; ApcMos 34 al.; Philo, Abr. 258; Jos., Bell. 6, 276, Ant. 18, 236; Ar. 4, 3; Mel., P. 28, 196) Mt 14:12 v.l.; 27:59; Mk 15:45 v.l.; Lk 17:37; Ac 9:40; GPt 2:4; pl. J 19:31. W. gen. Mt 27:58; Mk 15:43; Lk 23:52, 55; 24:3, 23; J 19:38ab, 40; 20:12; Jd 9; GPt 2:3. Pl. Mt 27:52; Hb 13:11. AcPlCor 2:27.

ⓑ the living body (Hes. et al.) of animals Js 3:3.—Mostly of human beings Mt 5:29f; 6:22f; 26:12; Mk 5:29; 14:8; Lk 11:34abc; J 2:21; Ro 1:24; 1 Cor 6:18ab; IRo 5:3. τὰ τοῦ σώματος the parts of the body 4:2. Of women αἱ ἀσθενεῖς τῷ σώματι 1 Cl 6:2; cp. Hv 3, 11, 4.—W. and in contrast to πνεῦμα (4 Macc 11:11) Ro 8:10, 13; 1 Cor 5:3; 7:34; Js 2:26. W. and in contrast to ψυχή (Pla., Gorg. 47, 493a; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 30; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 112 §467; Ael. Aristid. 45, 17f K.=8 p. 88f D.; Lucian, Imag. 23; PGM 7, 589; Wsd 1:4; 8:19f; 2 Macc 7:37; 14:38; 4 Macc 1:28; ApcEsdr 7:3 p. 32, 13 Tdf.; EpArist 139; Philo; Jos., Bell. 3, 372–78; 6, 55; Just., A I, 8, 4; D. 6, 2 al.; Tat. 13, 1; Ath. 1, 4; Did., Gen. 56, 4; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 2]) Mt 6:25ab; 10:28ab; Lk 12:4 v.l., 22f; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus, fr. an unknown source); 12:4; MPol 14:2; AcPl Ha 1, 4. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα (s. the Christian POxy 1161, 6 [IV A.D.]) 1 Th 5:23. W. and in contrast to its parts (ApcSed 11:13; Mel., P. 78, 563) Ro 12:4; 1 Cor 12:12abc (Ltzm. ad loc.), 14–20 (PMich 149, 4, 26 [II A.D.] ἧπαρ … ὅλον τὸ σῶμα); Js 3:6; 1 Cl 37:5abcd. The body as the seat of sexual function Ro 4:19; 1 Cor 7:4ab (rights over the σῶμα of one’s spouse as Artem. 1, 44 p. 42, 14f; Iren. 1, 13, 3 [Harv. I 119, 10]).—The body as seat of mortal life εἶναι ἐν σώματι be in the body = alive, subject to mortal ills (TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 3 [Stone p. 22]; Poryphr., Abst. 1, 38) Hb 13:3. ἐνδημεῖν ἐν τῷ σώματι 2 Cor 5:6 (s. ἐνδημέω). ἐκδημῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ σώματος vs. 8 (s. ἐκδημέω). διὰ τοῦ σώματος during the time of one’s mortal life (cp. Lucian, Menipp. 11, end, Catapl. 23) vs. 10 (s. κομίζω 3, but s. also below in this section). Paul does not know whether, in a moment of religious ecstasy, he was ἐν σώματι or ἐκτὸς (χωρὶς) τοῦ σώματος 12:2f (of Epimenides [A2: Vorsokrat.⁵ I p. 29] it was said ὡς ἐξίοι ἡ ψυχὴ ὁπόσον ἤθελε καιρὸν καὶ πάλιν εἰσῄει ἐν τῷ σώματι; Clearchus, Fgm. 7: καθάπερ ὁ Κλέαρχος ἐν τοῖς περὶ ὕπνου φησίν, περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς, ὡς ἄρα χωρίζεται τοῦ σώματος καὶ ὡς εἴσεισιν εἰς τὸ σῶμα καὶ ὡς χρῆται αὐτῷ οἷον καταγωγίῳ [a resting-place]. In Fgm. 8 Clearchus tells about Cleonymus the Athenian, who seemed to be dead, but awakened after 3 days and thereupon reported everything that he had seen and heard ἐπειδὴ χωρὶς ἦν τοῦ σώματος. His soul is said finally to have arrived εἴς τινα χῶρον ἱερὸν τῆς Ἑστίας; Maximus Tyr. 38, 3a–f Ἀριστέας ἔφασκεν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῷ καταλιποῦσαν τὸ σῶμα in order to wander through the universe. He finds faith everywhere. Similarly 10, 2f. See also the story of Hermotimus in Apollon. Paradox. 3 as well as Lucian, Musc. Enc. [The Fly] 7.—On the two kinds of transcendent vision [with or without the body] s. Proclus, In Pla. Rem Publ. II p. 121, 26ff Kroll: οἱ μὲν μετὰ τοῦ σώματος τῶν τοιούτων [like Ἐμπεδότιμος] ἵστορες [=eyewitnesses], οἱ δὲ ἄνευ σώματος [like Κλεώνυμος]. καὶ πλήρεις αἱ παραδόσεις τούτων.). ἀπὼν τῷ σώματι (παρὼν δὲ τῷ πνεύματι) 1 Cor 5:3. ἡ παρουσία τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 10:10 (παρουσία 1). The body is the instrument of human experience and suffering 4:10ab; Gal 6:17 (allusion AcPlCor 2, 35); Phil 1:20; the body is the organ of a person’s activity: δοξάσατε τὸν θεὸν ἐν τῷ σώματι ὑμῶν glorify God through your body, i.e. by leading an upright life 1 Cor 6:20; cp. Ro 12:1. This may be the place (s. above in this section) for διὰ τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 5:10 which, in that case, would be taken in an instrumental sense with or through the body (cp. Pla., Phd. 65a; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 13, 371c; Aelian, NA 5, 26 τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώματος πραττόμενα). In some of the last-named passages (such as Ro 12:1; Phil 1:20; also Eph 5:28 w. parallel in Plut., Mor. 142e: s. HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT ’46, 116f) the body is almost synonymous w. the whole personality (as Aeschin., Or. 2, 58; X., An. 1, 9, 12 τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα=themselves. Appian, Syr. 41 §218 παρεδίδου τὸ σῶμα τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν ἀπαγαγεῖν=[Epaminondas] gave himself up to those who wished to take him away, Mithr. 27 §107 ἐς τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ=against his person, Bell. Civ. 2, 106 §442 Caesar’s person [σῶμα] is ἱερὸς καὶ ἄσυλος=sacred and inviolable; 3, 39 §157 ἔργον … σῶμα=course of action … person; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 55, 7 [III B.C.] ἑκάστου σώματος=for every person. See Wilcken’s note).—Because it is subject to sin and death, man’s mortal body as τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός (σάρξ 2cα) Col 2:11 is a σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας Ro 6:6 or τοῦ θανάτου 7:24; cp. 8:11. In fact, σῶμα can actually take the place of σάρξ 8:13 (cp. Herm. Wr. 4, 6b ἐὰν μὴ πρῶτον τὸ σῶμα μισήσῃς, σεαυτὸν φιλῆσαι οὐ δύνασαι; 11, 21a.—Cp. Hippol., Ref. 5, 19, 6). As a σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως lowly body it stands in contrast to the σῶμα τῆς δόξης glorious body of the heavenly beings Phil 3:21. In another pass. σῶμα ψυχικόν of mortals is opposed to the σῶμα πνευματικόν after the resurrection 1 Cor 15:44abc.—Christ’s earthly body, which was subject to death (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 9, 13) Ro 7:4; Hb 10:5 (Ps 39:7 v.l.), 10; 1 Pt 2:24; AcPlCor 2:16f. τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ 2:32. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ Col 1:22. Esp. in the language of the Eucharist (opp. αἷμα) Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19; 1 Cor 10:16 (GBornkamm, NTS 2, ’56, 202–6); 11:24, 27, 29. S. the lit. s.v. ἀγάπη 2 and εὐχαριστία 3, also JBonsirven, Biblica 29, ’48, 205–19.—ἓν σῶμα a single body 1 Cor 6:16 (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 66 Δαυίδης τήν τε ἄνω πόλιν κ. τὴν ἄκραν συνάψας ἐποίησεν ἕν σῶμα; Artem. 3, 66 p. 196, 9; RKempthorne, NTS 14. ’67/68, 568–74).

② pl. σώματα slaves (Herodas 2, 87 δοῦλα σώματα; Polyb. et al.; oft. Vett. Val.; ins, pap; Gen 36:6; Tob 10:10; Bel 32; 2 Macc 8:11; Jos., Ant. 14, 321; cp. our colloq. ‘get some bodies for the job’) Rv 18:13 (cp. Ezk 27:13; the abs. usage rejected by Atticists, s. Phryn. 378 Lob.).

③ plant and seed structure, body. In order to gain an answer to his own question in 1 Cor 15:35 ποίῳ σώματι ἔρχονται; (i.e. the dead after the resurrection), Paul speaks of bodies of plants (which are different in kind fr. the ‘body’ of the seed which is planted.—Maximus Tyr. 40, 60e makes a distinction betw. the σώματα of the plants, which grow old and pass away, and their σπέρματα, which endure.—σώματα of plants also in Apollon. Paradox. 7 [after Aristot.]) vs. 37f, and of σώματα ἐπουράνια of the heavenly bodies vs. 40 (cp. Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 2, 2 the stars as σώματα θεῖα; Maximus Tyr. 21, 8b οὐρανὸς κ. τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ σώματα, acc. to 11, 12a οἱ ἀστέρες; 40, 4h; Sallust. 9 p. 18, 5).

④ substantive reality, the thing itself, the reality in imagery of a body that casts a shadow, in contrast to σκιά (q.v. 3) Col 2:17.

⑤ a unified group of people, body fig. ext. of 1, of the Christian community or church (cp. Cyr. Ins. 58, ‘body of the Hellenes’; Polyaenus, Exc. 18, 4 of the phalanx; Libanius, Or. 1 p. 176, 25 F. τὸ τῆς πόλεως ς.; Plut., Philop. 360 [8, 2]), esp. as the body of Christ, which he fills or enlivens as its Spirit (in this case the head belongs with the body, as Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 26 §101, where a severed head is differentiated from τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα=the rest of the body), or crowns as its Head (Hdt. 7, 140; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 58; SIG 1169, 3; 15 κεφαλή w. σῶμα as someth. equally independent; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 79, 27): οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν σῶμά ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ro 12:5. Cp. 1 Cor 10:17; 12:13, 27; Eph (s. Schlier s.v. ἐκκλησία 3c) 1:23; 2:16; 4:12, 16; 5:23, 30; Col 1:18, 24; 2:19; 3:15; ISm 1:2; Hs 9, 17, 5; 9, 18, 3f. ἓν σῶμα καὶ ἓν πνεῦμα Eph 4:4; cp. Hs 9, 13, 5; 7 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 30, 167: all as ἓν σῶμα κ. μία ψυχή; also Just., D. 42, 3) διέλκομεν τὰ μέλη τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ στασιάζομεν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἴδιον 1 Cl 46:7.—T Schmidt, Der Leib Christi (σῶμα Χριστοῦ) 1919; EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33 (for a critique s. SHanson, Unity of the Church in the NT ’46, 113–16); ÉMersch, Le Corps mystique du Christ² ’36; AWikenhauser, D. Kirche als d. myst. Leib Christi, nach dem Ap. Pls² ’40; EPercy, D. Leib Christi in d. paulin. Homologumena u. Antilegomena ’42; RHirzel, Die Person: SBMünAk 1914 H. 10 p. 6–28 (semantic history of σῶμα); WKnox, Parallels to the NT use of σῶμα: JTS 39, ’38, 243–46; FDillistone, How Is the Church Christ’s Body?: Theology Today 2, ’45/46, 56–68; WGoossens, L’Église corps de Christ d’après St. Paul² ’49; CCraig, Soma Christou: The Joy of Study ’51, 73–85; JRobinson, The Body: A Study in Pauline Theol. ’52; RBultmann, Theol. of the NT, tr. KGrobel ’51, 192–203; HClavier, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 342–62; CColpe, Zur Leib-Christi Vorstellung im Eph, ’60, 172–87; KGrobel, Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 52–59; HHegermann, TLZ 85, ’60, 839–42; ESchweizer, ibid. 86, ’61, 161–74; 241–56; JMeuzelaar, D. Leib des Messias, ’61; MDahl, The Resurrection of the Body, ’62; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 201–304; JZiegler, NovT 25, ’83, 133–45 (LXX); JDunn: JSNT Suppl. 100, ’94, 163–81 (Col.).—B. 198. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

   1) Child Development and the Intellectual Life

   There is no mystery about it: the child who is familiar with books, ideas, conversation-the ways and means of the intellectual life-before he begins school, indeed, before he begins consciously to think, has a marked advantage. He is at home in the House of intellect just as the stableboy is at home among horses, or the child of actors on the stage. (Barzun, 1959, p. 142)

   2) Comparison of Sensory- Motor Intelligence and Conceptual Thought

   It is... no exaggeration to say that sensory-motor intelligence is limited to desiring success or practical adaptation, whereas the function of verbal or conceptual thought is to know and state truth. (Piaget, 1954, p. 359)

   3) The Epistemological and Heuristic Parts of Intelligence

   ntelligence has two parts, which we shall call the epistemological and the heuristic. The epistemological part is the representation of the world in such a form that the solution of problems follows from the facts expressed in the representation. The heuristic part is the mechanism that on the basis of the information solves the problem and decides what to do. (McCarthy & Hayes, 1969, p. 466)

   3. Contextual approaches. To qualify as a useful contextual construct, intelligence should be a source of individual differences in accomplishments in "real-world" performances. It is not enough just to account for performance in the laboratory. On [sic] the contextual view, what a person does in the lab may not even remotely resemble what the person would do outside it. Moreover, different cultures may have different conceptions of intelligence, which affect what would count as intelligent in one cultural context versus another.

   4. Systems approaches. Systems approaches attempt to understand intelligence through the interaction of cognition with context. They attempt to establish a link between the two levels of analysis, and to analyze what forms this link takes. (Sternberg, 1994, pp. 263-264)

   5) High Intelligence Combined with the Greatest Degrees of Persistence

   High but not the highest intelligence, combined with the greatest degrees of persistence, will achieve greater eminence than the highest degree of intelligence with somewhat less persistence. (Cox, 1926, p. 187)

   6) Intelligence Is Not Marked by Definitive Criteria

   There are no definitive criteria of intelligence, just as there are none for chairness; it is a fuzzy-edged concept to which many features are relevant. Two people may both be quite intelligent and yet have very few traits in common-they resemble the prototype along different dimensions.... [Intelligence] is a resemblance between two individuals, one real and the other prototypical. (Neisser, 1979, p. 185)

   7) Synthesis of Differential and Information- Processing Approaches to the Study of Intelligence

   Given the complementary strengths and weaknesses of the differential and information-processing approaches, it should be possible, at least in theory, to synthesise an approach that would capitalise upon the strength of each approach, and thereby share the weakness of neither. (Sternberg, 1977, p. 65)

   1) The Knowledge of Ourselves

   We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)

   2) As a Science, Psychology Is Distinct

   The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)

   3) Psychology Can Never Be an Exact Natural Science

   Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)

   4) How a " Mathematical" Psychology May Be Realized in Practice

   It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)

   5) The Rights of Psychology as Science

   "Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,

   6) The Study of Animal Psychology

   The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)

   7) The Behaviorist's Formulation

   The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)

   8) Man Is a Microcosm

   According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)

   9) Brief Overview of Psychology's History

   At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.

   In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.

   The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.

   Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)

    10) Psychological Research Is Not Building toward Systematic Clarity

   As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)

    11) Psychology as a Scientific Discipline

   The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)

. создавать волну; создаваться

•

The repulsion between two electrons comes about from the exchange of photons.

•

An earthquake is generated (or develops, or occurs) when two blocks...

•

The potential appearing across the output terminal is...

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These forces arise from the displacement of the aileron.

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The methylamines are widely distributed in nature where they arise probably as the result of decomposition of...

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The strains that are brought about in steel during the hardening process...

•

Planets may come into being (or existence, or may result) when small planetesimals fall together.

•

Above 1000°F another process is coming into play.

•

The pipe developed a leak ( в трубе возникла течь).

•

Under such conditions, it is possible that a crack may develop in a furnace.

•

All tools develop ( во всех инструментах возникают) residual internal stresses.

•

Under these conditions a bias will be developed because of the flow of electrons from grid to ground.

•

If a leak occurs...

•

Problems invariably occur which call for...

•

When life first originated...

•

A wave originating at point can reach any of the several detectors.

•

No known meteorites seem to have originated on the Moon.

•

A model of this type can be changed many times during the construction as new problems present themselves.

•

The temperature at which the disorder sets in is a function of...

•

Chemistry grew out of the black magic of the dark ages and the alchemy of the middle ages.

•

New methods for seeking out genetic loci are emerging.

•

This definition came about because it simplified the study of control systems.

•

A dispute which ensued between the two groups...

•

These forces are generated in the earth's interior.

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Shear is produced in columns by () variation in...

II

. появляться

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Ultimately, a molecule similar to modern catalase came into existence.

•

Brain tumours are not likely to arise from a mature neuron.

•

Planets may result [or come into being (or existence)] when small planetesimals fall together.

•

As a result there occurs what is known as the Cerenkov effect.

•

These craters date back to a period of...

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Planets may evolve into existence when...

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Interest in developing... goes back to the 1950s.

III

. в связи с этим возникает вопрос

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Such forces occur when...

•

In our galaxy, supernovae occur once every 30 years or so.

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A complication has cropped up.

•

Three questions might come to mind about the properties of...

* * *

 Several problems have arisen during the course of the work which have required system development.

 Did the Neolithic of southern Greece really come into being as abruptly as it now appears it did?

 To troubleshoot a scale system problem, first determine in which scale system element the problem originates.

— а следовательно, возникает вопрос

— в связи с этим... сразу же возникает вопрос, насколько

— возник ряд трудностей, связанных с

— возникает желание

— возникает ряд вопросов

— возникать в результате того, что

— возникать в результате

— возникать из желания

— возникать по следующей причине

— возникают трудности

— возникли непредвиденные трудности

— возникли сомнения относительно

— если позднее возникнет необходимость в таком

— если такая необходимость возникнет

— необходимость в... возникает из-за

— никаких вопросов в этом отношении не возникло

— однако при этом возникло две проблемы

— особые трудности возникают при

— пожар возник из-за

— при этом неизбежно возникает проблема

— работа возникла в связи с

— случайные условия, возникающие при

. создавать волну; создаваться

•

The repulsion between two electrons comes about from the exchange of photons.

•

An earthquake is generated (or develops, or occurs) when two blocks...

•

The potential appearing across the output terminal is...

•

These forces arise from the displacement of the aileron.

•

The methylamines are widely distributed in nature where they arise probably as the result of decomposition of...

•

The strains that are brought about in steel during the hardening process...

•

Planets may come into being (or existence, or may result) when small planetesimals fall together.

•

Above 1000°F another process is coming into play.

•

The pipe developed a leak ( в трубе возникла течь).

•

Under such conditions, it is possible that a crack may develop in a furnace.

•

All tools develop ( во всех инструментах возникают) residual internal stresses.

•

Under these conditions a bias will be developed because of the flow of electrons from grid to ground.

•

If a leak occurs...

•

Problems invariably occur which call for...

•

When life first originated...

•

A wave originating at point can reach any of the several detectors.

•

No known meteorites seem to have originated on the Moon.

•

A model of this type can be changed many times during the construction as new problems present themselves.

•

The temperature at which the disorder sets in is a function of...

•

Chemistry grew out of the black magic of the dark ages and the alchemy of the middle ages.

•

New methods for seeking out genetic loci are emerging.

•

This definition came about because it simplified the study of control systems.

•

A dispute which ensued between the two groups...

•

These forces are generated in the earth's interior.

•

Shear is produced in columns by () variation in...

II

. появляться

•

Ultimately, a molecule similar to modern catalase came into existence.

•

Brain tumours are not likely to arise from a mature neuron.

•

Planets may result [or come into being (or existence)] when small planetesimals fall together.

•

As a result there occurs what is known as the Cerenkov effect.

•

These craters date back to a period of...

•

Planets may evolve into existence when...

•

Interest in developing... goes back to the 1950s.

III

. в связи с этим возникает вопрос

•

Such forces occur when...

•

In our galaxy, supernovae occur once every 30 years or so.

•

A complication has cropped up.

•

Three questions might come to mind about the properties of...

1) General subject: account (by all accounts - по общим отзывам), appraisal, appraisal (деятельности и т.п.), appraisal (качества и т.п.), appraisement, appreciation, assessment, diagnostic, equilibration (обыкн. советов), estimate, estimation, evaluating, evaluation, mark (знаний), rater, rating, regard, size-up, summing up, summing-up (положения), valuation, valuation (запасов), value, diagnosis, characterization, valutazione

2) Naval: quotation

3) Medicine: assessment (напр. жизнеспособности), score

4) Colloquial: guesstimate (интуитивная)

5) American: adjustment (ущерба), grade, grade (в школе), rate (в школе)

6) Obsolete: (высокая) he sets a high value on his time (of, for) (кого-л.)

7) Sports: assessing of difficulty, assessment of difficulty, classing

8) Military: consideration, reliability assessment of components, review

9) Engineering: bound (случайной величины), estimate (предварительный подсчёт), estimation (предварительный подсчёт), estimator, qualification, rate

10) Agriculture: assessment (сорта, признака), evaluation (качества), judging, tax assessment, valoration

11) Chemistry: assessing

12) Mathematics: assessed value, direction-free estimator (полученная методом наименьших квадратов), est (estimate), eval (evaluation), inequality, valuation function

13) Law: judgement, summation (положения и т.п.), summing-up (положения и т.п.)

14) Economy: assessment (недвижимого имущества в целях налогообложения), costing, estimating, guess value, value judgment

15) Accounting: estimated value, evaluation (напр. качества), statistic (параметра)

16) Statistics: validation (напр. качества)

17) Insurance: survey

18) Automobile industry: definition (качества)

19) Diplomatic term: summing-up (ситуации и т.п.)

20) Metallurgy: grading (качества)

21) Psychology: appraisal (качества, состояния, значения), measuring, scoring

22) Jargon: hinge

23) Information technology: analysis, evaluation (выражения, условия), guess, measure, scope, stock-taking

24) Oil: appraisal (скважины; месторождения), definition, estimate (как результат), estimation (как процесс), evaluation (как процесс), judgment, qualification (качества), valuation, appraisal (внутренняя/внешняя)

25) Dentistry: scaling

26) Metrology: appraisal (например, результатов измерений), estimation (процесс)

27) Perfume: control, grading

28) Ecology: taxation

29) Advertising: adjudication, merit, validation

30) Patents: assessment (при вычислениях)

31) Business: opinion, view

32) SAP. val., valn

33) Drilling: appraising, aspect, scoping

34) Audit: appraisal ( of mineral reserves) (запасов полезных ископаемых), assess, measurement

35) EBRD: appraised value

36) Programming: testing

37) Automation: assessment (статистическая), definition (напр. качества), investigation, study

38) Quality control: appraisal (качества), (статистическая) estimator

39) Robots: estimator( статистическая)

40) Sakhalin R: appraisal (месторождений)

41) Chemical weapons: review (of project), validation (for prototypes)

42) Makarov: assessment (в т.ч. данных, полученных в результате мониторинга), assessment (количественная), costing (стоимости), estimate (частный результат), estimation (в осн. в мат. статистике), estimation (результат), estimator (как значение, величина), estimator (общее ур-ние в мат. статистике), expectance, expectation, expectation value, judgement (суждение), judging practice (скота), qualification (кач-ва, пригодности), reckoning, score (в баллах), weighting

43) Gold mining: internal audit

44) SAP.tech. valuating

45) SAP.fin. calculating values

46) Combustion gas turbines: assessment (напр., к.п.д., потерь и пр.)

47) Microsoft: star rating, system rating

48) General subject: approximation

1) General subject: (отдельно выполненная) a piece of work, action, activity, assignment, career, contribution, desert, dinkum, duty (машины), employment, factorage, firing (реактивного двигателя), function, handiwork, job, labor, labour, make, making, operation, pensum (как наказание), performance, piece of work (отдельно выполненная), possie, proceedings (комиссии), prosecution, provisional job (зубная), run, task, toil, working, work, call (в занчении "хорошая работа"), commitment, article (in a book or periodical), publication (book, journal, etc.), (с испытательным сроком) feeler

2) Colloquial: gig, lay, sit

3) Military: project (напр. исследовательская, лабораторная), works

4) Engineering: batch-and-queue (практика массового производства), behavior (конструкции, материала), functional operation, office (место работы), service, work operation

5) Jocular: racket, stand the racket

6) Construction: activity (в сетевом планировании), operating, performance (материала, конструкции, инструмента)

7) Mathematics: investigation, paper, report, study, the work on measuring cosmic ray intensity (по чему-либо)

8) Religion: outreach

9) Railway term: behaviour

10) Economy: business

11) Accounting: project

12) Australian slang: bizzo, jacker, yacker, yakka, yakker

13) Automobile industry: duty (машины, конструкции), functionment (машины), performance (машины)

14) Architecture: work (во всех значениях слова)

15) Mining: tut

16) Psychology: cultivation (над собой, над характером)

17) Abbreviation: w, wk

18) Jargon: show, corn (He can't afford it- he ain't got a corn.), taff, go, graft

19) Information technology: effort, manipulation, working on

20) Oil: workaround, wrk, running

21) Astronautics: burning, ops

22) Advertising: employment (по найму), proceeding

23) Business: efforts, situation, stint

24) Drilling: effect, strain (напр. на растяжение)

25) Sakhalin energy glossary: deployment

26) Programming: actions (напр. системы)

27) Automation: energy, functioning, project (по решению проблемы)

28) Quality control: (исправная) performance (машины), project (по решению отдельной проблемы или созданию нового изделия), run (машины), running (машины), service (прибора)

29) General subject: actuation, manipulation (рычагами), run (название положения рычага ТНВД)

30) Makarov: a piece of work, action (машины, механизма и т.п.), activities, activity (физический процесс), behaviour (конструкции, материала), item (в перечне), job (конкретное или ограниченное задание, занятие, труд), op (operation), operation (функционирование), performance (величина с качественным оттенком, показатель работы, рабочая характеристика), reference, run (мотора, машины), service (функционирование), use (функционирование), work (продукт труда, готовое изделие), work (физический процесс), workmanship (качество, способ исполнения)

31) Taboo: monkey-farting

32) SAP.fin. output ( units of production), srvc.

33) Combustion gas turbines: performance (агрегата)

34) Phraseological unit: crack on (Task.)

1. \Ш-5 (не отставать, не отходить и т. п.) от кого-чего.

X не отходил (не отставал) от Y-a \Ш-5 = X stayed right on person Y's heels (tail).

2. \Ш-5 (не отходить, не отставать и т. п.) от кого-чего, не отпускать кого. Also: НИ НА ПЯДЬ coll ( adv or predic (with subj: human or animal)) not (to be far from s.o.) for even the slightest amount of time

X не отходит от Y-a \Ш-5 = X is never more than a few steps (feet) away from Y

Y не отпускает X-a (от себя) \Ш-5 = Y doesn't let (never lets) X out of Y's sight.

3. \Ш-5 без кого (predic

X без Y-a \Ш-5 =* X doesn't (dare to) take a step (make a move) without Y (Y4s permission, Yb go-ahead, Y's OK).

4. \Ш-5 без кого-чего (predic

5. \Ш-5 не продвинуть что, не продвинуться, не отступать от чего и т. п.

not (to move some matter ahead, advance, deviate from some regulations etc) to any extent or in any way

not (by) one (a, a single) step

• Ниже в данной главе станет очевидно, что... - It will become evident later in this chapter that...

• В любом случае очевидно, что... - In any case it is evident that...

• В любом случае, очевидно, что... - At any rate, it is clear that...

• В связи с тем, что..., очевидно, что это невозможно. - This is obviously impossible in light of the fact that...

• Во многих случаях это будет очевидно из простого наблюдения. - In many cases this will be obvious by inspection.

• Вовсе не очевидно, что... - It is not at all obvious that...

• Возможно, что читателю будет очевидно, что... - It will probably be obvious to the reader that...

• Данное утверждение интуитивно очевидно, если исходить из факта, что... - The proposition is intuitively obvious from the fact that...

• Из определения очевидно, что... - It is evident from the definition that...

• Из предыдущих уравнений очевидно, что... - It is evident from the foregoing equations that...

• Из симметрии в данном случае очевидно (следует), что... - In this case it is obvious from symmetry that...; Prom symmetry it is obvious that...

• Из симметрии очевидно, что... - It is apparent from symmetry that...

• Наоборот, очевидно, что... - Conversely, it is clear that...

• Не так уж очевидно, что... - It is not so obvious that...

• Не является очевидным то, что... - It is not obvious that...

• Однако очевидно, что более естественно (применять и т. п.)... - But it is obviously more natural to...

• Очевидно, данный метод мог бы быть распространен на (случай и т. п.)... - The method could clearly be extended to...

• Очевидно, нет необходимости... - Clearly, there is no need to...

• Очевидно, что (этот) ответ обязан быть следствием того факта, что... - The answer must obviously be sought in the fact that...

• Очевидно, что выполнение соотношения

(= уравнения) (1) возможно только тогда, когда... - The fulfillment of (1), clearly, is possible only if...

• Очевидно, что его величина зависит от... - Clearly its value depends on...

• Очевидно, что мы можем... - It is plain that we can...

• Очевидно, что мы не можем просто... - It is obvious that we cannot simply...,

• Очевидно, что нам не требуется предполагать (здесь), что... - It is evidently unnecessary to suppose that...

• Очевидно, что невозможно (использовать и т. п.)... - It is clearly not possible to...

• Очевидно, что непрактично (использовать и т. п.)... - It is clearly not feasible to...

• Очевидно, что подобный результат справедлив (и) для... - Obviously a similar result is true for...

• Очевидно, что эти результаты выполняются для любого... - These results clearly hold for any...

• Очевидно, что это означает, что... - This clearly means that...

• Очевидно, что это эквивалентно условию, что... - This is evidently equivalent to the condition that...

• Очевидно, что этот пункт доказательства будет зависеть от нашего определения А. - It is plain, that this step will depend upon our definition of A.

• Очевидно, что решение уравнения (3) эквивалентно нахождению... - Solving (3) is clearly equivalent to finding v such that...

• С помощью этого примера становится очевидно, что... - On the basis of this example, it is evident that...

• Совершенно очевидно, что... - It is by no means obvious that...; It is simply evident that...

• Сразу будет очевидно, что... - It will be apparent already that...

• Теперь из уравнения (1) очевидно, что... - Now it is obvious from equation (1) that...

• Теперь из формы функции д(х) очевидно следует, что... - Now it is obvious from the form of the function g(x) that...

• Теперь совершенно очевидно, что... - It is immediately apparent that...

• С физической точки зрения очевидно, что... - Physically, it is evident that...

• Это будет очевидно после анализа рисунков. - This will be obvious from a study of the figures.

• Это не сразу очевидно, потому что... - This is not immediately obvious, because...

• Это очевидно для случая, когда/где... - This is obvious in the case of...

• Это совершенно очевидно из того, что... - This is at once obvious from the fact that...

• Это, очевидно, требует знания (чего-л). - This evidently requires a knowledge of...

• НИ НА ШАГ

[PrepP; Invar]

=====

1. ни на пядь (не отставать, не отходить и т. п.) от кого-чего. Also: НИ НА ПЯДЬ coll [adv or predic (with subj: usu. human or animal)]

⇒ not (to fall behind s.o. or sth.) even the slightest distance (when walking, running etc):

- X не отходил < не отставал> от Y-a ни на пядь ≈ X stayed right on person Y's heels < tail>.

     ♦ Мы бежали по улице, и собака не отставала ни на шаг. We ran down the street, and the dog stayed right on our heels.

2. ни на пядь (не отходить, не отставать и т. п.) от кого-чего, не отпускать кого. Also: НИ НА ПЯДЬ coll [adv or predic (with subj: human or animal)]

⇒ not (to be far from s.o.) for even the slightest amount of time:

- X не отходит от Y-a ни на пядь ≈ X is never more than a few steps < feet> away from Y;

- X doesn't leave Y (Y's side) for an instant <a moment, a second, a minute>;

- X sticks < stays> close to Y all the time <at all times etc>;

- X stays glued to Y's side;

     ♦ "...Здесь отец мне твердит: "Мой кабинет к твоим услугам - никто тебе мешать не будет"; а сам от меня ни на шаг" (Тургенев 2). "Here father keeps on repeating: 'My study's at your disposal - nobody will be in your way,' but he doesn't leave my side for a minute" (2a).

     ♦ "Сань, а ты меня бы туда не взял как-нибудь?" - "Да пошли хоть сейчас... Только от меня ни на шаг!" (Аксёнов 6). "Sanya, I suppose you couldn't take me down there, could you?" "Sure, let's go now if you like....Only stick close to me at all times" (6a).

     ♦ В первые дни после его возвращения из лесу или со сплава двойнята ни на шаг от него... (Абрамов 1). For the first few days after he came back from the forest or the river, the twins would never let him out of their sight... (1a).

3. ни на пядь без кого [predic; subj: human]

⇒ not to do or undertake anything (without s.o.'s consent or permission):

- X без Y-a ни на пядь ≈ X doesn't (dare to) take a step < make a move> without Y (Y's permission, Y's go-ahead, Y's OK).

4. ни на пядь без кого-чего [predic; impers or with subj: human]

⇒ to be unable to function, act etc without s.o. or sth.:

- X без Y-a ни на пядь ≈ X won't <can't, doesn't etc> do anything <go anywhere etc> without Y;

- X is lost (helpless) without Y;

- [in limited contexts] X can't get along without Y.

     ♦ Наша Лена без своей любимой куклы ни на шаг. Our Lena's lost without her favorite doll.

5. ни на пядь не продвинуть что, не продвинуться, не отступать от чего и т.п. [adv]

⇒ not (to move some matter ahead, advance, deviate from some regulations etc) to any extent or in any way:

- not (by) one <a, a single> step;

- not in the least;

- not at all;

- not one bit.

     ♦ "Я - по закону-с! Не отступая-с... ни на шаг-с... ни на волос-с!" (Салтыков-Щедрин 2). "I'm acting according to law! Without deviating by a single step...not by a hair's breadth, sir!" (2a).

     ♦ Пьер с главноуправляющим каждый день занимался. Но он чувствовал, что занятия его ни на шаг не подвигали дела (Толстой 5). Every day Pierre went into things with his head steward. But he felt that this did not forward matters in the least (5a).

     ♦...Внутри, кажется, что-то точило его [Гришу] непобедимо. Ведь его собственные дела не продвинулись ни на шаг... (Трифонов 1)... Inside something seemed to be eating away at Grisha, something which he could not control. After all, his own career hadn't moved forward at all... (1a).

• НИ НА ШАГ

[PrepP; Invar]

=====

1. ни на шаг (не отставать, не отходить и т. п.) от кого-чего. Also: НИ НА ПЯДЬ coll [adv or predic (with subj: usu. human or animal)]

⇒ not (to fall behind s.o. or sth.) even the slightest distance (when walking, running etc):

- X не отходил < не отставал> от Y-a ни на шаг ≈ X stayed right on person Y's heels < tail>.

     ♦ Мы бежали по улице, и собака не отставала ни на шаг. We ran down the street, and the dog stayed right on our heels.

2. ни на шаг (не отходить, не отставать и т. п.) от кого-чего, не отпускать кого. Also: НИ НА ПЯДЬ coll [adv or predic (with subj: human or animal)]

⇒ not (to be far from s.o.) for even the slightest amount of time:

- X не отходит от Y-a ни на шаг ≈ X is never more than a few steps < feet> away from Y;

- X doesn't leave Y (Y's side) for an instant <a moment, a second, a minute>;

- X sticks < stays> close to Y all the time <at all times etc>;

- X stays glued to Y's side;

     ♦ "...Здесь отец мне твердит: "Мой кабинет к твоим услугам - никто тебе мешать не будет"; а сам от меня ни на шаг" (Тургенев 2). "Here father keeps on repeating: 'My study's at your disposal - nobody will be in your way,' but he doesn't leave my side for a minute" (2a).

     ♦ "Сань, а ты меня бы туда не взял как-нибудь?" - "Да пошли хоть сейчас... Только от меня ни на шаг!" (Аксёнов 6). "Sanya, I suppose you couldn't take me down there, could you?" "Sure, let's go now if you like....Only stick close to me at all times" (6a).

     ♦ В первые дни после его возвращения из лесу или со сплава двойнята ни на шаг от него... (Абрамов 1). For the first few days after he came back from the forest or the river, the twins would never let him out of their sight... (1a).

3. ни на шаг без кого [predic; subj: human]

⇒ not to do or undertake anything (without s.o.'s consent or permission):

- X без Y-a ни на шаг ≈ X doesn't (dare to) take a step < make a move> without Y (Y's permission, Y's go-ahead, Y's OK).

4. ни на шаг без кого-чего [predic; impers or with subj: human]

⇒ to be unable to function, act etc without s.o. or sth.:

- X без Y-a ни на шаг ≈ X won't <can't, doesn't etc> do anything <go anywhere etc> without Y;

- X is lost (helpless) without Y;

- [in limited contexts] X can't get along without Y.

     ♦ Наша Лена без своей любимой куклы ни на шаг. Our Lena's lost without her favorite doll.

5. ни на шаг не продвинуть что, не продвинуться, не отступать от чего и т.п. [adv]

⇒ not (to move some matter ahead, advance, deviate from some regulations etc) to any extent or in any way:

- not (by) one <a, a single> step;

- not in the least;

- not at all;

- not one bit.

     ♦ "Я - по закону-с! Не отступая-с... ни на шаг-с... ни на волос-с!" (Салтыков-Щедрин 2). "I'm acting according to law! Without deviating by a single step...not by a hair's breadth, sir!" (2a).

     ♦ Пьер с главноуправляющим каждый день занимался. Но он чувствовал, что занятия его ни на шаг не подвигали дела (Толстой 5). Every day Pierre went into things with his head steward. But he felt that this did not forward matters in the least (5a).

     ♦...Внутри, кажется, что-то точило его [Гришу] непобедимо. Ведь его собственные дела не продвинулись ни на шаг... (Трифонов 1)... Inside something seemed to be eating away at Grisha, something which he could not control. After all, his own career hadn't moved forward at all... (1a).

adj. otologic, of the study of the form and function of ears and ear diseases

otology, branch of medicine concerned with the study of the form and function of ears and ear diseases

otology, branch of medicine concerned with the study of the form and function of ears and ear diseases

* * *

f <Mgmnt, Verwalt> planning department

* * *

f examination, scrutiny; check; verification; test; reconsideration; revision; überprüfen

* * *

review; audit; check; checking; screening; revisal; inspection

* * *

1) no pl (= das Überprüfen) checking; (von Maschinen, Waren, FIN von Büchern) inspection, examination; (von Entscheidung) review; (POL) screening

2) (= Kontrolle) check, inspection

* * *

* * *

1. kein pl (das Durchchecken) screening no pl, vetting no pl; (das Kontrollieren) verification no pl, check

eine nochmalige \Überprüfung a re[-]check

\Überprüfung der Bestände HANDEL inventory control

2. (Funktionsprüfung) examination, inspection, check

eine \Überprüfung der Funktion a function check spec

3. (erneutes Bedenken) review, examination

eine erneute \Überprüfung a re-examination

* * *

1) o. Pl. s. überprüfen 1): checking no indef. art. (auf + Akk. for); checking [over] no indef. art.; inspection; examination

2) (Kontrolle) check; (des Ausweises, der Geschäftsbücher) examination; inspection; (einer Lage, Frage, der Ergebnisse) review

* * *

Überprüfung f examination, scrutiny; check; verification; test; reconsideration; revision; → überprüfen

* * *

1) o. Pl. s. überprüfen 1): checking no indef. art. (auf + Akk. for); checking [over] no indef. art.; inspection; examination

2) (Kontrolle) check; (des Ausweises, der Geschäftsbücher) examination; inspection; (einer Lage, Frage, der Ergebnisse) review

* * *

inspection n.

review n.

revisal n.

verification n.

² = lingering, perennial, permanent, lasting, enduring, non-volatile [nonvolatile], abiding, standing, enduringly + Adjetivo, continuing, ongoing [on-going].

Ex. Another lingering misconception is that reference work is restricted to reference libraries.

Ex. Housing has become a perennial problem in Britain.

Ex. Abstracts planned primarily as alerting devices may be shorter than those abstracts which are to be stored for permanent reference.

Ex. Only as his experience grew did this young man see that what he did was littered as much, if not more, with failure as it was crowned with success of a lasting kind.

Ex. Archives are set of non-current archival documents preserved, with or without selection, by those responsible for their creation or by their successors for their own use or by other organizations because of their enduring value.

Ex. A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, nonvolatile collection of data in support of management's decision making process.

Ex. The revision and correction of reference works is an abiding concern to the librarian and the user.

Ex. A standing reproach to all librarians is the non-user.

Ex. Thus we need money, intellectual property agreements, and library collaborations to build the massive and accessible collections of enduringly valuable cultural resources that I am proposing.

Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.

Ex. This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.

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* conferencia permanente = standing conference.

* decisión permanente = permanent arrangement.

* hacer permanente = render + permanent.

* más permanente = longer-lasting.

* orden permanente de pago = standing account.

* papel permanente = durable paper.

* primer molar permanente = first molar.

* PURL (Localizador Uniforme Permanente de Recursos) = PURL (Persistent Uniform Resource Locator).

* ser algo permanente = be here to stay.

* servicio de actualización permanente = current awareness, current-awareness service.

² = occupational, professional, vocational, workmanlike.

Ex. The United States Labor Department has diligently worked on removing both age and sex reference from their official occupational titles in accordance with federal law and executive directives.

Ex. Superior cataloguing may result, since more consistency and closer adherence to standard codes are likely to emerge with cataloguers who spend all of their time cataloguing, than with a librarian who tackles cataloguing as one of various professional tasks.

Ex. Large numbers of students are choosing short vocational courses today.

Ex. If the book fulfils a useful function for the students of this subject at the appropriate level then the author should congratulate himself on having done a useful workmanlike job.

----

* afiliación profesional = professional membership, professional affiliation.

* asesoramiento profesional = career(s) advice.

* asesor de salidas profesionales = career(s) adviser.

* asociación profesional = guild [gild].

* carrera profesional = professional career.

* código de ética profesional = professional code of ethics.

* compartir la experiencia profesional = pool + expertise.

* con experiencia profesional = professionally-qualified.

* consejero sobre salidas profesionales = career counsellor.

* contactos profesionales = networking, professional networking.

* con titulación profesional = professionally educated.

* con una orientación profesional = career-focused.

* crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.

* cultura profesional = professional culture.

* de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.

* de manera poco profesional = unprofessionally.

* desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.

* ejército profesional = professional army.

* ejército profesional, el = regular army, the.

* enfermedad profesional = occupational disease.

* establecer contactos profesionales = networking.

* experiencia profesional = career experience, expertise, staff expertise, professional skills, professional experience.

* experiencia profesional común = pool of expertise.

* falta de ética científica profesional = scientific misconduct.

* falta de ética profesional = unethical behaviour, unethical conduct, malpractice.

* falta de ética profesional de género = sexual misconduct.

* falta de ética profesional sexual = sexual misconduct.

* formación profesional = vocational training, further education.

* futuro profesional = professional future.

* herramienta profesional = specialist tool, professional tool.

* Junta Profesional de la IFLA = IFLA's Professional Board.

* negligencia profesional = malpractice.

* no profesional = non-professional [nonprofessional].

* pérdida de las técnicas profesionales = de-skilling.

* perfil profesional = career profile.

* poco profesional = amateurish, unprofessional.

* producto profesional = specialist product.

* promoción profesional = career movement.

* salidas profesionales = employability, job opportunities.

* satisfacción profesional = professional satisfaction, job satisfaction, work satisfaction.

* solidaridad profesional = professional solidarity.

* titulación profesional = professional qualification.

* título profesional = professional qualification.

* trayectoria profesional como bibliotecario = library career.

* vida profesional = professional life.

* visita a centros profesionales = study tour.