frŭor

* * *

frŭor, fructus ( perf. fruitus est, Dig. 7, 4, 29:

fruiti sumus,

Sen. Ep. 93, 7:

fructus sum,

Vell. 2, 104, 3; Lucr. 3, 940; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 562; part. fut. fruiturus, v. in the foll.; imp. FRVIMINO, Inscr. Orell. 3121; as famino from fari, see below, II.), 3, v. dep. n. [for frugvor, from the root FRVG, of fruges, fructus; Goth. bruk-jan; Germ. brauchen, to use], to derive enjoyment from a thing, to enjoy, delight in (with a more restricted signif. than uti, to make use of a thing, to use it; cf.:

Hannibal cum victoria posset uti, frui maluit, relictaque Roma Campaniam peragrare,

Flor. 2, 6, 21:

tu voluptate frueris, ego utor: tu illam summum bonum putas, ego nec bonum,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 10 fin.; cf.:

id est cujusque proprium quo quisque fruitur atque utitur,

Cic. Fam. 7, 30, 2). Constr. with abl.; less freq. with acc. or absol.

In gen.

With abl., Plaut. As. 5, 2, 68:

utatur suis bonis oportet et fruatur, qui beatus futurus est,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; cf.:

plurimis maritimis rebus fruimur atque utimur,

id. ib. 2, 60, 152:

commoda, quibus utimur, lucemque, qua fruimur,

id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131:

aevo sempiterno,

id. Rep. 6, 13; cf.:

immortali aevo,

Lucr. 2, 647:

vitā,

Cic. Clu. 61, 170; id. Cat. 4, 4, 7; Sall. C. 1, 3; Tac. A. 16, 17; Sen. Ep. 61, 2:

omnibus in vita commodis una cum aliquo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 22, 2:

voluptatibus,

Cic. Rep. 3, 12; v. infra:

optimis rebus,

Phaedr. 4, 24, 9:

gaudio,

Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 2:

meo amore,

Prop. 2, 1, 48; cf.

thalamis,

Ov. F. 3, 554:

etiam his, quae nec cibo nec poculo sunt, frui dicimur, etc.,

Donat. ad Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 46:

recordatione nostrae amicitiae,

Cic. Lael. 4, 15:

usu alicujus et moribus,

id. ib. 9, 32:

securitate (animus),

id. ib. 13, 44:

timore paventum,

Sil. 12, 566; cf.

poenă,

Mart. 8, 30, 3:

quod (genus vitae), virtute fruitur,

Cic. Fin. 4, 6, 15 Madv. N. cr. al.:

quo (spectaculo) fructus sum,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

omnium rerum cognitione fructi sumus,

Sen. Ep. 93 med.:

non meo nomine, sed suo fructus est emptor,

Dig. 7, 4, 29:

mundo,

Manil. 1, 759:

eum esse beatum, qui praesentibus voluptatibus frueretur confideretque se fruiturum aut in omni aut in magna parte vitae,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 38.—Of personal objects, to enjoy one's society:

neque te fruimur et tu nobis cares,

Cic. Att. 2, 1, 4:

Attico,

Nep. Att. 20:

ut sinat Sese alternas cum illo noctes hac frui,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 68:

cara conjuge,

Tib. 3, 3, 32:

viro,

Prop. 2, 9, 24.—

With acc.:

pabulum frui occipito,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1: ea, quae fructus cumque es, periere profusa, Lucr. 3, 940:

meo modo ingenium frui,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 21.—In the part. fut. pass. (only so in class. prose):

permittitur infinita potestas innumerabilis pecuniae conficiendae de vestris vectigalibus, non fruendis sed alienandis,

Cic. Agr. 2, 13, 33; cf. id. Fin. 1, 1, 3:

nobis haec fruenda relinqueret, quae ipse servasset,

id. Mil. 23, 63:

ejus (voluptatis) fruendae modus,

id. Off. 1, 30, 106:

justitiae fruendae causa,

id. ib. 2, 12, 41:

agro bene culto nihil potest esse nec usu uberius nec specie ornatius: ad quem fruendum non modo non retardat, verum etiam invitat senectus,

id. de Sen. 16, 57:

quem (florem aetatis) patri Hannibalis fruendum praebuit,

Liv. 21, 3, 4:

res fruenda oculis,

id. 22, 14, 4.—

Absol.:

satiatis et expletis jucundius est carere quam frui,

Cic. de Sen. 14, 47:

datur: fruare, dum licet,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 104:

quae gignuntur nobis ad fruendum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 16; cf.:

di tibi divitias dederant artemque fruendi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 4, 7:

fruebamur, cum, etc.,

were delighted, Plin. Pan. 34, 4.—

In partic., jurid. t. t., to have the use and enjoyment of a thing, to have the usufruct:

quid? si constat, hunc non modo colendis praediis praefuisse, sed certis fundis patre vivo frui solitum esse?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:

EVM AGRVM POSIDERE FRVIQVE VIDETVR OPORTERE,

Inscr. Orell. 3121 (A. U. C. 637); cf.: AGRVM POSIDEBVNT FRVENTVRQVE, ib.: AGRVM NEI HABETO NIVE FRVIMINO, ib.; and:

QVOD ANTE K. IAN. FRVCTI SVNT ERVNTQVE VECTIGAL, ib.: ut censores agrum Campanum fruendum locarent,

Liv. 27, 11, 8; cf. id. 32, 7, 3:

qui in perpetuum fundum fruendum conduxerunt a municipibus, etc.,

Dig. 6, 3, 1; cf. Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 27.

to have the benefit of, to enjoy.

fructus, a, um, Part., from fruor.

fructus, ūs (archaic gen. sing. fructuis, Varr. ap. Non. 492, 14; id. R. R. 1, 2, 19; cf. Gell. 4, 16:

fructi,

Cato, R. R. 4; Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 16; Turp. ap. Non. 491, 7), m. [fruor], an enjoying, enjoyment.

In abstracto.

Lit. (perh. only ante- and post-class.): Ol. Mea est haec. St. Scio; sed meus fructus est prior, i. e. use and enjoyment, for ususfructus (q. v. under usus), Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 16; Dig. 7, 8, 14.—

Trop. (class. but rare):

hoc tam singulare vestrum beneficium ad animi mei fructum atque laetitiam duco esse permagnum,

for my mental enjoyment, Cic. Agr. 2, 2, 5: qui propter odium fructum oculis (dat.) ex ejus casu capere vellent, to feast their eyes on, Nep. Eum. 11 (cf.:

spectatumne huc, ut rem fruendam oculis, sociorum caedes venimus?

Liv. 22, 14, 4).—Far more freq.,

Transf., concr., the enjoyment that proceeds from a thing, proceeds, produce, product, fruit, profit, income (very freq. and class.; in sing. and plur.; cf.: fruges, fetus, frumentum).

Lit.: quod earum rerum videa tur ei levis fructus, exiguus usus, incertus dominatus, etc., Cic. Rep. 1, 17; cf.:

pecudes partim esse ad usum hominum, partim ad fructum, partim ad vescendum procreatas,

id. Leg. 1, 8, 25; Varr. R. R. 1, 37, 4; cf.

also ususfructus, under usus: frugum fructuumque reliquorum perceptio,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 12:

fructum ex aliqua re percipere or capere,

id. ib. 2, 4, 14:

quoniam fructum arbitror esse fundi eum, qui ex eo satus nascitur utilis ad aliquam rem, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 23, 1:

ruri si recte habitaveris, fructi plus capies,

Cato, R. R. 4, 2; cf.:

in quos sumptus abeunt fructus praediorum?

Cic. Att. 11, 2, 2:

praediorum,

id. Cat. 2, 8, 18:

arbusta vineaeque et consita omnia magis amoenis quam necessariis fructibus,

fruits, Liv. 22, 15, 2:

(vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13:

gallinarum fructus erant ova et pulli,

id. ib. 3, 3, 6:

quae (oves) neque ali neque ullum fructum edere ex se sine cultu hominum possent,

Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 158:

non serendis, non percipiendis, non condendis fructibus,

id. de Sen. 7, 24; cf.:

ver ostendit futuros fructus: reliqua tempora demetendis fructibus et percipiendis accommodata sunt,

id. ib. 19, 70:

comportare et condere fructus,

id. Agr. 2, 32 fin.:

apibus fructum restituo suum,

Phaedr. 3, 13, 15:

in fructibus arborum,

Quint. 8, 5, 26:

fructum ferre,

id. 8, 3, 10:

graves fructu vites,

id. 8, 3, 8: Heracleotae et Bragyletae, qui item debent, aut pecuniam solvant aut fructibus suis satisfaciant, satisfy him with their proceeds, Cic Fam. 13, 56, 2:

Asia multos annos vobis fructum Mithridatico bello non tulit,

id. Agr. 2, 30, 83; cf. id. ib. 2, 29, 81:

M. Crassus negabat ullam satis magnam pecuniam esse ei... cujus fructibus exercitum alere non posset,

i. e. revenue, income, id. Off. 1, 8, 25:

aurum ex fructu metallorum coacervatum,

Liv. 45, 40, 2:

in tantas brevi creverant opes, seu maritimis seu terrestribus fructibus,

id. 21, 7, 3; cf.:

fuerat ei magno fructui mare,

id. 34, 36, 3:

qua re saepe totius anni fructus uno rumore periculi amittitur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 6, 15:

an partus ancillae in fructu sit habendus,

id. Fin. 1, 4, 12:

putatisne vos illis rebus frui posse nisi eos, qui vobis fructui (al. fructuosi) sunt, conservaveritis,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 6, 16.—

Trop., fruit, consequence, effect, result, return, reward, success:

ego fructus ex re publica non laetos et uberes, sed magna acerbitate permixtos tuli,

Cic. Planc. 38, 92; cf.:

fructum pietatis suae ex aliquo ferre,

id. Sest. 31, 68:

ex otio fructus capere,

id. Rep. 1, 4; cf.:

ex accusatione Aquilii diligentiae fructum ceperat,

id. Brut. 62, 222:

alicujus amoris et judicii,

id. Pis. 14, 31:

honeste acta superior aetas fructus auctoritatis capit ipsa extremos,

id. de Sen. 18, 62:

modestiae fructum aliquem percipere,

id. Sull. 1, 1:

gloria est fructus verae virtutis honestissimus,

id. Pis. 24, 57:

laboris,

Quint. 6 praef. §

2: studiorum,

id. 8 praef. § 26; 10, 3, 2; 10, 7, 1; cf.

also: ex re decerpere fructus (with plus mali haurire),

Hor. S. 1, 2, 79:

divitiarum fructus in copia est,

the enjoyment derived from riches, Cic. Par. 6, 2, 47:

vestrum beneficium, ad animi mei fructum atque laetitiam permagnum,

id. Agr. 2, 5:

Theophrastus talium sumptuum facultatem fructum divitiarum putat. Mihi autem ille fructus liberalitatis, multo et major videtur et certior,

id. Off. 2, 16, 56:

pecuniae fructus maximus,

id. ib. 2, 18, 64:

animi fructus, qui in te videndo est,

id. Fam. 15, 14, 3:

vitae fructus,

id. Cat. 3, 12, 28; id. Mur. 23, 47; cf.:

omnem fructum vitae superioris perdidissent,

id. Div. 2, 9, 24:

quin spe posteritatis fructuque ducatur,

id. Rab. Perd. 10, 29:

voluptatum,

id. Lael. 23, 87:

jucunditatis,

id. Mur. 19, 40:

graviore sono tibi Musa loquetur Nostra, dabunt cum maturos mihi tempora fructus,

Verg. Cul. 9.

* * *

moving, stirring; Early Irish airbert, use, airbiur, dego, fruor: air and beir, q.v.

carpo, psi, ptum, 3 [cf.: rapio, harpazô, karpos; Engl. grab, grip, grasp].

Lit., of plants, flowers, fruits, etc., to pick, pluck, pluck off, cull, crop, gather (class.; in prose and poetry, esp. in the latter very freq.; syn. decerpere).

In gen.:

(flos) tenui carptus ungui,

Cat. 62, 43; Hor. C. 3, 27, 44; Ov. M. 9, 342:

ab arbore flores,

id. ib. 9, 380; cf.

infra, II.: rosam, poma,

Verg. G. 4, 134:

violas et papavera,

id. E. 2, 47:

violas, lilia,

Ov. M. 5, 392:

frondes uncis manibus,

id. G. 2, 366:

plenis pomaria ramis,

Ov. H. 4, 29:

vindemiam de palmite,

Verg. G. 2, 90:

fructus,

id. ib. 2, 501:

frumenta manu,

id. ib. 3, 176.—

Esp.

Of animals, to take something as nourishment (cf. Burm. ad Phaedr. 1, 28, 4); first, of nourishment from plants, to crop, pluck off, browse, graze on, etc. (syn. depascere); also of flesh, to eat, devour (rare):

alia (animalia) sugunt, alia carpunt, alia vorant, alia mandunt,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 122:

carpunt gramen equi,

Verg. A. 9, 353; id. G. 2, 201; Ov. M. 1, 299:

herbam,

Verg. G. 3, 296; 3, 465; Ov. M. 13, 927:

pabula,

id. ib. 4, 217; id. F. 4, 750:

alimenta,

id. M. 15, 478:

apes carpunt ex oleā arbore ceram, e fico mel, etc.,

gather, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 24 sq.; cf.:

apis carpens thyma,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 29.— Poet.:

Invidia (personif. envy) summa cacumina carpit,

Ov. M. 2, 792:

nec carpsere jecur volucres,

id. ib. 10, 43; cf. Phaedr. 1, 28, 4.—Sometimes transf., of men:

prandium,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 52:

carpe cibos digitis,

Ov. A. A. 3, 755: pisces, pulles, Mart. 3, 13, 1.—Also, to carve; hence the pun in Petr. 36 fin. —

Poet., of other things, to tear off, tear away:

summas carpens media inter cornua saetas,

Verg. A. 6, 245.—Of wool, to pluck; hence, poet., to spin:

vellera,

Verg. G. 4, 335:

pensa,

id. ib. 1, 390; Prop. 3 (4), 6, 16; Hor. C. 3, 27, 64:

lana carpta,

carded, Cels. 6, 6, 1 (hence, facete: stolidum pecus, to pluck, i. e. to fleece rich lovers, Prop. 2 (3), 16, 8; Ov. A. A. 1, 420):

ex collo furtim coronas,

to pull off, Hor. S. 2, 3, 256:

crinem genasque,

to tear, rend, lacerate, Val. Fl. 8, 7;

so acc. to Servius's inaccurate account, in a fragment of the Twelve Tables: mulier faciem ne carpito,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 12, 606 (instead of the real words: MVLIERES. GENAS. NE. RADVNTO.; cf.

Dirks. Fragm. XII. Tab. p. 668): artus in parva frusta,

Sen. Thyest. 1061.—

Trop.

(Acc. to I. A.) To pluck, snatch, etc.:

ut omni ex genere orationem aucuper, et omnes undique flosculos carpam atque delibem,

Cic. Sest. 56, 119; id. de Or. 1, 42, 191:

atque in legendo carpsi exinde quaedam,

Gell. 9, 4, 5: oscula, to pluck, as it were, from the lips, to snatch, Prop. 1, 20, 27; Ov. H. 11, 117 Loers. N. cr.; id. M. 4, 358; Phaedr. 3, 8, 12 al.:

basia,

Mart. 5, 46, 1:

gaudia,

Ov. A. A. 3, 661:

dulcia,

Pers. 5, 151:

regni commoda carpe mei,

Ov. F. 3, 622:

fugitivaque gaudia carpe,

and snatch pleasures as they fly, Mart. 7, 47, 11:

delicias,

Prop. 2 (3), 34, 74.—

Esp.

(Acc. to I. B. 1.) In a good sense, to enjoy, use, make use of (mostly poet.;

syn.: fruor, capio): breve ver et primos carpere flores,

Ov. M. 10, 85 (cf.:

flore aetatis frui,

Liv. 21, 3, 4):

illa mihi sedes, illic mea carpitur aetas,

spent, lived, passed, Cat. 68, 35:

diem,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 8:

honores virtutis,

Val. Fl. 1, 177:

auras vitales,

Verg. A. 1, 388; cf. Sil. 3, 712:

sub dio somnos,

Verg. G. 3, 435:

quietem,

id. A. 7, 414:

soporem,

id. ib. 4, 522:

noctes securas,

Val. Fl. 5, 48; a poet. circumlocution for vivere, degere, etc.—

In a bad sense.

To gnaw at or tear character or reputation, to carp at, slander, calumniate, revile:

more hominum invident, in conviviis rodunt, in circulis vellicant: non illo inimico, sed hoc maledico dente carpunt,

Cic. Balb. 26, 57:

nam is carpebatur a Bibulo, Curione, Favonio,

id. ad Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

Paulum obtrectatio carpsit,

Liv. 45, 35, 5:

imperatorem,

id. 44, 38, 2:

quae non desierunt carpere maligni,

Quint. 11, 1, 24:

maligno sermone,

Suet. Aug. 27:

obliquis orationibus,

id. Dom. 2:

nonnihil vocibus,

Caes. B. G. 3, 17:

aliquem sermonibus,

Liv. 7, 12, 12:

sinistris sermonibus,

Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 5:

Ciceronem in his,

Quint. 9, 4, 64:

te ficto quaestu,

Cat. 62, 36 and 37:

et detorquere recte facta,

Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6:

famam vitamque,

id. Pan. 53, 4; Suet. Calig. 34.—

To rob of strength, to weaken, enfeeble, wear away, consume; or poet., with the idea extended (cf. absumo), to consume completely, to destroy:

vires,

Verg. G. 3, 215; Liv. 9, 27, 6:

quid si carpere singula (jura) et extorquere... patiemini,

id. 34, 3, 2;

esp. of in ward care, anxiety, longing, etc.: at regina, gravi jamdudum saucia curā, Volnus alit venis et caeco carpitur igni,

Verg. A. 4, 2; Ov. M. 3, 490; 10, 370:

solane perpetua maerens carpere juventā?

Verg. A. 4, 32:

curā carpitur ista mei,

Ov. A. A. 3, 680:

aegra assiduo mens carpitur aestu,

Val. Fl. 3, 305; Lucr. 9, 744; Sil. 15, 1:

invidia carpit et carpitur unā,

Ov. M. 2, 781; cf. Prop. 3 (4), 5, 3:

non ego Tot tuos patiar labores carpere lividas Obliviones,

to wear away, Hor. C. 4, 9, 33; cf.: otia corpus alunt, animus quoque pascitur illis;

Inmodicus contra carpit utrumque labor,

Ov. P. 1, 4, 21 sq.:

aras etiam templaque demolitur et obscurat oblivio, neglegit carpitque posteritas,

Plin. Pan. 55, 9:

totum potest excedere quod potest carpi,

Sen. N. Q. 2, 13, 2.—So,

In milit. lang., to inflict injury upon an enemy (esp. by single, repeated attacks), to weaken, harass:

agmen adversariorum,

Caes. B. C. 1, 63:

hostes carpere multifariam vires Romanas,

Liv. 3, 5, 1; 22, 32, 2; 27, 46, 6; cf. id. 3, 61, 13 infra; Weissenb. ad Liv. 22, 16, 2; Tac. A. 12, 32; Luc. 4, 156:

novissimum agmen,

Caes. B. C. 1, 78 fin.:

novissimos,

Liv. 8, 38, 6:

extrema agminis,

id. 6, 32, 11. —

To separate a whole into single parts, to cut to pieces, divide (syn.: dividere, distribuere): neque semper utendum est perpetuitate, sed saepe carpenda membris minutioribus [p. 295] oratio est, Cic. de Or. 3, 49, 190:

in multas parvasque partes carpere exercitum,

Liv. 26, 38, 2:

summam unius belli in multa proelia parvaque,

id. 3, 61, 13:

Erymanthus... ab accolis rigantibus carpitur,

is drawn off into canals, Curt. 8, 9, 410. —With a reference to the meaning

supra:

si erunt plures qui ob innocentem condemnandum pecuniam acceperint, tu non animadvertes in omnis, sed carpes ut velis, et paucos ex multis ad ignominiam sortiere?

distinguish, single out, Cic. Clu. 46, 129; cf.:

in multorum peccato carpi paucos ad ignominiam,

id. ib. —

Viam, iter, etc., or with definite local substantives, terram, mare, litora, etc., to go, tread upon, pass over, navigate, sail along or through, to take or pursue one ' s way (syn. ire):

viam,

Verg. A. 6, 629; Hor. S. 2, 6, 93; Ov. M. 8, 208; 11, 139:

iter,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 95; Ov. H. 18, 34; id. M. 2, 549; 10, 709:

supremum iter = mori,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 12:

gyrum,

to go in a circle, Verg. G. 3, 191:

fugam,

to fly, Sil. 10, 62; cf.:

prata fugā,

Verg. G. 3, 142:

pede viam,

Ov. A. A. 2, 230:

pede iter,

id. F. 3, 604:

pedibus terras, pontum remis,

Prop. 1, 6, 33:

pede campos,

Ov. Tr. 1, 10, 23:

mare,

id. M. 11, 752:

litora,

id. ib. 12, 196;

15, 507: aëra alis,

id. ib. 4, 616; cf. Verg. G. 4, 311:

aethera,

Ov. M. 8, 219:

carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames,

id. ib. 10, 53.

for, fātus, 1, v. defect. (the forms in use are fatur, fantur, fabor, fabitur; part. perf. fatus; perf. fatus sum or eram; imper. fare, poet.; inf. fari; and parag. farier, Verg. A. 11, 242; gerund. fandi, fando; sup. fatu; part. praes. fans, fantis, fantem; for praes. faris, v. Diom. p. 375;

fantur,

Varr. L. L. 6, 7, § 52; Paul. Diac. p. 88, 11; imperf. subj. farer, August. Conf. 1, 8), n. and a. [Sanscr. bhā-mi, appear; bhās, shine; bhāsh, speak; Gr. pha-, phainô, and phêmi; Lat. fama, fas, fax, facies, favilla, etc.; cf.: facetus, focus, v. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 297 sq.; Corss. Ausspr. 1, 420 sqq.], to speak, say (mostly poet.; cf.:

quaedam vetera etiam necessario interim sumuntur, ut fari,

Quint. 8, 3, 27; syn.: loquor, dico, perhibeo; inquam. aio).

In gen.

Neutr.: fatur is, qui primum homo significabilem ore mittit vocem. Ab eo ante quam id faciant, pueri dicuntur infantes;

cum id faciant, jam fari,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 52 Müll.; cf.:

filius Croesi, cum jam per aetatem fari posset, infans erat,

Gell. 5, 9, 1:

non enim eram infans, qui non farer,

Aug. Conf. 1, 8:

nescios fari pueros,

Hor. C. 4, 6, 18:

cum primum fari coepisset,

Suet. Aug. 94:

tum ad eos is deus, qui omnia genuit, fatur: haec vos, etc.,

Cic. Univ. 11; Val. Fl. 3, 616:

Venulus dicto parens ita farier infit,

Verg. A. 11, 242:

praetor qui tum fatus est, si, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 30 Müll.:

sic fatus validis ingentem viribus hastam contorsit,

Verg. A. 2, 50:

meum ingenium fans atque infans tu nondum edidicisti,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 1, 7:

coram data copia fandi,

Verg. A. 1, 520: fandi doctissima Cymodocea, id. ib. 10, 225:

quae mollissima fandi Tempora,

id. ib. 4, 293:

quid fando tua tela manusque Demoror?

Stat. Th. 1, 655:

his fando si nuntius exstitit oris,

Val. Fl. 4, 170.—Fando, for famā, rumore, report, hearsay:

neque fando umquam accepit quisquam, etc.,

by report, by hearsay, Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 41; cf.:

ne fando quidem auditum est, crocodilum aut ibim violatum ab Aegyptio,

Cic. N. D. 1, 29, 82; Verg. A. 2, 81; Ov. M. 15, 497, Sil. 10, 484:

haud mollia fatu,

Verg. A. 12, 25:

lapis fatu dignissimus,

Sol. 3: famino, dicito, Paul. ex Fest. p. 87, 10 (cf. praefor and fruor init.).—

With acc.:

(animus) dementit deliraque fatur,

Lucr. 3, 464:

qui sapere et fari possit, quae sentiat,

Hor. Ep. 1, 4, 9: fabitur hoc aliquis, Cic. Poët. ap. Gell. 15, 6, 3:

vix ea fatus eram,

Verg. A. 2, 323:

dehinc talia fatur,

id. ib. 1, 256:

cui talia fanti,

id. ib. 6, 46; cf.:

haec fantem,

Prop. 3, 7 (4, 6), 65:

quis talia fando temperet a lacrimis?

Verg. A. 2, 6.—

With interrog. clauses:

fare age, quid venias,

Verg. A. 6, 389; cf.:

sed te qui vivum casus, age fare vicissim Attulerint,

id. ib. 6, 531:

fare, an patriam spes ulla videndi,

Val. Fl. 5, 552.—

In partic.

To utter in prophecy, to foretell, predict: Venus quem fata docet fari, divinum pectus habere, Enn. ap. Prob. Verg. E. 6, 31 (Ann. v. 19 ed. Vahl.); cf.: fatis fandis, id. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 31, 66 (Trag. v. 80 ib.):

fabor enim, quando haec te cura remordet, Longius et volvens fatorum arcana movebo,

Verg. A. 1, 261. Cf. also in the foll.—

To sing in verse, to celebrate:

Tarpeium nemus et Tarpeiae turpe sepulcrum Fabor,

Prop. 4 (5), 4, 2.

signif.: Fasti dies sunt, in quibus jus fatur, Suet. ap. Prisc. p. 793 P.— Hence, fandus, a, um, P. a., that may be spoken or uttered, right (opp. to nefandus, wrong):

omnia fanda, nefanda malo permixta furore,

Cat. 64, 406:

respersae fando nefandoque sanguine arae, i. e. with blood both of sacrifice and of murder,

Liv. 10, 41, 3; cf.:

at sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi,

Verg. A. 1, 543:

non fanda timemus,

Luc. 1, 634:

inexpleto non fanda piacula busto,

id. 2, 176.

frux, frūgis, and more freq. in plur. frūges, um (also in nom. sing. frugis:

frugi rectus est natura frux, at secundum consuetudinem dicimus, ut haec avis, haec ovis, sic haec frugis,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 76 dub.), f. [from the root FRUG; v. fruor], fruits of the earth (that may be enjoyed), produce of the fields, pulse, legumes (whereas fructus denotes chiefly tree-fruit, and frumentum halm-fruit, grain), sometimes also, in gen., for fruits (grain, tree-fruit, etc.).

Lit.

Plur.:

terra feta frugibus et vario leguminum genere,

Cic. N. D. 2, 62, 156:

fruges terrae,

id. Div. 1, 51, 116; id. de Sen. 2, 5; cf.:

nos fruges serimus, nos arbores,

id. N. D. 2, 60, 152:

ubertas frugum et fructuum,

id. ib. 3, 36, 86:

frugum fructuumque reliquorum perceptio,

id. Off. 2, 3, 12:

oleam frugesve ferre,

id. Rep. 3, 9:

neque foliis, neque oleo neque frumento neque frugibus usurum,

Dig. 7, 8, 12; cf. ib. 50, 16, 77: arbores frondescere... segetes largiri fruges, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 28, 69 (Trag. v. 195 Vahl.): ut cum fruges [p. 787] Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum, Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60; cf. Lucr. 2, 656:

inventis frugibus,

Cic. Or. 9, 31:

fruges in ea terra (Sicilia) primum repertas esse arbitrantur,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 106:

cultus agrorum perceptioque frugum,

id. Rep. 2, 14: lentiscus triplici solita grandescere fetu, Ter fruges fundens, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 9, 15: arboreae, Cornif. ap. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 55:

roburneae,

Col. 9, 1, 5:

(Gallorum gens) dulcedine frugum maximeque vini capta,

Liv. 5, 33, 2 al. — Poet.:

salsae fruges = mola salsa,

the sacrificial roasted barley-meal mixed with salt, Verg. A. 2, 133; 12, 173:

medicatae,

magic herbs, id. ib. 6, 420.—

Sing.: si jam data sit frux, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 724 P. (Ann. v. 412 Vahl.; cf. ib. v. 318):

spicea frux, Aus. Monos. de Cibis, 4: (mensae) exstructae dapibus nec tostae frugis egentes,

Ov. M. 11, 121:

ut non omnem frugem neque arborem in omni agro reperire possis,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 27, 75:

fundit frugem spici ordine structam,

id. de Sen. 15, 51:

quercus et ilex multa fruge pecus juvet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 10:

sit bona librorum et provisae frugis in annum Copia,

id. ib. 1, 18, 109.

Trop.

In gen., like fructus, result, success, value (rare but class.):

quae virtutis maturitas et quantae fruges industriae sint futurae,

Cic. Cael. 31, 76:

illae sunt animi fruges,

Auct. Aetn. 273:

generare atque ad frugem aliquam perducere,

to some maturity, Quint. 6, 2, 3; cf.:

illud ingeniorum velut praecox genus non temere umquam pervenit ad frugem,

id. 1, 3, 3:

jam ego et ipsa frugem tuam periclitabor,

maturity of mind, ability, App. M. 6, p. 177, 13:

hominem nihili, neque rei neque frugis bonae,

Gell. 6, 11, 2; cf. B. 1. b infra. — Poet.: centuriae seniorum agitant expertia frugis, rail at what is crude, worthless (= poëmata nimis jocosa), Hor. A. P. 341: cultor enim juvenum purgatas inseris aures Fruge Cleanthea, with Cleanthian fruit, i. e. doctrine, Pers. 5, 64:

herus si tuus volet facere frugem, meum herum perdet,

i. e. to act with advantage, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 70.—

In partic., of moral character.

frugi (a dat. form, fit for food; frugi aptus, serviceable, chrêsimos, chrêstos; hence, transf.), as adj. indecl., useful, fit, proper, worthy, honest, discreet, virtuous, temperate, frugal (class.; for comp. and sup. the words frugalior and frugalissimus were used;

v. frugalis): frugi hominem dici non multum habet laudis in rege,

Cic. Deiot. 9, 26; cf. id. Tusc. 3, 8, 16 sq.:

qui (L. Piso) tanta virtute atque integritate fuit, ut... solus Frugi nominaretur. Quem cum in contionem Gracchus vocari juberet et viator quaereret, quem Pisonem, quod erant plures: Cogis me, inquit, dicere inimicum meum frugi,

id. Font. 13, 29; cf.:

loquitur ut Frugi ille Piso,

id. Fin. 2, 28, 90:

homines plane frugi ac sobrii,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 27, § 67:

ego praeter alios meum virum fui rata Siccum, frugi, continentem (opp. madidum, nihili, incontinentem),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 7:

hominis frugi et temperantis functus officium,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 19:

parcius hic vivit: frugi dicatur,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 49:

Antonius frugi factus est,

Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69:

(Penelope) tam frugi tamque pudica,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 77:

sum bonus et frugi,

id. Ep. 1, 16, 49:

quo sane populus numerabilis, utpote parvus, Et frugi castusque verecundusque coibat,

id. A. P. 207:

servus frugi atque integer,

Cic. Clu. 16, 47:

Davus, amicum mancipium domino et frugi,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 3:

liberti probi et frugi,

Plin. Pan. 88, 2:

quae (lena) frugi esse vult,

useful, serviceable, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 23; Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 59.—

Strengthened by the attributive bonae:

is probus est, quem paenitet, quam probus sit et frugi bonae: Qui ipsus sibi satis placet, nec probus est nec frugi bonae,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 39 and 40; id. As. 3, 3, 12; id. Poen. 4, 2, 23:

(Fabius Luscus) satis acutus et permodestus ac bonae frugi,

Cic. Att. 4, 8, 3.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things: frugi severaque vita, honest, virtuous, Cic. Fil. ap. Cic. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

victus luxuriosus, an frugi, an sordidus, quaeritur,

frugal, temperate, Quint. 5, 10, 27; cf.:

atrium frugi nec tamen sordidum,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 4:

cena,

id. ib. 3, 1, 4; Juv. 3, 167:

jentacula,

Mart. 13, 31, 1.—

Frux = homo frugi, worthy, honest: dictum factumque facit frux, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 724 P. (Ann. v. 318 Vahl.). —

Ad frugem or ad bonam frugem, in vulg. lang. (to turn or bring one's self) to moral worth, excellence, virtue:

equidem multos vidi et in hac civitate, qui totam adolescentiam voluptatibus dedissent, emersisse aliquando et se ad frugem bonam, ut dicitur, recepisse gravesque homines atque illustres fuisse,

have reformed, Cic. Cael. 12, 28:

multa ad bonam frugem ducentia in eo libro scripta sunt,

Gell. 13, 27, 2:

quin tu adolescentem, quem esse corruptum vides, restituis? quin ad frugem corrigis?

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 81; cf. id. Bacch. 4, 10, 10:

certum'st ad frugem applicare animum,

id. Trin. 2, 1, 34.

frūmen, ĭnis, n. [fruor] (post-class.).

A gruel or porridge made of corn, and used in sacrifices, Arn. 7, 230.—

= larunx, the larynx, throat, Don. Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 18; id. Ad. 5, 8, 27; Serv. Verg. G. 1, 74, and A. 1, 178; Isid. Orig. 17, 3, 2; 6, 23; 20, 2, 27.

frūmentum, i, n. [contr. from frugimentum, from FRVG, v. fruor; fruit, kat exochên, i. e.], corn, grain (class.; in sing. usually of corn harvested):

Julianus scribit: frumentum id esse, quod arista in se teneat, recte Gallum definisse: lupinum vero et fabam fruges potius dici, quia non arista sed siliqua continentur, quae Servius apud Alfenum in frumento contineri putat,

Dig. 50, 16, 77: sunt prima earum (frugum) genera: frumenta, ut triticum, hordeum;

et legumina, ut faba, cicer,

kinds of corn, Plin. 18, 7, 9, § 48:

in segetibus frumentum, in quo culmus extulit spicam, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 48, 1:

triticum vel alia frumenta,

Col. 8, 9, 2:

triticeum,

Mart. 13, 12:

Galli turpe esse ducunt frumentum manu quaerere,

Cic. Rep. 3, 9:

frumentum ex agris in loca tuta comportatur,

id. Att. 5, 18, 2:

ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3, 1; 1, 48, 2:

ingens frumenti acervus,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 111; 1, 1, 45; Liv. 2, 52; 21, 48; 23, 12; 23, 21 et saep.: tessera frumenti, a ticket giving the holder a share in the public distribution of corn, Juv. 7, 174; cf. Dict. of Antiq. pp. 580 sq., 864.—In plur. (esp. of standing grain:

frumenta sunt proprie omnia quae aristas habent,

Isid. Orig. 17, 3): bona, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 17, 1:

luxuriosa,

Cic. Or. 24, 81:

non modo frumenta in agris matura non erant, sed, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 2; 1, 40, 11; 3, 9, 8 et saep.:

frumenta autumni matura in agris,

Sall. H. 3, 67, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 72; 2, 1, 140; Liv. 23, 32; 25, 15; 31, 2; 33, 6 et saep.—

Transf.: frumenta, the small seeds or grains of figs, Plin. 15, 19, 21, § 82; 17, 27, 44, § 256.

frux, frūgis, and more freq. in plur. frūges, um (also in nom. sing. frugis:

frugi rectus est natura frux, at secundum consuetudinem dicimus, ut haec avis, haec ovis, sic haec frugis,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 76 dub.), f. [from the root FRUG; v. fruor], fruits of the earth (that may be enjoyed), produce of the fields, pulse, legumes (whereas fructus denotes chiefly tree-fruit, and frumentum halm-fruit, grain), sometimes also, in gen., for fruits (grain, tree-fruit, etc.).

Lit.

Plur.:

terra feta frugibus et vario leguminum genere,

Cic. N. D. 2, 62, 156:

fruges terrae,

id. Div. 1, 51, 116; id. de Sen. 2, 5; cf.:

nos fruges serimus, nos arbores,

id. N. D. 2, 60, 152:

ubertas frugum et fructuum,

id. ib. 3, 36, 86:

frugum fructuumque reliquorum perceptio,

id. Off. 2, 3, 12:

oleam frugesve ferre,

id. Rep. 3, 9:

neque foliis, neque oleo neque frumento neque frugibus usurum,

Dig. 7, 8, 12; cf. ib. 50, 16, 77: arbores frondescere... segetes largiri fruges, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 28, 69 (Trag. v. 195 Vahl.): ut cum fruges [p. 787] Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum, Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60; cf. Lucr. 2, 656:

inventis frugibus,

Cic. Or. 9, 31:

fruges in ea terra (Sicilia) primum repertas esse arbitrantur,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 106:

cultus agrorum perceptioque frugum,

id. Rep. 2, 14: lentiscus triplici solita grandescere fetu, Ter fruges fundens, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 9, 15: arboreae, Cornif. ap. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 55:

roburneae,

Col. 9, 1, 5:

(Gallorum gens) dulcedine frugum maximeque vini capta,

Liv. 5, 33, 2 al. — Poet.:

salsae fruges = mola salsa,

the sacrificial roasted barley-meal mixed with salt, Verg. A. 2, 133; 12, 173:

medicatae,

magic herbs, id. ib. 6, 420.—

Sing.: si jam data sit frux, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 724 P. (Ann. v. 412 Vahl.; cf. ib. v. 318):

spicea frux, Aus. Monos. de Cibis, 4: (mensae) exstructae dapibus nec tostae frugis egentes,

Ov. M. 11, 121:

ut non omnem frugem neque arborem in omni agro reperire possis,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 27, 75:

fundit frugem spici ordine structam,

id. de Sen. 15, 51:

quercus et ilex multa fruge pecus juvet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 10:

sit bona librorum et provisae frugis in annum Copia,

id. ib. 1, 18, 109.

Trop.

In gen., like fructus, result, success, value (rare but class.):

quae virtutis maturitas et quantae fruges industriae sint futurae,

Cic. Cael. 31, 76:

illae sunt animi fruges,

Auct. Aetn. 273:

generare atque ad frugem aliquam perducere,

to some maturity, Quint. 6, 2, 3; cf.:

illud ingeniorum velut praecox genus non temere umquam pervenit ad frugem,

id. 1, 3, 3:

jam ego et ipsa frugem tuam periclitabor,

maturity of mind, ability, App. M. 6, p. 177, 13:

hominem nihili, neque rei neque frugis bonae,

Gell. 6, 11, 2; cf. B. 1. b infra. — Poet.: centuriae seniorum agitant expertia frugis, rail at what is crude, worthless (= poëmata nimis jocosa), Hor. A. P. 341: cultor enim juvenum purgatas inseris aures Fruge Cleanthea, with Cleanthian fruit, i. e. doctrine, Pers. 5, 64:

herus si tuus volet facere frugem, meum herum perdet,

i. e. to act with advantage, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 70.—

In partic., of moral character.

frugi (a dat. form, fit for food; frugi aptus, serviceable, chrêsimos, chrêstos; hence, transf.), as adj. indecl., useful, fit, proper, worthy, honest, discreet, virtuous, temperate, frugal (class.; for comp. and sup. the words frugalior and frugalissimus were used;

v. frugalis): frugi hominem dici non multum habet laudis in rege,

Cic. Deiot. 9, 26; cf. id. Tusc. 3, 8, 16 sq.:

qui (L. Piso) tanta virtute atque integritate fuit, ut... solus Frugi nominaretur. Quem cum in contionem Gracchus vocari juberet et viator quaereret, quem Pisonem, quod erant plures: Cogis me, inquit, dicere inimicum meum frugi,

id. Font. 13, 29; cf.:

loquitur ut Frugi ille Piso,

id. Fin. 2, 28, 90:

homines plane frugi ac sobrii,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 27, § 67:

ego praeter alios meum virum fui rata Siccum, frugi, continentem (opp. madidum, nihili, incontinentem),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 7:

hominis frugi et temperantis functus officium,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 19:

parcius hic vivit: frugi dicatur,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 49:

Antonius frugi factus est,

Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69:

(Penelope) tam frugi tamque pudica,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 77:

sum bonus et frugi,

id. Ep. 1, 16, 49:

quo sane populus numerabilis, utpote parvus, Et frugi castusque verecundusque coibat,

id. A. P. 207:

servus frugi atque integer,

Cic. Clu. 16, 47:

Davus, amicum mancipium domino et frugi,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 3:

liberti probi et frugi,

Plin. Pan. 88, 2:

quae (lena) frugi esse vult,

useful, serviceable, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 23; Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 59.—

Strengthened by the attributive bonae:

is probus est, quem paenitet, quam probus sit et frugi bonae: Qui ipsus sibi satis placet, nec probus est nec frugi bonae,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 39 and 40; id. As. 3, 3, 12; id. Poen. 4, 2, 23:

(Fabius Luscus) satis acutus et permodestus ac bonae frugi,

Cic. Att. 4, 8, 3.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things: frugi severaque vita, honest, virtuous, Cic. Fil. ap. Cic. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

victus luxuriosus, an frugi, an sordidus, quaeritur,

frugal, temperate, Quint. 5, 10, 27; cf.:

atrium frugi nec tamen sordidum,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 4:

cena,

id. ib. 3, 1, 4; Juv. 3, 167:

jentacula,

Mart. 13, 31, 1.—

Frux = homo frugi, worthy, honest: dictum factumque facit frux, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 724 P. (Ann. v. 318 Vahl.). —

Ad frugem or ad bonam frugem, in vulg. lang. (to turn or bring one's self) to moral worth, excellence, virtue:

equidem multos vidi et in hac civitate, qui totam adolescentiam voluptatibus dedissent, emersisse aliquando et se ad frugem bonam, ut dicitur, recepisse gravesque homines atque illustres fuisse,

have reformed, Cic. Cael. 12, 28:

multa ad bonam frugem ducentia in eo libro scripta sunt,

Gell. 13, 27, 2:

quin tu adolescentem, quem esse corruptum vides, restituis? quin ad frugem corrigis?

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 81; cf. id. Bacch. 4, 10, 10:

certum'st ad frugem applicare animum,

id. Trin. 2, 1, 34.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.