-
21 частота форманты
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > частота форманты
-
22 модуляция формантных частот
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > модуляция формантных частот
-
23 transition
- flux transition
- formant frequency transition
- high-to-low transition
- input transition
- logic transition
- low-to-high transition
- negative-going transition
- phoneme transition
- positive-going transition
- software product transition
- start transition
- state transition
- up transitionEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > transition
-
24 synthesizer
- coherent decade frequency synthesizer
- coherent frequency synthesizer
- decoder synthesizer
- digital speech synthesizer
- direct frequency synthesizer
- electronic frequency synthesizer
- extended-level synthesizer
- F-synthesizer
- FM synthesizer
- formant synthesizer
- Fourier synthesizer
- frequency synthesizer
- frequency-agile synthesizer
- frequency modulation synthesizer
- image synthesizer
- indirect frequency synthesizer
- mechanical waveform synthesizer
- music synthesizer
- phrase synthesizer
- sampling synthesizer
- sound synthesizer
- spectral frequency synthesizer
- speech synthesizer
- vocoder synthesizer
- voice synthesizer
- waveform synthesizer
- wavetable synthesizer
- WT synthesizer -
25 synthesizer
- coherent decade frequency synthesizer
- coherent frequency synthesizer
- decoder synthesizer
- digital speech synthesizer
- direct frequency synthesizer
- electronic frequency synthesizer
- extended-level synthesizer
- FM synthesizer
- formant synthesizer
- Fourier synthesizer
- frequency modulation synthesizer
- frequency synthesizer
- frequency-agile synthesizer
- F-synthesizer
- image synthesizer
- indirect frequency synthesizer
- mechanical waveform synthesizer
- music synthesizer
- phrase synthesizer
- sampling synthesizer
- sound synthesizer
- spectral frequency synthesizer
- speech synthesizer
- vocoder synthesizer
- voice synthesizer
- waveform synthesizer
- wavetable synthesizer
- WT synthesizerThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > synthesizer
-
26 synthesizer
-
decoder synthesizer
- direct frequency synthesizer -
direct synthesizer
-
formant synthesizer
-
frequency synthesizer
-
frequency-agile synthesizer
-
hopping-frequency synthesizer
-
indirect frequency synthesizer
-
indirect synthesizer
-
jumping-frequency synthesizer
-
jump-frequency synthesizer
-
multiloop synthesizer
-
phase-locked loop synthesizer
-
phase-lock synthesizer
-
program synthesizer
-
programmable synthesizer
-
speech synthesizer
-
tunable synthesizer
-
voice synthesizer
-
waveform synthesizer -
27 filter
1) фильтр || фильтровать; использовать фильтр2) светофильтр, оптический фильтр•- acceptance filter
- acoustic filter
- acoustic surface-wave filter
- acoustic-wave filter
- acoustooptical filter
- active filter
- ActiveX server filter
- adaptive filter
- air filter
- air-spaced filter
- all-pass filter
- all-pole filter
- all-zero filter
- ambient-light filter
- amplitude filter
- analog-computer filter
- analog-computer-type filter
- antialiasing filter
- apodized filter
- array-processing filter
- avalanche matched filter
- balanced filter
- band-elimination filter
- band-exclusion filter
- bandpass filter
- band-rejection filter
- band-splitting filter
- band-stop filter
- barometric air filter
- barometric filter
- Bessel filter
- binary filter
- binary transversal filter
- binomial filter
- biquad filter
- biquartic filter
- birefringent filter
- birefringent optical filter
- bleaching filter
- bogon filter
- Bozo filter
- BP filter
- breather filter
- bridge filter
- bridged-T filter
- broadcast filter
- brute-force filter
- Butterworth filter
- canonical recursive filter
- capacitor-input filter
- carrier transfer filter
- Cauer filter
- cavity filter
- cavity-coupled filter
- CCTT filter
- ceramic filter
- channel filter
- channel-bank filter
- channel-separation filter
- Chebyshev filter
- chirp-generating filter
- choke-input filter
- Christiansen filter
- chroma filter
- click filter
- clutter suppression filter
- C-message filter
- coaxial filter
- coherent memory filter
- color filter
- color separation filter
- colored-glass filter
- comb filter
- compensating filter
- complex spatial filter
- composite filter
- constant-current filter
- constant-K filter
- continuous capacitive tapping transversal filter
- continuous inductive tapping transversal filter
- continuous resistive tapping transversal filter
- continuously tunable filter
- convolution filter
- correction filter
- corrective filter
- crystal filter
- dechirping filter
- deconvolution filter
- decoupling filter
- deemphasis filter
- delay-line filter
- delta-modulation filter
- demodulator band filter
- demodulator filter
- dereverberation filter
- dichroic filter
- dielectric filter
- dielectric slab filter
- digital filter
- digital frequency mapping filter
- digital matched filter
- digital spectral mapping filter
- digitally tuned filter
- directional filter
- discrete filter
- discrimination filter
- dispersion filter
- dispersive filter
- dm filter
- Doppler filter
- dynamic tracking filter
- electric filter
- electric-wave filter
- electronically tunable filter
- elliptic filter
- elliptic-function filter
- enhancement filter
- extended Kalman filter
- Fabry-Perot filter
- Fabry-Perot interference filter
- feed-forward MTI radar filter
- feedthrough filter
- fiber filter
- finite impulse-response filter
- finite-duration impulse-response filter
- fin-line filter
- FIR filter
- first-order filter
- fixed filter
- fixed-frequency filter
- fixed-point digital filter
- floating-point digital filter
- formant filter
- Fourier transform filter
- four-port filter
- FP filter
- Frechet filter
- frequency filter
- frustrated total reflection filter
- gelatin filter
- generating filter
- glare filter
- glass filter
- graded filter
- gray filter
- grounded-capacitor low-pass filter
- gyrator filter
- harmonic filter
- heat filter
- HF filter
- high filter
- high-cut filter
- high-frequency filter
- high-order filter
- high-pass filter
- hiss filter
- hologram filter
- holographic filter
- IIR filter
- inductive-input filter
- infinite impulse-response filter
- infinite-duration impulse-response filter
- infrared filter
- in-line filter
- integrated-and-dump filter
- integrating filter
- interference filter
- interferential polarizational filter
- intermediate-frequency filter
- interpolation filter
- interstage filter
- inverse filter
- inverse-feedback filter
- ion-implanted array filter
- IR filter
- iterative filter
- junction filter
- Kalman filter
- key-click filter
- keying filter
- kill filter
- ladder-type filter
- lattice filter
- lead-zirconate-titanate filter
- leapfrog filter
- L-filter
- light filter
- line filter
- linear filter
- linear FM pulse compression filter
- linear space-invariant filter
- linear space-noninvariant filter
- liquid filter
- long-wavelength cutoff filter
- loop filter
- lossless filter
- low filter
- low-and-high-pass filter
- low-cut filter
- low-pass filter
- LP filter
- L-section filter
- L-type filter
- lumped-constant filter
- Lyot filter
- magic-T filter
- magnetically tuned filter
- magnetooptical filter
- magnetostatic-wave filter
- magnetostrictive filter
- matched filter
- matched spatial filter
- matching filter
- m-derived filter
- mechanical filter
- mechanical-wave filter
- median filter
- microwave filter
- MIDI filter
- minimum-delay filter
- minimum-phase filter
- mismatched filter
- mode filter
- modulation filter
- multiple-bandpass filter
- multiple-reflection filter
- multiple-resonant-circuit filter
- multi-resonator filter
- multisection filter
- multistage filter
- narrow-band filter
- narrow-cut filter
- ND filter
- network filter
- neutral filter
- neutral gray filter
- neutral-density filter
- noise filter
- nonlinear filter
- nonrecursive filter
- nonselective filter
- notch filter
- n-section filter
- one-dimensional median filter
- optical filter
- packet filter
- parallel-T notch filter
- parametric filter
- partitioned adaptive filter
- passive filter
- phase filter
- photopic filter
- piezoelectric ceramics filter
- piezoelectric crystal filter
- piezoelectric filter
- pi-section filter
- plasma electroacoustic resonance filter
- plastics filter
- polarization interference filter
- polarizing filter
- polaroid filter
- pole-zero filter
- polynomial filter
- pop filter
- postemphasis filter
- postequalization filter
- powder filter
- power-line filter
- powerpack filter
- prediction filter
- prediction-error filter
- preemphasis filter
- preequalization filter
- prewhitening filter
- programmable binary transversal filter
- pseudo-noise matched filter
- pulse-compression filter
- PZT filter
- quadrature filter
- quasi-optical filter
- radio-frequency interference filter
- range filter
- RC-filter
- recirculating air filter
- recirculating filter
- rectifier filter
- recurrent extended Kalman filter
- recursive filter
- reflection filter
- reflection holographic filter
- rejection filter
- resistance-capacitance filter
- resonant filter
- reverberation suppression filter
- RF filter
- RFI filter
- ripple filter
- roof filter
- rumble filter
- sampled-data filter
- SAW filter
- SC filter
- scatter filter
- scratch filter
- seasonal filter
- selective filter
- sending filter
- separation filter
- series m-derived filter
- SFG filter
- shaping filter
- sharp-cutoff filter
- short-term adaptive filter
- short-wavelength cutoff filter
- shunt m-derived filter
- signal-flow-graph filter
- signal-separation filter
- single-sideband filter
- slope filter
- slot filter
- slotted filter
- smoothing filter
- solid organic-dye filter
- solid-state filter
- sound-effect filter
- spatial filter
- spatial frequency filter
- spatial median filter
- spin-wave filter
- stacked crystal filter
- state-variable filter
- strip-line filter
- superconducting filter
- surface-acoustic-wave filter
- surface-wave chirp filter
- surface-wave comb filter
- swept filter
- switched-capacitor filter
- systolic filter
- tapped-delay-line filter
- tee filter
- temporal median filter
- thin-film filter
- thin-metal-film filter
- through filter
- time-dependent filter
- time-invariant filter
- time-varying filter
- tracking filter
- transmission filter
- transmission-line filter
- transparency filter
- transversal filter
- T-section filter
- tunable filter
- tuned filter
- twin-T filter
- two-dimensional filter
- two-dimensional median filter
- two-port filter
- ultraviolet filter
- unvoiced filter
- UV filter
- variable filter
- velocity filter
- vestigial-sideband filter
- voice filter
- voltage-controlled variable-bandwidth filter
- wave filter
- waveguide filter
- weighted filter
- whitening filter
- wide-angle filter
- wide-band filter
- wide-cut filter
- Wiener filter
- Wratten filter
- YIG filter
- yttrium-iron garnet filter
- zero-memory filterThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > filter
-
28 filter
1) фильтр || фильтровать; использовать фильтр2) светофильтр, оптический фильтр•- acceptance filter
- acoustic filter
- acoustic surface-wave filter
- acoustic-wave filter
- acoustooptical filter
- active filter
- ActiveX server filter
- adaptive filter
- air filter
- air-spaced filter
- all-pass filter
- all-pole filter
- all-zero filter
- ambient-light filter
- amplitude filter
- analog-computer filter
- analog-computer-type filter
- antialiasing filter
- apodized filter
- array-processing filter - band-stop filter
- barometric filter
- barometric air filter
- Bessel filter
- binary filter - biquad filter
- biquartic filter
- birefringent filter
- birefringent optical filter
- bleaching filter
- bogon filter
- Bozo filter
- BP filter
- breather filter
- bridge filter
- bridged-T filter
- broadcast filter
- brute-force filter
- Butterworth filter
- canonical recursive filter
- capacitor-input filter
- carrier transfer filter
- Cauer filter
- cavity filter
- cavity-coupled filter
- CCTT filter
- ceramic filter
- channel filter
- channel-bank filter
- channel-separation filter
- Chebyshev filter
- chirp-generating filter
- choke-input filter
- Christiansen filter
- chroma filter
- click filter
- clutter suppression filter
- C-message filter
- coaxial filter
- coherent memory filter
- color filter
- colored-glass filter
- color separation filter
- comb filter
- compensating filter
- complex spatial filter
- composite filter
- constant-current filter
- constant-K filter
- continuous capacitive tapping transversal filter
- continuous inductive tapping transversal filter
- continuously tunable filter
- continuous resistive tapping transversal filter
- convolution filter
- correction filter
- corrective filter
- crystal filter
- dechirping filter
- deconvolution filter
- decoupling filter
- deemphasis filter
- delay-line filter
- delta-modulation filter
- demodulator filter - dichroic filter
- dielectric filter
- dielectric slab filter
- digital filter
- digital frequency mapping filter
- digitally tuned filter - directional filter
- discrete filter
- discrimination filter
- dispersion filter
- dispersive filter
- dm filter
- Doppler filter
- dynamic tracking filter
- electric filter
- electric-wave filter
- electronically tunable filter
- elliptic filter
- elliptic-function filter
- enhancement filter - Fabry-Perot interference filter
- feed-forward MTI radar filter
- feedthrough filter
- fiber filter
- finite impulse-response filter
- finite-duration impulse-response filter
- fin-line filter
- FIR filter
- first-order filter
- fixed filter
- fixed-frequency filter
- fixed-point digital filter
- floating-point digital filter
- formant filter
- Fourier transform filter
- four-port filter
- FP filter
- Frechet filter
- frequency filter
- frustrated total reflection filter
- gelatin filter
- generating filter
- glare filter
- glass filter
- graded filter
- gray filter - harmonic filter
- heat filter
- HF filter
- high filter
- high-cut filter
- high-frequency filter
- high-order filter
- high-pass filter
- hiss filter
- hologram filter
- holographic filter
- IIR filter
- inductive-input filter
- infinite impulse-response filter
- infinite-duration impulse-response filter
- infrared filter
- in-line filter
- integrated-and-dump filter
- integrating filter
- interference filter
- interferential polarizational filter
- intermediate-frequency filter
- interpolation filter
- interstage filter
- inverse filter
- inverse-feedback filter
- ion-implanted array filter
- IR filter
- iterative filter
- junction filter
- Kalman filter
- key-click filter
- keying filter
- kill filter
- L-filter
- ladder-type filter
- lattice filter
- lead-zirconate-titanate filter
- leapfrog filter
- light filter
- line filter
- linear filter
- linear FM pulse compression filter
- linear space-invariant filter
- linear space-noninvariant filter
- liquid filter
- long-wavelength cutoff filter
- loop filter
- lossless filter
- low filter
- low-and-high-pass filter
- low-cut filter - L-section filter
- L-type filter
- lumped-constant filter
- Lyot filter
- magic-T filter
- magnetically tuned filter
- magnetooptical filter
- magnetostatic-wave filter
- magnetostrictive filter
- matched filter
- matched spatial filter
- matching filter
- m-derived filter
- mechanical filter
- mechanical-wave filter
- median filter
- microwave filter
- MIDI filter
- minimum-delay filter
- minimum-phase filter
- mismatched filter
- mode filter
- modulation filter
- multiple-bandpass filter
- multiple-reflection filter
- multiple-resonant-circuit filter
- multi-resonator filter
- multisection filter
- multistage filter
- narrow-band filter
- narrow-cut filter
- ND filter
- network filter
- neutral filter
- neutral-density filter
- neutral gray filter
- noise filter
- nonlinear filter
- nonrecursive filter
- nonselective filter
- notch filter
- n-section filter
- one-dimensional median filter
- optical filter
- packet filter
- parallel-T notch filter
- parametric filter
- partitioned adaptive filter
- passive filter
- phase filter
- photopic filter
- piezoelectric filter
- piezoelectric ceramics filter
- piezoelectric crystal filter
- pi-section filter
- plasma electroacoustic resonance filter
- plastics filter
- polarization interference filter
- polarizing filter
- polaroid filter
- pole-zero filter
- polynomial filter
- pop filter
- postemphasis filter
- postequalization filter
- powder filter
- power-line filter
- powerpack filter
- prediction filter - preequalization filter
- prewhitening filter
- programmable binary transversal filter
- pseudo-noise matched filter
- pulse-compression filter
- PZT filter
- quadrature filter
- quasi-optical filter
- radio-frequency interference filter
- range filter
- RC-filter
- recirculating filter
- recirculating air filter
- rectifier filter - reflection filter
- reflection holographic filter
- rejection filter
- resistance-capacitance filter
- resonant filter
- reverberation suppression filter
- RF filter
- RFI filter
- ripple filter
- roof filter
- rumble filter
- sampled-data filter
- SAW filter
- SC filter
- scatter filter
- scratch filter
- seasonal filter
- selective filter
- sending filter
- separation filter
- series m-derived filter
- SFG filter
- shaping filter
- sharp-cutoff filter
- short-term adaptive filter
- short-wavelength cutoff filter
- shunt m-derived filter
- signal-flow-graph filter
- signal-separation filter
- single-sideband filter
- slope filter
- slot filter
- slotted filter
- smoothing filter
- solid organic-dye filter
- solid-state filter
- sound-effect filter
- spatial filter
- spatial frequencyfilter
- spatial median filter
- spin-wave filter
- stacked crystal filter
- state-variable filter
- strip-line filter
- superconducting filter
- surface-acoustic-wave filter
- surface-wave chirp filter - switched-capacitor filter
- systolic filter
- tapped-delay-line filter
- tee filter
- temporal median filter
- thin-film filter
- thin-metal-film filter
- through filter
- time-dependent filter
- time-invariant filter
- time-varying filter
- tracking filter
- transmission filter
- transmission-line filter
- transparency filter
- transversal filter
- T-section filter
- tunable filter
- tuned filter
- twin-T filter
- two-dimensional filter
- two-dimensional median filter
- two-port filter
- ultraviolet filter
- unvoiced filter
- UV filter
- variable filter
- velocity filter
- vestigial-sideband filter
- voice filter
- voltage-controlled variable-bandwidth filter
- wave filter
- waveguide filter
- weighted filter
- whitening filter
- wide-angle filter
- wide-band filter
- wide-cut filter
- Wiener filter
- Wratten filter
- YIG filter
- yttrium-iron garnet filter
- zero-memory filter -
29 spectrum
3) область, диапазон4) разнообразие•- acoustic spectrum
- adjacent class spectrum
- amplitude spectrum
- attenuation spectrum
- audible-frequency spectrum
- band spectrum
- bright-line spectrum
- comparison spectrum
- conducted spectrum
- dark-line spectrum
- diffraction spectrum
- diffuse spectrum
- discrete spectrum
- electromagnetic spectrum
- electronic spectrum
- electronic-absorption spectrum
- electronic-band spectrum
- electronic-emission spectrum
- emission spectrum
- equi-energy spectrum
- excess-noise spectrum
- excitation spectrum
- flat spectrum
- fluorescence spectrum
- formant spectrum
- frequency spectrum
- gamma-ray spectrum
- infrared spectrum
- interference spectrum
- line spectrum
- low-frequency spectrum
- microwave spectrum
- operational stress spectrum
- optical spectrum
- oscillation spectrum
- paramagnetic spectrum
- phase spectrum
- photoemission spectrum
- polarized spectrum
- power-density spectrum
- pulse spectrum
- pulse-frequency spectrum
- radiated spectrum
- radio-frequency spectrum
- Raman spectrum
- reflection spectrum
- resonance spectrum
- reversal spectrum
- RF spectrum
- Rydberg spectrum
- sound power spectrum
- time-gated direct-sequence spread spectrum
- total sound spectrum
- visible color spectrum
- voice spectrum
- wavelength spectrumEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > spectrum
-
30 synthesis
б) объединение; обобщениев) метод получение сложных химических соединений из более простых; метод промышленного или опытного получения химических соединений, кристаллов и веществг) метод генерирования колебаний, волн или сигналов с заданными характеристиками- analog synthesis
- aperture synthesis
- automatic hardware synthesis
- automatic program synthesis
- circuit synthesis
- differential synthesis
- digital synthesis of musical sound
- direct digital synthesis
- Earth-rotation aperture synthesis
- filter synthesis
- FM synthesis
- formant synthesis
- fractal synthesis
- frequency synthesis
- frequency modulation synthesis
- functional synthesis
- global logic synthesis
- harmonic synthesis
- hologram synthesis
- image synthesis
- logic synthesis
- network synthesis
- optical synthesis
- picture synthesis
- random logic synthesis
- sentence-level synthesis
- single-crystal synthesis
- sound synthesis
- spectral synthesis
- speech synthesis
- standard cell synthesis
- structure synthesis
- subtractive synthesis
- systems synthesis
- text synthesis
- voice synthesis
- wavetable synthesis
- word-level synthesis
- WT synthesis -
31 synthesis
б) объединение; обобщениев) метод получение сложных химических соединений из более простых; метод промышленного или опытного получения химических соединений, кристаллов и веществг) метод генерирования колебаний, волн или сигналов с заданными характеристиками•- analog synthesis
- aperture synthesis
- automatic hardware synthesis
- automatic program synthesis
- circuit synthesis
- differential synthesis
- digital synthesis of musical sound
- direct digital synthesis
- Earth-rotation aperture synthesis
- filter synthesis
- FM synthesis
- formant synthesis
- fractal synthesis
- frequency modulation synthesis
- frequency synthesis
- functional synthesis
- global logic synthesis
- harmonic synthesis
- hologram synthesis
- image synthesis
- logic synthesis
- network synthesis
- optical synthesis
- picture synthesis
- random logic synthesis
- sentence-level synthesis
- single-crystal synthesis
- sound synthesis
- spectral synthesis
- speech synthesis
- standard cell synthesis
- structure synthesis
- subtractive synthesis
- systems synthesis
- text synthesis
- voice synthesis
- wavetable synthesis
- word-level synthesis
- WT synthesisThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > synthesis
-
32 synthesis
- aperture synthesis
- digital filter synthesis
- direct frequency synthesis
- formant synthesis
- image synthesis
- indirect frequency synthesis
- network synthesis
- parametric synthesis
- passive digital synthesis
- speech synthesis
- text-to-speech synthesisEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > synthesis
-
33 synthesizer
синтезирующее устройство, синтезаторАнгло-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > synthesizer
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
Formant — A formant is a peak in the frequency spectrum of a sound caused by acoustic resonance. [Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978 0137178933.] In phonetics, the word refers to sounds produced by the vocal tract.… … Wikipedia
formant — /fawr meuhnt/, n. 1. Music. the range and number of partials present in a tone of a specific instrument, representing its timbre. 2. Acoustic Phonet. one of the regions of concentration of energy, prominent on a sound spectrogram, that… … Universalium
formant — /ˈfɔmənt/ (say fawmuhnt) noun any of several frequency regions of relatively greater intensity in a sound spectrum, which together determine the characteristic quality of a vowel sound. {German Formant, from Latin formans, present participle of… …
formant — for•mant [[t]ˈfɔr mənt[/t]] n. phn one of the regions of concentration of energy, prominent on a sound spectrogram, that collectively constitute the frequency spectrum of a speech sound • Etymology: 1900–05; < G (1894) … From formal English to slang
Voice frequency — A voice frequency (VF) or voice band is one of the frequencies, within part of the audio range, that is used for the transmission of speech. In telephony, the usable voice frequency band ranges from approximately 300 Hz to 3400 Hz. It is for this … Wikipedia
Voice organ — The voice organ is the part of the human body responsible for the generation of sound, usually in the form of speech or singing. It comprises the larynx and the vocal tract.OverviewThe human voice produces sounds in the following manner [Titze, I … Wikipedia
Speech perception — is the process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted and understood. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics and phonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology.… … Wikipedia
Wah-wah pedal — A wah wah pedal (or just wah pedal) is a type of guitar effects pedal that alters the tone of the signal to create a distinctive effect, intended to mimic the human voice. The pedal sweeps the peak response of a filter up and down in frequency to … Wikipedia
W. Tecumseh Fitch — William Tecumseh Sherman Fitch III (born 1963) is an American evolutionary biologist and cognitive scientist at the University of St. Andrews (Fife, Scotland).He studies the biology and evolution of cognition and communication, both in humans and … Wikipedia
phonetics — /feuh net iks, foh /, n. (used with a sing. v.) 1. the science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. Cf. acoustic phonetics, articulatory phonetics,… … Universalium
Speech synthesis — Stephen Hawking is one of the most famous people using speech synthesis to communicate Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented… … Wikipedia