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81 impersonal
adjective* * *[im'pə:sənl]1) (not showing, or being affected by, personal feelings: His manner was formal and impersonal.) unpersönlich2) ((of a verb) having a subject which does not refer to a person, thing etc: In the sentence `It snowed last night', `snowed' is an example of an impersonal verb.) unpersönlich•- academic.ru/88077/impersonally">impersonally- impersonality* * *im·per·son·al[ɪmˈpɜ:sənəl, AM -ˈpɜ:r-]2. LING unpersönlich\impersonal pronoun/verb unpersönliches Pronomen/Verb* * *[ɪm'pɜːsənl]adjunpersönlich (ALSO GRAM)* * *A adj (adv impersonally)1. unpersönlich (Brief, Firma etc):2. LINGa) unpersönlich (Zeitwort)b) unbestimmt:impersonal pronoun unbestimmtes Fürwort, Indefinitpronomen nB s1. (das) Unpersönliche2. LING unpersönliches Zeitwortimp. abk1. imperative2. imperfect3. impersonal4. import (importation)5. important* * *adjective* * *adj.unpersönlich adj. -
82 what
what [wɒt]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. adjective2. pronoun3. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. adjective• what time is it? quelle heure est-il ?• what flavours do you want? quels parfums voulez-vous ?• what subjects did you choose? quelles matières as-tu choisies ?b. ( = all the) I gave him what money I had je lui ai donné tout l'argent que j'avais• I will give you what information we have je vais vous donner toutes les informations dont nous disposonsc. (exclamations) what a nice surprise! quelle bonne surprise !• what a ridiculous suggestion! quelle suggestion ridicule !• what a nightmare! quel cauchemar !• what a nuisance! quelle barbe ! (inf)• what a lot of people! que de monde !• what lovely hair you've got! quels jolis cheveux tu as !2. pronouna. (used alone, or in emphatic position) quoi• what? I didn't get that quoi ? je n'ai pas compris• I've forgotten something -- what? j'ai oublié quelque chose -- quoi ?• he's getting married -- what! il se marie -- quoi !• what! you expect me to believe that! quoi ! et tu penses que je vais croire ça !━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► quoi is used with a preposition, if the French verb requires one.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• I've just thought of something -- what? je viens de penser à quelque chose -- à quoi ?• I've just remembered something -- what? je viens de me souvenir de quelque chose -- de quoi ?• what's happened? qu'est-ce qui s'est passé ?• what's bothering you? qu'est-ce qui te préoccupe ?• what's for dinner? qu'est-ce qu'il y a pour dîner ?• what is his address? quelle est son adresse ?• what's the French for "pen"? comment dit-on « pen » en français ?• what is this called? comment ça s'appelle ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When asking for a definition or explanation, c'est quoi is often used in spoken French.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• what are capers? c'est quoi, les câpres ?• what's that noise? c'est quoi, ce bruit ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The object pronoun que is more formal than qu'est-ce que and requires inversion of verb and pronoun.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• what did you do? qu'avez-vous fait ?• what can we do? qu'est-ce qu'on peut faire ? que peut-on faire ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The French preposition cannot be separated from the pronoun.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• what does he owe his success to? à quoi doit-il son succès ?• what were you talking about? de quoi parliez-vous ?• what's the best time to call? quel est le meilleur moment pour vous joindre ?• what are the advantages? quels sont les avantages ?e. ( = how much) combien• what will it cost? ça va coûter combien ?• what does it weigh? ça pèse combien ?• what do 2 and 2 make? combien font 2 et 2 ?• what does it matter? qu'est-ce que ça peut bien faire ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━g. (in relative clauses) ( = that which) (subject of verb) ce qui ; (object of verb) ce que ; (object of verb taking "de") ce dont ; (object of verb taking "à") ce à quoi• what I don't understand is... ce que je ne comprends pas c'est...• what I need is... ce dont j'ai besoin c'est...━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When what means the ones which, the French pronoun is generally plural.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► and what...are you coming or what? tu viens ou quoi ? (inf)tell you what, let's stay here another day j'ai une idée: si on restait un jour de plus ?► what about• what about people who haven't got cars? et les gens qui n'ont pas de voiture ?• what about going to the cinema? si on allait au cinéma ?► what for? pourquoi ?• what did you do that for? pourquoi avez-vous fait ça ?• what if this doesn't work out? et si ça ne marchait pas ?• what if he says no? et s'il refuse ?► what of• but what of the country's political leaders? et les dirigeants politiques du pays ?• I've done this job long enough to know what's what je fais ce travail depuis assez longtemps pour savoir de quoi il retourne► what with• what with the stress and lack of sleep, I was in a terrible state entre le stress et le manque de sommeil, j'étais dans un état lamentable3. compounds* * *[wɒt], US [hwɒt] 1.1) ( what exactly) ( as subject) qu'est-ce qui; ( as object) que, qu'est-ce que; ( with prepositions) quoiwhat for? — ( why) pourquoi?; ( concerning what) à propos de quoi?
what's this called in Flemish? —
2) ( in rhetorical questions)what's the use? — ( enquiringly) à quoi bon?; ( exasperatedly) à quoi ça sert?
3) ( whatever)4) ( in clauses) ( as subject) ce qui; ( as object) ce que, (before vowel) ce qu'this is what is called a ‘monocle’ — c'est ce qu'on appelle un ‘monocle’
and what's worse ou better — et en plus
5) (colloq) ( when guessing)it'll cost, what, £50 — ça coutera, quoi, dans les 50 livres?
6) ( inviting repetition)2.what's that? —
1) ( which) quel/quelle/quels/quelles2) ( in exclamations) quel/quellewhat use is that? — lit, fig à quoi ça sert?
3) ( the amount of)what money he earns he spends — tout ce qu'il gagne, il le dépense
3.what little she has — le peu qu'elle a, tout ce qu'elle a
what about prepositional phrase1) ( when drawing attention)what about the letter they sent? — et la lettre qu'ils ont envoyée, alors?
2) ( when making suggestion)3) ( in reply)4.‘what about your sister?’ - ‘what about her?’ — ‘et ta sœur?’ - ‘quoi ma sœur?’
what if prepositional phrase et si5.what with prepositional phrase6.exclamation quoi!, comment!••to give somebody what for — (colloq) GB passer un savon (colloq) à quelqu'un
well, what do you know — iron tout arrive
what do you think I am! — (colloq) tu me prends pour quoi!
what's it to you? — (colloq) en quoi ça vous regarde?
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83 impersonal
[ɪm'pəːsənl]adj* * *[im'pə:sənl]1) (not showing, or being affected by, personal feelings: His manner was formal and impersonal.) bezosobowy2) ((of a verb) having a subject which does not refer to a person, thing etc: In the sentence `It snowed last night', `snowed' is an example of an impersonal verb.) w formie nieosobowej•- impersonality -
84 impersonal
[im'pə:sənl]1) (not showing, or being affected by, personal feelings: His manner was formal and impersonal.) bezkaislīgs; bezpersonisks2) ((of a verb) having a subject which does not refer to a person, thing etc: In the sentence `It snowed last night', `snowed' is an example of an impersonal verb.) bezpersonas-•- impersonality* * *bezkaislīgs, objektīvs; bezpersonisks; bezpersonas -
85 impersonal
[im'pə:sənl]1) (not showing, or being affected by, personal feelings: His manner was formal and impersonal.) bešališkas, objektyvus2) ((of a verb) having a subject which does not refer to a person, thing etc: In the sentence `It snowed last night', `snowed' is an example of an impersonal verb.) beasmenis•- impersonality -
86 impersonal
adj. opersonlig; obestämd, odefinierad* * *[im'pə:sənl]1) (not showing, or being affected by, personal feelings: His manner was formal and impersonal.) opersonlig2) ((of a verb) having a subject which does not refer to a person, thing etc: In the sentence `It snowed last night', `snowed' is an example of an impersonal verb.) opersonlig•- impersonality -
87 stiffness
stiff·ness [ʼstɪfnəs] n1) ( rigidity) Steifheit; of brakes Steifigkeit f; of dough, batter Festigkeit f; of muscles Verspanntheit f;to have \stiffness in one's muscles ( from illness) Muskelschmerzen haben;( after exercise) einen Muskelkater haben -
88 impersonal
[im'pə:sənl]1) (not showing, or being affected by, personal feelings: His manner was formal and impersonal.) neosobní2) ((of a verb) having a subject which does not refer to a person, thing etc: In the sentence `It snowed last night', `snowed' is an example of an impersonal verb.) neosobní•- impersonality* * *• neosobní -
89 impersonal
[im'pə:sənl]1) (not showing, or being affected by, personal feelings: His manner was formal and impersonal.) neosobný2) ((of a verb) having a subject which does not refer to a person, thing etc: In the sentence `It snowed last night', `snowed' is an example of an impersonal verb.) neosobný•- impersonality* * *• neosobný -
90 impersonal
[im'pə:sənl]1) (not showing, or being affected by, personal feelings: His manner was formal and impersonal.) (în mod) impersonal, rece2) ((of a verb) having a subject which does not refer to a person, thing etc: In the sentence `It snowed last night', `snowed' is an example of an impersonal verb.) impersonal•- impersonality -
91 language
1) языкв общем случае язык можно определить как множество предложений, каждое из которых состоит из конечной последовательности символов, принадлежащих конечному алфавиту (alphabet). Таким образом, язык задаётся алфавитом, грамматикой, синтаксисом и семантикой. Языки делятся на естественные (natural language) и искусственные (artificial language), среди которых большую долю составляют языки программирования (programming language)см. тж. algorithmic language, applicative language, assembly language, authoring language, class-based language, compiled language, context-free language, dataflow language, data manipulation language, declarative language, design language, formal language, graphics language, hardware language, high-level language, hybrid language, language construct, language definition, language design, language element, language extension, language implementation, language manual, language processor, low-level language, macro language, metalanguage, microprogramming language, modeling language, native language, nonprocedural language, OOL, parallel language, semantics, sentence, symbol, syntax2) языковыйАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > language
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92 impersonal
[im'pə:sənl]1) (not showing, or being affected by, personal feelings: His manner was formal and impersonal.) απρόσωπος2) ((of a verb) having a subject which does not refer to a person, thing etc: In the sentence `It snowed last night', `snowed' is an example of an impersonal verb.) απρόσωπος•- impersonality -
93 recast
[ˌriː'kɑːst] 1. сущ.1)а) переработка, переделка; исправление формы, вида (чего-л.)б) изменение, реорганизация (законодательства и т. п.)•Syn:2) улучшенное изделие, исправленный вариант, переработанное издание3) театр. перераспределение ролей; новый актёрский состав2. гл.; прош. вр., прич. прош. вр. recast1) переделывать, перерабатывать (книгу, произведение искусства и т. п.); изменять, перестраивать (абзац, фразу и т. п.)to recast that last sentence in more formal wording — переписать последнее предложение в более официальном стиле
the things they recast in the moulds of their narrow philosophy — всё, что они переосмысливают в рамках своих узколобых взглядов
political image recast to fit the times — политический имидж, изменённый в соответствии с требованиями времени
Syn:2) театр.; кино; = recast a play перераспределять роли; изменить состав исполнителей в пьесеHe was recast as a hero. — Его возвели в статус героя.
3) пересчитывать, перерассчитывать; считать или высчитывать зановоSyn:4) тех. переплавлять, отливать заново -
94 asyndeton
deliberate omission of conjunctions, cutting off connecting words- helps to create the effect of terse, energetic, active prose. (V.A.K.)With these hurried words Mr. Bob Sawyer pushed the postboy on one side, jerked his friend into the vehicle, slammed the door, put up the steps, wafered the bill on the street-door, locked it, put the key into his pocket, jumped into the dickey, gave the word for starting. (Ch.Dickens)
It [a provincial city] is full of dirty blank spaces, high black walls, a gas holder, a tall chimney, a main road that shakes with dust and lorries. (J.Osborne - Entertainer)
••connection between parts of a sentence or between sentences without any formal sign, becomes a SD, if there is deliberate omission of the connective where it is generally expected to be according to the norms of the literary language (I.R.G.)Soames turned away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing before an open grave, watching a coffin slowly lowered. (J.Galsworthy)
Ant.: polysyndetonEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > asyndeton
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95 Colon
1) Двоеточие вводит объяснение (в составе бессоюзного сложного предложения) или перечисление.John didn't reply: he was dead — Джон не ответил: он был мертв
Aristoteles divided causes into four kinds: material, formal, efficient and final — Аристотель выделял причины четырех видов: материальную, формальную, действующую и целевую
2) Следующее за двоеточием предложение обычно начинается со строчной буквы, однако возможно и употребление прописной буквы, если объяснение состоит из нескольких предложений. Прописная буква после двоеточия чаще используется в американском варианте английского языкаBut he looked upon it in this way: If he made a regular declaration to her she would be bound to tell it to her father — Но он взглянул на дело таким образом: если бы он сделал ей прямое предложение, она должна была бы сообщить об этом своему отцу
•— Употребление двоеточия при прямой речи см. Direct speech
— Употребление двоеточия после обращения в письме см. Comma in simple sentence, 6)
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96 stiff
adj.1 tieso(a), rígido(a) (rigid); consistente (paste)2 agarrotado(a), anquilosado(a) (joint)3 duro(a) (handle, hinge, drawer)4 duro(a) (severe) (fine, competition, prison sentence); difícil (exam, test); fuerte (breeze, drink)5 rígido(a), estirado(a) (formal) (person, manner); forzado(a) (smile)6 ceremonioso, estirado, protocolario, etiquetero.7 tenaz.8 poco espontáneo.9 aterido.10 férreo.s.cadáver, tendido.v.1 no dar propina a.2 embaucar.(pt & pp stiffed) -
97 calculus
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98 connective
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99 oratio
I.In gen., the connection of words to express thought:1.non est autem in verbo modus hic, sed in oratione, id est, in continuatione verborum,
Cic. 3, 42, 167.Speech, the power or faculty of speech, the habit or use of language:2.quae (ferae) sunt rationis et orationis expertes,
Cic. Off. 1, 16, 50:natura vi rationis hominem conciliat homini et ad orationis et ad vitae societatem,
id. ib. 1, 4, 12.—Speech, language, utterance; opp. to fact, action, etc.:3.lenitudo orationis, mollitudo corporis,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 16, 46:idque videns Epicurus re tollit, oratione relinquit deos,
id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:qui sunt leves locutores... eorum orationem bene existimatum est in ore nasci, non in pectore,
Gell. 1, 15, 1:nam quid te igitur rettulit beneficum esse oratione, si ad rem auxilium emortuum est,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 19:ut in vitā, sic in oratione, nihil est difficilius quam quid deceat videre,
Cic. Or. 21, 70: qualis homo ipse esset, talem ejus esse orationem;orationi autem facta similia, factis vitam,
id. Tusc. 5, 16, 47:partes igitur orationis secundum dialecticos duae, nomen et verbum,
parts of speech, Prisc. 2, 4, 15.—Hence, a mode of speaking; a kind, manner, style of speech; language:4.quin tu istanc orationem hinc veterem atque antiquam amoves. Nam proletario sermone nunc utere,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 155: nam opulenti cum loquuntur pariter atque ignobiles, eadem dicta eademque oratio aequa non aeque valet, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4, 3: quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit, id. ap. Non. p. 512, 8:aliam nunc mihi orationem despoliato praedicas,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 52: Creta est profecto horum hominum oratio, quam orationem [p. 1275] hanc aures dulce devorant, id. Poen. 5, 2, 9:(Andria et Perinthia) non ita sunt dissimili argumento, sed tamen Dissimili oratione,
Ter. And. prol. 11.—Esp. (in gram.): oratio obliqua, indirect speech, the use of dependent clauses in citing the language of others:quam (orationem) obliquam Pompeius Trogus exposuit (opp. to conciones directae),
Just. 38, 3, 11.—Hence,Mode of speech, language, use of language, style:5.mollis est enim oratio philosophorum,
Cic. Or. 19, 64:(fabulae) tenui oratione et scripturā levi,
Ter. Phorm. prol. 5:ut Stoicorum est astrictior oratio aliquantoque contractior, quam aures populi requirunt, sic illorum (Peripateticorum) liberior et latior, quam patitur consuetudo judiciorum et fori,
Cic. Brut. 31, 120:orationem Latinam efficies profecto legendis nostris pleniorem,
id. Off. 1, 1, 2; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 1.—Esp., the language of any people or nation:II.Timaeus in historiis quas oratione Graecā composuit,
Gell. 11, 1, 1:semper cum Graecis Latina (exempla) conjunxi... ut par sis in utriusque orationis facultate,
Cic. Off. 1, 1, 1.—In partic., formal language, artificial discourse, set speech (opp. to sermo, ordinary speech, conversational language):B.mollis est oratio philosophorum et umbratilis, nec verbis instructa popularibus nec vincta numeris, sed soluta liberius: itaque sermo potiusquam oratio dicitur. Quamquam enim omnis locutio oratio est, tamen unius oratoris locutio hoc proprio dignata nomine est,
Cic. Or. 19, 64; cf.:et quoniam magna vis orationis est eaque duplex, altera contentionis, altera sermonis, contentio disceptationibus tribuatur judiciorum, contionum, senatus, sermo in circulis, disputationibus, congressionibus familiarium versetur, sequatur etiam convivia,
id. Off. 1, 37, 132.—Hence,A set speech, harangue, discourse, oration:III.(oratio) ut gravis, ut suavis, ut erudita sit, ut liberalis, ut polita, ut sensus, ut doloris habeat quantum opus sit, non est singulorum articulorum: in toto spectantur haec corpore, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 3, 25, 96; cf.the context: illam orationem disertam sibi et oratoriam videri, fortem et virilem non videri,
id. ib. 1, 54, 231:hanc habere orationem mecum principio institit,
Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 21:pleraeque scribuntur orationes habitae jam, non ut habeantur,
Cic. Brut. 24, 91:non est haec oratio habenda apud imperitam multitudinem,
id. Mur. 29, 61:ignarus faciundae ac poliendae orationis,
id. de Or. 1, 14, 63:in orationibus hisce ipsis judiciorum, contionum, senatus,
id. ib. 1, 16, 73:quanta illa, di immortales, fuit gravitas, quanta in oratione majestas! sed adfuistis, et est in manibus oratio,
id. Lael. 25, 96:qui orationem adversus rem publicam habuissent, eorum bona in publicum adducebat,
Caes. B. C. 2, 18, 5:ab adulescentiā confecit orationes,
Nep. Cat. 3, 3:Catonis aliae acerbae orationes extant, etc.,
Liv. 39, 42, 6:oratio plebi acceptior,
id. 3, 69:accurata et polita,
Cic. Brut. 95, 326:longa,
Liv. 34, 5:acris et vehemens,
Quint. 5, 13, 25:admirabilis,
Cic. de Or. 3, 25, 94:angusta et concisa, opp. collata et diffusa,
id. Or. 56, 187:aspera, tristis, horrida, neque perfecta neque conclusa, opp. laevis et structa et terminata,
id. ib. 5, 20:circumcisa et brevis,
Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 4:rotunda et undique circumcisa,
Quint. 8, 5, 27:cohaerens,
Cic. de Or. 3, 44, 173:concinna,
id. ib. 3, 25, 98:stabilis, opp. volubilis,
id. Or. 56, 187.—Transf.A.The power of oratory, eloquence:B.tantam vim habet illa, quae recte a bono poëtā dicta est, flexamina atque omnium regina rerum oratio, ut non modo inclinantem excipere aut stantem inclinare, sed etiam adversantem ac repugnantem ut imperator fortis ac bonus capere possit,
Cic. de Or. 2, 44, 187:satis in eo fuisse orationis atque ingenii,
id. Brut. 45, 165:non enim verendum est ne te in tam bonā causā deficiat oratio,
Lact. 2, 3.—Prose (opp. to poetry):C.et in poëmatis et in oratione,
Cic. Or. 21, 70.—(In gram.) A sentence, a clause expressing a complete sense:D.oratio est ordinatio dictionum congrua sententiam perfectam demonstrans,
Prisc. 2, 4, 15:oratio dicitur liber rhetoricus, necnon unaquaeque dictio hoc saepe nomine nuncupatur cum plenam ostendit sententiam,
id. ib.: defectio litterae, et syllabae, et dictionis, et orationis, id. 17, 1, 5.—(Under the empire.) An imperial message, rescript:E.orationes ad senatum missae,
Suet. Ner. 15:oratio principis per quaestorem ejus audita est,
Tac. A. 16, 27:orationesque in senatu recitaret etiam quaestoris vice,
Suet. Tit. 6; cf. id. Aug. 65.—A prayer, an address to the Deity (eccl. Lat.):respice ad orationem servi tui,
Vulg. 3 Reg. 8, 28:per orationes Dominum rogantes,
id. 2 Macc. 10, 16:pernoctans in oratione Dei,
id. Luc. 6, 12.—Also absol., prayer, the habit or practice of prayer:perseverantes in oratione,
Vulg. Act. 1, 14:orationi instate,
id. Col. 4, 2; cf. Gell. 13, 22, 1. -
100 clause
1. n статья, пункт, условие; оговорка, клаузулаwarehouse clause — условие страхования «со склада на склад»
2. n грам. предложениеthen clause — придаточное предложение, вводимое словом n
if clause — условное предложение; условный оператор
3. v разделить на статьиopening clause — вводная статья; вводная формула
4. v изложить постатейноСинонимический ряд:1. provision (noun) codicil; condition; limitation; paragraph; provision; requirement; sentence; ultimatum2. section (noun) article; chapter; item; portion; proviso; section; stipulation
См. также в других словарях:
sentence — sen·tence 1 / sent əns, ənz/ n [Old French, opinion, judicial sentence, from Latin sententia, ultimately from sentire to feel, think, express an opinion] 1: a judgment formally pronouncing the punishment to be inflicted on one convicted of a… … Law dictionary
Sentence completion tests — are a class of semi structured projective techniques. Sentence completion tests typically provide respondents with beginnings of sentences, referred to as “stems,” and respondents then complete the sentences in ways that are meaningful to them.… … Wikipedia
Formal interpretation — A formal interpretation [http://books.google.com/books?id=weKqT3ka5g0C pg=PA74 lpg=PA74 dq=%22Formal+interpretation%22+%22formal+language%22 source=web ots=pLN ms7Wi2 sig=P JqwdzOqLcX4nMpP64qmacnkDU hl=en#PPA74,M1 Cann Ronnie, Formal Semantics:… … Wikipedia
Formal proof — See also: mathematical proof, proof theory, and axiomatic system A formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (called well formed formulas in the case of a formal language) each of which is an axiom or follows from the… … Wikipedia
formal logic — the branch of logic concerned exclusively with the principles of deductive reasoning and with the form rather than the content of propositions. [1855 60] * * * Introduction the abstract study of propositions, statements, or assertively used … Universalium
Formal semantics — See also Formal semantics of programming languages. Formal semantics is the study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal languages. A formal language can be defined apart from any interpretation of it. This is done by designating a set… … Wikipedia
Sentence (law) — Criminal procedure Criminal trials and convictions … Wikipedia
Sentence (linguistics) — In the field of linguistics, a sentence is an expression in natural language, and often defined to indicate a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it.… … Wikipedia
sentence — sen|tence1 W2S1 [ˈsentəns] n [Date: 1200 1300; : Old French; Origin: Latin sententia feeling, opinion, sentence , from sentire; SENTIENT] 1.) a group of words that usually contains a subject and a verb, and expresses a complete idea. Sentences… … Dictionary of contemporary English
Sentence-final particle — A sentence final particle, also sometimes referred to as a modal particle ,cite book | last=Lin | first=Huey Hannah | title=Contextualizing Linguistic Politeness in Chinese [http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/send pdf.cgi/Lin%20Huey%20Hannah.pdf?acc num … Wikipedia
formal/material mode of speech — A distinction that assumed great importance in the work of Carnap, particularly in his Logical Syntax of Language (1934). In the material mode of speech objects and their relations are the topic; in the formal mode, language itself is mentioned.… … Philosophy dictionary