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1 forgery-proof
adjfälschungssicher -
2 forgery-proof
adj.a prueba de falsificación, infalsificable. -
3 forgery
nounFälschung, die* * *1) ((the crime of) copying pictures, documents, signatures etc and pretending they are genuine: He was sent to prison for forgery.) das Fälschen2) (a picture, document etc copied for this reason: The painting was a forgery.) die Fälschung* * *forg·ery[ˈfɔ:ʤəri, AM ˈfɔ:r-]n* * *['fOːdZərI]n1) (= act) Fälschen ntforgery — Kunst-/Scheckfälschung f
2) (= thing) Fälschung fthe signature was a forgery — die Unterschrift war gefälscht
* * *forgery [-ərı] s1. Fälschen n:forgery of a document Urkundenfälschung f;forgery-proof fälschungssicher2. Fälschung f, Falsifikat n* * *nounFälschung, die* * *n.Fälschung f. -
4 Perkins, Jacob
[br]b. 9 July 1766 Newburyport, Massachusetts, USAd. 30 July 1849 London, England[br]American inventor of a nail-making machine and a method of printing banknotes, investigator of the use of steam at very high pressures.[br]Perkins's occupation was that of a gold-and silversmith; while he does not seem to have followed this after 1800, however, it gave him the skills in working metals which he would continue to employ in his inventions. He had been working in America for four years before he patented his nail-making machine in 1796. At the time there was a great shortage of nails because only hand-forged ones were available. By 1800, other people had followed his example and produced automatic nail-making machines, but in 1811 Perkins' improved machines were introduced to England by J.C. Dyer. Eventually Perkins had twenty-one American patents for a range of inventions in his name.In 1799 Perkins invented a system of engraving steel plates for printing banknotes, which became the foundation of modern siderographic work. It discouraged forging and was adopted by many banking houses, including the Federal Government when the Second United States Bank was inaugurated in 1816. This led Perkins to move to Philadelphia. In the intervening years, Perkins had improved his nail-making machine, invented a machine for graining morocco leather in 1809, a fire-engine in 1812, a letter-lock for bank vaults and improved methods of rolling out spoons in 1813, and improved armament and equipment for naval ships from 1812 to 1815.It was in Philadelphia that Perkins became interested in the steam engine, when he met Oliver Evans, who had pioneered the use of high-pressure steam. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society and conducted experiments on the compressibility of water before a committee of that society. Perkins claimed to have liquified air during his experiments in 1822 and, if so, was the real discoverer of the liquification of gases. In 1819 he came to England to demonstrate his forgery-proof system of printing banknotes, but the Bank of England was the only one which did not adopt his system.While in London, Perkins began to experiment with the highest steam pressures used up to that time and in 1822 took out his first of nineteen British patents. This was followed by another in 1823 for a 10 hp (7.5 kW) engine with only 2 in. (51 mm) bore, 12 in. (305 mm) stroke but a pressure of 500 psi (35 kg/cm2), for which he claimed exceptional economy. After 1826, Perkins abandoned his drum boiler for iron tubes and steam pressures of 1,500 psi (105 kg/cm2), but the materials would not withstand such pressures or temperatures for long. It was in that same year that he patented a form of uniflow cylinder that was later taken up by L.J. Todd. One of his engines ran for five days, continuously pumping water at St Katherine's docks, but Perkins could not raise more finance to continue his experiments.In 1823 one his high-pressure hot-water systems was installed to heat the Duke of Wellington's house at Stratfield Saye and it acquired a considerable vogue, being used by Sir John Soane, among others. In 1834 Perkins patented a compression ice-making apparatus, but it did not succeed commercially because ice was imported more cheaply from Norway as ballast for sailing ships. Perkins was often dubbed "the American inventor" because his inquisitive personality allied to his inventive ingenuity enabled him to solve so many mechanical challenges.[br]Further ReadingHistorical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943, biography which appeared previously as a shortened version in the Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24.D.Bathe and G.Bathe, 1943–5, "The contribution of Jacob Perkins to science and engineering", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24.D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, From Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (includes comments on the importance of Perkins's steam engine).A.F.Dufton, 1940–1, "Early application of engineering to warming of buildings", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 21 (includes a note on Perkins's application of a high-pressure hot-water heating system).RLH -
5 testimonial
1. n рекомендация, характеристика, рекомендательное письмо2. n коллективный дар; подношение; награда; приветственный адрес3. n уст. признак, свидетельство4. n уст. удостоверение, сертификат, свидетельство; аттестат; пропуск5. a рекомендательный6. a благодарственный; приветственный; организуемый в честь7. a редк. показательный, свидетельствующий, доказательныйСинонимический ряд:1. evidence (noun) attestation; authentication; confirmation; corroboration; evidence; proof; substantiation; testament; testimony; validation; verification; witness2. monument (noun) memorial; monument3. recommendation (noun) affidavit; approval; certificate; character; credential; credentials; documentation; endorsement; letter of recommendation; recommendation; reference; referral4. tribute (noun) appreciation; salute; salvo; tribute -
6 bill
1) заява; перелік; зобов'язання; прохання, петиція; рахунок; інвойс; банкнота; вексель; стаття взаємних розрахунків; декларація ( митна тощо); позов, позовна заява; проект обвинувального акту; обвинувальний акт; указ; судовий наказ; білль, акт законодавчого органу, законодавчий акт, закон, законопроект; свідоцтво ( документ); виклад пунктів; підготовлений до підписання монархом патент з призначенням (даруванням тощо)2) виписувати накладну, виставляти рахунок-фактуру, фактурувати, інвойсувати•bill in the nature of a supplemental bill — позов про вступ до справи нової особи у зв'язку з обставинами, які виникли після відкриття справи
- bill at usancebill in the nature of a bill of revivor — позов про розгляд правовідносин, пов'язаних із припиненням справи провадженням
- bill broker
- bill draft
- bill drafting
- bill file
- bill for a new trial
- bill for foreclosure
- bill for legal defence
- bill for legal defence defense
- bill for legal defence
- bill for legal defense
- bill forgery
- bill in a set
- bill in equity
- bill obligatory
- bill of acceptance
- bill of acceptance
- Bill of Attainder
- bill of bankruptcy
- bill of bottomry
- bill of certiorari
- bill of complaint
- bill of conformity
- bill of costs
- bill of credit
- bill of debt
- bill of debt
- bill of discovery
- bill of divorce
- bill of divorce
- bill of divorcement
- bill of entry
- bill of exceptions
- bill of exceptions
- bill of exchange
- bill of health
- bill
- bill of indictment
- bill of information
- bill of interpleader
- bill of lading
- bill of oblivion
- bill of order
- bill of parcels
- bill of particularities
- bill of particulars
- bill of peace
- bill of proof
- bill of quia timet
- bill of review
- bill of revivor and supplement
- bill of revivor
- Bill of Rights
- bill of sale
- bill of sight
- bill of store
- bill of sufferance
- bill quis timet
- bill rediscount
- bill rendered
- bill single
- bill stamp
- bill to be true
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