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1 cambio de moneda
(n.) = exchange rate, foreign exchange, currency exchange rate, market rate of exchange, foreign exchange rate, currency rate, rate of exchange, currency exchangeEx. The price in the local currency is then calculated from the information in the exchange rate table.Ex. This article defines financial information by looking at the information needs of 4 major divisions of the financial community: commodities; foreign exchange; capital markets; and securities and equities.Ex. Their response was significantly different, however, in large part due to much better understanding of the effect of foreign currency exchange rates on subscription prices of scientific and technical journals.Ex. For some countries trade fluctuates with changes in the weekly market rates of exchange, but for others it changes only when their currencies are realigned in the European Monetary System.Ex. This article highlights the foreign exchange rate problem in library periodicals purchasing.Ex. These systems carry up-to-the-minute information on stock prices, currency rates, world and national events, etc.Ex. As well as cuts imposed by the Government, libraries were faced with inflation in the price of books and periodicals, and a falling rate of exchange between the pound and the dollar.Ex. However, not all banks provide a currency exchange service.* * *(n.) = exchange rate, foreign exchange, currency exchange rate, market rate of exchange, foreign exchange rate, currency rate, rate of exchange, currency exchangeEx: The price in the local currency is then calculated from the information in the exchange rate table.
Ex: This article defines financial information by looking at the information needs of 4 major divisions of the financial community: commodities; foreign exchange; capital markets; and securities and equities.Ex: Their response was significantly different, however, in large part due to much better understanding of the effect of foreign currency exchange rates on subscription prices of scientific and technical journals.Ex: For some countries trade fluctuates with changes in the weekly market rates of exchange, but for others it changes only when their currencies are realigned in the European Monetary System.Ex: This article highlights the foreign exchange rate problem in library periodicals purchasing.Ex: These systems carry up-to-the-minute information on stock prices, currency rates, world and national events, etc.Ex: As well as cuts imposed by the Government, libraries were faced with inflation in the price of books and periodicals, and a falling rate of exchange between the pound and the dollar.Ex: However, not all banks provide a currency exchange service. -
2 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging. -
3 exchange rate risk
Finthe risk of suffering loss on converting another currency to the currency of a company’s own country.EXAMPLEExchange rate risks can be arranged into three primary categories. (1.) Economic exposure: operating costs will rise due to changes in rates and make a product uncompetitive in the world market. Little can be done to reduce this routine business risk that every enterprise must endure. (2.) Translation exposure: the impact of currency exchange rates will reduce a company’s earnings and weaken its balance sheet. To reduce translation exposure, experienced corporate fund managers use a range of techniques known as currency hedging. (3.) Transaction exposure: there will be an unfavorable move in a specific currency between the time when a contract is agreed and the time it is completed, or between the time when a lending or borrowing is initiated and the time the funds are repaid. Transaction exposure can be eased by factoring: transferring title to foreign accounts receivable to a third-party factoring house.Although there is no definitive way of forecasting exchange rates, largely because the world’s economies and financial markets are evolving so rapidly, the relationships between exchange rates, interest rates, and inflation rates can serve as leading indicators of changes in risk. These relationships are as follows. Purchasing Power Parity theory (PPP): while it can be expressed differently, the most common expression links the changes in exchange rates to those in relative price indices in two countries:Rate of change of exchange rate = Difference in inflation ratesInternational Fisher Effect (IFE): this holds that an interest-rate differential will exist only if the exchange rate is expected to change in such a way that the advantage of the higher interest rate is offset by the loss on the foreign exchange transactions. Practically speaking, the IFE implies that while an investor in a low-interest country can convert funds into the currency of a high-interest country and earn a higher rate, the gain (the interest rate differential) will be offset by the expected loss due to foreign exchange rate changes. The relationship is stated as:Expected rate of change of the exchange rate = Interest-rate differentialUnbiased Forward Rate Theory: this holds that the forward exchange rate is the best unbiased estimate of the expected future spot exchange rate.Expected exchange rate = Forward exchange rate -
4 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
5 курс
1) (направление) course, policy, lineвзять курс на подъём чего-л. — to take the course / the path of raising smth.
изменять свой курс — to alter / to change one's course
намечать курс — to map out / to mark out a course; (в общих чертах) to outline a course
начертать курс — to chart a course (for)
придерживаться курса — to adhere / to stick to a policy / a course
проводить курс — to conduct / to pursue a policy, to hold / to pursue / to take a line, to steer / to tread a course
следовать курсом — to pursue / to follow the course
авантюристический курс — adventurist(ic) policy, policy of adventure
внешнеполитический курс — foreign policy, foreign policy course
генеральный курс — general line / course
жёсткий курс — hard / tough line, tough policy
проводить жёсткий курс в отношении страны — to take a strong / a hard line with a country
несговорчивый / упрямый сторонник жёсткого курса — intractable hard-liner
милитаристский курс — militarist course / policy
независимый курс — independent course / policy
искажать / фальсифицировать политический курс — to falsify a policy
сформулировать политический курс — to enunciate / to set out a policy
позитивный / положительный политический курс — positive policy
умеренный курс — moderate line, middle-of-the road course
курс на затягивание чего-л. — policy of dragging out smth. курс на конфронтацию collision course курс на оздоровление / улучшение отношений course toward(s) improving relations
курс на "прямое противоборство" — policy of "direct confrontation"
курс на сегрегацию без каких-л. отступлений — hard-line segregationist platform
курс партии — party line, party's policy
курс перестройки экономики — course for reorganization / restructuring of the economy
сторонник либерального курса — dove разг.
2) эк. course, rate, quotation exchangeиграть на повышение курса — to be bullish, to go a bull
играть на понижение курса — to be bearish, to go bear
биржевой курс — exchange / market quotation, share price
валютный курс, курс валюты — (foreign) exchange rate, course / par / rate of exchange, exchange
выгодный валютный курс — profitable rate of exchange, favourable exchange
высокий валютный курс — high rate (of exchange) / exchange rate
гибкий валютный курс — flexible exchange rate / rate of exchange
двойной валютный курс — double exchange rate / rate of exchange
действующий / эффективный валютный курс — effective exchange rate / rate of exchange
заключительный валютный курс — closing rate (of exchange) / exchange rate
закреплённый валютный курс — fixed rate (of exchange) / exchange rate
искусственно поддерживаемый валютный курс — pegged rate (of exchange) / exchange
колеблющийся валютный курс — floating / fluctuating / free exchange rate, variable exchange
единый / унифицированный колеблющийся валютный курс — unitary floating rate of exchange
наличный валютный курс — current rate of exchange / exchange rate
начальный валютный курс — opening rate of exchange / exchange rate
неодинаковые / различные валютные курсы — different rates of exchange / exchange rates
неподдерживаемый / нерегулируемый валютный курс — unpegged rate of exchange / exchange rate
неустойчивый валютный курс — variable exchange rate / rate of exchange
обменный валютный курс — exchange rate, rate of exchange
официально объявленный / официальный валютный курс (установленный центральным банком) — official rate (of exchange) / exchange rate
плавающий валютный курс — floating rate of exchange / exchange rate, float
вводить плавающий / свободно колеблющийся валютный курс — to float
повышенный валютный курс — higher rate of exchange / exchange rate
пониженный валютный курс — reduced rate (of exchange) / exchange rate
свободный валютный курс — free rate of exchange / exchange rate
справочный валютный курс — posted rate of exchange / exchange
твёрдый / фиксированный валютный курс — fixed exchange rate / rate of exchange
текущий рыночный валютный курс — going market rate of exchange / exchange rate
центральный валютный курс (не основанный на паритете Международного валютного фонда) — central rate (of exchange) / exchange rate
введение нового соотношения / новой системы валютных курсов — exchange rate alignment
расчёт валютного курса — (exchange) rate calculation, calculation of exchange
движение / динамика валютных курсов — exchange rate movements, movement in the exchange rate
размах колебаний валютного курса, пределы отклонений валютного курса от паритета — fluctuation band
курс валюты — см. валюта
неустойчивый курс иностраннной валюты — fluctuant foreign exchange rate, variable exchange
падение валютного курса — fall in the exchange rate / in exchange
курс акций — stock exchange; stock price амер.
ежедневно / еженедельно публикуемый курс акций — daily / weekly average
курс дня (иностранной валюты) — exchange / rate of the day
падение курса доллара (по отношению к евро) — the dollar's fall (against the euro)
курс при закрытии банка / биржи / рынка — closing rate
курс при открытии банка / биржи / рынка — opening rate
курс ценных бумаг — rate of securities, price
согласованный (в ходе переговоров) курс ценных бумаг — negotiated price
твёрдый / устойчивый курс ценных бумаг — firm price
курс, предлагаемый покупателем ценных бумаг — bid price
курс, предлагаемый продавцом ценных бумаг — asked price
3)быть в курсе политики — to be well informed / versed in politics
ввести в курс дела — to bring (smb.) up to date
держать в курсе дела — to keep (someone) informed
-
6 exceder
v.1 to exceed, to surpass.exceder el límite de velocidad to exceed o go over the speed limitexcede en dos kilos el peso permitido it is two kilos over the weight limitesto excede mis atribuciones that is beyond my authorityAntonio sobrepasó los límites Anthony surpassed the limits.2 to be greater.exceder a o de to exceed* * *1 (superar) to excel, surpass2 (sobrepasar) to exceed, be in excess of1 (sobrar) to be surplus, be left over■ los agricultores venderán a bajo precio los productos que exceden the farmers will sell the surplus products at a low price2 (ser demasiado) to be beyond, be outside1 (pasarse) to overdo it, go too far2 (en atenciones etc) to be extremely kind\exceder de to exceed, be overexcederse a sí mismo,-a to surpass oneself, excel oneselfexcederse en sus funciones to exceed one's duty* * *verbto exceed, surpass* * *1. VT1) (=superar) to exceed, surpasslos beneficios han excedido el millón de euros — profits are in excess of o have exceeded a million euros
2) (=sobrepasar) to surpasslas imágenes excedían cualquier cosa que pudieras imaginar — the pictures surpassed o were beyond anything you could imagine
3) [en importancia] to transcend2.VIno puede exceder de diez páginas — it cannot exceed ten pages, it cannot be longer than ten pages
3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivoa) <límite/peso> to exceedb) (superar, aventajar)2.exceder vi3.excederse v pronno te excedas — don't overdo it o get carried away
* * *= exceed, overshoot, top, outrank, overstep.Ex. In the same way, files of item record cards can be difficult to manage if the file size exceeds, say, 2000 cards.Ex. The importance of exchange rates on prices paid for imported periodicals is noted, particularly when these exchange rates overshoot relative inflation.Ex. As public library circ declines, spending continues to top inflation.Ex. One node in the star graphic completely outranks the others, while the other six themselves are interchangeable.Ex. Permission is not sought when purchasing other categories of materials and so the board is overstepping its policy and fiscal authority and assuming management responsibilities.----* exceder en número = outnumber.* excederse = overrun [over-run], go + too far.* exceder un límite = exceed + limit.* * *1.verbo transitivoa) <límite/peso> to exceedb) (superar, aventajar)2.exceder vi3.excederse v pronno te excedas — don't overdo it o get carried away
* * *= exceed, overshoot, top, outrank, overstep.Ex: In the same way, files of item record cards can be difficult to manage if the file size exceeds, say, 2000 cards.
Ex: The importance of exchange rates on prices paid for imported periodicals is noted, particularly when these exchange rates overshoot relative inflation.Ex: As public library circ declines, spending continues to top inflation.Ex: One node in the star graphic completely outranks the others, while the other six themselves are interchangeable.Ex: Permission is not sought when purchasing other categories of materials and so the board is overstepping its policy and fiscal authority and assuming management responsibilities.* exceder en número = outnumber.* excederse = overrun [over-run], go + too far.* exceder un límite = exceed + limit.* * *exceder [E1 ]vt1 ‹límite/peso/cantidad› to exceedlas ganancias exceden un millón de dólares the profits exceed o are in excess of a million dollarsexcede en mucho la cantidad que pensábamos pagar it is much higher than the figure we intended payinglos gastos de este ejercicio exceden en un 10% los del año pasado costs in this financial year exceed last year's by 10% o are 10% up on last year's2 (superar, aventajar) exceder A algo to be superior TO sthel espectáculo excede a cualquier otro realizado por esta compañía the show surpasses o is superior to anything previously produced by this company■ excederviexceder DE algo to exceed sthno puede exceder de 200 hectáreas it cannot exceed o be greater than 200 hectaresexcede del peso permitido it exceeds the weight limit, it is over the weight limitno te excedas don't overdo it o get carried awayse ha excedido en sus críticas she has gone too far in her criticism* * *
exceder ( conjugate exceder) verbo transitivo
b) (superar, aventajar) exceder a algo to be superior to sth
excederse verbo pronominal (al beber, trabajar) to overdo it;
exceder verbo transitivo to exceed, surpass
' exceder' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
pasar
- trascender
English:
exceed
- outrank
- overstep
- over
- transgress
* * *♦ vtto exceed, to surpass;exceder el límite de velocidad to exceed o go over the speed limit;excede en dos kilos el peso permitido it is two kilos over the weight limit;una cifra que excede con mucho la deuda externa del país a figure well in excess of the country's foreign debt;esto excede mis atribuciones that is beyond my authority♦ vito be greater;su fortuna excede de los cien millones her fortune exceeds one hundred million* * *v/t exceed* * *exceder vt: to exceed, to surpass* * *exceder vb to exceed -
7 abundante
adj.1 abundant.2 ample, plentiful, bountiful.* * *► adjetivo1 abundant, plentiful* * *adj.abundant, plentiful* * *ADJ1) (=copioso) abundant, plentifulel agua es abundante en toda la zona — water is abundant o plentiful throughout the area
la fauna es abundante en el parque nacional, el parque nacional es abundante en fauna — there is abundant wildlife in the national park, there is a wealth of fauna in the national park
un país abundante en minerales — a country which is rich in minerals, a country which abounds in minerals
2) [en plural] a great manyun texto con abundantes citas — a text with a great many o numerous quotations
los flamencos son muy abundantes en toda la zona — there are a great many flamingos throughout the area
* * *a) <reservas/cosecha> plentiful, abundantabundante en algo: aguas abundantes en especies marinas waters which abound in marine life; un informe abundante en datos estadísticos — a report containing ample statistical data
* * *= abundant, generous, lavish, plentiful, rampant, copious, bountiful, fullsome, rife, liberal, hearty [heartier -comp., heartiest -sup.], unstinting.Ex. There exists a failure to recognize new topics, or a failure to recognize them until it's almost ridiculously too late, that is, after there has been abundant literary warrant for them.Ex. Many libraries have built I & R services into their budgets on a fairly generous scale.Ex. Library staffing levels were lavish and opening hours long.Ex. Information will become more affordable, accessible, and plentiful.Ex. And so, the public library was conceived as a deterrent to irresponsibility, intemperance, and rampant democracy.Ex. A copious influx of foreign capital and management and immigrant labour ensured a growing economy, with full employment and very little inflation.Ex. Telecommuting brings bountiful benefits to information industry employers and employees.Ex. Access should be quick and fullsome.Ex. Chances for advancement were slim, and disillusionment at the lack of encouragement to participate in professional activities outside the job was rife.Ex. It is quite true that the liberal use of crossreferences can overcome these problems.Ex. Replies indicated a hearty support for the role of the library but little knowledge of its importance to them.Ex. The revolutionary people of the world are unstinting in their praise.----* abundante en exceso = lavish.* abundante en TI = IT-rich.* con abundantes dorados = heavily gilt.* freír en aceite abundante = deep-fry.* frito en abundante aceite = deep-fried.* lavar con agua abudante = sluice.* poco abundante = light [lighter -comp., lightest -sup.].* * *a) <reservas/cosecha> plentiful, abundantabundante en algo: aguas abundantes en especies marinas waters which abound in marine life; un informe abundante en datos estadísticos — a report containing ample statistical data
* * *= abundant, generous, lavish, plentiful, rampant, copious, bountiful, fullsome, rife, liberal, hearty [heartier -comp., heartiest -sup.], unstinting.Ex: There exists a failure to recognize new topics, or a failure to recognize them until it's almost ridiculously too late, that is, after there has been abundant literary warrant for them.
Ex: Many libraries have built I & R services into their budgets on a fairly generous scale.Ex: Library staffing levels were lavish and opening hours long.Ex: Information will become more affordable, accessible, and plentiful.Ex: And so, the public library was conceived as a deterrent to irresponsibility, intemperance, and rampant democracy.Ex: A copious influx of foreign capital and management and immigrant labour ensured a growing economy, with full employment and very little inflation.Ex: Telecommuting brings bountiful benefits to information industry employers and employees.Ex: Access should be quick and fullsome.Ex: Chances for advancement were slim, and disillusionment at the lack of encouragement to participate in professional activities outside the job was rife.Ex: It is quite true that the liberal use of crossreferences can overcome these problems.Ex: Replies indicated a hearty support for the role of the library but little knowledge of its importance to them.Ex: The revolutionary people of the world are unstinting in their praise.* abundante en exceso = lavish.* abundante en TI = IT-rich.* con abundantes dorados = heavily gilt.* freír en aceite abundante = deep-fry.* frito en abundante aceite = deep-fried.* lavar con agua abudante = sluice.* poco abundante = light [lighter -comp., lightest -sup.].* * *1 ‹reservas/cosecha› plentiful, abundantla comida es buena y abundante the food is good and plentiful, the food's good and there's plenty of itlas porciones son abundantes the portions are generousla pesca es abundante en estos arroyos the fishing's good in these streamsabundante EN algo:aguas abundantes en especies marinas waters rich in o which abound in marine lifeun informe abundante en datos estadísticos a report containing ample statistical data2 ( en pl) (numerosos) plenty of, abundanttengo abundantes razones para votar en contra de la propuesta I have plenty of o abundant reasons for voting against the proposal* * *
abundante adjetivo ‹reservas/cosecha› plentiful, abundant;
aguas abundantes en especies marinas waters which abound in marine life
abundante adjetivo abundant, plentiful ➣ Ver nota en bastante
' abundante' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bastante
- chorro
- cumplida
- cumplido
- mucha
- mucho
- abultado
English:
abundant
- ample
- bountiful
- copious
- deep-fry
- generous
- hearty
- liberal
- luxuriant
- plentiful
- profuse
- rich
- rife
- substantial
- deep
- scanty
* * *abundante adjabundant;teníamos comida abundante we had plenty of food;una zona abundante en petróleo an area that is rich in oil;luce una abundante cabellera she has a fine head of hair;habrá nubosidad abundante en el norte del país there will be heavy cloud in the north* * *adj plentiful, abundant* * *abundante adj: abundant, plentiful♦ abundantemente adv* * *abundante adj abundant / plentiful -
8 copioso
adj.copious, plentiful, abundant, bounteous.* * *► adjetivo1 formal (abundante) plentiful, abundant, copious* * *ADJ (=abundante) copious, abundant; [lluvia] heavy* * *- sa adjetivo <cosecha/comida> abundant, plentiful; <nevada/lluvia> heavy; <información/ejemplos> copious; < llamadas> numerous* * *= abundant, rich [richer -comp., richest -sup.], copious, bountiful.Ex. There exists a failure to recognize new topics, or a failure to recognize them until it's almost ridiculously too late, that is, after there has been abundant literary warrant for them.Ex. So, in practice, instead of exploiting the rich coordination of natural language, most systems ignore these links between concepts and resort to picking words from text at random.Ex. A copious influx of foreign capital and management and immigrant labour ensured a growing economy, with full employment and very little inflation.Ex. Telecommuting brings bountiful benefits to information industry employers and employees.* * *- sa adjetivo <cosecha/comida> abundant, plentiful; <nevada/lluvia> heavy; <información/ejemplos> copious; < llamadas> numerous* * *= abundant, rich [richer -comp., richest -sup.], copious, bountiful.Ex: There exists a failure to recognize new topics, or a failure to recognize them until it's almost ridiculously too late, that is, after there has been abundant literary warrant for them.
Ex: So, in practice, instead of exploiting the rich coordination of natural language, most systems ignore these links between concepts and resort to picking words from text at random.Ex: A copious influx of foreign capital and management and immigrant labour ensured a growing economy, with full employment and very little inflation.Ex: Telecommuting brings bountiful benefits to information industry employers and employees.* * *copioso -sa‹cosecha/comida› abundant, plentiful; ‹nevada/lluvia› heavy; ‹información/ejemplos› copiousrecibió copiosas llamadas she received numerous telephone calls* * *
copioso
‹nevada/lluvia› heavy;
‹información/ejemplos› copious;
‹ llamadas› numerous
copioso,-a adjetivo abundant, copious
' copioso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
copiosa
- tromba
English:
copious
- bountiful
* * *copioso, -a adj[lluvia] heavy; [sudor] profuse; [comida] plentiful; [ganancias] substantial;cayó una copiosa nevada there was a heavy snowfall* * *adj copious* * *copioso, -sa adj: copious, abundant -
9 desenfrenado
adj.wild, unchecked, uncontrolled, unrestrained.past part.past participle of spanish verb: desenfrenar.* * *1→ link=desenfrenar desenfrenar► adjetivo1 (gen) frantic, uncontrolled, wild2 (pasiones, vicios) unbridled, uncontrolled* * *ADJ [persona] wild, uncontrolled; [apetito, pasiones] unbridled* * *a un ritmo desenfrenado — at a hectic o frenetic pace
sus ansias desenfrenadas de éxito — his intense o burning desire to succeed
* * *= headlong, unrestrained, rampant, wild [wilder -comp., wildest -sup.], raging, unbridled, on the loose, runaway, roistering, frenzied, fast and furious.Ex. Neither was there doubt that SLIS should adapt their programmes accordingly but, equally, too headlong a rush into the unknown posed dangers.Ex. 'Hello, Tom!' said the director, greeting him enthusiastically, as he rounded his desk to shake hands, which he did with unrestrained ardor.Ex. And so, the public library was conceived as a deterrent to irresponsibility, intemperance, and rampant democracy.Ex. The letter sent Tomas Hernandez into a frenzy of conflicting reactions: ecstatic jubilation and ego-tripping, wild speculation and outrageous fantasy, compounded by confusion and indirection.Ex. This problem is unlikely to be solved during a period of raging inflation and cutbacks in education spending = Es poco probable que este problema se resuelva durante un período de inflación disparada y recortes en los gastos en la educación.Ex. Unbridled photocopying will lead to the imminent demise of the communications skein.Ex. The article 'Librarians on the loose' reports on visits to foreign libraries by several Zimbabwe librarians.Ex. The article is entitled 'How to control a runaway state documents collection'.Ex. Morris writes rhapsodically about celebrity-studded parties, roistering interludes with major writers and artists, as well as gossip-column habitues.Ex. There was a frenzied last-minute rush by Indians to do their bit to see the Taj Mahal through to the elite list of the new Seven Wonders of the World.Ex. The pace was fast and furious and the noise was non-stop.* * *a un ritmo desenfrenado — at a hectic o frenetic pace
sus ansias desenfrenadas de éxito — his intense o burning desire to succeed
* * *= headlong, unrestrained, rampant, wild [wilder -comp., wildest -sup.], raging, unbridled, on the loose, runaway, roistering, frenzied, fast and furious.Ex: Neither was there doubt that SLIS should adapt their programmes accordingly but, equally, too headlong a rush into the unknown posed dangers.
Ex: 'Hello, Tom!' said the director, greeting him enthusiastically, as he rounded his desk to shake hands, which he did with unrestrained ardor.Ex: And so, the public library was conceived as a deterrent to irresponsibility, intemperance, and rampant democracy.Ex: The letter sent Tomas Hernandez into a frenzy of conflicting reactions: ecstatic jubilation and ego-tripping, wild speculation and outrageous fantasy, compounded by confusion and indirection.Ex: This problem is unlikely to be solved during a period of raging inflation and cutbacks in education spending = Es poco probable que este problema se resuelva durante un período de inflación disparada y recortes en los gastos en la educación.Ex: Unbridled photocopying will lead to the imminent demise of the communications skein.Ex: The article 'Librarians on the loose' reports on visits to foreign libraries by several Zimbabwe librarians.Ex: The article is entitled 'How to control a runaway state documents collection'.Ex: Morris writes rhapsodically about celebrity-studded parties, roistering interludes with major writers and artists, as well as gossip-column habitues.Ex: There was a frenzied last-minute rush by Indians to do their bit to see the Taj Mahal through to the elite list of the new Seven Wonders of the World.Ex: The pace was fast and furious and the noise was non-stop.* * *desenfrenado -da‹apetito› insatiable; ‹pasión› unbridled; ‹baile/ritmo› frenzied; ‹odio› violent, intenseviven a un ritmo desenfrenado they live at a hectic o frenzied pacesus ansias desenfrenadas de éxito his intense o burning desire to succeed* * *
Del verbo desenfrenar: ( conjugate desenfrenar)
desenfrenado es:
el participio
desenfrenado,-a adj (ritmo, etc) frantic, uncontrolled
(vicio, pasión) unbridled
' desenfrenado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
desenfrenada
English:
mad
- rampant
- riotous
- unrestrained
- wild
- unbridled
* * *desenfrenado, -a adj[ritmo, baile, carrera] frantic, frenzied; [fiesta, juerga, diversión] wild; [vida] wild, riotous; [comportamiento] uncontrolled; [deseo, pasión, entusiasmo] unbridled; [apetito] insatiable;el público bailaba desenfrenado the audience were dancing in a frenzy* * *adj frenzied, hectic* * *desenfrenado, -da adj: unbridled, unrestrained -
10 comprendre
comprendre [kɔ̃pʀɑ̃dʀ]➭ TABLE 58 transitive verba. ( = être composé de) to comprise ; ( = être muni de, inclure) to includeb. [+ problème, langue, plaisanterie] to understand• se faire comprendre to make o.s. understood• tu comprends, ce que je veux c'est... you see, what I want is...• il n'a pas encore compris la gravité de son acte he still hasn't grasped the seriousness of what he has done* * *kɔ̃pʀɑ̃dʀ
1.
1) ( saisir le sens de) to understandil m'a dit son nom au téléphone mais je n'ai pas bien compris — he told me his name on the phone but I didn't quite catch it
ne te mêles pas de cela, tu as compris or c'est compris! — keep out of it, do you hear ou understand?
mal comprendre quelqu'un/quelque chose — to misunderstand somebody/something
comprendre quelque chose de travers — (colloq) to get something all wrong
2) ( se rendre compte de) to understandce n'est pas facile, je comprends — it's not easy, I realize that
je n'ai pas le temps, tu comprends — you see, I haven't got time
3) ( admettre) to understand [attitude, sentiment]; ( faire preuve de compréhension envers) to understand [person]4) ( se faire une idée de) to see [métier, vie]5) ( être totalement constitué de) to consist of, to comprise6) ( être partiellement constitué de) to include
2.
se comprendre verbe pronominal1) [personnes] ( l'un l'autre) to understand each other ou one another2) ( soi-même)3) ( être compréhensible) [attitude, sentiment] to be understandable4) ( être compris)le terme doit se comprendre ici dans son sens large — the term is to be understood ou taken in its broadest sense
* * *kɔ̃pʀɑ̃dʀ vtJe ne comprends pas ce que vous dites. — I don't understand what you're saying.
J'ai dû mal comprendre. — I must have misunderstood.
Je la comprends mal, c'est à cause de son accent. — I can't understand her, it's because of her accent.
se faire comprendre — to make o.s. understood, (ses intentions) to get one's ideas across
On peut le comprendre, mais cela n'excuse en rien son acte. — You can understand him, but that's no excuse for what he did.
Sa femme ne le comprend pas. — His wife doesn't understand him.
2) (= se composer de) to comprise, to consist of3) (= inclure) to includeLe forfait ne comprend pas la location des skis. — The price doesn't include ski hire.
* * *comprendre verb table: prendreA vtr1 ( saisir le sens de) to understand; si je comprends bien if I understand correctly; je ne comprends rien à ce qu'il raconte I don't understand a word of what he's saying; je ne comprends rien aux mathématiques I don't understand anything about mathematics; dois-je comprendre que tu n'as pas fini? am I to understand ou to take it that you haven't finished?; je ne suis pas certain d'avoir bien compris I'm not sure I got it right; il m'a dit son nom au téléphone mais je n'ai pas bien compris he told me his name on the phone but I didn't quite catch it; ne te mêles pas de cela, tu as compris or c'est compris! keep out of it, do you hear ou understand?; je ne veux pas que cela se reproduise, tu m'as (bien) compris! it mustn't happen again, have you got that quite clear?; est-ce que tu as compris quelque chose au cours? did you understand any of the lecture?; ‘pourquoi a-t-elle fait cela?’-‘vas-y comprendre quelque chose!’ ‘why did she do that?’-‘I've no idea!’; il ne comprend rien à rien he hasn't got a clue; c'est à n'y rien comprendre it's completely baffling; mal comprendre qn/qch to misunderstand sb/sth; être compris comme ironique to be taken ironically; être compris comme une menace to be interpreted as a threat; comprendre qch de travers○ to get sth all wrong; se faire comprendre to make oneself understood; être lent à comprendre to be slow on the uptake; (qu'est-ce que) tu comprends vite! iron you're quick! iron; tu as tout compris! iron aren't you clever! iron; tu comprends vite mais il faut t'expliquer longtemps! hum so the penny's finally dropped!; comprenne qui pourra! make of it what you will!;2 ( se rendre compte de) to understand; faire comprendre qch à qn to make sb understand sth; faire comprendre à qn que to make it clear to sb that; ce n'est pas facile, je comprends it's not easy, I realize that; je n'ai pas le temps, tu comprends you see, I haven't got time; oui mais tu comprends ils ne paient pas de loyer yes, but you see they don't pay any rent;3 ( admettre) to understand [attitude, sentiment]; ( faire preuve de compréhension envers) to understand [person]; je comprends qu'il soit furieux I can understand his anger; je suis fatigué tu peux comprendre cela? can't you understand I'm tired?; je suis prêt à comprendre beaucoup de choses, mais n'en abuse pas I'm usually very understanding, but don't push it○; essaie de me comprendre try to understand; il n'a jamais rien compris aux femmes he has never understood a thing about women; comme je le comprends! I understand him exactly;4 ( se faire une idée de) to see [métier, vie, mariage]; comment comprends-tu ton rôle dans le projet? how do you see your role in the project?;5 ( être totalement constitué de) [comité, salaire] to be made up of; [équipement, boîte à outils] to consist of, to comprise; [méthode d'apprentissage, maison, immeuble, pièce] to comprise; [programme, formation] to consist of, to comprise; [prix] to include, to cover; notre association ne comprend que des médecins the members of our association are all doctors;6 ( être partiellement constitué de) to include; l'équipe comprend plusieurs joueurs étrangers the team includes several foreign players;7 ( compter) to include [TVA, prix, personnes].B se comprendre vpr1 [personnes] ( l'un l'autre) to understand each other ou one another;2 ( soi-même) je me comprends I know what I'm trying to say;3 ( être compréhensible) [attitude, sentiment] to be understandable;4 ( être compris) [terme, mot, expression] le terme doit se comprendre ici dans son sens large the term is to be understood ou taken in its broadest sense.[kɔ̃prɑ̃dr] verbe transitifA.1. [saisir par un raisonnement] to understandil comprend vite mais il faut lui expliquer longtemps! (humoristique) he's a bit slow on the uptake!a. [vous avez suivi] is it clear?, do you understand?b. [c'est un ordre] do you hear me!(c'est) compris! all right!, OK!a. [le lui prouver] to make something clear to somebodyb. [l'en informer] to give somebody to understand somethinga. [mon exposé est-il clair?] is my explanation clear enough?b. [ton menaçant] do I make myself clear?quand j'ai vu la pile de dossiers, j'ai compris mon malheur ou ma douleur! when I saw that great pile of files, I knew what I was in for!elle a fini par comprendre [se résigner] she finally got the messageça va, j'ai compris, tu préfères que je m'en aille! OK, I get the message, you want me to go!2. [saisir grâce à ses connaissances - théorie, langue] to understand4. [admettre] to understandje comprends qu'on s'énerve dans les bouchons it's quite understandable that people get irritable when caught in traffic jamselle n'a pas osé, il faut comprendre (aussi)! she didn't dare, you have to put yourself in her shoes!c'est ainsi que je comprends le rôle this is how I understand ou see the part(en usage absolu) [pour établir un lien avec l'interlocuteur]tu comprends?, comprends-tu? you see?, you know?je vous comprends, cela a dû être terrible I know how you feel, it must have been awfulje la comprends, avec un mari pareil! I don't blame her with the sort of husband she's got!B.3. [englober - frais, taxe] to include4. (au passif) [se situer]l'inflation sera comprise entre 5 % et 8 % inflation will be (somewhere) between 5% and 8%————————se comprendre verbe pronominalcela se comprend, ça se comprend that's quite understandable————————se comprendre verbe pronominal————————se comprendre verbe pronominal(emploi réfléchi) (familier & locution)dire qu'on a compris/qu'on n'a pas comprisI see (what you mean now). Je vois (ce que vous voulez dire)I understand. Je comprendsI think I've got it now. Ça y est, je crois que j'ai comprisI'm sorry, I don't follow you. Pardon, mais je ne vous suis pasI'm sorry, I still don't understand/it's still not very clear. Désolé, mais je ne comprends toujours pas/ce n'est toujours pas très clairI'm afraid you've lost me. Je ne vous suis plus -
11 contrôle
contrôle [kɔ̃tʀol]masculine nouna. ( = vérification) checkb. ( = surveillance) [d'opérations, gestion] supervision ; [de prix, loyers] controlling• sous contrôle judiciaire ≈ on probationc. ( = maîtrise) control• garder/perdre le contrôle de son véhicule to remain in/lose control of one's vehicle• prendre le contrôle d'une entreprise to take control of or take over a firmd. ( = épreuve) (written) test* * *kɔ̃tʀolnom masculinprendre/perdre le contrôle — to take/lose control
prendre le contrôle de — Finance to take a controlling interest in
2) Administration checkcontrôle de police/sécurité — police/security check
3) Finance audit4) ( suivi) monitoring [U]5) École, Université test6) Médecine check-up•Phrasal Verbs:* * *kɔ̃tʀol nm1) (= vérification) checking no pl check2) (= surveillance) supervision, monitoring3) (= test) test4) (= maîtrise)* * *contrôle nm1 ( maîtrise) control (de of; sur over); contrôle d'une région/société control of a region/company; prendre/perdre le contrôle to take/to lose control; prendre le contrôle de Fin to take a controlling interest in; reprendre le contrôle de la situation to regain control of the situation; échapper au contrôle de to slip out of the control of; sous contrôle under control; sous le contrôle de under the control of; passer sous contrôle américain to come under American control; contrôle de l'inflation control of inflation; dispositif de contrôle control mechanism; avoir le contrôle du ballon to have control of the ball; perdre le contrôle de son véhicule to lose control of one's vehicle;2 Admin check; contrôle de police/sécurité police/security check; moyen de contrôle means of checking ; contrôle des billets ticket inspection; contrôle douanier customs control;3 Compta audit; contrôle annuel annual audit;4 ( suivi) monitoring ¢; contrôle de l'environnement/d'une expérience monitoring of the environment/of an experiment;6 Dent, Méd check-up; contrôle dentaire dental check-up; sous contrôle médical under medical supervision.contrôle d'accès access control; contrôle d'altitude altitude control; contrôle antidopage dope test; être soumis à un contrôle antidopage to be given a dope test; contrôle des changes Écon exchange controls (pl); contrôle des connaissances assessment; contrôle continu (des connaissances) continuous assessment; contrôle fiscal tax investigation; contrôle de gestion management control; contrôle d'identité identity check; contrôle judiciaire legal restrictions (pl) pending trial; mettre ou placer qn sous contrôle judiciaire to impose legal restrictions on sb pending trial; être placé sous contrôle judiciaire to be subject to legal restrictions pending trial; contrôle laitier milk quality control test; contrôle des naissances birth control; contrôle des passeports (action, guérite) passport control; contrôle des passeports s'il vous plaît! passports please!; contrôle phytosanitaire plant control; contrôle des prix Écon price controls (pl); contrôle de qualité Ind quality control; contrôle qualité assisté par ordinateur, CQAO computer-aided quality control; contrôle sanitaire Admin health control; contrôle de soi Psych self-control; contrôle technique (des véhicules) Aut MOT (test); contrôle du trafic aérien Aviat air-traffic control; contrôle vétérinaire animal control.[kɔ̃trol] nom masculin1. [maîtrise] controlgarder/perdre le contrôle de sa voiture to keep/to lose control of one's cara. [d'un secteur, de compagnies] to have (owning) control ofb. [d'un pays, d'un territoire, d'un match] to be in control ofcontrôle économique ou des prix price controlcontrôle judiciaire ≃ probationplacé sous contrôle judiciaire ≃ put on probationcontrôle des comptes ou fiscal auditcontrôle d'identité ou de police identification check4. [bureau] check point7. JOAILLERIE [poinçon] hallmark[bureau] hallmark centre9. INFORMATIQUE -
12 Währungsabkommen
Währungsabkommen n WIWI exchange rate agreement, ERA* * *n <Vw> exchange rate agreement (ERA)* * *Währungsabkommen
monetary (currency) agreement, monetary convention;
• Washingtoner Währungsabkommen Smithsonian Agreement (Br.);
• Währungsabstände monetary gaps;
• Währungsabteilung foreign exchange department;
• Währungsabwertung currency (exchange) depreciation, depreciation of currency, devaluation;
• Währungsanarchie monetary anarchy;
• Währungsänderung currency change-over;
• Währungsangaben monetary references;
• Währungsangleichung currency adjustment, adjustment of currencies;
• Währungsanleihe [foreign] currency loan;
• Währungsaufruhr monetary turmoil;
• Währungsaufwertung appreciation of a currency, currency revaluation (appreciation), exchange appreciation;
• Währungsausgleich equation of exchange (currency), exchange (quantity) equation;
• Währungsausgleichsfonds Exchange Equalization Fund (US), Exchange Equalization Account (Br.);
• Währungsausgleichszollzuschlag exchange compensation duty;
• Währungsausschuss monetary committee, national monetary commission;
• beratender Währungsausschuss (EU) Monetary Committee with advisory status;
• Währungsausweitung currency expansion;
• Währungsbank bank of issue;
• Währungsbehörden monetary (financial) authorities;
• Währungsbeirat monetary council;
• Währungsbereich currency (monetary) area;
• Währungsbeschränkungen currency (monetary) restrictions;
• Währungsbestände eines Devisenausländers non-resident sterling (Br.);
• Währungsbestimmungen currency (monetary) regulations;
• Währungsbeziehungen exchange arrangements;
• Währungsblock currency bloc;
• Währungsbuchführung multi-currency accounting;
• Währungsbuchhaltung currency accounting;
• Währungschaos monetary chaos;
• Währungscode currency (monetary) code;
• Währungsdeckung backing of notes;
• Währungsdisparitäten currency disparities;
• Währungsdisziplin monetary discipline;
• Währungsdumping currency dumping;
• Währungsdurcheinander monetary mess;
• Währungseinflüsse monetary influences;
• parallele Währungseingabe dual currency input;
• Währungseinheit monetary unit (standard), primary money;
• ausländische Währungseinheit foreign-currency unit;
• Währungsentwertung currency depreciation;
• Währungsexperte, Währungsfachmann currency economist;
• Währungsflucht currency evasion;
• Internationaler Währungsfonds (IMF) International Monetary Fund (IWF);
• Währungsfragen questions of currency, currency problems (questions);
• Währungsgarantie exchange risk guarantee;
• Währungsgebiet currency (monetary) area, monetary scene;
• Währungsgefährdung jeopardizing of currency;
• Währungsgeld standard money;
• Währungsgesetz currency law;
• Währungsgesetzgebung currency legislation;
• Währungsgesundung currency reform;
• Währungsgewinn exchange profit, monetary (currency) gain;
• nicht realisierte Währungsgewinne unrealized translation gains;
• Währungsgold stock of monetary gold;
• Währungsguthaben foreign currency balance, reserve assets, deposits of currency;
• Währungshoheit monetary sovereignty;
• Währungshüter monetary official;
• Währungshypothek mortgage on the currency;
• Währungsinflation monetary inflation;
• Währungsinstanzen monetary authorities;
• Europäisches Währungsinstitut European Monetary Institute;
• Währungsintegration monetary integration;
• Währungskapazitäten monetary leaders;
• Währungskatastrophe monetary disaster;
• Währungsklausel currency (exchange, standard) clause;
• Währungskommission monetary commission;
• Währungskompetenz monetary competence (US);
• Währungskonferenz monetary conference;
• Währungskontext monetary context;
• Währungskonto foreign-exchange account;
• Währungskontrolle controlled currency;
• Währungskonvergenz monetary convergence;
• Währungskonvertibilität convertibility of currency;
• uneingeschränkte Währungskonvertibilität unlimited currency convertibility;
• Währungskorb basket unit of account (currencies);
• Währungskredit foreign currency loan;
• Währungskrise monetary (currency) crisis, crisis in the money market;
• feste Währungskurse pegged exchange rates;
• Währungslage monetary situation;
• Währungsmacht (EU) monetary power;
• Währungsmanipulation, Währungsmanöver currency manipulation;
• Währungsmaßnahmen monetary measures;
• Währungsmechanismus monetary system;
• Währungsneuordnung monetary (currency) reform;
• Währungsoption currency option;
• Währungsorgan monetary body;
• Währungspanik money panic;
• Währungsparität equivalence of exchange, par value (parity) of a currency;
• seine Währungsparität langsam ändern to crawl one’s parity;
• Währungsparität neu festsetzen to re-establish the parity;
• Währungspolitik currency (monetary) policy;
• deflatorische Währungspolitik deflationary policy. -
13 Ware
Ware f 1. GEN article, commodity, product (unterliegt der Verbrauchssteuer); good, ware; 2. WIWI article, commodity, product; 3. V&M merchandise • die Ware wurde noch nicht zugestellt GEN the goods remain undelivered* * *f 1. < Geschäft> unterliegt der Verbrauchssteuer article, commodity, product; 2. <Vw> article, commodity, product; 3. <V&M> merchandise ■ die Ware wurde noch nicht zugestellt < Geschäft> the goods remain undelivered* * *Ware
(Erzeugnis) product, (Handelsware) merchandise, (Kurszettel) offers, sellers, (Sammelbegriff) goods, articles, commodity, [sale] wares, stuff, (einzelnes Stück) article, parcel [of goods];
• Waren stock, products, (Warenart) line;
• nicht abgeholte Waren uncollected goods;
• abgepackte Waren [pre]packaged goods;
• abrufbereite Waren goods actually ready for immediate delivery;
• absatzfähige Waren marketable commodities;
• leicht absetzbare Waren fast-moving goods;
• schwer absetzbare (abzusetzende) Waren hard-to-move (slow-moving) products;
• sicher abzusetzende Waren articles certain to sell;
• angebotene Waren goods for sale;
• vom Zoll angehaltene Waren goods stopped at the customhouse;
• anmeldepflichtige Waren (Zoll) goods to declare;
• annehmbare Waren goods in fair condition;
• in beiliegender Rechnung aufgeführte Waren goods specified in the annexed invoice;
• auserlesene Waren choice goods (articles), picked goods;
• ausgeführte Waren exported goods;
• wieder ausgeführte Waren reexports;
• fälschlich als Markenprodukte ausgegebene Waren misbranded products;
• offen ausgelegte Waren open display;
• ausgestellte Waren merchandise displayed;
• im Schaufenster ausgestellte Waren articles shown in the window;
• zum Verkauf ausgestellte Waren goods exhibited for sale;
• ausgesuchte Waren choice goods (articles, quality);
• ausgezeichnete Waren price-labelled (marked) goods;
• nicht ausklarierte Ware uncleared goods;
• aussortierte Ware job goods;
• avisierte Waren advised goods;
• beanstandete Ware rejects;
• nicht auf Lager befindliche Waren items not stocked;
• unterwegs befindliche Waren goods afloat, afloat goods, merchandise in transit;
• auf dem Luftwege beförderte Waren merchandise consigned by air;
• in der Herstellung begriffene Waren goods in process;
• täglich benötigte Waren necessary articles;
• nach Maß berechnete Waren measurement goods;
• beschädigte Waren damaged (defective) goods;
• vom langen Liegen im Laden beschädigte Waren shop-worn (shop-soiled) merchandise;
• auf dem Transport beschädigte Waren goods damaged in transit;
• beschlagnahmte Waren confiscated (seized) goods;
• vom Zoll beschlagnahmte Waren goods held up at customs;
• bestellte Waren goods ordered;
• zur Ausfuhr bestimmte Waren goods intended for export;
• für den Inlandsverbrauch bestimmte Ware goods intended for home consumption;
• beim Kaufabschluss bestimmte Waren specific goods;
• bewirtschaftete Waren quota (rationed) goods, rationed (scarce) commodity;
• nicht bewirtschaftete Waren non-rationed goods, commodities not under control;
• nicht mehr bewirtschaftete Waren derationed goods;
• falsch bezeichnete Waren falsely marked merchandise;
• bezogene Waren purchased merchandise;
• bezugsbeschränkte Waren rationed (quota) goods;
• billige Waren low-priced goods;
• preislich billigere Waren lower-priced goods;
• braune Ware brown goods;
• [nicht] deklarierte Waren [un]declared goods;
• verkehrswidrig als Gepäck deklarierte Waren contraband baggage;
• devisenschwache Waren soft goods;
• devisenstarke Waren hard goods;
• disponible Waren disposable goods, stock on hand;
• drittklassige Waren thirds;
• durchgehende Waren transit goods;
• effektive Waren actual goods ready for immediate delivery;
• eingebürgerte Waren well-introduced articles;
• eingeführte Waren imported goods;
• gut eingeführte Waren popular make, well-kown merchandise (commodities), established products;
• unverzollt eingeführte Waren uncustomed merchandise;
• eingehende Waren incoming goods, receipts, arrivals;
• eingelagerte Waren stockpiled commodities, stored (warehouse) goods, goods (merchandise) in storage, goods in warehouse;
• eingeschmuggelte Waren smuggled goods;
• einheimische Waren home-made (inland) commodities, domestic goods;
• nicht einwandfreie Waren faulty goods;
• erstklassige Waren good-class (superior) articles, first-rate goods;
• noch zu erzeugende Waren future goods;
• etikettierte Waren labelled (branded) goods;
• exportierte Waren exported goods;
• fakturierte Waren invoiced goods;
• nicht unter Tarif fallende Waren exempt commodities;
• fehlende Waren missing goods, short interest;
• fehlerfreie Waren goods free from fault, goods in sound condition, faultless goods;
• fehlerhafte Waren defective goods;
• feinere Waren better description;
• halb fertige Waren semi-finished goods;
• feuergefährliche Waren inflammable cargo;
• flüssige Waren wet goods;
• freigegebene Waren goods taken out of pledge, derationed goods;
• gangbarste Waren leading articles;
• gängige Waren current articles, salable (marketable) goods;
• übrig gebliebene Waren remnants;
• gebrauchte Waren secondhand goods;
• gediegene Waren sterling goods;
• für den Export geeignete Waren export-quality goods;
• Gefahr bringende (gefährliche) Waren hazardous goods, dangerous articles;
• von Natur aus gefährliche Waren goods dangerous in themselves;
• nach Kundenwünschen gefertigte Waren custom-made goods;
• maschinell gefertigte Waren machine-made products;
• stark gefragte Waren quick-selling lines;
• in Auftrag gegebene Waren merchandise on order, ordered goods;
• in Zahlung gegebene Waren trade-in goods;
• im Preis gehaltene Waren price-maintained commodities;
• gekaufte Waren store goods (US);
• auf Kredit gekaufte Waren goods bought on credit;
• erst nach Preisvergleich gekaufte Waren shopping goods (US);
• spontan gekaufte Waren impulse goods (US);
• gekennzeichnete Waren marked goods;
• gelagerte Waren stored goods;
• vermischt gelagerte Waren commingled goods;
• gelieferte Waren goods sold and delivered;
• noch nicht gelieferte Waren undelivered goods;
• beim Zoll nicht gemeldete Waren undeclared goods;
• gemischte Waren mixed goods;
• genormte Waren standardized commodities;
• gepackte Waren package goods;
• gepfändete Waren distrained (seized) goods;
• aus Brandschäden (Seeschäden) gerettete Waren salvage stock;
• geringwertige Waren inferior(low-quality) goods;
• geschmuggelte Waren smuggled goods;
• nicht geschmuggelte Waren innocent goods;
• durch Einfuhrzölle geschützte Waren protected articles;
• fertig gestellte Waren finished (fully manufactured) goods;
• dem Kunden in Rechnung gestellte Waren goods billed to customer;
• zur Schau gestellte Waren merchandise displayed;
• gesuchte Waren articles in demand;
• gleichwertige Waren goods of the same standard;
• grobe Ware roughage;
• begrenzt haltbare Waren goods with limited shelf life;
• handgefertigte Waren handmade products;
• havarierte Waren goods damaged by sea water;
• heiße Waren hot goods;
• im Preis herabgesetzte Waren reduced (marked-down) merchandise, markdowns;
• über den Eigenbedarf hinaus hergestellte Ware surplus commodities;
• fabrikmäßig hergestellte Waren manufactured commodities;
• im Gefängnis (von Strafgefangenen) hergestellte Waren prison- (convict-) made goods;
• maschinell hergestellte Waren machine-made goods;
• von Nichtgewerkschaftlern hergestellte Waren tainted goods (Br.);
• serienmäßig hergestellte Waren mass- (volume-) produced goods;
• hochwertige (hoch qualifizierte) Waren high-quality (-grade) goods;
• importierte Waren imported goods;
• inflationsempfindliche Waren inflation-prone goods;
• inländische Waren home-made goods;
• katalogisierte Waren catalog(u)ed goods;
• käufliche Waren goods for sale;
• konkurrenzfähige Waren competitive products;
• konsignierte Waren consignment goods;
• kontingentierte Waren quota (rationed) goods;
• nicht kontingentierte Waren non-quota goods;
• [nicht] kriegswichtige Waren [non-]strategic goods;
• lagerfähige Waren storable goods;
• lebenswichtige Waren goods of vital necessity, essential goods;
• lieferbare Waren goods on hand (fit for acceptance);
• sofort lieferbare Waren spots, spot goods, (Börse) prompts (Br.);
• unter Zollverschluss liegende Waren goods in bond;
• lose Waren unpacked (bulk) goods;
• mangelhafte Waren faulty (defective) goods;
• markenpflichtige Waren coupon (rationed) goods;
• marktgängige Waren marketable products;
• nicht marktkonforme Waren down-market goods;
• minderwertige Waren goods of inferior workmanship, low-class (low-quality, poor-quality) goods, inferior products (goods), trumpery wares, wastrel, trash;
• modische Waren novelties, up-to-date merchandise;
• nachgemachte Waren imitation goods;
• Not leidende Waren distress merchandise;
• patentierte Waren patented articles (products), proprietary articles;
• preisgebundene Waren price-controlled (price-bound) merchandise, price-fixed (price-controlled, price-maintained) goods, fixed-price lines;
• preisgeschützte (preisstabile) Waren price-maintained goods (commodities);
• preiswerte Waren cheap line, good value;
• qualitätsgeminderte Waren substandard goods;
• rationierte Waren allocated (quota, rationed, coupon) goods;
• leicht realisierbare Waren readily marketable staples;
• reduzierte Waren as-is merchandise;
• reelle Waren good articles;
• retournierte (rückgesandte) Waren returned goods;
• rollende Waren rolling freight;
• saisonbedingte Waren commodities with a strong seasonal pattern;
• schlechte Waren faulty articles, inferior products (goods);
• schwimmende Waren floating goods, goods afloat;
• sicherungsübereignete Waren pledged goods (merchandise);
• sortierte Waren graded commodity;
• sperrige Waren bulky goods;
• nicht sperrige Waren goods of small bulk;
• spottbillige Waren sacrificed goods, dead bargain;
• im Eigentum des Verkäufers stehende Waren existing goods;
• zum Verkauf stehende Waren goods for sale;
• steuerpflichtige Waren taxable class of goods (commodity);
• tarierte Waren tared goods;
• tiefgekühlte Waren frozen goods;
• trockene Waren dry goods;
• übereignete Waren assigned goods;
• unter Eigentumsvorbehalt überlassene Waren merchandise on memorandum (US), memorandum goods (US), goods on commission;
• übersandte Waren forwarded (shipped, US) goods;
• schnell umschlagbare (umschlagende) Waren fast-moving (-selling) goods (items);
• unbeanstandete Ware not rejected goods;
• unbestellte Waren goods not ordered;
• unbezahlte Waren unpaid goods, goods left on our hands;
• unfertige Waren rough goods;
• unsortierte Waren non-graded products;
• unterdurchschnittliche Waren substandard goods;
• großen Kaufpreisschwankungen unterliegende Ware boom-and-bust commodity;
• der Preisüberwachung unterliegende Waren price-controlled articles;
• unterversicherte Waren underinsured goods;
• unverderbliche Waren non-perishable merchandise, non-perishables;
• unverkäufliche Waren dead commodities (stock), dud stock, drug in the market, unsalable articles;
• unvermischte Waren honest goods;
• unverpackte Waren unpacked (bulk, loose) goods;
• unversicherte Waren uninsured goods;
• unverzollte Waren uncustomed (unentered) goods;
• noch unverzollte Waren unentered goods;
• verarbeitete Waren processed goods;
• nicht verarbeitete Waren unprocessed (unfinished) commodity (goods);
• verderbliche Waren goods subject to deterioration;
• leicht verderbliche Waren goods which perish, perishable goods (commodities), perishables;
• verdorbene Waren spoilt (perished) goods;
• verfügbare Waren available (disposable) goods;
• in Kommission vergebene Waren goods on commission, memorandum goods (US);
• schnell vergriffene Waren goods selling like wildfire (hot cakes, Br., hot dogs, US);
• verkäufliche Waren marketable commodities;
• langsam verkäufliche Waren slow-moving merchandise, sleeper (US);
• leicht verkäufliche Waren fast-moving (-selling) goods, readily marketable staples;
• schwer verkäufliche Waren unsalable goods, articles hard to get rid of;
• verkaufsfähige Waren marketable products;
• vom Hersteller verkaufte Waren first-hand goods;
• nach dem Stück verkaufte Waren piece goods;
• nicht verladene Waren short interest;
• vermischte Waren mixed lot;
• verpackte Waren package[d] goods;
• in Kisten verpackte Ware cased goods;
• verpfändete Waren goods lying in pledge, pledged (mortgaged) goods;
• verplombte Waren leaded goods;
• versandfertige Waren goods ready for delivery;
• versandte Waren forwarded goods;
• in Behältern versandte Waren container-shipped goods;
• auf Rechnung versandte Waren goods shipped on account (US);
• verschiffte Waren goods shipped;
• mit Gewerkschaftsetikett versehene Waren union label goods (US);
• versicherte Waren insured goods;
• versteigerte Waren auctioned goods;
• vertretbare Waren fungible things, representative commodities;
• in beiliegender Rechnung verzeichnete Waren goods specified in the invoice attached;
• verzollte Waren cleared goods, goods out of bond;
• hoch verzollte Waren high-duty goods;
• nicht verzollte Waren uncleared goods;
• noch nicht verzollte Waren unentered goods;
• niedrig verzollte Waren low-rate articles, low-duty goods;
• virtuelle Waren virtual goods;
• vorrätige Waren goods on hand, available goods;
• ständig vorrätige Waren open stock;
• vorzügliche Waren choice commodities, articles of first (superior) quality;
• weiße Ware white goods;
• vom langen Liegen (durch Lagerung) im Laden wertgeminderte Waren shopworn merchandise;
• wertlose Waren trash, poor truck (US);
• zerbrechliche Waren fragile goods;
• zollfreie Waren duty-free articles (goods), free (uncustomed) goods;
• zollhängige Waren goods in the process of clearing, uncleared goods;
• zollpflichtige Waren dutiable (bonded) goods;
• unverlangt zugesandte Waren unsolicited goods;
• zugkräftige Waren articles of quick sale, popular articles;
• zurückgehende Waren returnable goods;
• zurückgelegte Waren lay-away (US);
• zurückgenommene Waren returns inward;
• zurückgesandte Waren returned goods, returns outward;
• zurückgesetzte Waren old stock, damaged goods, as-is merchandise;
• zurückgewiesene Waren rejected goods;
• zweitrangige Ware inferior goods;
• Waren zur Ansicht merchandise sent on approval (for inspection, show);
• Waren mittlerer Art und Güte merchandise quality, medium-quality goods, seconds;
• Waren des täglichen Bedarfs convenience goods (US);
• Waren von kriegswichtiger Bedeutung strategic goods;
• Waren mit hoher Gewinnspanne higher-margin merchandise;
• Waren ausländischer Herkunft goods of foreign origin;
• Waren auf Kredit merchandise on account;
• Waren auf Lager warehouse goods;
• Waren aus den Ländern des British Commonwealth Empire products;
• Waren der Lebensmittelindustrie prepared foodstuffs;
• Waren mit gleich bleibenden Preisen price-maintained articles;
• Waren in hoher Preislage high-cost merchandise;
• Waren mittlerer Preislage medium-priced goods;
• Waren niedriger Preislage low-priced goods;
• Waren bester Qualität high-class goods;
• Waren minderwertiger Qualität thirds;
• Waren mittlerer Qualität und Güte merchantable quality, medium-quality goods;
• Waren von schlechter Qualität poor-quality goods;
• Waren zweiter Qualität seconds;
• Waren mit geringer Umsatzgeschwindigkeit (Umschlaghäufigkeit) slow-moving goods (stock), sleeper (US);
• Waren mit hoher Umschlaggeschwindigkeit fast-moving (-selling) goods;
• Waren mit höherer Verdienstspanne higher-margin lines;
• Waren mit hohen Verkaufspreisen high-priced commodity;
• Waren aus der Vorkriegszeit prewar goods;
• Waren unter Zollverschluss bonded goods;
• Waren im Durchgangsverkehr abfertigen to convey goods in transit;
• Waren auf einer Liste abhaken to keep tally of goods;
• Waren abnehmen to take delivery of (accept, collect the) goods;
• Waren in großen Posten abnehmen to take up goods to a large amount;
• Waren abrufen to recall goods;
• Waren abschätzen to make a valuation of goods, to value goods;
• Waren absetzen to dispose (get off, place) goods, to push one’s wares;
• Waren flott (leicht) absetzen to sell goods easily;
• Waren abstoßen to sell off goods;
• Waren im Durchgangsverkehr abwickeln to convey goods in transit;
• Waren mit einem 10%igen Abschlag vom Normalpreis (unter Preis) anbieten to offer goods at 10 per cent off the regular price;
• Waren auf dem Markt anbieten to put an article on the market;
• seine Waren anpreisen to puff one’s wares (Br.);
• Waren aufdrängen to push goods;
• jem. minderwertige Waren aufdrängen to impose inferior goods upon s. o.;
• Waren aufkaufen to corner the market;
• Waren glatt aufnehmen (Börse) to absorb all offerings;
• jem. Waren aufschwindeln to palm off goods on s. o.;
• Waren in Partien aufteilen to parcel out goods;
• Waren zum Verkauf ausbreiten to spread (sort) out goods for sale;
• Waren ausklarieren to clear goods out of bond;
• Waren auslegen to flourish goods;
• Ware im Schaufenster auslegen to display goods in the shopwindow;
• Waren ausliefern to have goods delivered;
• Waren im Fenster ausstellen to display goods in the window;
• Waren auszeichnen to price (tally) goods, to ticket goods with prices;
• Waren billiger auszeichnen to mark down goods;
• Waren frei Achse befördern to cart goods;
• gute Waren für sein Geld bekommen to get good value for one’s money;
• verlorene Waren wertmäßig ersetzt bekommen to recover the value for lost merchandise;
• Waren für den Käufer bereitstellen to place goods at the buyer’s disposal;
• Waren bestellen to order goods;
• Waren über einen Vertreter bestellen to order goods through a representative;
• Waren bewerten to value goods;
• Waren beziehen to receive (obtain, procure, purchase) goods;
• seine Waren außerhalb beziehen to get commodities (supply o. s. with articles) from abroad;
• mit (auf) seinen Waren sitzen bleiben to be left with goods, to hold the bag (US);
• Waren an Bord bringen to deliver the goods on board;
• jem. Waren ins Haus bringen to deliver goods to s. one’s address;
• seine schlechten Waren unter die Leute bringen to foist one’s wares upon the public;
• Waren auf den Markt bringen to launch a new product, to introduce goods into (put goods on) the market;
• Waren im Ausland billig auf den Markt bringen to dump goods on foreign markets;
• seine Waren [beim Zoll] deklarieren to make a declaration, to make an entry of (enter) goods;
• Waren deponieren to warehouse goods;
• sich mit Waren eindecken to supply o. s. with goods;
• über den Bedarf mit Waren eindecken to overstock a shop;
• Waren einführen to bring in goods;
• Waren in ein Land einführen to introduce goods into a country;
• Waren zum freien Verkehr einführen to enter goods for consumption;
• Waren einlagern to lay in goods;
• zu viel Waren einlagern to overstock a shop;
• Waren nach Güteklassen einstufen to grade goods;
• seine Waren empfehlen to recommend one’s wares;
• Einfuhrzoll auf Waren erheben to levy a duty on goods;
• Waren auf einer Auktion erwerben to buy goods at the sales;
• Waren etikettieren to docket (label) goods;
• Waren feilbieten to expose goods for sale;
• billige Waren feilbieten to show a cheap line of goods;
• gegen Zahlung Waren freigeben to release goods against payment;
• Waren führen to have goods in stock, to have (keep) an article in stock, to deal in (stock) an article;
• alle Arten von Waren führen to stock varied goods;
• ausländische Waren führen to handle foreign goods;
• Verhandlungen über einzeln ausgewählte Waren führen to carry on negotiations on a selective product-by-product basis;
• Ware nicht mehr führen to be out (short) of an article;
• Waren in Kommission geben to deliver goods on sale or return;
• mit einer Ware in Rückstand geraten to run out of stock;
• Waren auf Lager Waren haben (halten) to carry goods in stock, to stock an article;
• Waren im Augenblick nicht auf Lager (vorrätig) haben not to stock an article, to be short of an article;
• mit einer Ware handeln to deal in an article;
• Preis einer Ware auf... herabsetzen to bring down the price of an article to...;
• Waren für den Verkauf herausstellen to get up articles for sale;
• Waren verschiedenster Beschaffenheit herstellen to manufacture goods in various qualities;
• Waren massenhaft herstellen to turn out large quantities of goods;
• Waren horten to hoard goods;
• Waren auf einer Auktion kaufen to buy goods at the sales;
• unbegrenzt verbrauchssteuerpflichtige Waren für den persönlichen Bedarf kaufen to buy an unlimited quantity of excise-paid products for personal use;
• Waren auf Termin kaufen to buy on terms;
• Waren kennzeichnen to identify goods by marks;
• Waren konditionieren to condition goods;
• Waren lagern to store (lay in) goods;
• Waren unter Zollverschluss lagern to have goods bonded;
• Waren verabfolgen lassen to have goods delivered;
• Waren liefern to supply with (deliver) goods;
• Waren auf Kredit liefern to supply goods on credit, to grant credit terms;
• Waren an einen Kunden liefern to serve a customer with goods;
• Waren lombardieren to lend money on goods, to hypothecate goods;
• Waren wieder in Besitz nehmen to repossess goods;
• Waren an Bord nehmen to take goods on board;
• Waren in Kommission nehmen to take goods on a consignment basis;
• Waren auf Kredit nehmen to take goods on credit;
• Waren auf Lager nehmen to put goods in stock, to lay in goods;
• Waren am Kai niederlegen to place goods on the dock;
• Waren billiger notieren to mark down the prices of goods;
• Waren pfänden to distrain upon (seize) goods;
• Waren prüfen to examine the goods;
• Waren retournieren to return articles;
• Waren per Express schicken to send goods by fast train;
• Waren per Nachnahme schicken to send goods cash (collect, US) on delivery;
• sich Waren sichern to assure o. s. with goods;
• Waren sortieren to grade goods;
• Waren in Rechnung stellen to bill goods;
• Waren zu niedrig in Rechnung stellen to underbill goods (US);
• Waren auf einem Stand zur Schau stellen to set out goods on a stall;
• Waren taxieren to value (make a valuation of) goods;
• Waren übereignen to assign goods;
• jem. Waren vertragsmäßig übergeben to bail goods to s. o.;
• Laden mit Waren übersättigen to overstock a shop;
• Waren auf Spekulation übersenden to venture goods;
• Waren unterbewerten to set too low a valuation on goods;
• Waren einer genauen Untersuchung unterziehen (unterwerfen) to submit goods to a careful examination;
• Waren auf dem Markt eines anderen Landes verbringen to introduce goods into the commerce of another country;
• Waren verkaufen to clear goods;
• als zweitklassige Waren verkaufen to sell goods under a secondary label;
• Waren in Ballen verkaufen to sell in bales;
• Waren nach dem Dutzend verkaufen to sell articles by the dozen (sets of a dozen);
• Waren unberechtigt als Markenartikel verkaufen to pass off goods as those of another make (US);
• Waren verpacken to wrap up goods;
• seine Waren in Ballen verpacken to pack up one’s wares, to make up one’s goods in bales;
• Waren für den Verkauf verpacken to box articles for sale;
• seinen Waren einen ausgezeichneten Ruf verschaffen to build up a good reputation for one’s goods;
• Waren versenden to forward goods;
• Waren mit der Eisenbahn versenden to send goods by rail;
• Waren zu einem bestimmten Frachtsatz versenden to rate goods (US);
• Waren ins Landesinnere versenden to intern goods;
• Waren auf dem Seeweg versenden to ship goods by sea;
• seine Waren unter falschem Warenzeichen vertreiben to pass off one’s goods as those of another make (US);
• Annahme von Waren verweigern to refuse goods;
• Waren verwerten to realize goods;
• Waren verzollen to clear goods at the customhouse;
• Waren an eine neue Adresse weiterbefördern to reconsign goods;
• Waren über Bord werfen to jettison goods;
• Waren auf den Markt werfen to throw goods on the market, (im Ausland) to dump goods on a foreign market;
• in Waren zahlen to pay in kind;
• Waren im Schaufenster zeigen to expose goods in a shop window;
• beschädigte Waren wieder zurechtmachen to render goods marketable;
• Waren zurücknehmen to take goods back;
• Waren unmittelbar zuschicken to dispatch goods direct.
nachbekommen, Ware
to get goods in replacement;
• nachbelasten to make an additional charge. -
14 eindämmen
eindämmen v GEN stem, staunch contain, curb (Nachfrage, Inflation)* * ** * *eindämmen
to embank, to dam, to dike, (drosseln) to curb, (pol.) to contain;
• Auslandskonkurrenz eindämmen to curb foreign competition;
• Kreditexpansion eindämmen to curb credit expansion. -
15 risque
risque [ʀisk]masculine noun• on n'a rien sans risque(PROV) nothing ventured, nothing gained• au risque de le mécontenter/de sa vie at the risk of displeasing him/of his life* * *ʀiskcomporter or présenter un risque — [processus] to carry a risk; [décision, action] to involve some risk
à risques — [personne, prêt] high-risk (épith)
Phrasal Verbs:* * *ʀisk nmIl n'y a pas de risque qu'il l'apprenne. — There's no risk of him finding out.
* * *risque nm1 ( danger) risk (de of); comporter or présenter un risque [processus] to carry a risk; [décision, action] to involve some risk; il n'y a pas grand risque à accepter leur proposition there's not much risk involved in accepting their offer; risque accru increased risk; gros risques major risks; risque d'échec/d'infection/d'inflation risk of failure/of infection/of inflation; risque d'incendie fire risk; le grand risque, c'est le chômage the major risk is unemployment; le risque que le conflit s'étende the risk that the conflict might spread; malgré le risque in spite of the risk; courir un risque to run a risk; prendre des risques/un risque to take risks/a risk; il n'y a pas de risques○ que ça leur arrive/de s'ennuyer! there's no risk of that happening to them/of getting bored!; c'est sans risque it's safe; agir sans risque to act safely; sans risque de qch/de faire with no risk of sth/of doing; au risque de faire at the risk of doing; au risque d'être mal compris at the risk of being misunderstood; à (haut) risque, à risques [personne, groupe, investissement, prêt] high-risk ( épith); partenaire/obligation à risque high-risk partner/bond;risque de change Fin foreign exchange risk; les risques du métier occupational hazards; les risques professionnels occupational hazards.[risk] nom masculinil y a un risque de contagion/d'explosion there's a risk of contamination/of an explosionau risque de te décevoir/de le faire souffrir at the risk of disappointing you/of hurting himzone/population à haut risque high-risk area/populationà mes/tes risques et périls at my/your own riskcourir ou prendre un risque to run a risk, to take a chanceavoir le goût du risque, aimer le risque to enjoy taking chances3. [préjudice] riskrisque d'incendie fire hazard ou risk -
16 risqué
risque [ʀisk]masculine noun• on n'a rien sans risque(PROV) nothing ventured, nothing gained• au risque de le mécontenter/de sa vie at the risk of displeasing him/of his life* * *ʀiskcomporter or présenter un risque — [processus] to carry a risk; [décision, action] to involve some risk
à risques — [personne, prêt] high-risk (épith)
Phrasal Verbs:* * *ʀisk nmIl n'y a pas de risque qu'il l'apprenne. — There's no risk of him finding out.
* * *risque nm1 ( danger) risk (de of); comporter or présenter un risque [processus] to carry a risk; [décision, action] to involve some risk; il n'y a pas grand risque à accepter leur proposition there's not much risk involved in accepting their offer; risque accru increased risk; gros risques major risks; risque d'échec/d'infection/d'inflation risk of failure/of infection/of inflation; risque d'incendie fire risk; le grand risque, c'est le chômage the major risk is unemployment; le risque que le conflit s'étende the risk that the conflict might spread; malgré le risque in spite of the risk; courir un risque to run a risk; prendre des risques/un risque to take risks/a risk; il n'y a pas de risques○ que ça leur arrive/de s'ennuyer! there's no risk of that happening to them/of getting bored!; c'est sans risque it's safe; agir sans risque to act safely; sans risque de qch/de faire with no risk of sth/of doing; au risque de faire at the risk of doing; au risque d'être mal compris at the risk of being misunderstood; à (haut) risque, à risques [personne, groupe, investissement, prêt] high-risk ( épith); partenaire/obligation à risque high-risk partner/bond;risque de change Fin foreign exchange risk; les risques du métier occupational hazards; les risques professionnels occupational hazards. -
17 опухоль
1) General subject: bump, distension, distention, excretion, knot, lump, neoplasm, new growth, prominence, protuberance, rising, swell, swelling, tumefaction, tumescence, tumidity, tumor, tumour2) Medicine: blastema, blastoma, growth, growth (новообразование), mass, mass lesion, neoformation, neoplasma, neoplastic disease, newgrowth, oncoma, space-occupying lesion, space-occupying process, testudo, true pearl, true tumor, foreign tissue lesion, emerod4) Veterinary medicine: bunch, excrescence, loose grasses5) Drilling: inflation -
18 Kapitalanlage
Kapitalanlage f FIN stake, capital investment* * *f < Finanz> stake, capital investment* * *Kapitalanlage
[capital] investment, assets, employment (investment, placement) of capital;
• als Kapitalanlage for investment purposes;
• zur Kapitalanlage geeignet suitable for investment;
• Kapitalanlagen capital spending (assets;nicht ablösbare Kapitalanlage n non-commutable investments;
• attraktive Kapitalanlage attractive investment;
• ausgesuchte Kapitalanlage choice investment;
• außerbetriebliche Kapitalanlage outside investment;
• bestimmungswidrige Kapitalanlage (Investmentsfonds) improper investment;
• erstklassige Kapitalanlage high-grade (high-class, choice) investment, prime (gilt-edged, Br.) investment;
• ertragreiche Kapitalanlage profitable investment;
• feste (fixe) Kapitalanlage fixed capital, lockup (Br.);
• gesetzwidrige Kapitalanlage (Anlagegesellschaft) improper investment;
• Gewinn bringende Kapitalanlagen income-earning assets (investment), remunerative investment, (Landeszentralbank) earning assets;
• hochwertige Kapitalanlagen high-grade investments;
• inflationssichere Kapitalanlage inflation-proof investment;
• kurzfristige Kapitalanlagen temporary (short-term) investments;
• langfristige Kapitalanlagen long-dated (long-term) [capital] investment, fixed (permanent) investment;
• lohnende Kapitalanlage profitable (remunerative) investment;
• mittelfristige Kapitalanlage medium-term investment;
• mündelsichere Kapitalanlage gilt-edged (Br.) (trustee, Br., trust fund, US, legal, US) investments, prime investment;
• Not leidende Kapitalanlage defaulted investment;
• nutzbringende Kapitalanlage profitable investment;
• planmäßige Kapitalanlage capital planning;
• private Kapitalanlage private investment;
• produktive Kapitalanlage productive investment (assets);
• leicht realisierbare Kapitalanlagen liquid investments;
• rentable Kapitalanlage profitable (remunerative) investment;
• risikoreiche Kapitalanlagen (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) aggressive (special-situation) investments;
• schlechte Kapitalanlage poor investments;
• sichere Kapitalanlagen secure (safe) investments, safety of capital;
• spekulative Kapitalanlage speculative (special-situation) investment, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) aggressive investment;
• ungünstige Kapitalanlage poor investment;
• unproduktive Kapitalanlage unproductive investment, dead assets;
• unvorteilhafte Kapitalanlage unprofitable investment;
• verzinsliche (zinsbringende) Kapitalanlage interest-bearing investment;
• ordnungsgemäß vorgenommene Kapitalanlage prudent investment;
• vorsichtige Kapitalanlage conservative investment;
• vorteilhafte Kapitalanlage profitable (remunerative) investment;
• zugelassene Kapitalanlage (Investmentgesellschaft) qualified investment;
• Kapitalanlage im Ausland foreign investment;
• Kapitalanlage einer Bauspargesellschaft society investment;
• Kapitalanlagen in Ersthypotheken first-mortgage investments;
• Kapitalanlage mit fester Rendite fixed-yield investment;
• Kapitalanlage zu Renditezwecken non-speculative investment;
• Kapitalanlage zu Spekulationszwecken speculative (special-situation) investment;
• Kapitalanlage von Tilgungsfondsmitteln sinking-fund investment;
• Kapitalanlage in immateriellen Werten intangible investment;
• Kapitalanlage in Wertpapieren portfolio investment;
• Kapitalanlagen in Wohngrundstücken residential holdings;
• brachliegende Kapitalanlagen anderweitig einsetzen to redeploy a wasting capital asset;
• Kapitalanlage erhöhen to increase the amount of capital contributed;
• in eine steuerfreie Kapitalanlage umwandeln to convert investment into a non-taxable form;
• bevorzugt weiterhin langfristige Kapitalanlagen vornehmen to keep up the booming pace of capital investment;
• Kapitalanlagefonds unit-trust fund (Br.);
• kurzfristige Kapitalanlagegebiete short-term capital areas;
• im Kapitalanlagegeschäft erfolgreich tätig sein to prosper on institutional business. -
19 Mittel
Mittel npl 1. FIN resources, funds; 2. GEN agent, means; 3. IND agent; 4. MEDIA tool; 5. PERS resources, means; 6. WIWI means, resources • Mittel bereitstellen FIN, MGT, RW appropriate funds • Mittel bewilligen FIN, MGT, RW allocate resources, appropriate funds • Mittel vereinen WIWI pool resources • Mittel zusammenfassen WIWI pool resources • Mittel zuweisen FIN, MGT, RW allocate resources, appropriate funds • über die Mittel verfügen, etw. zu tun GEN have the means to do sth* * *npl 1. < Finanz> resources, funds; 2. < Geschäft> agent, means; 3. < Ind> agent; 4. < Medien> tool; 5. < Person> resources, means; 6. <Vw> means, resources ■ Mittel bereitstellen <Finanz, Mgmnt, Rechnung> appropriate funds ■ Mittel bewilligen <Finanz, Mgmnt, Rechnung> allocate resources, appropriate funds ■ Mittel vereinen <Vw> pool resources ■ Mittel zusammenfassen <Vw> pool resources ■ Mittel zuweisen <Finanz, Mgmnt, Rechnung> allocate resources, appropriate funds ■ über die Mittel verfügen, etw. zu tun < Geschäft> have the means to do sth* * *Mittel
(Durchschnitt) average, mean, (Geldmittel) means, funds, resources, purse, capital, money, (parl.) money, supplies (Br.), appropriation, (Unterhalt) support (US), (Vermögen) fortune, (Vorrat) supply;
• aus eigenen Mitteln out of one=s resources;
• aus Mangel an Mitteln from deficiency of means, for lack of funds;
• im Mittel on an average;
• im Besitz hinreichender Mittel independent;
• im Besitz verfügbarer Mittel in funds;
• mit reichlichen Mitteln ausgestattet well-financed;
• nicht aus öffentlichen Mitteln unterstützt non-provided;
• ohne Mittel penniless, destitute, without resources, stranded;
• unter Anwendung unerlaubter Mittel by unlawful means;
• angelegte Mittel invested capital;
• langfristig angelegte Mittel long-term (funded) capital;
• arithmetisches Mittel (maths.) arithmetic mean;
• aufgebrachte Mittel funds raised;
• aufgenommene Mittel borrowed funds, borrowings;
• aufgewandte Mittel money employed;
• ausländische Mittel foreign capital;
• ausreichende finanzielle Mittel sufficiency of money;
• nicht ausreichende Mittel insufficient means, inadequate resources;
• begrenzte Mittel limited resources (means);
• benötigte Mittel necessary funds;
• bereitgestellte Mittel appropriated funds;
• neu bereitgestellte Mittel new appropriations;
• bereitstehende Mittel available funds;
• bescheidene Mittel limited means;
• beschränkte Mittel limited resources;
• betriebsfremde Mittel outside capital;
• betriebsnotwendige Mittel permanent working capital;
• bewährtes Mittel proved remedy;
• bewilligte Mittel allocated funds;
• zur Defizitdeckung bewilligte Mittel deficiency appropriations;
• vom Parlament (parlamentarisch) bewilligte Mittel budgetary appropriations, money provided by Parliament (Br.);
• billige Mittel easy money;
• brachliegende Mittel idle (unemployed) funds, dead capital;
• eigene Mittel own funds, resources of one=s own, (Bilanz) capital and reserves;
• eingebrachte Mittel capital invested;
• entsprechende Mittel adequate means;
• erforderliche Mittel necessary funds;
• festliegende Mittel frozen capital, tied-up funds, lockup (Br.);
• finanzielle Mittel financial resources;
• flüssige Mittel available (liquid, current) funds, funds on (in) hand, ready money, quick (liquid, US) assets (resources), liquid (spare) capital, (Bilanz) cash;
• fremde Mittel borrowed (third-party, outside) funds, borrowed capital;
• geringfügige Mittel limited means;
• gewogenes Mittel weighted mean;
• gleitendes Mittel moving average (MAV);
• greifbare Mittel available funds;
• haftende Mittel amount guaranteed, guarantee fund[s];
• hinreichende Mittel sufficient funds;
• investierte Mittel capital invested;
• kurzfristige Mittel quick assets;
• langfristige Mittel long-term funds;
• liquide Mittel available (current, liquid) funds, liquid (US) (current) assets, liquid capital;
• sofort verfügbare liquide Mittel spot cash;
• öffentliche Mittel the public purse, public funds (money);
• private Mittel private means (funds);
• reichliche Mittel ample funds (means);
• staatliche Mittel government grant;
• alle uns zur Verfügung stehenden Mittel the whole of our resources;
• zur Handelsausweitung zur Verfügung stehende Mittel means of extending the trade;
• zusätzliche für die Masseverteilung zur Verfügung stehende Mittel surplus estate funds;
• die mir zur Verfügung stehenden Mittel the money at my command;
• überschüssige Mittel surplus funds;
• unerschöpfliche Mittel endless resources;
• vagabundierende Mittel hot money;
• verbrauchte Mittel exhausted means;
• verfügbare Mittel available means (funds), funds at deposit (disposal);
• frei verfügbare Mittel loose funds;
• verplante Mittel budgeted means;
• nicht verteilte (verwendete) Mittel unapplied (unappropriated) funds;
• von der Bank verwaltete Mittel bank funds;
• treuhänderisch verwaltete Mittel trustee investment (Br.), trust funds;
• im Haushaltsplan nicht vorgesehene Mittel unbudgeted appropriations;
• zur Deckung vorhandene Mittel coverage;
• wirtschaftliche Mittel economic resources;
• zweckbestimmte (zweckgebundene) Mittel earmarked (appropriated) funds;
• Mittel der Direktwerbung direct-mail media;
• Mittel für die Forschung research funds;
• Mittel gegen die Inflation deflationary instrument;
• liquide Mittel erster Ordnung primary liquidity;
• liquide Mittel dritter Ordnung tertiary liquidity;
• Mittel einer Pensionskasse pension fund money;
• Mittel der Verkaufsförderung sales-promotion aids;
• Mittel für die Warenbeschaffung merchandise budget;
• Mittel für den Wohnungsbau funds for housing;
• Mittel für Zahlungen appropriations for payments;
• Mittel abschöpfen to siphon off funds;
• nur einwandfreie Mittel anwenden to use only proper means;
• Mittel aufbringen to fund-raise, to raise funds;
• Mittel aufstocken to increase resources;
• öffentliche Mittel bestimmungsgemäß ausgeben to use public money only for legitimate purposes;
• mit Mitteln ausstatten to endow with capital;
• sich schwer tun, mit seinen Mitteln auszukommen to have a hard fight to make both ends meet;
• seinen Mitteln gemäß beitragen to contribute according to one=s means;
• sich mit allen Mitteln um eine Position bemühen to jockey for a position;
• notwendige Mittel bereitstellen to make the necessary funds available;
• Mittel beschaffen to procure capital, to raise funds;
• nur unbedeutende Mittel besitzen to have inadequate means;
• Mittel bewilligen to grant the money, (parl.) to vote the appropriations (supplies, Br.);
• zusätzliche Mittel in Höhe von 156 Mio. Dollar bewilligen to vote $ 156 million in extra money;
• seine Mittel einsetzen to make a draft on one=s means;
• seine Mittel schwerpunktartig einsetzen to make the most of one=s resources;
• Mittel entziehen to strip off funds;
• seine Mittel erschöpfen to exhaust one=s resources;
• Mittel festlegen to tie (lock, Br.) up funds, to immobilize capital;
• Mittel und Wege finden to provide instruments;
• ausreichend liquide Mittel haben to be liquid;
• nur beschränkte Mittel haben to have only limited resources;
• nicht genügend Mittel haben to be deficient in means;
• alle (seine) Mittel aufgebraucht haben to be at the end of one=s resources;
• keine Mittel mehr zur Verfügung haben to run (be) out of funds, to be in want of money;
• reichliche Mittel [zur Verfügung] haben to have ample means [at one=s disposal];
• Mittel investieren to put out funds;
• bereitgestellte Mittel um 4% kürzen to trim one=s appropriations by 4 per cent;
• reichlich mit Mitteln versehen sein to have ample means, to be flush of money;
• Mittel zur Verfügung stellen to ladle out funds;
• öffentliche Mittel unterschlagen to misappropriate public funds (Br.), to misapply public money;
• mit öffentlichen Mitteln unterstützen to subsidize;
• über bedeutende Mittel verfügen to have large resources;
• nur über beschränkte Mittel verfügen to have only limited resources;
• [nur] über geringe Mittel verfügen to be short of money;
• über umfangreiche Mittel verfügen to have ample resources;
• erhebliche kommunale Mittel verschlingen to run away with a lot of ratepayers= money;
• mit Mitteln versehen to furnish with (put in) funds;
• Mittel verweigern (parl.) to refuse supplies;
• Mittel anderen als den vorgesehenen Zwecken zuführen to alienate funds from their proper destination;
• j. ohne Mittel zurücklassen to leave s. o. penniless;
• Mittelabflüsse efflux of funds;
• Mittelabschöpfung siphoning off funds;
• Mittelabzweigung von einem Fonds fund diversion;
• kurzfristige Mittelanlage short-term investment of funds;
• Mittelaufbringung fund raising, mobilization (raising, procurement) of funds;
• Mittelaufkommen accumulation of capital, inflow;
• Mittelaufnahme der öffentlichen Hand public borrowing. -
20 Wert
Wert m GEN worth, value • an Wert gewinnen BÖRSE gain value • an Wert verlieren RW, WIWI depreciate (Vermögenswerte, Aktiva) • den Wert mindern WIWI lower the value • im Wert sinken BÖRSE go down in value • im Wert steigen RW appreciate • im Wert verringern BÖRSE write down • ohne Wert GEN, IMP/EXP without value • sich unter Wert verkaufen GEN undersell oneself* * *m < Geschäft> worth, value ■ an Wert gewinnen < Börse> gain value ■ an Wert verlieren <Rechnung, Vw> Vermögenswerte, Aktiva depreciate ■ den Wert mindern <Vw> lower the value ■ im Wert sinken < Börse> go down in value ■ im Wert steigen < Rechnung> appreciate ■ im Wert verringern < Börse> write down ■ sich unter Wert verkaufen < Geschäft> undersell oneself--------: über den Daumen gepeilter Wert< Geschäft> ballpark figure* * *Wert
value, worth, (Bedeutung) amount, significance, (Gegenwert) equivalent, (Kostbarkeit) valuableness, (Münze) standard, (Preis) price, rate, (Schätzung) appreciation, (Vermögen) asset, (Vorzug) good, merit, desert, (Wertstellung) value (availability, US) date;
• an Wert in value;
• an Wert verloren diminished in value;
• dem Wert nach ad valorem (lat.);
• dem nominellen Wert entsprechend by tale;
• im Werte von valued at;
• nach dem Wert ad valorem (lat.);
• über Wert above value;
• unter Wert below value;
• von geringem Wert uncostly, of small value;
• von gleichem Wert equivalent, of the same value;
• von hohem Wert of great value (price);
• Wert 1. März value (due) 1st of March;
• Wert erhalten (auf Wechsel) value received;
• Wert in bar erhalten value received in cash;
• Wert heute value from today;
• Werte (Aktiva) assets, (Anlagen) investment, (Wertpapiere) securities, stocks;
• abgeleiteter Wert imputed value;
• abgeschriebener Wert depreciated value;
• steuerlich voll abgeschriebener Wert written down value;
• abnehmender Wert diminishing value;
• anerkannter Wert fair market value;
• angeblicher Wert nominal value, (Wechsel) face value;
• angegebener Wert (Zoll) declared value;
• angemessener Wert fair and reasonable (just) value;
• angenommener Wert assumed (fictitious) value;
• willkürlich angenommener Wert arbitrary (fictitious) value;
• angerechneter Wert imputed value;
• zu hoch angesetzter Wert exaggerated value;
• annähernder Wert approximate value;
• ausländische Werte foreign stocks, foreigners;
• ausmachender Wert (Effekten) cost of securities;
• äußerer Wert face value;
• beeinträchtigter Wert nuisance value;
• behaupteter Wert hold-up value;
• beitragspflichtiger Wert contributory value;
• bereinigte Werte adapted figures;
• berichtigter Wert absorption value;
• beschlagnahmefähige Werte attachable assets;
• besonderer Wert quality;
• bestätigter Wert certified value;
• bleibender Wert lasting value;
• börsengängige Werte dividend-paying (marketable, stock) securities;
• börsennotierte Werte stock-exchange (quoted, listed, US) securities;
• buchmäßiger Wert accounting (book) value;
• chemische Werte chemical issues;
• deklarierter Wert (Zoll) declared (registered) value;
• dichtester Wert (Statistik) mode;
• durchschnittlicher Wert average (mean) value;
• effektiver Wert actual value;
• eigentlicher Wert intrinsic value;
• an der Börse eingeführte Werte quoted (listed, US) securities;
• erhöhter Wert enhanced value;
• künstlich erhöhte Werte inflated values;
• durch Warenknappheit erhöhter Wert scarcity value;
• erklärter Wert stated value, (Postsendung) insured value;
• errechneter Wert computed value;
• fester Wert stable value,firm stock (Br.);
• festgelegter Wert (Versicherungspolice) agreed value;
• gerichtlich festgesetzter Wert extended value;
• gesetzlich festgesetzter Wert statutory value;
• festgestellter Wert stated value;
• feststellbarer Wert ascertainable value;
• festverzinsliche Werte fixed-income investment,fixed-interest (fixed-yield, income-bearing) securities;
• fiktiver Wert fictitious (apparent) value;
• finanzieller Wert monetary value;
• führende Werte [market] leaders, trading favo(u)rites, leading descriptions (shares) (Br.);
• seit je führende Werte traditional leaders on prices;
• gangbare Werte salable stocks;
• gängiger Wert fair market value;
• garantierter Wert warranted value;
• gegenwärtiger Wert present (today’s) value;
• gehaltene Werte (Börse) firm stock (US);
• gehandelte Werte negotiable stocks;
• im Freiverkehr gehandelte Werte open-market papers, curb stocks (US);
• international gehandelte Werte international (interbourse, Br.) securities;
• telefonisch gehandelte Werte telephone (curb) stocks (US);
• gemeiner Wert fair market (principal, Br.) value;
• geschätzter Wert valuation, estimated value;
• lagemäßig gestiegener Wert (Grundstück) plottage value;
• greifbare Werte tangible values (assets);
• häufigster Wert (Statistik) mode;
• heimische Werte home descriptions;
• immaterielle Werte intangible value, (Bilanz) intangible assets, (Firma) goodwill;
• innerer Wert intrinsic (true) value, (Geld) domestic value;
• kapitalisierter Wert [earning-]capitalized value;
• künstlerischer Wert artistic merit;
• marktgängige Werte securities dealt in for cash;
• mündelsichere Werte gilt-edged (trustee) securities (Br.), trustee (widow and orphan) stocks (US);
• nomineller Wert nominal value;
• amtlich notierte Werte quoted (listed, US) securities;
• amtlich nicht notierte Werte unquoted (unlisted, US, offboard, US) securities;
• selten notierte Werte uncurrent securities;
• Not leidende Werte suffering securities;
• realer Wert effective value;
• durch sofortigen Verkauf realisierbarer Wert salvage value;
• rechnungsmäßiger Wert (Versicherung) actuarial value;
• reeller Wert actual (real) value;
• reiner Wert net worth (US);
• relativer Wert relative value;
• restlicher Wert residual value;
• risikoreiche Werte high-risk issues;
• schwache Werte laggards;
• seltenster Wert antimode;
• sichere Werte sound stocks;
• statistischer Wert statistical value;
• niedrig stehende Werte low-grade securities;
• steuerbarer (steuerlicher, steuerpflichtiger) Wert ratable (Br.) (taxable) value, assessable value (Br.) (valuation, US), assessed value (valuation, US);
• subjektiver Wert subjective value;
• tatsächlicher Wert effective (real, actual) value;
• unerheblicher Wert trifling value;
• ungefährer Wert approximate value;
• unkündbare Werte irredeemable securities;
• unnotierte Werte securities not quoted (listed, US) on the stock exchange;
• unverzinsliche Werte non-interest-bearing securities;
• unverzollter Wert bonded value;
• ursprünglicher Wert sterling (original) value;
• veranlagter Wert assessed (ratable, Br.) value;
• veranschlagter Wert imputed (estimated, appraised, assessed) value;
• frei vereinbarter Wert (Versicherungspolice) agreed value;
• verhältnismäßiger Wert relative value;
• verlangte Werte (Börse) stocks wanted;
• verminderter Wert diminished (reduced) value;
• vernünftiger Wert prudent value;
• verschiedene Werte (Bilanz) sundry (miscellaneous) securities;
• versicherbarer Wert insurable (insurance) value;
• versicherungsmathematischer Wert actuarial value;
• verzollter Wert declared value;
• volkswirtschaftlicher Wert net social benefit;
• wirklicher Wert intrinsic (true) value;
• wirtschaftlicher Wert industrial (economic) value,capital assets;
• zollpflichtiger Wert dutiable value;
• zukünftiger Wert future value;
• zweifacher Wert double value;
• berichtigter, erklärter Wert des Aktienkapitals [zur Berechnung der Kapitalsteuer] adjusted declared value [for the computation of capital levy];
• Wert des Anlagevermögens value of fixed assets;
• Wert der Arbeit price of labo(u)r;
• Wert in bar value in cash;
• Wert als Bauerwartungsland development value inherent in the land (Br.);
• Wert erschlossenen Baulands developed value of land;
• immaterielle Werte von Bedeutung intangibles of value;
• Wert zum Einzug (Wechselvermerk) only for collection;
• Wert laut Faktura value as per invoice;
• wirtschaftlicher Wert eines Geschäftes general standing of a business;
• beitragspflichtiger Wert zur großen Havarie contributory general value;
• Wert heute value from today;
• Wert einer nachgewiesenen Konkursforderung proof value;
• Wert des Maschinenparks value of the machinery;
• Wert nach dem Niederstwertprinzip market price;
• Wert der umlaufenden Noten currency circulation;
• Wert in Rechnung (auf Wechsel) value in account;
• Wert des Streitgegenstands value of matter in controversy;
• Wert der einzelnen Stücke denominational value;
• Wert einer Summe summation value;
• Wert eines Treuhandvermögens trust asset (settlement) value;
• Wert bei Verfall value when due (on expiration, on maturity);
• Wert des landwirtschaftlichen Vermögens agricultural value;
• Wert in Waren received value;
• effektiver Wert einer Ware actual cost of goods;
• Wert der geretteten Waren (Seeversicherung) salvage value;
• Wert bei Wiedererlangung repossession value;
• Wert im beschädigten Zustand (Versicherungswesen) damaged value;
• Wert im unbeschädigten Zustand (Versicherungswesen) sound value;
• Werte abstoßen to shake out stocks;
• Wert [bei der Verzollung] angeben to declare the value;
• unter dem Wert angeben to enter short;
• Wert beeinträchtigen to impair (diminish) the value;
• nach dem Wert befrachten to freight ad valorem;
• seinen Wert behalten to maintain its value;
• einer Sache geringen Wert beimessen to set a low value on s. th.;
• Wert berechnen to compute (calculate) the value;
• inflationssichere Werte bereinigen to reassess inflation-hedge assets;
• hohen Wert besitzen to be of great value;
• Wert bestimmen to appraise;
• doppelten Wert bezahlen to pay double the value;
• unter dem Wert bieten to underbid;
• auf guten Werten sitzen bleiben to hold sound stocks;
• Wert erhöhen to improve the value, to appreciate;
• sich im Wert erhöhen to increase in value;
• Wert ermitteln to assess the value, to appraise s. th., to make a valuation;
• Werte festlegen to lock up a stock;
• Wert festsetzen to assess (fix) a value;
• an Wert gewinnen to improve, to gain;
• in der Öffentlichkeit an Wert gewinnen to be rising in the estimation of the public;
• geringen Wert haben to be of inferior quality;
• im Wert herabsetzen to discount, to depreciate in value;
• Wert einer Anlage heraufsetzen to write up the value of an asset;
• vollen Wert aus einer Sache herausholen to get the full value of s. th.;
• etw. für ein Viertel des Wertes kaufen to buy s. th. at a quarter of the price;
• Wert schätzen to appraise the value;
• im Wert schwanken to fluctuate in value;
• im Wert gestiegen sein to show an appreciation;
• im Wert steigen to increase (advance, improve) in value, to appreciate;
• im Wert erheblich steigern to appreciate greatly;
• im Wert übersteigen, an Wert übertreffen to exceed in value;
• unter Wert verkaufen to sell below price (at an underrate);
• unter dem fakturierten Wert verkaufen to sell at a loss on the invoice;
• dem Wert entsprechend verkaufen to sell for value;
• an Wert verlieren to deteriorate, to lower (lose, drop, fall) in value;
• fortlaufend an Wert verlieren to go down in value all the time;
• wirtschaftlich an Wert verlieren to decline in economic usefulness;
• unter dem Wert vermieten to rent below value;
• [im] Wert vermindern to reduce the value, to debase;
• sich im Wert verringern to decline in value;
• an Wert zunehmen to improve (appreciate) in value.
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