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101 soup
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102 soup
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103 control
1) управление; регулирование; проверка, контроль || управлять, регулировать; проверять, контролировать2) орган управления3) pl регулирующие устройства4) борьба (напр. с сельскохозяйственными вредителями) -
104 soup
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105 defrost
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106 delivery
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107 heat
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108 refrigeration
nFOOD, REFRIG, THERMO enfriamiento m, enfriamiento artificial m, frío artificial m, refrigeración f -
109 soaking
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110 steam
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111 topping
nFOOD aderezo m, cobertura f -
112 soup
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113 life
[laɪf]n(pl lives [laɪvz])1) жизнь, существование, деятельностьIs there any life on that planet? — На той планете есть какая-либо жизнь? /На той планете есть какие-либо живые существа?
The average life of a dog is ten years. — Собаки в среднем живут десять лет.
The streets are full of life. — Жизнь на улицах бьет ключом.
- physical lifeThe drooping plant came to life in water. — Поникшее растение в воде ожило.
- low life
- busy life
- adult life
- this life
- other life
- all one's life
- one's own life
- somebody else's life
- working life
- life force
- life science
- life span- life boat- life jacket
- life scientist
- life giving rain
- life of the people
- life cycle of a frog
- life of a battery
- life for life
- life of pleasure
- matter of life and death
- happiest days of smb's life
- original of life
- fight struggle for one's life
- charities of life
- necessities of life
- people from all sections of public life
- speed and the noise of city life
- threat to smb's life
- thread of life
- average span of life
- books true to life
- appointment for life
- post for life
- pension for life
- love of life
- way of life
- end of smb's life
- meaning of one's life
- art of leading one's life
- her last hours of life
- water swarms with life
- in after life
- in the course of smb's life
- at the cost
- in the prime of life
- for the rest of one's life
- at my time of life
- for dear life
- have enough food to sustain life
- bring smb, smth to life
- come to life
- go forth into the highways and by ways of life
- have power over life and death
- preserve life
- be sould of the party
- beat smb within an inch of his life
- beg for one's life
- cling to life
- enjoy one's life
- value one's life
- fill up one's life with useful work
- get as much fun out of life as possible
- get the fright of one's life
- give one's life to science
- give new life to smb, smth
- guide smb's life
- have a double life
- hold a post for life
- lay down one's life for one's country
- lead a dog's life
- lead smb a dog's life
- live a happy life
- live an easy life
- live a simple life
- live one's own life
- make a new life for oneself
- make one's own life
- make life easy
- make an attempt on smb's life
- make smb's life miserable
- quit this life
- risk one's life
- run for dear life
- run for one's life
- save one's own life
- sell one's life dearly
- sentence smb to hard labour for life
- spare smb's life
- spend one's life in smth
- start life as an messenger
- take smb's life
- take one's life
- take one's life in one's hands
- trust one's life to doctors
- everything that has life
- smb's last hours of life2) жизнь, образ жизниSport has always been a part of university life. — Спорт всегда был частью университетской жизни.
- private lifeTV has become part of our everyday life. — Телевидение прочно вошло в наш быт.
- city life
- human life
- miserable life
- everyday life
- quiet life
- American life
- fashionable life
- high life
- social life
- college life
- fascinating life
- married life
- retired lie
- life of the capital
- life of crime
- chose a political life
- enter a political life
- lead an active life3) реальность, действительностьHe has had a successful life. — У него была успешная карьера.
The life of the Roman Empire was long. — Римская Империя существовала долго.
There he stands, as large as life. — Вон он стоит собственной персоной.
There he is as big as life. — Вот он, во всей своей красе.
- life portraitIt is a larger than life version of our present society. — Это преувеличенная картина современного общества.
- life of the contract
- realities of life
- portrait from life
- in real life
- during the life of the last Labour Government
- as big as life
- face life
- learn something of life
- mould life
- paint from life
- paint smb, smth to the life
- see something of life
- see life
- take life easy
- take one's subjects from life
- characters taken from life4) (часто в отрицательных предложениях) жизнь, энергияThere was no life in her movements. — Она вяло двигалась.
Will you put more life into the matter. — Займись, пожалуйста, данным вопросом с бо́льшим воодушевлением.
- actors put no life in their performance- there was no life in her voice
- there was no life in her eyesI have seen something of life. — я знаю настоящую жизнь.
The portrait is my uncle to the life. — Портрет - точная копия моего дядюшки.
Do you think I'm going to trust a person like him? Not on your life! — И ты думаешь, что я буду доверять такому человеку, как он? Ни в коем случае!
There is life in the old dog yet. — ◊ Есть еще порох в пороховницах.
- how is life?While there is life there is hope. — ◊ Пока жив человек, жива и надежда
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114 work
1) работа; труд; действие; функционирование2) обработка3) обрабатываемая заготовка; обрабатываемая деталь; обрабатываемое изделие4) механизм5) конструкция6) мн. ч. завод; фабрика; мастерские; технические сооружения; строительные работы7) мн. ч. работающие части механизма, подвижные органы механизма8) работать; обрабатывать9) действовать, двигаться, поворачиваться ( о подвижных частях механизмов)10) коробиться•work performed with materials in a smaller quantity — работа, выполненная с недостаточным использованием материалов
work performed without the necessary diligence — работа, выполненная небрежно
work which is not in accordance with specifications — работа, не соответствующая техническим требованиям
work which is not in accordance with the requirements of the engineer — работа, не отвечающая требованиям инженера
to work down — 1) осаживать ( вниз); оседать 2) обрабатывать на меньший размер
to work in — вделывать, вмонтировать
to work into — углубляться во что-либо, уходить внутрь
to work off — 1) соскакивать, соскальзывать ( во время работы) 2) снимать (напр. стружку)
to work on — действовать на что-либо, оказывать влияние на что-либо
to work out — 1) разрабатывать (план, проект) 2) вырабатывать (что-либо) из чего-либо (напр. вытачивать, выстрагивать, выфрезеровывать) 3) выскакивать, выпадать во время работы
to work over — обрабатывать вторично, перерабатывать, подвергать переработке
to work upon — действовать на что-либо, оказывать влияние на что-либо
- work executed - work in process - work of acceleration - work of deformation - work of ideal cycle - work of resistance - work on arbour - works under way - access to works - actual progress of works - amendment of the date of completion of works - amount of the executed works - applied work - asphalt work - assessment of works - auxiliary work - bank work - bargain work - beat-cob work - betterment work - black and white work - bluff work - bonus work - bosh brick work - branch work - branched work - bright work - carpenter's work - cast steel work - cessation of works - chased work - check of works - checking of works - chequer work - chequered work - cindering work - civil works - civil and erection works - clay work - clearing work - commencement of works - completed works - completion of works - concrete work - diversion work - condensing works - construction works - consumed work - continuous execution of works - contract works - cost of works - cost of uncovering works - covered-up works - date of commencement of works - date of completion of works - day-to-day work - day wage work - dead work - defective works - delay in completion of works - delayed completion of works - demolition works - description of works - design and survey works - desilting works - diaper work of bricklaying - drainage work - dredge work - dressing works - drove work - earth works - effective work - embossed work - emergency works - engineering works - erecting works - erection works - examination of works - excavation works - execution of works - expected period of works - extension of the time for completion of works - external work - face work - fascine work - field works - finely finished work - finishing work - fitter's works - flat trellis work - float work - forming work - forthcoming works - frosted rustic work - gauge work - gauged work - geologic works - geological works - grading works - gunite work - heading work - health work - hot work - hydro-meteorologic works - hydro-meteorological works - inadequate progress of works - incomplete lattice work - indicated work - inlaid work - inspection of works - installation work - intake works - irrigation works - jack works - jobbing work - joggle work - ladder work - line work - link work - locksmith's work - machine work - main works - maintenance work - management of works - maritime works - metal work - milling work - motion work - multiple lattice work - nature of works - neat work - negative work - night work - no-load work - odd works - on the site works - order of execution of works - outlet work - outstanding works - overhead works - panel work - partially completed works - part of works - paternoster work - period of works - period of execution of works - permanent works - pilot-scale work - plane frame work - planer work - pneumatic work - port work - portion of works - pottery work - precision work - preliminary works - preparatory works - pressure cementing work - programme of works - progress of works - proper execution of works - prospecting works - public works - pump works - quantity of works - rag work - R and D work - random work - range work - reclamation work - recoverable-strain work - recuperated work - reflected work - reliability of works - relief work - remedial works - repair work - repairing work - required work - research work - resumption of works - retaining works - reticulated work - right of access to works - river training works - rustic work - safety of works - schedule of works - scope of work - shaper work - sheet metal work - shift work - smith and founder work - spillway works - starting work - step-by-step check of works - step-by-step checking of works - stick and rag work - stoppage of works - subcontract works - submarine work - substituted works - sufficiency of works - supervision for works - supervision for of works - survey work - survey and research works - suspension of works - taking over of works - task work - temporary work - test work - test-hole work - three-coat work - through-carved work - time for completion of works - timely completion of works - tool work - topiary work - topographic works - topographical works - track work - treatment works - trellis work - trench work - trestle work - turning work - uncompleted works - uncovering of works - upon completion of works - variations in works - variations of works - volume of works - wiring work - X-ray workto complete works (in the time stipulated in the contract) — завершать работы (в срок, оговорённый в контракте)
* * *1. работа2. изделие3. обработка4. возводимый объект (строительства) ( по подрядному договору); конструкция, сооружение5. работа, мощность6. pl сооружение, сооружения7. pl завод, фабрика, мастерскиеwork above ground — наземные работы ( в отличие от подземных и подводных); работы, производимые на поверхности земли
work below ground ( level) — подземные работы
work carried out on site — работы, выполненные на стройплощадке
work done in sections — работа, выполненная отдельными секциями [частями]
work in open excavations — работы в открытых выемках [горных выработках]
work in progress — (строительные) работы в стадии выполнения, выполняемые [производимые] (строительные) работы; объект в стадии строительства
work in water — работы, производимые в воде [под водой]
work near water — работы, производимые близ водоёмов или рек
- work of deformationwork on schedule — работы в процессе выполнения ( по графику); работы, предусмотренные планом [графиком]
- work of external forces
- work of internal forces
- above-ground works
- additional work
- agricultural works
- alteration work
- ashlar work
- auxiliary work
- avalanche baffle works
- axed work
- backfill work
- backing masonry work
- bag work
- bench work
- block work
- brewery works
- brick work
- broken-color work
- brush work
- building work
- building site works
- carcass work
- carpenter's work
- cement works
- chemical production works
- civil engineering work
- coast protection works
- cob work
- completed work
- complicated building work
- concrete work
- concrete block masonry work
- concrete masonry work
- constructional work
- construction work
- continuous shift work
- contract work
- coursed work
- crib work
- day work
- dead work
- defective work
- defence works
- deformation work
- demolition work
- development work
- diver's works
- diversion works
- donkey work
- drainage works
- earth work
- earth-moving work
- elastic work of a material
- electric work
- electricity production works
- emergency work
- enclosed construction works
- engineering works
- erection work
- erosion protection works
- excavation works
- experimental work
- external work
- extra work
- facing work
- factory work
- fascine work
- finishing work
- finish work
- floating construction works
- flood-control works
- flood-protection works
- floor work
- floor-and-wall tiling work
- floor covering work
- food industry production work
- foundation work
- funerary works
- further day's work
- gas works
- gauged work
- glazed work
- glazier's work
- half-plain work
- hammered work
- hand work
- handy work
- heat insulation work
- heavy work
- highly mechanized work
- hot work
- in-fill masonry work
- innovative construction work
- insulating work
- intake works
- internal work in the system
- ironmongery work
- joinery work
- land retention works
- landslide protection works
- loading works
- manual work
- marine works
- metallurgical processing works
- night work
- nonconforming work
- office work
- off-the-site work
- one-coat work
- open-air intake works
- open construction works
- ornamental works
- ornate work
- outlet works
- overhang work
- overhead work
- permanent works up to ground level
- petroleum extraction works
- piece work
- pitched work
- plaster work
- plumbing work
- power production works
- precast works
- production works
- promotion work
- protection works
- protective works
- public works
- random ashlar work
- refurbishment work
- refuse disposal works
- refuse incineration works
- regulation works
- reinforced concrete work
- research work
- reticulated work
- road transport works
- roof tiling work
- rubble ashlar masonry work
- sanitary works
- sea defence works
- sediment exclusion works
- sewage disposal works
- single construction works
- smillage-axed work
- solid plaster work
- steel construction works
- steel works
- steel plate work
- structural restoration work
- surface transport works
- temporary works
- textile work
- three-coat work
- tiling work
- training works
- transport works
- treatment works
- two-coat work
- underground work
- underwater work
- unloading works
- vermiculated work
- virtual work
- waste disposal works
- water works
- water treatment works -
115 soup
I [suːp] nouna liquid food made from meat, vegetables etc:حَساء، شوربَه II verb يُحَسِّن أو يُقَوّي المُحَرِّكShe made some chicken soup.
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116 soup
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117 soup
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118 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
119 дрожать
гл.1. to shake; 2. to rattle; 3. to shudder; 4. to shiver; 5. to tremble; 6. to start; 7. to wobble; 8. to quiver; 9. to twitchРусский глагол дрожать не указывает ни на то, что вызывает дрожь, ни на то, как происходит дрожание. Английские эквиваленты описывают характер дрожания и указывают на причину, которая его вызывает.1. to shake — дрожать, трястись, встряхивать, трясти (вызвать быстрое движение вверх и вниз или из стороны в сторону или самому производить быстрые движения): Shake the blanket before you fold it. It is full of dust. — Вытряхни одеяло прежде, чем свернешь, оно полно пыли./Встряхни одеяло прежде, чем свернешь, в нем полно пыли. Always shake the orange juice before opening it. — Всегда взбалтывай апельсиновый сок прежде, чем откроешь бутылку. Jim remembered being shaken awfully by his angry mother. — Джим помнил, как мать его жутко трясла, когда сердилась. Peter banged the door so hard that the whole house shook. — Петр так грохнул дверью, что весь дом задрожал/затрясся. People could feel the ground shaking beneath their feet, it was the second tremor in one day. — Люди почувствовали, как земля дрожит под ногами, это был второй толчок в этот день. The whole engine started to shake quite violently and the car stopped. — Мотор начал сильно дрожать, и машина остановилась. My hands were shaking as I opened the envelope. — Когда я открывала конверт, у меня дрожали руки. By the time he had finished the race his legs were shaking so badly he could hardly walk. — В конце забега у него так сильно дрожали ноги, что он едва шел. The poor woman was shaking with fear. — Бедная женщина дрожала от страха. Ben got up from the floor and shook his legs to gel all the dust off his trousers. — Бен встал с пола и отряхнул брюки от пыли. Shaking his fist at the doorman he said, he had never been so roughly treated in his whole life. — Грозя кулаком швейцару, он сказал, что за всю его жизнь с ним никто так грубо не обращался.2. to rattle — дрожать, барабанить, громыхать, греметь, хлопать, стучать (чем-либо, чаще всего металлическим предметом, так что при этом издается громкий стук): Her bracelets rattled as she danced. — Когда она танцевала, ее браслеты звенели. The wind was so strong that the doors and windows rattled. — Ветер был такой сильный, что окна и двери дребезжали. The hail rattled on the roof. — Град барабанил по крыше. The train rattled by. — Мимо прогромыхал поезд. He rattled his keys in his pocket. — Он гремел ключами в кармане.3. to shudder — дрожать, вздрагивать, содрогаться (сильно и бесконтрольно дрожать, часто от испуга, неожиданности или удивления; относится и к людям и к предметам): Не shuddered with disgust. — Его от отвращения всего передернуло./ Он содрогнулся от отвращения. She shuddered slightly at the memory. — При одном воспоминании об этом ее бросало в дрожь./Вспомнив об этом, она содрогнулась. I shuddered to think what my parents will say when they see this film. — Я вздрогнул, когда подумал о том, что скажут мои родители, посмотрев этот фильм. The washing machine shuddered and finished its cycle. — Стиральная машина содрогнулась и закончила свой цикл./Стиральная машина вздрогнула и остановилась. During the bombing the building shuddered and swayed from side to side, but no damage was done. — Во время бомбежки здание качалось и вздрагивало, но разрушений не было. The train began to slow down and shuddered to a halt when it got to the station. — Поезд начал тормозить, вздрогнул и остановился, подъехав к станции.4. to shiver — дрожать (мелкой дрожью, особенно от холода или пережитого испуга): As the patient's fever grew worse, his body began to shiver uncontrollably. — По мере того, как у больного поднимался жар, все его тело начало непроизвольно дрожать. Ellen shivered in horror, «To think that I almost married a murderer!» — Эллен в ужасе задрожала: «Подумать только, я чуть было не вышла замуж за убийцу!» They were all shivering in their thin coats praying that the bus would come soon. — Они все дрожали в своих легких пальто, молясь, чтобы побыстрее пришел автобус. to tremble —дрожать, вздрагивать беспокойно, слабо дрожать (особенно из-за нервозности, возбуждения, расстройства или гнева): Mothers' lips were trembling, she seemed to be going to start crying again. — Губы матери дрожали, она была па грани того, чтобы вновь расплакаться. I was so nervous during the wedding ceremony that my hands were trembling when I put the ring on her finger. — Я так нервничал во время брачной церемонии, что у меня дрожали руки, когда я надевал ей на палец кольцо. She was trembling with excitement at the thought of meeting him. — Она вся дрожала от возбуждения при мысли о встрече с ним. to start — дрожать, вздрогнуть, подскочить (от удивления, испуга или неожиданности): The noise made him start. От этого звука он вздрогнул. to wobble — дрожать, качаться из стороны в сторону, трястись (терять равновесие, не имея поддержки): I tried to stand on a chair but it wobbled too much. — Я пытался устоять на стуле, но он слишком сильно шатался. Carrying so many boxes her legs wobbled and suddenly everything went crashing to the floor. — Она несла столько коробок, что потеряла равновесие, и все вдруг с грохотом полетело на пол. The jelly was difficult to eat because it was wobbling so much. — Желе было трудно есть, так как оно сильно дрожало и ускользало с вилки. The table was old and wobbled so much that food and drink was always getting spelt. — Стол был старый и так сильно шатался, что пища и напитки все время проливались.8. tо quiver — дрожать (почти не заметной дрожью, особенно от возбуждения или нервозности): John's hands were quivering as he put down his paper and started his speech. Руки у Джона слегка дрожали, когда он положил на стол свои заметки и начал выступление. The children stood there quivering with excitement as I opened the package. Пока я открывала пакет, дети стояли около, дрожа от возбуждения./ Дети стояли, дрожа от нетерпения, пока я открывала пакет.9. to twitch — дрожать, дергаться (относится к частям тела, которые дрожат потому, что мускулы не могут расслабиться): At first we thought the cat was dead, when its tail twitched. — Сначала нам показалось, что кот умер, но потом у него задрожал хвост./Сначала мы подумали, что кот умер, но потом у него дернулся хвост. Robert's mouth twitched as he tried to stop himself laughing out loud. — Уголки рта у Роберта задрожали, выдавая его попытку удержаться от того, чтобы не рассмеяться во весь голос. -
120 safe
safe [seɪf]sûr ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (d)-(f) solide ⇒ 1 (a) pas dangereux ⇒ 1 (a) sans danger ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (e) en sécurité ⇒ 1 (b) hors de danger ⇒ 1 (b) sain et sauf ⇒ 1 (c) sans risques ⇒ 1 (e) coffre-fort ⇒ 2 (a)(a) (not dangerous → car, machine, area) sûr; (→ structure, building, fastening) solide; (→ beach) pas dangereux; (→ chemical, water) sans danger;∎ this part of town is/isn't safe at night ce quartier est/n'est pas sûr la nuit;∎ the staircase doesn't look very safe l'escalier n'a pas l'air très sûr;∎ they claim nuclear power is perfectly safe ils prétendent que l'énergie nucléaire n'est pas du tout dangereuse;∎ this medicine is/isn't safe for young children ce médicament convient/ne convient pas aux enfants en bas âge;∎ she assured me the water was perfectly safe to drink elle m'a assuré qu'on pouvait boire l'eau sans danger ou sans risque;∎ is it safe to come out now? est-ce qu'on peut sortir (sans danger ou sans crainte) maintenant?;∎ is it safe to swim here? est-ce qu'on peut nager ici?, est-ce dangereux de nager ici?;∎ it isn't safe to play in the street il est dangereux de jouer dans la rue;∎ the bomb has been made safe la bombe a été désamorcée;∎ the police kept the crowd at a safe distance les policiers ont empêché la foule d'approcher de trop près;∎ the safe period = période du cycle pendant laquelle la femme est censée ne pas être féconde∎ I don't feel safe alone at night je ne me sens pas en sécurité tout seul la nuit;∎ the money's safe in the bank l'argent est en sécurité à la banque;∎ American keep safe! prends bien soin de toi!;∎ the secret will be safe with her elle ne risque pas d'ébruiter le secret;∎ safe from attack/from suspicion à l'abri d'une attaque/des soupçons;∎ you don't look very safe standing on that chair tu as l'air d'être en équilibre instable debout sur cette chaise;∎ (have a) safe journey! bon voyage!;∎ humorous no woman is safe with him c'est un coureur invétéré(c) (unharmed, undamaged → person) sain et sauf;∎ to come home safe rentrer sain et sauf;∎ safe and sound sain et sauf;∎ I'm glad to hear you're safe je suis content d'apprendre qu'il ne t'est rien arrivé;∎ we shall pay upon safe delivery of the goods nous payerons après réception des marchandises(d) (secure → place) sûr;∎ keep it in a safe place gardez-le en lieu sûr;∎ is there anywhere safe to leave my handbag? y a-t-il un lieu sûr où je puisse laisser mon sac à main?;∎ in safe hands en mains sûres;∎ in safe keeping en lieu sûr, en sûreté;∎ to give sth to sb for safe keeping confier qch à qn;∎ it's in his safe keeping c'est sous sa garde(e) (not risky, certain → course of action) sans risque ou risques, sans danger; (→ investment) sûr; (→ estimate) raisonnable;∎ I played it safe and arrived an hour early pour ne pas prendre de risques, je suis arrivé une heure en avance;∎ you're always safe ordering a steak on ne prend jamais de risques en commandant un steak;∎ a safe winner un (une) gagnant(e) certain(e);∎ the steak's a safe bet on ne prend jamais de risques en commandant le steak;∎ it's a safe bet that he'll be late on peut être sûr qu'il arrivera en retard;∎ it's a safe guess that… on ne prend pas beaucoup de risques en disant que…;∎ the safest option l'option la moins risquée;∎ I think it's safe to say that everybody enjoyed themselves je pense que l'on peut dire avec certitude que ça a plu à tout le monde;∎ it is a safe assumption that… on peut présumer sans risque que…;∎ take an umbrella (just) to be on the safe side prends un parapluie, c'est plus sûr ou au cas où;∎ it's as safe as houses cela ne présente pas le moindre risque;∎ proverb better safe than sorry deux précautions valent mieux qu'une(f) (reliable → driver) sûr, prudent;∎ is he safe with the money/the children? est-ce qu'on peut lui confier l'argent/les enfants (sans crainte)?;∎ she's a very safe driver c'est une conductrice très sûre ou très prudente;∎ he's a safe pair of hands (goalkeeper) il a les mains très sûres; (manager, minister etc) il est très fiable2 noun(a) (for money, valuables etc) coffre-fort m;∎ night or deposit safe coffre m de nuit(b) (for food) garde-manger m inv►► safe area zone f de sécurité;safe deposit dépôt m en coffre-fort;safe house (for spies, wanted man) refuge m;safe load (for lorry) charge f admissible; (for lift) charge f maximum; Electricity charge f de sécurité;safe sex rapports mpl sexuels protégés
См. также в других словарях:
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food cycle — n. Ecol. FOOD WEB … English World dictionary
food cycle — noun (ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains • Syn: ↑food web • Topics: ↑ecology, ↑bionomics, ↑environmental science • Hypernyms: ↑ … Useful english dictionary
food cycle — see food web … Dictionary of invertebrate zoology
Food web — A freshwater aquatic and terrestrial food web. A food web (or food cycle) depicts feeding connections (what eats what) in an ecological community. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the … Wikipedia
food web — noun (ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains • Syn: ↑food cycle • Topics: ↑ecology, ↑bionomics, ↑environmental science • Hypernyms: ↑ … Useful english dictionary
food chain — noun (ecology) a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member • Topics: ↑ecology, ↑bionomics, ↑environmental science • Hypernyms: ↑organic phenomenon • Part Holonyms: ↑ … Useful english dictionary
food web — Ecol. a series of organisms related by predator prey and consumer resource interactions; the entirety of interrelated food chains in an ecological community. Also called food cycle. [1960 65] * * * … Universalium
food web — noun a diagram showing the organisms that eat other organisms in a particular ecosystem, predators being higher in the web than their prey Syn: food cycle … Wiktionary
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