fonds+d'habitation

 

жилой фонд
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• housing stock

 

фонд жилищный
Суммарная площадь или количество квартир в жилых зданиях определённого населённого пункта или района
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики

• город, населенный пункт

EN

• dwelling stock
• housing stock

DE

• Wohnfonds

FR

• fonds d'habitation
• fonds de logement

 

фонд жилищный
Суммарная площадь или количество квартир в жилых зданиях определённого населённого пункта или района
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики

• город, населенный пункт

EN

• dwelling stock
• housing stock

DE

• Wohnfonds

FR

• fonds d'habitation
• fonds de logement

community [kə'mju:nətɪ] (pl communities)

1 noun

(a) (group of people, animals) communauté f, groupement m;

∎ the American community in Paris la communauté américaine de Paris;

∎ the business community le monde des affaires;

∎ the international community la communauté internationale;

∎ for the good of the community pour le bien public ou le bien de la communauté;

∎ a sense of community un sens communautaire ou de la solidarité

(b) (locality) communauté f;

∎ a small mining community une petite communauté minière;

∎ a community of 2,000 une communauté de 2000 habitants

(c) Religion communauté f

(d) (sharing) propriété f collective; Law communauté f;

∎ community of goods/interests communauté f de biens/d'intérêts

2 Community noun

∎ EU the (European) Community la Communauté (européenne)

►► community antenna antenne f communautaire;

community association = en Grande-Bretagne, association socioculturelle locale;

Administration community care = système britannique de soins et d'aide au niveau local;

community centre foyer m municipal, centre m social;

American Television community channel = chaîne du réseau câblé sur laquelle des particuliers peuvent diffuser leurs propres émissions;

British formerly Administration community charge = impôt aboli en 1993, regroupant taxe d'habitation et impôts locaux, payable par chaque occupant adulte d'une même habitation;

American Finance community chest fonds m commun (à des fins sociales);

American community college centre m universitaire (de premier cycle);

British community home (for deprived children) assistance f publique; (for young offenders) centre m d'éducation surveillée;

community leader = personne qui joue un rôle actif dans la vie d'une communauté;

community policing ≃ îlotage m, French Canadian services mpl de police communautaires, patrouille f pédestre de quartier;

American Law community property biens mpl soumis au régime de la communauté;

community radio radio f communautaire;

community relations relations fpl publiques;

British community school = école servant de maison de la culture;

Law community service ≃ travail m d'intérêt général;

community singing (UNCOUNT) chansons fpl populaires (reprises en chœur);

community spirit esprit m de groupe;

community worker animateur(trice) m,f socioculturel(elle)

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.

Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.

One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.

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