flaug

I) f.

1) flying, flight (taka flaug sem fuglar);

allt er á för ok flaugum, in a commotion;

2) vane.

II) from fljúga.

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f. [fljúga], flying, flight, Sks. 114 B; fugla f., 655 B. 3; fugl á flaug (mod. fugl á flugi), Sks. 81; þessi f., Hem. 40; hefja flaug, Hom. 142: metaph., Am. 23, Sks. 423 B: the phrase, vera á för ok flaugum, to be unsteady and fluttering, Nj. 196.

II. [Dan. flöj], a vane, Bs. i. 422, ii. 50, Edda (Gl.); hence flaugar-skegg, n. the edge or tail of the vane.

f. a stone shower (in a fight), Fms. vi. 156, x. 361, Fas. ii. 449, Fs. 17, Al. 46, Bs. i. 412.

f. a baneful shaft, of the mistletoe, Vsp. 37.

n. a floating rumour, Bs. ii. 66.

f. the notch for the bow-string in an arrow, Fms. ii. 271, Hem. MS. (Fb. iii. 404 has wrongly strenglág).

f. floating rumour.

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(flýg; flaug, flugum; floginn), v.

1) to fly (fór svá hart sem fugl flygi);

2) fig. of weapons, sparks, rumours, etc. (spjótit flaug yfir hann; gneistarnir flugu);

3) f. á e-n, to fly at or on one.

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pres. flýg, pl. fljúgum; pret. flaug, 2nd pers. flaugt, mod. flaugst, pl. flugum; another old pret. fló, Haustl. 2, 8, Þkv. 5, 9, Gh. 17, Ýt. 14, and prose passim; the form flaug is very rare, in old poets; fló is now quite obsolete, flaug, pl. flugu, being the current form: part. floginn; sup. flogit; pret. subj. 1st pers. flygja, 3rd pers. flygi; with the neg. suf. flýgrat, Hm. 151: [not on record in Goth., as the Apocal. is lost in Ulf.; A. S. fleôgan; Engl. fly; O. H. G. fliôgan; Germ. fliegen; Dutch vliegen; Swed. flyge; Dan. flyve: cp. flug]:—to fly, Lat. volare, of birds; in the allit. phrase, fuglinn fljúgandi; valr flýgr, Grág. ii. 170; fló sá hrafn aptr um stafn, Landn. 29; fló hann þangat til, Niðrst. 4; at fljúga eigi upp fyrr, Edda 60; Johannes flaug upp til himins, Hom. 47.

2. metaph., fljúga á e-n (á-flog, q. v.), to fly at one another, in a fight, Nj. 32: recipr., fljúgask á, to join in a fight, N. G. L. i. 46, Nj. 56.

β. of weapons, sparks, rumour, and the like; spjótið fló yfir hann fram, Nj. 58: kesjan flaug í völlinn, Eg. 379; gneistarnir ( the sparks) flugu, Fms. viii. 8; at vápn skyli falla at manni eðr f. at honum, Grág. Kb. 108; fljúgandi fleinn, Hm. 85, 151; fleinn floginn, Höfuðl. 12: um konu þá fló út ferlegt úorðan, Hom. 115; sá kvittr fló í bygðinni, Fms. ix. 237: flaug þat sem sinu-eldr, i. 21.

γ. of shooting pains (vide flog); þaðan af fló á hann mein þat, Bs. i. 446.

II. in old poetry and on Runic stones, used = flýja (q. v.), to flee, Lat. fugere; sá er eigi fló at Uppsölum, who fled not at Upsala, Baut. 1169; en þínir fjándr flugu, Hkm. 12; fló ór landi, fled from the land, Ýt. 14.

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(gen. arnar, pl. ernir, acc. örnu), m. eagle (gunni at heyja ok glaða örnu).

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m., gen. arnar, dat. erni, pl. ernir, acc. örnu; in mod. usage the word has become fem. örn, arnar, örn, pl. nom. acc. arnir; örn is like björn, an enlarged form from ari, q. v.: [A. S. earn; Chaucer erne; Dan. örn]:—an eagle; erninum, Bs. i. 350; örno ok hrafna, Grág. ii. 346, K. Þ. K. 136; snapir örn á aldinn mar, a saying, Hm. 62; seðja örnu, Hkv. 1. 35; gunni at heyja ok glaða örnu, id.; drúpir örn yfir, Gm.; er á asklimum ernir sitja, Hkv. 2. 48; falla forsar, flýgr örn yfir, Vsp. 58: mythical, örn gól árla, Hkv. Hjörv. 6 (an eagle telling the fate to a young hero): the eagle is the bird of the giants, jötunn í arnarham, Vþm., cp. the legend of giant Þjazi: arnar-flaug, f. eagle’s flight, as an ‘omen’ boding battle; nú er arnar-flaug; of vangi, Edda (in a verse): arnar-leir, m., Gd. 2; see leir II.

II. Örn, as a pr. name, and Örn-ólfr, Veðr-örn: of a woman, Arna. III. = blóð-örn, q. v.; rista örn á baki e-m, Hkr. i. 108, Fas. i. 292, Skv. 2. 26.

COMPDS: arnar-hamr, -kló, -fjöðr, -vængr, m. an eagle’s skin, … wing, Edda 13, 46, Fas. iii. 653, Stj. arnar-hreiðr, n. an eyrie. arnar-ungi, m. a young eagle, Sturl. iii. 185.

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(drep; drap, drápum; drepinn), v.

I. with acc. or absol.;

1) to stike, beat, knock;

drepa e-n vendi, to strike one with a rod;

hann tók hörpu sína ok drap strengi (struck the strings) til sláttar; drepa járn, to hammer iron;

drepa or drepa högg á dyrr, to knock at the door;

drepa botn úr keraldi, to knock the bottom out of a tub;

at eigi drepir þú mik í dúp, that you knock me not into the deep;

drepa í hel, í dauða, til heljar, to smite to death;

2) to kill, slay (skulu vér nú fara at honum ok drepa hann);

3) in a game of chess, to take a piece (þá drap jarl af honum riddara);

4) to produce by a blow or blows;

drepa eld, to strike, fire (= drepa upp eld);

drepa slóð, to make a trail (drápu kyrtlarnir döggslóðina);

5) with prep., drepa af, to kill, slaughter (cattle);

drepa niðr, to kill off (þótt hirðmenn þínir sé drepnir niðr sem svn);

drepa sik ór dróma, to get rid of (throw off) a fetter;

drepa til e-s, to strike, hit, at one;

drepa e-t undir sik, to knock or drag down (skaltu standa hiá, er fjándi sá drepr mik undir sik);

drepa upp eld = drepa eld;

drepa e-t út, to divulge a thing;

drepa yfir e-t, to hide, suppress;

drap hann brátt yfir (he soon mastered) harm sinn;

6) refl., drepast, to perish, die, esp. of cattle (fé hans drapst aldri af drephríðum);

recipr. to put one another to death (þá diepast menn fyrir ágirni sakir);

drepa menn fyrir, to kill one another’s men;

7) impers., drepr honuin aldregi ský (acc.) í augu, his eyes never get clouded;

ofrkappit (acc.) drepr fyrir þeim (their high spirits break down), þegar haminjan brestr; drap þó heldr í fyrir honum, he rather grew worse, his eyes grew weaker;

nú drepr ór hljóð (acc.) fyrst ór konunginum, the king became silent at once;

þá drap stall ór hjarta hans, his heart failed;

ofan drap flaugina, the vane was knocked down;

regn (acc.) drepr í gegnum et, the rain beats through (the thatch);

II. with dat.;

1) to put, thrust;

hendi drap á kampa, he put his hand to his beard;

drepa fœti (fótum) í eð, to strike (knock) one’s foot against, stumble over (drap fótunum í þrøskuldinn ok lá fallinn);

drepa höfði, to droop (with) the head (Egill drap höfðin niðr í feld sinn);

drepa fingri í munn sér, to put the finger into the mouth;

drepa hendi til es, við em, to give one a slap with the hand;

drepa hendi við e-u, to wave away with the hand to refuse a kind offer (drepa hendi við boðnu gulli);

2) to tuck up the sleeves or skirts of a garment (hann hafði drepit upp skautunum);

drepa hári undir belti sér, to tuck the hair under the belt (of a lady);

3) to dip, immerse;

drepa skeggi (the beard) í Breiðafjörð, to be drowned in B. drepa barni I vatn, to baptize a child;

4) drepa orði, dómi á et, to talk, judge of;

drepa huldu á et, to hide, keep secret;

drepa e-u á dreif, see dreif; fig., drepa í egg e-u, to turn a deaf ear to;

5) spoil (drepa gleði, teiti es);

drepa kosti es, to destroy one’s happiness;

impers. drap þá skjótt kosti, the cheer was soon gone;

6) drepa niðr e-u, to suppress (drepa niðr konungs rétti, illu orði);

drepa niðr sœmd es, to drag down one’s reputation, to disparage one;

drepa niðr máli, to quash a lawsuit.

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pret. drap, 2nd pers. drapt, mod. drapst, pl. drápu; pret. subj. dræpi; part. drepit; pres. drep; with the suff. neg. pret. drap-a. Orkn.: [A. S. drepan; Dan. dræbe; Swed. drapa; O. H. G. trefan; mod. Germ. treffen, whence the mod. Dan. treffe, in the sense to hit; Ulf. uses slahan and stautjan, but never dripan; in Engl. the word is lost.]

A. WITH ACC., OR ABSOL. högg ( a blow) or the like being understood, to strike, beat:

I. act. of music, to strike the chords, (cp. phrases such as, slá danz, to strike up for a dance; slagr is battle and poem, Trolla-slagr and Gýgjar-slagr are names of poems); hann tók hörpu sína ok drap strengi ( struck the strings) til slags, Stj. 458 (hence drápa, a song); d. e-n vendi, to strike with a rod, Skm. 26: to knock, d. á dyrr, or d. högg á dyrr, to knock at a door, Nj. 150; síðan gengu þau heim bæði ok drápu á dyrr, 153; drápu þar á dyrr, Sturl. iii. 154: metaph., d. á e-t, to touch slightly on a matter; d. botn ór keraldi, to knock the bottom out of a jar, Fms. xi. 34; d. járn, to beat iron (a blacksmith’s term) with a sledge-hammer, Grett. 129, cp. drep-sleggja.

2. esp. with the sense of violence, to knock, strike; áfallit hafði drepit hann inn í bátinn, Bs. i. 422; at eigi drepir þú mik í djúp, that thou knockest me not into the deep, Post. 656 B. 9; herða klett drep ek þér hálsi af, Ls. 57.

β. as a law term, to smite, strike; ef maðr drepr ( smites) mann, ok varðar þat skóggang, Grág. ii. 116; eigu menn eigi at standa fyrir þeim manni er drepit hefir annan, id.; ef maðr drepr mann svá at bein brotna, 14; nú vænisk sá maðr því er drap, at…, 15; þat er drep ef bein brotna, ok verðr sá úæll till dóms er drepit hefir, 16; nú vænisk hinn því, at hann hafi drepit hann, 19.

γ. the phrases, d. e-n til heljar, Grág. ii. 161, or d. til dauðs, to smite to death; Josúa drap til dauða alla þjóð Anakim, Stj. 456; d. í hel, id., Hbl. 27; hence

3. metaph. or ellipt. to kill, put to death, cp. Lat. caedere, Engl. smite; eigi er manni skylt at d. skógarmann, þótt…, Grág. ii. 162; skulu vér nú fara at honum ok d. hann, Nj. 205; þar varð illa með þeim því at Ásgrímr drap Gaut, 39; til þess at d. Grim, Eg. 114; tóku þeir af eignum jarla konungs en drápu suma, Fms. i. 6; er drepit hafði fóstra hans …, eigi hæfir at d. svá fríðan svein …, d. skyldi hvern mann er mann údæmðan vá, 80; konung drápum fyrstan, Am. 97; drap hann ( smote with the hammer) hina öldnu jötna systur, Þkv. 32; d. mátti Freyr hann með hendi sinni, Edda 23.

β. in a game (of chess), to take a piece; þá drap jarl af honum riddara, Fms. iv. 366; taflsins er hann hafði drepit, vi. 29; Hvítserkr hélt töfl einni er hann hafði drepit, Fas. i. 285.

γ. adding prepp. af, niðr, to slaughter, kill off; þótt hirðmenn þínir sé drepnir niðr sem svín, Fms. vii. 243: d. af, to slaughter (cattle); yxni fimm, ok d. af, Ísl. ii. 330; láttu mik d. af þenna lýð, Post. 656 B. 9.

4. metaph. phrases; d. e-m skúta, to taunt, charge one with; áfelli þat er konungr drap oss skúta um, Fms. iv. 310; hjarta drepr stall, the heart knocks as it were against a block of stone from fear, Hkr. ii. 360, Orkn., Fbr. 36 (hence stall-dræpt hjarta, a ‘block-beating’ faint heart): d. upp eld, to strike fire, Fms. iv. 338: d. sik ór dróma, to throw off the fetter, Edda 19: d. e-t undir sik, to knock or drag down, skaltú standa hjá er fjandi sá drepr mik undir sik, Grett. 126, 101 A: d. slóð, to make a slot or sleuth (trail); d. kyrtlarnir slóðina, the cloaks trailed along the ground so as to leave a track, Gísl. 154: to trail or make a track of droves or deer, Lex. Poët.: d. e-t út, to divulge a thing (in a bad sense), Fms. vi. 208; d. yfir e-t, to hide, suppress, drap hann brátt yfir ( he soon mastered) harm sinn, Bs. i. 140 (hence yfir-drep, hypocrisy, i. e. cloaking).

II. reflex., drepask, to perish, die, esp. of beasts; fé hans drapsk aldrei af megrð ok drephríðum, Eb. 150; drapsk allt hans fólk, Fms. v. 250.

2. recipr. to put one another to death; þá drepask bræðr fyrir ágirni sakar, Edda 40; nú drepask menn (smite one another), eðr særask eðr vegask, Grág. ii. 92; ef menn d. um nætr, Fms. vii. 296; er sjálfir bárusk vápn á ok drápusk, viii. 53; en er bændr fundu at þeir drápusk sjálfir, 68; drepask niðr á leið fram, Ld. 238; drepask menn fyrir, to kill one another’s men, Fms. vii. 177; görðisk af því fjandskapr með þeim Steinólfi svá at þeir drápusk þar (menn?) fyrir, Gullþ. 14.

III. impers., drepr honum aldregi ský (acc.) í augu, his eyes never get clouded, of the eagle flying in the face of the sun, Hom. 47; ofrkappit (acc.) drepr fyrir þeim ( their high spirits break down) þegar hamingjan brestr, Fms. vi. 155; drap þó heldr í fyrir honum, he rather grew worse, i. e. his eyes grew weaker, Bjarn. 59; nú drepr ór hljóð (acc.) fyrst ór konunginum, the king became silent at once, Fms. xi. 115; stall drepr ór hjarta e-s, Fbr. 36 (vide above, I. 4); ofan drap flaugina (acc.), the flaug was knocked down, Bs. 1. 422; regn drepr í gögnum e-t, the rain beats through the thatch or cover, Fagrsk. 123 (in a verse).

β. in mod. usage, drepa is even used in the sense to drip (= drjupa), e. g. þak, hús drepr, the thatch, house lets water through.

B. WITH DAT.:

I. denoting gentle movement; in many cases the dat. seems to be only instrumental:

1. of the limbs; hendi drap á kampa, be put his hand to his beard, Hom. 21; d. fæti (fótum), to stumble, prop. to strike with the foot, Nj. 112, Fas. ii. 558, Bs. i. 742, Hom. 110, Grett. 120; d. fæti í e-t, to stumble against, 103; d. fæti við e-t, id., Fas. ii. 558; d. höfði, to droop, nod with the head; drap í gras höfði, (the horse) drooped with the head, let it fall, Gkv. 2. 5; d. niðr höfði, id., Nj. 32; Egill sat svá opt, at hann drap höfðinu niðr í feld sinn (from sorrow), Eg. 322, O. H. L. 45 (for shame); d. fingri í munn sér, to put the finger into the mouth, Edda 74; fingri drap í munninn sinn (of a child), the words of a ditty; d. hendi til e-s, or við e-m, to give one a slap with the hand (inst. dat.), Nj. 27; hence metaph., d. hendi við e-u, to wave away with the hand, to refuse a kind offer, Bs. i. 636; d. hendi við boðnu gulli, Al. 75: the phrase, d. hendi við sóma sínum, cp. Al. 162.

2. to tuck up the sleeves or skirts of a garment; d. skautum (upp), Fms. vii. 297; hann hafði drepit upp skautunum, Lv. 85; hann hafði drepit upp fyrir blöðunum undir beltið, Eb. 226: Sigurðr drap blöðunum undir belti sér, Orkn. 474; d. hári undir belti sér, to tuck the hair under the belt (of a lady), hárit tók ofan á bringuna ok drap hón (viz. því) undir belti sér, Nj. 24; hafði hár svá mikit, at hann drap undir belti sér, 272.

II. to dip; d. skeggi í Breiðafjörð niðr, to dip the beard in the Breidafiord, i. e. to be drowned, Ld. 316; d. hendi, or fingri í vatn, to dip the hand, finger into water (vide above); d. barni í vatn, to dip a baby into water, i. e. to baptize, K. Þ. K. 10: the phrase, d. fleski í kál, to dip bacon into kale broth, Fas. iii. 381; nú taka þeir hafrstökur tvær, ok d. þeim í sýrukerin, Gísl. 7.

β. the phrase, d. e-u, of wax, lime, butter, or the like, to daub, plaster, fill up with; þú skalt taka vax ok d. því í eyru förunauta þinna, Od. xii. 77; síðan drap eg því í eyru á öllum skipverjum, 177; vaxið er eg hafði drepið í eyru þeim, 200; d. smjöri í ílát, to fill a box with butter.

γ. metaph. phrases; d. dul á e-t, to throw a veil over, Hkr. ii. 140, in mod. usage, draga dulur á e-t: the phrase, d. í skörðin (the tongue understood), to talk indistinctly, from loss of teeth; d. orði, dómi á e-t, to talk, reason, judge of a thing, Fms. ix. 500; d. huldu á, to hide, cloak, keep secret, xi. 106: d. e-u á dreif, prop. to ‘throw adrift,’ throw aside, i. e. think little of a thing, þessu var á dreif drepit, it was hushed up, Orkn. 248; áðr hafði mjök verit á dreif drepit um mál Bjarnar ( there had been much mystery about Björn), hvárt hann var lífs eðr eigi, sagði annarr þat logit, en annarr sagði satt, i. e. no one knew anything for certain, Bjarn. 20; en eigi varð vísan á dreif drepin ( the song was not thrown aside or kept secret) ok kom til eyrna Birni, 32; drápu öllu á dreif um þessa fyrirætlan, hushed it all up, Eg. 49: d. í egg e-u, prop. to bate the edge of a thing, to turn a deaf ear to, Orkn. 188, metaphor from blunting the edge of a weapon.

δ. d. e-u niðr, to suppress a thing (unjustly); d. niðr konungs rétti, N. G. L. i. 7 5; d. niðr sæmd e-s, to pull down a person’s reputation, Boll. 346; d. niðr illu orði, to keep down a bad report, suppress it, Nj. 21; d. niðr máli, to quash a lawsuit, 33; drepit svá niðr herörinni, Fms. iv. 207.

ε. d. glaumi, gleði, teiti e-s, to spoil one’s joy, Lex. Poët.; d. kosti e-s, to destroy one’s happiness, Am. 69: impers., drap þú brátt kosti, the cheer was soon gone, Rm. 98.

1) half-past three o’clock, p. m. (var þat nær e. dags);

2) time of three hours (þá er þógn hafði verit nær hálfa e.).

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eykð, f. three or half-past three o’clock P. M.; many commentaries have been written upon this word, as by Pal Vídalín Skýr., Finn Johnson in H. E. i. 153 sqq. note 6, and in Horologium, etc. The time of eykð is clearly defined in K. Þ. K. 92 as the time when the sun has past two parts of the ‘útsuðr’ (q. v.) and has one part left, that is to say, half-past three o’clock P. M.: it thus nearly coincides with the eccl. Lat. nona (three o’clock P. M.); and both eykt and nona are therefore used indiscriminately in some passages. Sunset at the time of ‘eykð’ is opposed to sunrise at the time of ‘dagmál,’ q. v. In Norway ‘ykt’ means a luncheon taken about half-past three o’clock. But the passage in Edda—that autumn ends and winter begins at sunset at the time of eykt—confounded the commentators, who believed it to refer to the conventional Icel. winter, which (in the old style) begins with the middle of October, and lasts six months. In the latitude of Reykholt—the residence of Snorri—the sun at this time sets about half-past four. Upon this statement the commentators have based their reasoning both in regard to dagmál and eykt, placing the eykt at half-past four P. M. and dagmál at half-past seven A. M., although this contradicts the definition of these terms in the law. The passage in Edda probably came from a foreign source, and refers not to the Icel. winter but to the astronomical winter, viz. the winter solstice or the shortest day; for sunset at half-past three is suited not to Icel., but to the latitude of Scotland and the southern parts of Scandinavia. The word is also curious from its bearing upon the discovery of America by the ancients, vide Fb. l. c. This sense ( half-past three) is now obsolete in Icel., but eykt is in freq. use in the sense of trihorium, a time of three hours; whereas in the oldest Sagas no passage has been found bearing this sense,—the Bs. i. 385, 446, and Hem. l. c. are of the 13th and 14th centuries. In Norway ykt is freq. used metaph. of all the four meal times in the day, morning-ykt, midday-ykt, afternoon-ykt (or ykt proper), and even-ykt. In old MSS. (Grág., K. Þ. K., Hem., Heið. S.) this word is always spelt eykð or eykþ, shewing the root to be ‘auk’ with the fem. inflex. added; it probably first meant the eke-meal, answering to Engl. lunch, and thence came to mean the time of day at which this meal was taken. The eccl. law dilates upon the word, as the Sabbath was to begin at ‘hora nona;’ hence the phrase, eykt-helgr dagr (vide below). The word can have no relation to átta, eight, or átt, plaga coeli. At present Icel. say, at eykta-mótum, adv. at great intervals, once an eykt, once in three hours.

I. half-past three; þá er eykð er útsuðrs-átt er deild í þriðjunga, ok hefir sól gengna tvá hluti en einn ógenginn, K. Þ. K. 92; net skal öll upp taka fyrir eykð, 90; helgan dag eptir eykð, 88; ef þeir hafa unnit á eykð, 94; enda skal hann undan honum hafa boðit fyrir miðjan dag en hinn skal hafa kosit at eykþ, Grág. i. 198; ok á maðr kost at stefna fyrir eykþ ef vill, 395; í þat mund dags er tók út eyktina, Fms. xi. 136; eptir eykt dags, rendering of the Lat. ‘vix decima parte diei reliqua,’ Róm. 313; þeir gengu til eyktar, ok höfðu farit árla morguns, en er nón var dags, etc., Fs. 176; at eykð dags þá kómu heim húskarlar Barða. Ísl. ii. 329; nú vættir mik at þar komi þér nær eykð dags, 345; var þat nær eykð dags, 349; var hón at veraldligu verki þangat til er kom eykð, þá fór hón til bænar sinnar at nóni, Hom. (St.) 59.

COMPDS: eykðarhelgr, eyktarstaðr, eykðartíð.

II. trihorium; en er liðin var nær ein eykt dags, Bs. i. 446; at þat mundi verit hafa meir en hálf eykt, er hann vissi ekki til sín, 385; þessi flaug vanst um eina eykð dags, Hem. (Hb.)

adj. featherless, Fas. ii. 378; in the riddle, fuglinn flaug fjaðra-lauss, elti fuglinn fóta-lauss.

(-ða, -ðr), v.

1) to make fly (f. haukum);

2) to throw (f. e-u).

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fleygði, [fliúga, flaug], to ‘let fly,’ throw, with dat., Fms. ii. 17, v. 223, xi. 72, Ld. 166, Bs. ii. 87, Rm. 32 (where read fleini): absol., Vsp. 28, Fms. vi. 137; fleygja af hendi, 623. 31.

β. impers., mönnum ok fénaði fleygði ( were thrown) til jarðar, Ann. 1339.

1) prep. with acc. through (gegnum vegginn);

2) adv., allan dag í gegnum, all the day long.

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adv., old form gögnum rhyming to Rögn, Orkn. 80: [this word seems not to be found in Germ. and Saxon, but Dan. igjennem, Swed. genom; cp. gagn-, gegn]:—through, with acc.; laust gögnum súluna, gögnum Geirröð ok gögnum vegginn, Edda 61; holtriða hver í gegnum, Hým. 27; súlur í gögnum, 29; hann hljóp báðum fótum gögnum skipit, Edda 36; gögnum hellu mikla, 20; ok renndi svá í g. hann, El. 15; Gerzkan mann skýtr hann í gegnum með gafloki, Al. 40; ef þú leggr í gögnum báða skjölduna, El. 12; flaug skotið í gögnum hann, Edda 37; brjóta nýja ósa í gögnum fjöru manns, Grág. ii. 354; í gegnum skjöldinn, Nj. 84; en ek þykjumk sjá allt í gegnum þá er ek kem í land, 134; ok gókk þegar í gegnum, 262; í gegnum eyjarnar, Eg. 251; út í g. vegginn, 398; ef hval rekr í g. merkiósa, Grág. ii. 353, Fms. i. 217; ganga gegnum fylkingar, to go right through the ranks, Fms. xi. 131; í g. Danmörk, through Denmark, A. A. 288; settar gullknöppum í gegnum niðr, all through, Eg. 516; ek vil ísinn láta höggva í g. út, all along, all through, Fms. viii. 416; hence adverb., út í gegn, all through, from beginning to end.

II. temp., allan dag í gegnum, all the day long, Fms. xi. 27; allan vetr í gögnum, all the winter long, Orkn. 80; haustnótt gögnum, all through the autumn night, Fms. vi. (in a verse).

m. spark.

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a, m., mod. neisti, [mid. H. Germ. ganeist; Dan. gnist; Swed. gnista; cp. the mineral gneiss, so called from its sparkling particles]:—a spark, Edda 4, Fms. iii. 193, v. 175, Sks. 204, Skálda 175: metaph., g. lífsins, Fms. x. 368. gneista-flaug, f. a shower of sparks, Bs. i. 44, Fms. iii. 180.

(gen. hjarar and hjörs, dat hjörvi), m. sword.

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m., gen. hjarar and hjörs, dat. hjörvi, dat. pl. hjörum, Hm. 159, Hkv. 2. 22; gen. pl. hjörva; nom. pl. does not occur; [Ulf. hairus = μάχαιρα; A. S. heor; Hel. heru]:—poët. a sword, Vsp. 55, Ls. 49, 50: a battle is called hjör-dómr, -drífa, -dynr, -él, -flaug, -fundr, -galdr, -göll, -gráp, -gráð, -hríð, -leikr, -mót, -regn, -róg, -rödd, -senna, -sálmr, -skúr, -stefna, -veðr, -þeyr, -þing, -þrima; a warrior, hjör-drótt, -drífr, -gæðir, -lundr, -meiðr, -móði, -njörðr, -njótr, -runnr; and adjectively, hjör-djarfr, etc.; the blood, hjör-dögg, -lögr; a shield, hjör-vangr, -laut, -þilja: from some of these compds it appears that ‘hjör’ was also used as a kind of missile; in adjectives, hjör-undaðr, part. wounded by a sword; hjör-klufðr, part. cleft by a sword: in poetry the head is called hjörr Heimdala, the sword of H., Landn. 231 (in a verse).

II. in pr. names; of men, Hjörr; and in compds, Hjör-leifr: of women, Hjör-dís.

1) murmur, grumbling (of a number of persons);

2) rumour (spurðist þessi kurr í Vindland).

* * *

m. (kuðr, Skíða R. 34, for the sake of rhyme):—a murmur, grumbling, uproar; staðnaði þá kurr búandanna, Ó. H. 69, Hkr. i. 142; þá varð þegar kurr mikill af bóndum, Fms. i. 33; hann lét þá eigi heyra íllan kurr kaupmanna, Nj. 124; kurr nokkurr hafði verit í herinum, Fms. ix. 497, v. l.; engi þorði þenna kurr djarflega upp at kveða, Ó. H. 51; sögðu þeir honum kurr bónda um fjár-drátt, Fms. vi. 191.

2. rumour; þá flaug til konungs kurr nokkurr, Stj. 521; spurðisk þessi kurr í Vindland, Fms. x. 341; sá kurr mun loginn, Ld. 34.

1) air, atmosphere, sky (skein sól, ok var lítt a l. komin); l. var mikit til jarðar at falla, it was a great height to fall down; l. ok lögr, sky and sea; á l., aloft, into the air; bera (fœra) á l., to spread abroad; hlaupa í l. upp, to leap up into the air; liggja í l. upp, to lie face uppermost; á lopti, aloft, in the air, on high; taka spjót á lopti, to catch a spear as it flies;

2) loft, upper room (Gunnar svaf í lopti einu í skálanum);

3) balcony (hann hleypr ofan ór loptinu á strætit).

* * *

n.:

1. [Ulf. luftus = ἀήρ; A. S. lyft; Scot. and Old Engl. lift; Engl. a-loft; O. H. G. and Germ. luft], the air, Eluc. 19, Skálda 174: the air, atmosphere, the sky, heaven, lopt vindlaust, Edda 4; skein sól, ok var lítt á lopt komin, Ld. 36; sól er á góðu lopti, high in the sky, Bs. ii. 111; þeir heyrðu klukku-hljóð í loptið upp, Fms. vi. 63, Hdl. 41, Vsp. 29: lopt var mikit ( a great height) til jarðar at falla, Fb. ii. 389: allit., lopt ok lögr, Skm. 6; lýsti af höndum hennar bæði í lopt ok á lög, Edda 22; renna lopt ok lög, 70; hvat manna sá er með gullhjálminn er ríðr lopt ok lög, segja at hann á furðu góðan hest, 56:—plur., inn þver loptin, Bret. 58; hann skapaði himin ok jörð ok loptin, Edda; hann blæss eitri ok dreifir lopt öll ok lög, 41; loptin neðri, Lil. 27; loptin sungu, 34; hverfðr utan um lopt öll, Fas.

2. adverb. phrases; á lopt, aloft, into the sky; hlaupa í lopt upp, io leap up into the air, Nj. 84; hefja e-t á lopt, to hold up aloft, extol, Róm. 308, Bs. i. 284, Finnb. 296; bregða á lopt, Eg. 123; bera (færa) á lopt, to spread abroad, Fms. xi. 287, Fas. i. 363, Bs. i. 133, Fs. 9; horfa, liggja í lopt upp (or upp í lopt), to lie face uppermost, opp. to á grúfu, Sturl. iii. 282: á lopti, aloft in the air, on high, hovering; taka spjótið á lopti, to catch a spear flying, Nj. 84; hann vá svá skjótt með sverði, at þrjú þóttu á lopti at sjá, 29, Þkv. 10.

3. air, space; hann flaug um alla lása ok gat hvergi lopt fundit svá at hann mætti inn komask, Fb. i. 276.

COMPDS: lopthræddr, loptmegin, loptmjöðm, loptríki, loptvægi.

B. [Engl., Scot., and Dan. loft], a loft, upper room, also of houses built on piles (stafir), and thus lifted from the ground; this may well be the primitive sense, from which that of air, sky may be derived through the notion that the heavens were a many-storied ceiling, see the remarks s. v. himinn; often used of the bedroom in old dwellings; en er þeir kómu upp á loptriðit sá þeir at loptið var opit, Eg. 236, Fms. ii. 5; þú skalt liggja í lopti hjá mér í nótt … ok læsti hón þcgar loptinu innan, Nj. 6, 7; til lopts þess er Erlingr svaf í, Ó. H. 116; í annan enda hússins var lopt uppi á þvertrjám …, fóru þeir Arnljótr upp á loptið ok lögðusk þar til svefns, 153, Nj. 199; lopt þat er þar er yfir útidyrum, Eb. 118; þeir gengu til svefns ok upp í loptið, Fs. 85; Gunnarr svaf í lopti einu í skálanum, Nj. 114; var Fjölni fylgt til herbergis í hit næsta lopt, Hkr. i. 17; lopts dyrr, the loft doors, Sturl. ii. 94, Fas. iii. 500; lopts gat, an opening in a floor, trap-door.

II. a balcony; þeir Þorbjörn vörðusk ór lopti einu, Orkn. 443; hann var skotinn í lopti einu, Fms. vii. 245; tók konungr sér herbergi í lopti einu, Ó. H. 105: in mod. usage of the ceilings or floors in many-storied houses.

COMPDS: loptdyrr, lopteldr, loptgluggr, lopthús, lopthöll, loptrið, loptskemma, loptstofa, loptsvalir.

1) ore (m., er járn skal of gera);

2) metal (þann málm, er gull heitir).

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m. (prop. malmr); [Ulf. malma = ἄμμος; A. S. mealm, mealm-stân = sandstone; Hel. melm = pulvis; from mala = to grind; cp. Germ. zer-malmen]:—originally sand, as in the Goth. and A. S., but only remaining in local names, as Málm-haugar = Malmö in Sweden.

II. metal, Sks. 14, 162, Fms. v. 343, 344, x. 284, Rb. 318. Stj. 45, 508, Bs. i. 134, passim in old and mod. usage; in the earliest poets chiefly of gold, höfgan málm, the heavy metal, gold, Sighvat; skírr málmr, the bright metal. Akv.; málma fergir, a gold giver, a prince, Lex. Poët.; Gníta heiðar-m., gold, Edda; Rínar rauð-m., the red metal of the Rhine, gold, Bm.: of iron, weapons (?), þar er málmar brustu, Hallfred; Gota-m., the ore of the Goths. armour, Fas. i. 439 (in a verse); Húnlenzkr m., armour, weapons (?), Hornklofi; Vala-m., Welsh or foreign ore, treasures, Fas. iii. (in a verse): the battle is málma-skúr, -galdr, -hjaldr; as also málm-flaug, -dynr, -hríð, -regn, -róg, -þing, -þrima, = a clash of weapons: málm-gautr, -Óðinn, -rjóðr, -runnr, = a warrior, see Lex. Poët.

COMPDS: málmhlið, málmlogi, málmpottr, málmæðr.

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(pl. mýss), f.

1) mouse (svá hræddr sem m. í skreppu);

2) the biceps muscle in the arm (kom ein ör í handlegginn í músina).

* * *

f., pl. mýss, acc. mýs, mod. mýs; [A. S. mûs, pl. mýs; Engl. mouse, pl. mice; O. H. G. mûs; Germ. maus, pl. mäuser; Dan. muus; Lat. mus; Gr. μυς]:—a mouse, H. E. i. 482, Al. 169, Stj. 23; spilltu mýss kornum ok ökrum, var þar víða jörð hol ok full af músum, Bs. i. 293; mús hljóp áðan á kinn mér, Fs. 140; sér köttrinn músina? Ísl. ii. 309; svá hræddr sem mús í skreppu, Fms. vii. 21; hlaupa hingat ok þangat sem mýss í holur, viii. 39; veiða mýs, to catch mice; mýss svá stórar sem kettir, Ó. H. 109 ( rats?); þá sá hann mýs tvær aðra hvíta en aðra svarta, Barl. 56; mýss Valkar, Welsh mice, strange mice = rats, Fms. xi. 279; whence mod. Icel. valska, q. v.; flæðar-mús, skógar-mús, a wood-mouse, mus sylvaticus, Eggert Itin.: allit., maðr og mús, thus in Danish if a ship is lost, ‘med mand og muus,’ i. e. with all hands. In tales mice are said to pass over rivers on cakes of cow-dung (skán), steering with their tails, see Eggert Itin. ch. 329, and Ísl. Þjóðs., which reminds one of the witch who sails ‘like a rat without a tail’ in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. For the fabulous tales of wizards keeping a flæðar-mús that it may always provide them with money see Maurer’s Volks.; when the wizard dies, the mouse breaks loose into the sea and a tempest arises, called Músar-bylr, mouse-tempest; that a similar superstition existed in olden times may be inferred from the name Músa-Bölverkr, Landn.

2. the name of a mouse-gray young cow, Ísl. ii. 401.

COMPDS: músarbragð, músarbróðir, músarrindill, músareyra, músagangr, músagildra.

B. Metaph. the biceps muscle in the arm; þá flaug ör ein ok kom í hönd Hákoni konungi upp í músina fyrir neðan öxl, Hkr. i. 159; kom ein ör í handlegginn í músina, Bs. i. 781: mûs in A. S. and O. H. G. is used in a similar sense; cp. also Lat. musculus = a little mouse, whence muscle: the chief muscles of the body were named from lively animals, thus fiskr of the cheek (kinn-fiskr), mús of the arm, kálfi ( calf) of the leg.

1) darkness;

2) dense fog (cf. mjörkvi).

* * *

a, m., older form mjorkvi or mjörkvi:—mirk, darkness, a dense, thick fog; myrkva ok regn, Sks. 135, Hkr. i. 268; í slíkum myrkva, Glúm. 368; leggr á svá mikinn mjorkva, at …, Al. 139; reykr eða mjorkvi, Sks. 48 new Ed.; þá var á mjorkvi mikill, Fms. ix. 39; þá görði myrkva mikinn sælægjan, vi. 261, viii. 178 (Fb. myrkvi l. c.); var veðr vátt ok mjrkva flaug nokkur, wet and hazy weather, Ó. H. 182; mœrkva-þoka, a ‘mirk-fog,’ hazy weather, Barl. 123, 172; þoku-myrkvi, id., Fms. ii. 141.